WillScot Mobile Mini Holdings Corp. - Annual Report: 2018 (Form 10-K)
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
(Mark One) | |||||
☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | ||||
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 | |||||
OR | |||||
☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | ||||
For the transition period from ___ to ___ | |||||
Commission File Number: 001-37552 | |||||
WILLSCOT CORPORATION
(formerly known as Double Eagle Acquisition Corp.)
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
| Delaware | 82-3430194 | ||||
| (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) | ||||
901 S. Bond Street, #600
Baltimore, Maryland 21231
(Address of principal executive offices)
(410) 931-6000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
| Title of Each Class | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered | ||||
Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share | NASDAQ Capital Market | ||||
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None.
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulations S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer ☐ | Accelerated filer ☒ | ||||
Non-accelerated filer ☐ | Smaller reporting company ☐ | ||||
Emerging growth company ☒ | |||||
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
The aggregate market value of the common shares held by non-affiliates of the registrant, computed as of June 30, 2018 (the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second quarter), was approximately $490,771,670.
Shares of Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, outstanding: 108,508,997 shares at March 5, 2019
Shares of Class B common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, outstanding: 8,024,419 shares at March 5, 2019
Documents Incorporated by Reference
The information required by Part III of this Report, to the extent not set forth herein, is incorporated herein by reference from the registrant's definitive proxy statement relating to the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held in 2019, which definitive proxy statement shall be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year to which this Report relates.
WILLSCOT CORPORATION
Annual Report on Form 10-K
Table of Contents
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PART I
ITEM 1. Business
Unless the context otherwise requires, “we,” “us,” “our” and the “Company” refers to WillScot Corporation ("WillScot") and its subsidiaries.
Our Company
Headquartered in Baltimore, Maryland, we are a market leader in the North America specialty rental services industry. We provide innovative modular space and portable storage solutions to diverse end markets utilizing a branch network of over 120 locations throughout the United States (“US”), Canada and Mexico.
With roots dating back more than 60 years, we lease modular space and portable storage units (our “lease fleet”) to customers in the commercial and industrial, construction, education, energy and natural resources, government and other end-markets. We deliver “Ready to Work” solutions through our growing offering of value-added products and services (“VAPS”), such as the rental of steps, ramps, and furniture packages, damage waivers and other amenities. These turnkey solutions offer customers flexible, low-cost and timely solutions to meet their space needs on an outsourced basis. We complement our core leasing business by selling both new and used units, allowing us to leverage our scale, achieve purchasing benefits and redeploy capital employed in our lease fleet.
WillScot was incorporated as a Cayman Islands exempt company, under the name Double Eagle Acquisition Corporation ("Double Eagle"), on June 26, 2015. Prior to November 29, 2017, Double Eagle was a Nasdaq-listed special purpose acquisition company formed for the purpose of effecting a merger, share exchange, asset acquisition, share purchase, reorganization or similar business combination. On November 29, 2017, Double Eagle indirectly acquired Williams Scotsman International, Inc. (“WSII”) from Algeco Scotsman Global S.à r.l., (together with its subsidiaries, the “Algeco Group”), which is majority owned by an investment fund managed by TDR Capital LLP ( "TDR Capital"). As part of the transaction (the “Business Combination”), Double Eagle domesticated to Delaware and changed its name to WillScot Corporation.
WillScot is the holding company for the Williams Scotsman family of companies. All of our assets and operations are owned through Williams Scotsman Holdings Corp. (“WS Holdings”). We operate and own 91.0% of WS Holdings, and Sapphire Holding S.a r.l (“Sapphire”), an affiliate of TDR Capital owns the remaining 9.0%.
Products and Services
Our modular space and portable storage units are used to meet a broad range of customer needs. Our units are made of wood, steel, or aluminum frames mounted on a steel chassis, and typically range in size from 8 to 14 feet in width and 16 to 70 feet in length. Most units are equipped with air conditioning and heating, electrical and Ethernet cable outlets and, if necessary, plumbing facilities. Our units are transported by truck, either towed (if fitted with axles and hitches) or mounted on flat-bed trailers. Additionally, we offer VAPS along with our lease fleet (collectively, “rental equipment”) in order to deliver “Ready to Work” solutions to our customers.
Modular Space
Panelized and Stackable Offices. Our FlexTM panelized and stackable offices are the next generation of modular space technology and offer maximum flexibility and design configurations. These units provide a modern, innovative design, smaller footprint, ground level access and interchangeable panels, including all glass panels, that allow customers to configure the space to their precise requirements. These units have the ability to expand upwards (up to three stories) and outwards.
Single-Wide Modular Space Units. Single-wide modular space units include mobile offices and sales offices. These units offer maximum ease of installation and removal, and are deployed across the broadest range of applications in our fleet. These units typically have “open interiors” which can be modified using movable partitions, and include tile floors, air conditioning and heating units, partitions and, if requested, toilet facilities.
Section Modulars and Redi-Plex. Section modulars are two or more units combined into one structure. Redi-Plex complexes offer advanced versatility for large, open floor plans or custom layouts with private offices. Redi-Plex is built with clearspan construction, which eliminates interference from support columns and allows for up to sixty feet of open building width and building lengths that increase in twelve foot increments, based on the number of units coupled together. Our proprietary design meets a wide range of national and state building, electrical, mechanical and plumbing codes, which creates versatility in fleet management.
Classrooms. Classroom units are generally double-wide units adapted specifically for use by school systems or universities. Classroom units usually feature teaching aids, air conditioning/heating units, windows and, if requested, toilet facilities.
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Container Offices. Container offices are International Organization for Standardization (“ISO”) certified shipping containers that we convert for office use. They provide safe, secure, ground-level access with fully welded weather-resistant steel corrugated exteriors and exterior window guards made of welded steel and tamper-proof screws. Container offices are available in 20 and 40 foot lengths and in a combination of office and storage floor plans, or all-office floor plans.
Other Modular Space. We offer a range of other specialty products that vary across regions and provide flexibility to serve demands for local markets. Examples include toilet facilities to complement office and classroom units, guard houses, dormitories, and dining facilities.
Portable Storage Products
Storage units are typically ISO shipping containers with swing doors that are repurposed for commercial storage applications. These units are primarily ground-level entry, windowless storage containers made of heavy exterior metals for secure storage and water tightness.
VAPS
We offer a thoughtfully curated portfolio of VAPS that make modular space and portable storage units more productive, comfortable, secure and “Ready to Work” for our customers. We lease furniture, steps, ramps, basic appliances, internet connectivity devices and other items to our customers for use in connection with our products. We also offer our lease customers a damage waiver program that protects them in case the leased unit is damaged. For customers who do not select the damage waiver program, we bill them for the cost of repairs above and beyond normal wear and tear.
Delivery, Installation and Removal
We provide delivery, site-work, installation, disassembly, unhooking and removal, and other services to our customers for an additional fee as part of our leasing and sales operations. Typically, units are placed on temporary foundations constructed by our in-house service technicians or subcontractors. These in-house service technicians or subcontractors also generally install any ancillary products and VAPS.
Product Leases
Rental equipment leasing is our core business. Over 90% of new lease orders are on our standard lease agreement, pre-negotiated master lease or national account agreements. The initial lease periods vary, and our leases are customarily renewable on a month-to-month basis after their initial term. While the initial lease term is often relatively short, the average actual lease duration of our lease portfolio (including month-to-month renewals) is significantly longer. Currently, our average minimum lease terms at delivery for modular space units and portable storage units are 11 months and 6 months, respectively, while the average duration of our lease portfolio is 30 months, including those leases acquired as part of the Acton and ModSpace acquisitions.
Customers are responsible for the costs of delivery and set-up, dismantling and pick-up, customer-specified modifications, costs to return custom modifications back to standard configuration at end of lease and any loss or damage beyond normal wear and tear. Our leases generally require customers to maintain liability and property insurance covering the units during the lease term, and to indemnify us from losses caused by the negligence of the customer or their employees.
As of December 31, 2018, we had approximately 130,000 modular space units and over 26,000 portable storage units, of which 94,223 of our modular space units, or 73%, and 18,161, or 69%, of our portable storage units were on rent.
Product Sales
We complement our core leasing business with product sales. Generally, we purchase new units from a broad network of third-party manufacturers for sale. We typically do not purchase new units for resale until we have obtained firm purchase orders (which normally are non-cancelable and include up-front deposits) for such units. Buying units directly for resale adds scale to our purchasing, which is beneficial to overall supplier relationships and purchasing terms. New unit sales are a natural extension of our leasing operations in situations where customers have long-lived or permanent projects, making it more cost-effective to purchase rather than to lease a standard unit.
In the normal course of managing our business, we also sell idle used rental units at fair market value and units that are already on rent if the customer expresses interest in owning, rather than continuing to rent the unit. The sale of units from our rental equipment has historically been both profitable and a cost-effective method to finance the replenishment and upgrade of the lease fleet, as well as generate free cash flow during periods of lower rental demand and utilization. Our sales business may include modifying or customizing units to meet customer requirements. We also offer delivery, installation and removal-related services for an additional fee as part of our sales operations.
Customers
In 2018, we served over 50,000 customers. We believe that our customers prefer our modular space products over fixed, on-site built space because modular space products are a quick, flexible, and cost-effective solution for temporary or permanent expansion.
For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, no customer accounted for more than 4% of our total
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consolidated revenues. For the year ended December 31, 2018, our top ten customers accounted for approximately 5% of our total consolidated revenues, reflecting a low customer concentration risk. We serve 15 discrete end markets and our strategy involves operating standardized rental equipment and "Ready to Work" solutions that can be redeployed across our diversified customer base and branch network. Key customer end-markets include:
Construction and Infrastructure
We provide office and storage space to a broad array of contractors associated with non-residential buildings and non-building infrastructure. Our client portfolio includes many of the largest general contractors and engineering, architecture, procurement, and construction companies in North America, as well as home builders, developers, and subcontractors. Examples include highway, street, bridge and tunnel contractors; water, sewer, communication and power line contractors; and special construction trades, including glass, glazing and demolition. Our construction and infrastructure customer base is characterized by a wide variety of contractors that are associated with original construction as well as capital improvements in the private, institutional and municipal arenas.
Commercial and Industrial
Our customers use our products as their primary office or retail space, to expand their existing commercial workspace, to increase their storage capabilities, and as temporary space for festivals, sporting, and other events. Customers in this category span a variety of industries ranging from agriculture, forestry & fishing; arts, media, hotels & entertainment; chemicals and other manufacturing; professional services; and retail & wholesale trade, including fast food and retail, as well as commercial offices, warehousing and other industrial end-markets.
Energy and Natural Resources
Our products are leased to companies involved in up- mid- and down-stream oil and gas, electricity generation and transmission, utilities, mining exploration and extraction, and other related sectors.
Education
Rapid shifts in populations within regions often necessitate quick expansion of education facilities, particularly in elementary, secondary schools and universities and colleges. Regional and local governmental budgetary pressures, classroom size reduction legislation, refurbishment of existing facilities and the expansion of charter schools have made modular classrooms a convenient and cost-effective way to expand capacity in education settings. In addition, our products are used as classrooms when schools are undergoing large scale modernization, which allows continuous operation of a school while modernization progresses.
Government
Government customers consist of national, state, provincial and local public sector organizations. Modular space and portable storage solutions are particularly attractive to focused niches such as small municipal buildings, prisons and jails, courthouses, military installations, national security buildings and offices during building modernization, as well as disaster relief.
Competitive Strengths
We believe that the following competitive strengths have been instrumental to our success and position us for future growth:
North American Market Leader with Significant Scale Advantages
We have developed our market position by leveraging our extensive branch network, diverse fleet, technical expertise, operational capabilities and strong brand awareness among our customers. Our extensive scale allows us to attract and retain talent, and implement industry leading technology tools and process. This results in significant operational benefits, such as optimization of fleet yield and utilization, efficient capital allocation, superior service capabilities and the ability to offer consistent "Ready to Work" solutions across all of our branch locations.
Customer, End-Market and Geographic Diversity
We have established strong relationships with a diverse customer base, ranging from large national accounts to small local businesses. Our customers operate in multiple end-markets, including commercial and industrial, construction, education, energy and natural resources and government, among others. We believe that the diversity of our customer end-markets reduces our exposure to changes related to a given customer, shifts within an industry or geographic region, and end-market industry seasonality, while also providing significant opportunities to grow the business.
Since geographic proximity to customers is a competitive advantage in the industry, we maintain a network of over 120 branches and additional drop lots to better service our customers. Our branches typically have a sales staff dedicated to the local market, with transportation personnel responsible for delivery and pick-up of our units and yard personnel responsible for loading and unloading units and performing modifications, repairs and maintenance. Customers benefit from improved service and response times, reduced time to occupancy, better access to sales representatives and lower freight costs, which
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are typically paid by the customer. We benefit because we are able to spread regional overhead and marketing costs over a larger lease base, redeploy units within our branch network to optimize utilization, enhance our competitive position by providing ample local supply and offer profitable short-term leases which would either not be profitable or would be cost prohibitive to the customer without a local market presence. We believe that the geographic diversity of our branch network reduces our exposure to changes related to a given region, while presenting us with significant growth opportunities.
Our broad customer base, as well as the diverse end uses of our units by our customers, reduces the impact of any individual customer, project, or end market on our business results and, when combined with our 30 month average lease duration, results in diversified and predictable lease revenue streams.
The following chart illustrates the breakdown of our customers and revenue by end markets as of December 31, 2018. No customer accounted for more than 4% of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018, and we serve 15 distinct end markets by managing the pricing and utilization of standardized fleet assets that may be redeployed across our branch network.
| REVENUE MIX BY END MARKET | CUSTOMER CONCENTRATION | ||||
Long-Life Fleet and Effective Fleet Management
We have made significant investments in our lease fleet. As of December 31, 2018, including the assets acquired as part of the ModSpace acquisition, our modular space and portable storage lease fleet consists of over 78.7 million square feet of re-locatable space, comprising approximately 156,000 units with a gross book value of approximately $2.3 billion. The average age of our lease fleet is approximately 14.4 years, while the economic life often exceeds 20 years. We utilize standard fleet maintenance procedures across the branch network, monitor fleet condition centrally, and ensure all units meet consistent quality and condition requirements, regardless of unit age, prior to delivery to a customer.
Our standardized lease fleet meets multi-state industrial building codes, which allows us to leverage our branch network and rapidly redeploy units to areas of higher customer demand in the surrounding geographic markets, as well as easily modify our structures to meet specific customer needs. Additionally, we have the flexibility to refurbish existing units in order to re-lease them when we have sufficient customer demand or we can choose to sell used units to customers.
The relative simplicity and favorable condition and quality of the lease fleet, as well as our sourcing strategy where we source our units with no significant dependence on any one particular supplier and have no long-term purchase contracts with manufacturers, provides purchasing flexibility and allows us to adjust such expenditures based on our business needs and prevailing economic conditions.
We supplement our fleet spending with acquisitions, and adjust our investments in fleet and acquisitions opportunistically.
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The following chart illustrates the breakdown of the net book value of our rental equipment between the various modular space product types, portable storage and VAPS as of December 31, 2018.
Our Industry
Our business primarily operates within the modular space and portable storage markets, however our services span across a variety of related sectors, including furniture rental, transportation and logistics, facilities management and rental services, and commercial real estate.
Modular Space Market
The modular space market is fragmented. Modular space units are non-residential structures designed to meet federal, provincial, state and local building codes and, in most cases, are designed to be relocatable. Modular space units are constructed offsite, utilizing manufacturing techniques to prefabricate single or multi-story whole building solutions in deliverable modular sections. Units are typically constructed of steel, wood and conventional building materials.
The modular space market has evolved in recent years as businesses and other potential customers increasingly recognize the value of modular space. The key growth drivers in this market are:
•Growing need and demand for space - driven by general economic activity, including gross domestic product growth, industrial production, mining and natural resources activity, non-residential construction, urbanization, public and education spending, and the scale and frequency of special events.
•Increasing shift from traditional fixed, on-site built space to modular space solutions - driven by several advantages as compared with fixed, on-site built space, including:
◦Quick to install - the pre-fabrication of modular space units allows them to be put in place rapidly, providing potential long-term solutions to needs that may have materialized quickly.
◦Flexibility - flexible assembly design allows modular space units to be built to suit a customer’s needs while offering customers the ability to adjust their space as their needs change.
◦Cost effectiveness - modular space units provide a cost effective solution for temporary and permanent space requirements and allow customers to improve returns on capital in their core business.
◦Quality - the pre-fabrication of modular space units is based on a repeatable process in a controlled environment, resulting in more consistent quality.
◦Mobility - modular space units can easily be disassembled, transported to a new location and re-assembled.
◦Environmentally friendly - relocatable buildings promote the reuse of facilities, on an as-needed basis by the occupants.
Portable Storage Market
The portable storage market is highly fragmented and remains primarily local in nature. Portable storage provides customers with a flexible and low-cost storage alternative to permanent warehouse space and fixed-site self-storage. In addition, portable storage addresses the need for security while providing for convenience and immediate accessibility to customers.
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Other Related Markets
In the normal course of providing our “Ready to Work” solutions, we perform services that are characteristic of activities in other industries. For example, we coordinate a broad network of third-party and in-house transportation and service resources to support the timely delivery of our products to, as well as maintenance on customer sites. Additionally, we design, source, lease and maintain a broad offering of ancillary products, including furniture, that render our modular structures immediately functional in support of our customers’ needs. We also provide technical expertise and oversight for customers regarding building design and permitting, site preparation and expansion or contraction of installed space based on changes in project requirements. Further, we have the capability to compete in adjacent markets, such as commercial and institutional housing, that have received less focus historically in the modular space market. We believe that this broad service capability differentiates us from other rental and business services providers and clearly differentiates us in the marketplace.
Competition
Although our competition varies significantly by local market, the modular space and portable storage industry is highly competitive and fragmented as a whole. We believe that participants in our industry compete on the basis of customer relationships, price, service, delivery speed, breadth and quality of equipment and additional services offered. We typically compete with one or more local providers in all of our markets, as well as with a limited number of national and regional companies. Some of our competitors may have greater market share in certain geographic regions. Significant modular space and portable storage competitors include Mobile Mini, Mobile Modular, Pac-Van, ATCO Structures & Logistics and BOXX Modular. Numerous other regional and local companies compete in individual markets.
Strategic Acquisitions
The scalability of our branch network, corporate operating infrastructure, and technology and processes allows us to integrate acquisitions efficiently, realize cost savings, and improve the yield on acquired assets. As such, we manage an active acquisition pipeline and consider acquisitions to be an important component of our growth strategy. Two acquisitions that impact the financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018 are included below.
ModSpace Acquisition
On August 15, 2018, WSII acquired Modular Space Holdings, Inc. ("ModSpace") for an aggregate purchase price of $1.2 billion. ModSpace was a privately-owned provider of office trailers, portable storage units and modular buildings. WSII funded this transaction with $1.1 billion in cash raised through the issuance of the Secured Notes, the Unsecured Notes, borrowings on the ABL, and the issuance of WillScot Class A common shares and warrants to purchase WillScot Class A common shares. Results of operations from ModSpace are included in our consolidated operating results following the acquisition on August 15, 2018. Lease fleet and all other assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the transaction are included in our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2018.
Acton Acquisition
On December 20, 2017, WSII acquired Acton Mobile Resources Holdings LLC (“Acton Holdings”) for a cash purchase price of $237.1 million, subject to certain adjustments. Acton Holdings's subsidiary, New Acton Mobile Industries LLC (“Acton”), provided modular space and portable storage rental services from a branch network of 34 locations across the US. WSII funded the acquisition with cash on hand and borrowings under our $1.425 billion senior secured revolving credit facility (the "ABL Facility"). Results of operations from Acton are included in our consolidated operating results following the acquisition on December 20, 2017. Lease fleet and all other assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the transaction are included in our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2018.
Employees
As of December 31, 2018, we had over 2,000 employees and had collective bargaining agreements in portions of our Mexico-based operations representing approximately 1% of our employees. Approximately 88% of our employees are in the field, while 12% serve in corporate functions. We have not experienced a strike or significant work stoppage, and we consider our relations with employees to be good.
Intellectual Property
We own a number of trademarks, none of which are individually material to our business. Our trademarks are registered or pending applications for registrations in the US Patent and Trademark Office and various non-US jurisdictions. We operate primarily under the WillScot brand.
Regulatory and Environmental Compliance
We are subject to certain environmental, transportation, anti-corruption, import controls, health and safety and other laws and regulations in countries, states or provinces, and localities in which we operate. The business incurs significant costs to comply with these laws and regulations. However, from time to time we may be subject to additional costs and penalties as a result of non-compliance. The discovery of currently unknown matters or conditions, new laws and regulations or different enforcement or interpretation of existing laws and regulations could materially harm our business or operations in the future.
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We are subject to laws and regulations that govern and impose liability for activities which may have adverse environmental effects, including discharges into air and water, and handling and disposal of hazardous substances and waste. As of the date of this filing, no environmental matter has been material to our operations. Based on our management’s assessment, we believe that any environmental matters relating to us of which we are currently aware will not be material to our overall business or financial condition.
The jurisdictions in which we operate are also subject to anti-bribery laws and regulations, such as the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended (the “FCPA”). These regulations prevent companies and their officers, employees and agents from making payments to officials and public entities of foreign countries to facilitate obtaining new contracts. Violations of these laws and regulations may result in criminal sanctions and significant monetary penalties.
A portion of our units are subject to regulation in certain states under motor vehicle and similar registrations and certificate of title statutes. Management believes that we have complied, in all material respects, with all motor vehicle registration and similar certificate of title statutes in states where such statutes clearly apply to modular space units. We have not taken actions under such statutes in states where we have determined that such statutes do not apply to modular space units. However, in certain states, the applicability of such statutes to modular space units is not clear beyond doubt. If additional registration and related requirements are deemed to be necessary in such states or if the laws in such states or other states were to change to require us to comply with such requirements, we could be subject to additional costs, fees and taxes as well as administrative burdens in order to comply with such statutes and requirements. Management does not believe that the effect of such compliance will be material to our business and financial condition.
Available Information
Our website address is www.willscot.com. We make available, free of charge through our website, our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) as soon as reasonably practicable after such documents are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). The SEC maintains an internet website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding WillScot.
ITEM 1A. Risk Factors
Risks Relating to Our Business
We face significant competition in the modular space and portable storage unit industry. If we are unable to compete successfully, we could lose customers and our revenue and profitability could decline.
Although our competition varies significantly by market, the modular space and portable storage unit industry is highly competitive in general. We compete on the basis of a number of factors, including equipment availability, quality, price, service, reliability, appearance, functionality and delivery terms. We may experience pricing pressures in our operations as some of our competitors seek to obtain market share by reducing prices, and we may face reduced demand for our products and services if our competitors are able to provide new or innovative products or services that better appeal to customers. In most of our end markets, we face competition from national, regional and local companies who have an established market position in the specific service area, and we expect to encounter similar competition in any new markets that we may enter. In certain markets, some of our competitors may have greater market share, less debt, greater pricing flexibility, more attractive product or service offerings, or superior marketing and financial resources. Increased competition could result in lower profit margins, substantial pricing pressure and reduced market share. Price competition, together with other forms of competition, may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Our operations are exposed to operational, economic, political and regulatory risks.
We operate in the US, Canada and Mexico. For the year ended December 31, 2018, approximately 91.2%, 6.7%, and 2.1% of our revenue was generated in the US, Canada and Mexico, respectively. Our operations in these countries could be affected by foreign and domestic economic, political and regulatory risks, including the following:
• regulatory requirements that are subject to change and that could restrict our ability to assemble, lease or sell
products;
• inflation, recession, and fluctuations in foreign currency exchange and interest rates;
• trade protection measures, including increased duties and taxes and import or export licensing requirements;
• compliance with applicable antitrust and other regulatory rules and regulations relating to potential acquisitions;
• different local product preferences and product requirements;
• pressures on management time and attention due to the complexities of overseeing global operations;
• challenges in maintaining, staffing and managing multi-national operations;
• different labor regulations and the potential impact of collective bargaining;
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• potentially adverse consequences from changes in or interpretations of tax laws;
• political and economic instability;
• enforcement of remedies in various jurisdictions;
• the risk that the business partners upon whom we depend for technical assistance will not perform as expected;
• compliance with applicable export control laws and economic sanctions laws and regulations;
• price controls and ownership regulations;
• obstacles to the repatriation of earnings and cash;
• differences in business practices that may result in violation of company policies, including, but not limited to, bribery
and collusive practices; and
• reduced protection for intellectual property in some countries.
These and other risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Global or local economic movements could have a material adverse effect on our business.
We operate our business in the US, Canada and Mexico. Our business may be negatively impacted by economic movements or downturns in the local markets in which we operate or global markets generally. These adverse economic conditions may reduce commercial activity, cause disruption and extreme volatility in global financial markets and increase rates of default and bankruptcy. Reduced commercial activity has historically resulted in reduced demand for our products and services. For example, reduced commercial activity in the construction, energy and natural resources sectors in certain markets in which we operate, particularly the US and Canada, has negatively impacted our business in the past. Disruptions in financial markets could negatively impact the ability of our customers to pay their obligations to us in a timely manner and increase our counterparty risk. If economic conditions worsen, we may face reduced demand and an increase, relative to historical levels, in the time it takes to receive customer payments. If we are not able to adjust our business in a timely and effective manner to changing economic conditions, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially adversely affected.
Moreover, the level of demand for our products and services is sensitive to the level of demand within various sectors, particularly the commercial and industrial, construction, education, energy and natural resources, and government end-markets. Each of these sectors is influenced not only by the state of the general global economy, but by a number of more specific factors as well. For example, demand for modular buildings within the energy and resources sector may be materially adversely affected by a decline in global or local energy prices. The levels of activity in these sectors and geographic regions may also be cyclical, and we may not be able to predict the timing, extent or duration of the activity cycles in the markets in which we or our key customers operate. A decline or slowed growth in any of these sectors or geographic regions could result in reduced demand for its products and services, which may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Effective management of our fleet is vital to our business, and our failure to properly design, manufacture, repair and maintain our fleet could harm our business and reduce our operating results and cash flows.
Our modular space and portable storage units have a long economic life and managing this fleet is a critical element to our leasing business. Rental equipment asset management requires designing and building long-lived products that anticipate customer needs and changes in legislation, regulations, building codes and local permitting in the various markets in which we operate. In addition, we must cost-effectively maintain and repair our fleet to maximize the economic life of the products and the proceeds received from product sales. As the needs of our customers change, we may incur costs to relocate or retrofit our assets to better meet shifts in demand. If the distribution of our assets is not aligned with regional demand, we may be unable to take advantage of sales and leasing opportunities in certain regions, despite excess inventory in other regions. If we are not able to successfully manage our lease assets, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially adversely affected.
If we do not appropriately manage the design, manufacture, repair and maintenance of our product fleet, or if we delay or defer such repair or maintenance or suffer unexpected losses of rental equipment due to theft or obsolescence, we may be required to incur impairment charges for equipment that is beyond economic repair or incur significant capital expenditures to acquire new rental equipment to serve demand. These failures may also result in personal injury or property damage claims, including claims based on poor indoor air quality and termination of leases or contracts by customers. Costs of contract performance, potential litigation and profits lost from termination could materially adversely affect our future operating results and cash flows.
We may be unable to acquire and integrate new operations, which could cause our business to suffer.
We may be unable to complete strategic acquisitions or integrate acquired businesses or assets into our operations for various reasons. We completed the ModSpace and Acton acquisitions in 2017 and 2018, and we may explore acquisitions in the future that meet our strategic growth plans. We cannot predict if or when acquisitions will be completed, and we may face significant competition for acquisition targets. Acquisitions that are completed, including the ModSpace and Acton acquisitions, involve numerous risks, including the following:
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• difficulties in integrating the operations, technologies, products and personnel of the acquired companies;
• diversion of management’s attention from normal daily operations of the business;
• loss of key employees;
• difficulties in entering markets in which we have no or limited prior experience and where our competitors in such
markets have stronger market positions;
• difficulties in complying with regulations, such as environmental regulations, and managing risks related to an
acquired business;
• an inability to timely obtain financing, including any amendments required to existing financing agreements;
• an inability to implement uniform standards, controls, procedures and policies;
• undiscovered and unknown problems, defects, liabilities or other issues related to any acquisition that become known
to us only after the acquisition, particularly relating to rental equipment on lease that are unavailable for inspection
during the diligence process; and
• loss of key customers, suppliers or employees.
In connection with acquisitions we may assume liabilities or acquire damaged assets, some of which may be unknown at the time of such acquisitions.
The condition and regulatory certification of acquired fleet is assessed as part of our acquisition due diligence. In some cases, fleet condition or regulatory certification may be difficult to determine due to fleet being on lease at the time of acquisition and/or inadequate certification records. Fleet acquisitions may therefore result in a rectification cost that may not have been factored into the acquisition price, impacting deployability and ultimate profitability of the fleet acquired.
In particular, we have made two major acquisitions (Acton and ModSpace) since November 29, 2017. Although we have substantially integrated the acquired businesses and assets into our organization and platforms, we must continue to take actions in 2019 and 2020 to realize combined cost synergies forecast for those acquisitions. We may incur more costs than anticipated in order to achieve the forecast synergies (thus reducing the net benefit of the cost synergies), realize synergies later than expected, or fail to achieve a portion of the anticipated cost savings altogether. Any of these events could cause reductions in our earnings per share, impact our ability to borrow funds under the ABL Facility, decrease or delay the anticipated accretive effect of the acquisitions, and negatively impact our stock price. As a result, we cannot provide assurances that the Acton and ModSpace acquisitions will result in the realization of the anticipated benefits.
Acquisitions are inherently risky, and no assurance can be given that any future acquisitions will be successful or will not materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. If we do not manage new markets effectively, some of our new branches and acquisitions may lose money or fail, and we may have to close unprofitable branches. Closing a branch in such circumstances would likely result in additional expenses that would cause our operating results to suffer. To manage growth successfully, we will need to continue to identify additional qualified managers and employees to integrate acquisitions within our established operating, financial and other internal procedures and controls. We will also need to effectively motivate, train and manage our employees. Failure to successfully integrate recent and future acquisitions and new branches into existing operations could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
If we do not manage our credit risk effectively, collect on our accounts receivable, or recover our rental equipment from our customers, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We perform credit evaluation procedures on our customers on each transaction and require security deposits or other forms of security from our customers when a significant credit risk is identified. Failure to manage our credit risk and receive timely payments on our customer accounts receivable may result in the write-off of customer receivables and loss of units if we are unable to recover our rental equipment from our customers’ sites. If we are not able to manage credit risk, or if a large number of customers should have financial difficulties at the same time, our credit and rental equipment losses would increase above historical levels. If this should occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.
Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes may be limited.
As of December 31, 2018, we had US net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards of approximately $935.9 million and $633.3 million for US federal income tax and state tax purposes, respectively, available to offset future taxable income, prior to consideration of annual limitations that may be imposed under Section 382 (“Section 382”) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). The US NOL carryforwards begin to expire in 2019 if not utilized. In addition, we had foreign NOLs of $19.0 million as a result of our operations in Canada and Mexico. The Company’s Mexico and Canadian NOL carryforwards begin to expire in 2020 and 2038, respectively, if not utilized.
Our US NOL and tax credit carryforwards could expire unused and be unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities. Under Section 382 and corresponding provisions of US state law, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” generally defined as a greater than 50% change, by value, in its equity ownership over a three-year period, the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change US NOLs and other applicable pre-change tax attributes, such as research and development tax credits, to offset its post-change income may be limited. The Company has completed a Section 382 analysis for the
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ModSpace transaction and performed utilization analysis under US GAAP. As a result, if we earn net taxable income, our ability to use our pre-change US NOL carryforwards to offset US federal taxable income may be subject to limitations, which could potentially result in increased future tax liability to us. In addition, at the state level, there may be periods during which the use of US NOLs is suspended or otherwise limited, which could accelerate or permanently increase state taxes owed.
Lastly, we may experience ownership changes in the future as a result of subsequent shifts in our stock ownership, some of which may be outside of our control. If we determine that an ownership change has occurred and our ability to use our historical NOL and tax credit carryforwards is materially limited, it may result in increased future tax obligations.
We may be unable to recognize deferred tax assets such as those related to our tax loss carryforwards and, as a result, lose future tax savings, which could have a negative impact on our liquidity and financial position.
We recognize deferred tax assets primarily related to deductible temporary differences based on our assessment that the item will be utilized against future taxable income and the benefit will be sustained upon ultimate settlement with the applicable taxing authority. Such deductible temporary differences primarily relate to tax loss carryforwards and deferred interest expense deductions. Tax loss carryforwards arising in a given tax jurisdiction may be carried forward to offset taxable income in future years from such tax jurisdiction and reduce or eliminate income taxes otherwise payable on such taxable income, subject to certain limitations. Deferred interest expense exists primarily within our US operating companies, where interest expense was not previously deductible as incurred but may become deductible in the future subject to certain limitations. We may have to write down, via a valuation allowance, the carrying amount of certain of the deferred tax assets to the extent we determine it is not probable such deferred tax assets will continue to be recognized.
Some of the tax loss carryforwards expire and if we do not have sufficient taxable income in future years to use the tax benefits before they expire, the benefit may be permanently lost. In addition, the taxing authorities could challenge our calculation of the amount of our tax attributes, which could reduce certain of our recognized tax benefits. In addition, tax laws in certain jurisdictions may limit the ability to use carryforwards upon a change in control.
Unanticipated changes in our tax obligations, the adoption of a new tax legislation, or exposure to additional income tax liabilities could affect profitability.
We are subject to income taxes in the US, Canada and Mexico. Our tax liabilities are affected by the amounts charged for inventory, services, funding and other intercompany transactions. We are subject to potential tax examinations in these jurisdictions. Tax authorities may disagree with our intercompany charges, cross-jurisdictional transfer pricing or other tax positions and assess additional taxes. We regularly assess the likely outcomes of these examinations in order to determine the appropriateness of our tax provision. However, there can be no assurance that we will accurately predict the outcomes of these potential examinations, and the amounts ultimately paid upon resolution of examinations could be materially different from the amounts previously included in our income tax provision and, therefore, could have a material impact on our results of operations and cash flows. In addition, our future effective tax rate could be adversely affected by changes to our operating structure, changes in the mix of earnings in countries with differing statutory tax rates, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities, changes in tax laws and the discovery of new information in the course of our tax return preparation process. A number of proposals for broad reform of the corporate tax system in the US are under evaluation at the federal level, but it is not possible to accurately determine the overall impact of such proposals on our effective tax rate at this time. Changes in tax laws or regulations, including multijurisdictional changes enacted in response to the guidelines provided by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development to address base erosion and profit sharing, may increase tax uncertainty and adversely affect our results of operations.
Changes in state building codes could adversely impact our ability to remarket our buildings, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Building codes are generally reviewed, debated and, in certain cases, modified on a national level every three years as an ongoing effort to keep the regulations current and improve the life, safety and welfare of the building’s occupants. All aspects of a given code are subject to change, including, but not limited to, such items as structural specifications for earthquake safety, energy efficiency and environmental standards, fire and life safety, transportation, lighting and noise limits. On occasion, state agencies have undertaken studies of indoor air quality and noise levels with a focus on permanent and modular classrooms. This process leads to a systematic change that requires engagement in the process and recognition that past methods will not always be accepted. New modular construction is very similar to conventional construction where newer codes and regulations generally increase cost. New governmental regulations may increase our acquisition costs of new rental equipment, as well as increase our costs to refurbish existing equipment.
Compliance with building codes and regulations entails risk as state and local government authorities do not necessarily interpret building codes and regulations in a consistent manner, particularly where applicable regulations may be unclear and subject to interpretation. These regulations often provide broad discretion to governmental authorities that oversee these matters, which can result in unanticipated delays or increases in the cost of compliance in particular markets. The construction and modular industries have developed many “best practices” which are constantly evolving. Some of our peers and competitors may adopt practices that are more or less stringent than ours. When, and if, regulatory standards are clarified, the effect of the clarification may be to impose rules on our business and practices retroactively, at which time, we may not be in compliance with such regulations and we may be required to incur costly remediation. If we are unable to pass these
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increased costs on to our customers, our business, financial condition, operating cash flows and results of operations could be negatively impacted.
Our operations face foreign currency exchange rate exposure, which may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We hold assets, incur liabilities, earn revenue and pay expenses in certain currencies other than the US dollar, primarily the Canadian dollar and the Mexican peso. Our consolidated financial results are denominated in US dollars and therefore, during times of a strengthening US dollar, our reported revenue in non-US dollar jurisdictions will be reduced because the local currency will translate into fewer US dollars. Revenue and expenses are translated into US dollars at the average exchange rate for the period. In addition, the assets and liabilities of our non-US dollar subsidiaries are translated into US dollars at the exchange rates in effect on the balance sheet date. Foreign currency exchange adjustments arising from certain intercompany obligations with and between our domestic companies and our foreign subsidiaries are marked-to-market and recorded as a non-cash loss or gain in each of our financial periods in our consolidated statements of operations. Accordingly, changes in currency exchange rates will cause our foreign currency translation adjustment in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss to fluctuate. In addition, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates will impact the amount of US dollars we receive when we repatriate funds from our non-US dollar operations.
Our revenues, results of operations and cash flows may also be materially and adversely affected by fluctuations in interest rates and commodity prices.
Although we have converted a significant portion of our ABL Facility borrowings into fixed-rate debt through interest rate swaps, a portion of our ABL Facility borrowings remain variable rate debt. Fluctuations in interest rates may negatively impact the amount of interest payments, as well as our ability to refinance portions of our existing debt in the future at attractive interest rates. In addition, certain of our end markets, as well as portions of our cost structure, such as transportation costs, are sensitive to changes in commodity prices, which can impact both demand for and profitability of our services. These changes could impact our future earnings and cash flows, assuming other factors are held constant.
Significant increases in raw material and labor costs could increase our operating costs significantly and harm our profitability.
We incur labor costs and purchase raw materials, including steel, lumber, siding and roofing, fuel and other products to perform periodic repairs, modifications and refurbishments to maintain physical conditions of our units and in connection with get-ready, delivery and installation of our units. The volume, timing and mix of such work may vary quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year. Generally, increases in labor and raw material costs will increase the acquisition costs of new units and also increase the repair and maintenance costs of our fleet. We also maintain a truck fleet to deliver units to and return units from our customers, the cost of which is sensitive to maintenance and fuel costs. During periods of rising prices for labor or raw materials, and in particular, when the prices increase rapidly or to levels significantly higher than normal, we may incur significant increases in our acquisition costs for new units and incur higher operating costs that we may not be able to recoup from customers through changes in pricing, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Third parties may fail to manufacture or provide necessary components for our products properly or in a timely manner.
We are often dependent on third parties to manufacture or supply components for our products. We typically do not enter into long-term contracts with third-party suppliers. We may experience supply problems as a result of financial or operating difficulties or the failure or consolidation of our suppliers. We may also experience supply problems as a result of shortages and discontinuations resulting from product obsolescence or other shortages or allocations by suppliers. Unfavorable economic conditions may also adversely affect our suppliers or the terms on which we purchase products. In the future, we may not be able to negotiate arrangements with third parties to secure products that we require in sufficient quantities or on reasonable terms. If we cannot negotiate arrangements with third parties to produce our products or if the third parties fail to produce our products to our specifications or in a timely manner, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially adversely affected.
We are subject to risks associated with labor relations, labor costs and labor disruptions.
We are subject to the costs and risks generally associated with labor disputes and organizing activities related to unionized labor. From time to time, our operations may be disrupted by strikes, public demonstrations or other coordinated actions and publicity. We may incur increased legal costs and indirect labor costs as a result of contractual disputes, negotiations or other labor-related disruptions. We have collective bargaining agreements with employees in portions of our Mexico-based operations, which accounted for approximately 1.0% of our total employees as of December 31, 2018. These operations may be more highly affected by labor force activities than others, and all collective bargaining agreements must be renegotiated annually. Other locations may also face organizing activities or effects. Labor organizing activities could result in additional employees becoming unionized. Furthermore, collective bargaining agreements may limit our ability to reduce the size of work forces during an economic downturn, which could put us at a competitive disadvantage.
Failure to retain key personnel could impede our ability to execute our business plan and growth strategy.
Our ability to profitably execute our business plan depends on our ability to attract, develop and retain qualified personnel. Certain of our key executives, managers and employees have knowledge and an understanding of our business
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and our industry, and/or have developed meaningful customer relationships, that cannot be duplicated readily. Our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel is dependent on, among other things, the availability of qualified personnel and our ability to provide a competitive compensation package. Failure to retain qualified key personnel may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Moreover, labor shortages, the inability to hire or retain qualified employees and increased labor costs could have a material adverse effect on our ability to control expenses and efficiently conduct our operations. We may not be able to continue to hire and retain the sufficiently skilled labor force necessary to operate efficiently and to support our operating strategies. Labor expenses could also increase as a result of continuing shortages in the supply of personnel.
If we determine that our goodwill, intangible assets, and indefinite-life intangible assets have become impaired, we may incur impairment charges, which may adversely impact our operating results.
We have a substantial amount of goodwill and indefinite-life intangible assets (trade names), which represents the excess of the total purchase price of our acquisitions over the fair value of the assets acquired, and other intangible assets. As of December 31, 2018, we had approximately $247.0 million and $131.8 million of goodwill and intangible assets, net, respectively, in our consolidated balance sheets, which would represent approximately 9.0% and 4.9% of total assets, respectively.
We recorded impairment charges of $60.7 million in 2017. These charges represent non-cash impairment charges of certain of our operations recognized in connection with our annual goodwill and intangible asset impairment testing. Any additional impairment charges in the future could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We test the goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment on an annual basis and when events occur or circumstances change that indicate that the fair value of the reporting unit or intangible asset may be below its carrying amount. Fair value determinations require considerable judgment and are sensitive to inherent uncertainties and changes in estimates and assumptions regarding revenue growth rates, EBIT margins, capital expenditures, working capital requirements, tax rates, terminal growth rates, discount rates, exchange rates, royalty rates, benefits associated with a taxable transaction and synergistic benefits available to market participants. Declines in market conditions, a trend of weaker than anticipated financial performance for our reporting units or declines in projected revenue, a decline in our share price for a sustained period of time, an increase in the market-based weighted average cost of capital or a decrease in royalty rates, among other factors, are indicators that the carrying value of our goodwill or indefinite-life intangible assets may not be recoverable. In the event impairment is identified, a charge to earnings would be recorded which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Our principal stockholder has substantial control over our business, which may be disadvantageous to other stockholders.
As of December 31, 2018, TDR Capital beneficially owned approximately 45.2% of our outstanding Class A common stock and 100% of our outstanding Class B common stock. TDR Capital also has the right to exchange its stock of WS Holdings for new shares of our Class A common stock under the Exchange Agreement. Moreover, two directors nominated by TDR Capital currently serve on our board of directors. As a result of its control of a significant percentage of our outstanding common stock, TDR Capital may have substantial control over matters requiring approval by our stockholders, including the election and removal of directors, amendments to our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, any proposed merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets and other corporate transactions. TDR Capital may have interests that are different from those of other stockholders.
We are subject to various laws and regulations, including those governing government contracts, corruption and the environment. Obligations and liabilities under these laws and regulations may materially harm our business.
Government Contract Laws and Regulations
We lease and sell our products to government entities, and this subjects us to statutes and regulations applicable to companies doing business with the government. The laws governing government contracts can differ from the laws governing private contracts. For example, many government contracts contain favorable pricing terms and conditions that are not typically included in private contracts, such as clauses that make certain obligations of government entities subject to budget appropriations. Many government contracts can be terminated or modified, in whole or in part, at any time, without penalty, by the government. In addition, our failure to comply with these laws and regulations might result in administrative penalties or the suspension of our government contracts or debarment and, as a result, the loss of the related revenue which would harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. We are not aware of any action contemplated by any regulatory authority related to any possible non-compliance by or in connection with our operations.
Our operations are subject to an array of governmental regulations in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. For example, our activities in the US are subject to regulation by several federal and state government agencies, including the Occupational Safety and Health Administration and by federal and state laws. Our operations and activities in other jurisdictions are subject to similar governmental regulations. Similar to conventionally constructed buildings, the modular business industry is also subject to regulations by multiple governmental agencies in each jurisdiction relating to, among others, environmental, zoning and building standards, and health, safety and transportation matters. Noncompliance with applicable regulations, implementation of new regulations or modifications to existing regulations may increase costs of
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compliance, require a termination of certain activities or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
US Government Contract Laws and Regulations
Our government customers include the US government, which means we are subject to various statutes and regulations applicable to doing business with the US government. These types of contracts customarily contain provisions that give the US government substantial rights and remedies, many of which are not typically found in commercial contracts and which are unfavorable to contractors, including provisions that allow the government to unilaterally terminate or modify our federal government contracts, in whole or in part, at the government’s convenience. Under general principles of US government contracting law, if the government terminates a contract for convenience, the terminated company may generally recover only its incurred or committed costs and settlement expenses and profit on work completed prior to the termination. If the government terminates a contract for default, the defaulting company may be liable for any extra costs incurred by the government in procuring undelivered items from another source.
In addition, US government contracts and grants normally contain additional requirements that may increase our costs of doing business, reduce our profits, and expose us to liability for failure to comply with these terms and conditions. These requirements include, for example:
• specialized disclosure and accounting requirements unique to US government contracts;
• financial and compliance audits that may result in potential liability for price adjustments, recoupment of government
funds after such funds have been spent, civil and criminal penalties, or administrative sanctions such as suspension or debarment from doing business with the US government;
• public disclosures of certain contract and company information; and
• mandatory socioeconomic compliance requirements, including labor requirements, non-discrimination and affirmative
action programs and environmental compliance requirements.
If we fail to comply with these requirements, our contracts may be subject to termination, and we may be subject to financial and/or other liability under our contracts or under the Federal Civil False Claims Act (the “False Claims Act”). The False Claims Act’s “whistleblower” provisions allow private individuals, including present and former employees, to sue on behalf of the US government. The False Claims Act statute provides for treble damages and other penalties and, if our operations are found to be in violation of the False Claims Act, we could face other adverse action, including suspension or prohibition from doing business with the US government. Any penalties, damages, fines, suspension or damages could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our financial results.
Anti-Corruption Laws and Regulations
We are subject to various anti-corruption laws that prohibit improper payments or offers of payments to foreign governments and their officials by a US person for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. We operate in countries that may present a more corruptible business environment than the US. Such activities create the risk of unauthorized payments or offers of payments by one of our employees or agents that could be in violation of various laws, including the FCPA. We have implemented safeguards and policies to discourage these practices by our employees and agents. However, existing safeguards and any future improvements may prove to be ineffective and employees or agents may engage in conduct for which we might be held responsible.
If employees violate our policies or we fail to maintain adequate record-keeping and internal accounting practices to accurately record our transactions we may be subject to regulatory sanctions. Violations of the FCPA or other anti-corruption laws may result in severe criminal or civil sanctions and penalties, including suspension or debarment from US government contracting, and we may be subject to other liabilities which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. We are also subject to similar anti-corruption laws in other jurisdictions.
Environmental Laws and Regulations
We are subject to a variety of national, state, regional and local environmental laws and regulations. Among other things, these laws and regulations impose limitations and prohibitions on the discharge and emission of, and establish standards for the use, disposal and management of, regulated materials and waste, and impose liabilities for the costs of investigating and cleaning up, and damages resulting from, present and past spills, disposals or other releases of hazardous substances or materials. In the ordinary course of business, we use and generate substances that are regulated or may be hazardous under environmental laws. We have an inherent risk of liability under environmental laws and regulations, both with respect to ongoing operations and with respect to contamination that may have occurred in the past on our properties or as a result of our operations. From time to time, our operations or conditions on properties that we have acquired have resulted in liabilities under these environmental laws. We may in the future incur material costs to comply with environmental laws or sustain material liabilities from claims concerning noncompliance or contamination. We have no reserves for any such liabilities.
We cannot predict what environmental legislation or regulations will be enacted in the future, how existing or future laws or regulations will be administered or interpreted, or what environmental conditions may be found to exist at our facilities or at third party sites for which we may be liable. Enactment of stricter laws or regulations, stricter interpretations of existing laws and regulations or the requirement to undertake the investigation or remediation of currently unknown environmental
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contamination at sites we own or third party sites may require us to make additional expenditures, some of which could be material.
We may be subject to litigation, judgments, orders or regulatory proceedings that could materially harm our business.
We are subject to claims arising from disputes with customers, employees, vendors and other third parties in the normal course of business. The risks associated with any such disputes may be difficult to assess or quantify and their existence and magnitude may remain unknown for substantial periods of time. If plaintiffs successfully prosecute claims against us, or if we settle any such suits by making significant payments, our business, results of operations and financial condition would be harmed. Even if the outcome of a claim proves favorable to us, litigation can be time consuming and costly and may divert management resources. To the extent our directors or senior executives are named in such lawsuits, our indemnification obligations could magnify the costs.
Any failure of our management information systems could disrupt our business and result in decreased lease or sale revenue and increase overhead costs.
We depend on our management information systems to actively manage our lease fleet, control new unit capital spending and provide fleet information, including leasing history, condition and availability of our units. These functions enhance our ability to optimize lease fleet utilization, rentability and redeployment. The failure of our management information systems to perform as anticipated could damage our reputation with our customers, disrupt our business or result in, among other things, decreased lease and sales revenue and increased overhead costs. For example, an inaccurate utilization rate could cause us to fail to have sufficient inventory to meet consumer demand, resulting in decreased sales. Any such failure could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, the delay or failure to implement information system upgrades and new systems effectively could disrupt our business, distract management’s focus and attention from business operations and growth initiatives and increase our implementation and operating costs, any of which could materially adversely affect our operations and operating results.
We have previously been the target of an attempted cyber-attack and may be subject to breaches of the information systems that we use. We have not experienced a material cybersecurity breach. We have programs in place that are intended to detect, contain and respond to data security incidents and that provide employee awareness training regarding phishing, malware, and other cyber risks to protect against cyber risks and security breaches. However, because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems change frequently and may be difficult to detect for long periods of time, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventative measures. In addition, because our systems contain information about individuals and businesses, the failure to maintain the security of the data we hold, whether the result of our own error or the malfeasance or errors of others, could harm our reputation or give rise to legal liabilities leading to lower revenue, increased costs, regulatory sanctions and other potential material adverse effects on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Our operations could be subject to natural disasters and other business disruptions, which could materially adversely affect our future revenue and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses.
Our operations could be subject to natural disasters and other business disruptions such as fires, floods, hurricanes, earthquakes and terrorism, which could adversely affect our future revenue and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses. For example, hurricanes Harvey and Irma impacted our operations in Texas and Florida in 2017. We have submitted claims relating to these hurricanes and other weather events to our insurers, however, we may face significant delays in resolving our insurance claims or our insurers may challenge or deny parts or all of our claims. See “Risk Factors-Risks Relating Our Business - We are exposed to various possible claims relating to our business and our insurance may not fully protect us.” In addition, the occurrence and threat of terrorist attacks may directly or indirectly affect economic conditions, which could in turn adversely affect demand for our products and services. In the event of a major natural or man-made disaster, we could experience loss of life of our employees, destruction of facilities or business interruptions, any of which may materially adversely affect our business. If any of our facilities or a significant amount of our rental equipment were to experience a catastrophic loss, it could disrupt our operations, delay orders, shipments and revenue recognition and result in expenses to repair or replace the damaged rental equipment and facility not covered by asset, liability, business continuity or other insurance contracts. Also, we could face significant increases in premiums or losses of coverage due to the loss experienced during and associated with these and potential future natural or man-made disasters that may materially adversely affect our business. In addition, attacks or armed conflicts that directly impact one or more of our properties could significantly affect our ability to operate those properties and thereby impair our results of operations.
In general, any of these events could cause consumer confidence and spending to decrease or result in increased volatility in the global economy and worldwide financial markets. Any such occurrence could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We are exposed to various possible claims relating to our business and our insurance may not fully protect us.
We are exposed to various possible claims relating to our business, including those relating to personal injury or death caused by containers, offices or trailers rented or sold by us; motor vehicle accidents involving our vehicles and employees; employment-related claims; property damage; and, commercial claims. Our insurance policies have deductibles or
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self-insured retentions that would require us to expend amounts prior to taking advantage of coverage limits. We believe that we have adequate insurance coverage for the protection of our assets and operations. However, our insurance may not fully protect us for certain types of claims such as dishonest, fraudulent, criminal or malicious acts; terrorism, war, hostile or warlike action during a time of peace; automobile physical damage; natural disasters; and cybercrime.
We may not be able to redeploy our units effectively should a significant number of our leased units be returned during a short period of time, which could adversely affect our financial performance.
While our typical lease terms include contractual provisions requiring customers to retain units on lease for a specified period, our customers generally rent their units for periods longer than the contractual lease terms. As of December 31, 2018, the average lease duration of our current lease portfolio is approximately 30 months. If a significant number of leased units are returned in a short period of time, a large supply of units would need to be remarketed. Our failure to effectively remarket a large influx of units returning from leases could have a material adverse effect on our financial performance.
Failure to close our unit sales transactions as projected could cause our actual revenue or cash flow for a particular fiscal period to differ from expectations.
Sales of new and used modular space and portable storage units to customers represented approximately 10.5% of our revenue during the year ended December 31, 2018. Sale transactions are subject to certain factors that are beyond our control, including permit requirements and weather conditions. Accordingly, the actual timing of the completion of these transactions may take longer than expected. As a result, our actual revenue and cash flow in a particular fiscal period may not consistently correlate to our internal operational plans and budgets. If we are unable to prepare accurate internal operational plans and budgets, we may fail to take advantage of business and growth opportunities otherwise available and our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially adversely affected.
Public company requirements may strain our resources and divert management’s attention, which could adversely impact our ability to execute our strategy and harm operating results.
We became subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 as amended (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), the listing requirements of Nasdaq and other applicable securities rules and regulations on November 29, 2017. Compliance with these rules and regulations increase our legal and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming or costly and increase the demands on our systems and resources. We expect this to continue, particularly when we become a “large accelerated filer” and after we are no longer an “emerging growth company.”
Certain executives have more experience in managing a public company than other members of our management team. Our internal infrastructure may not be adequate to support the increased reporting obligations, and we may be unable to hire, train or retain necessary staff and may be reliant on engaging outside consultants or professionals to overcome lack of experience or employees. Our management may fail to comply with public company requirements, or may fail to do so effectively and efficiently, either of which would materially and adversely harm our ability to execute our strategy and, consequently, our operating results.
Furthermore, as a result of the disclosures required of public companies, our business and financial condition has become more visible, which may result in threatened or actual litigation, including by competitors and other third parties. If any such claims are successful, our business and operating results could be harmed, and even if any such claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor, claims, and the time and resources necessary to resolve them, could divert the resources of management and adversely affect our business, brand, reputation and results of operations.
If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results, which could lead to a loss of investor confidence in our financial statements and have an adverse effect on our stock price.
Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reliable and accurate financial statements and to effectively prevent fraud. We devote significant resources and time to comply with the internal control over financial reporting requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. As described in Part II Item 9A. “Controls and Procedures”, we remediated the previously disclosed material weaknesses in our internal controls for income taxes and reverse acquisition accounting. There is no assurance that material weaknesses or significant deficiencies will not be identified in the future or that we will be successful in adequately remediating any such material weaknesses and significant deficiencies. We may in the future discover areas of our internal controls that need improvement. We cannot be certain that we will be successful in maintaining adequate internal control over our financial reporting and financial processes. Furthermore, as we grow our business, including through acquisition, our internal controls will become more complex, and we will require significantly more resources to ensure our internal controls remain effective. Additionally, the existence of any material weakness or significant deficiency would require management to devote significant time and incur significant expense to remediate any such material weaknesses or significant deficiencies, and management may not be able to remediate any such material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in a timely manner. The existence of any material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting could also result in errors in our financial statements that could require us to restate our financial statements, cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations, subject us to investigations from regulatory authorities or cause stockholders to lose confidence in our reported financial information, all of which could materially and adversely affect us.
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We incur significantly increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management is required to devote substantial time to compliance efforts.
We incur significant legal, accounting, insurance and other expenses as a result of being a public company. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, as amended (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as related rules implemented by the SEC, have required changes in corporate governance practices of public companies. In addition, rules that the SEC is implementing or is required to implement pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act are expected to require additional change. We expect that ongoing compliance with these and other similar laws, rules and regulations, including compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, will substantially increase our expenses, including legal and accounting costs, and make some activities more time-consuming and costly. It is possible that these expenses will exceed the increases projected by management. These laws, rules and regulations may also make it more expensive to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and it may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage, which may make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on its board of directors or as officers. Although the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, as amended (the “JOBS Act”) may, for a limited period of time, somewhat lessen the cost of complying with these additional regulatory and other requirements, we nonetheless expect a substantial increase in legal, accounting, insurance and certain other expenses in the future, which will negatively impact its results of operations and financial condition.
Risks Relating to Our Capital Structure
Global capital and credit market conditions could materially and adversely affect our ability to access the capital and credit markets or the ability of key counterparties to perform their obligations to us.
Although we believe the banks participating in the ABL Facility have adequate capital and resources, we can provide no assurance that all of those banks will continue to operate as a going concern in the future. If any of the banks in our lending group were to fail, it is possible that the borrowing capacity under the ABL Facility would be reduced. Practical, legal and tax limitations may also limit our ability to access and service the working capital needs of our businesses owned by WSII. In the event that the availability under the ABL Facility were reduced significantly, we could be required to obtain capital from alternate sources in order to finance our capital needs. The options for addressing such capital constraints would include, among others, obtaining commitments from the remaining banks in the lending group or from new banks to fund increased amounts under the terms of the ABL Facility, and accessing the public capital markets. In addition, we may delay certain capital expenditures to ensure that we maintain appropriate levels of liquidity. If it became necessary to access additional capital, any such alternatives could have terms less favorable than those terms under the ABL Facility, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
In addition, in the future we may need to raise additional funds to, among other things, refinance existing indebtedness, fund existing operations, improve or expand its operations, respond to competitive pressures or make acquisitions. If adequate funds are not available on acceptable terms, we may be unable to achieve our business or strategic objectives or compete effectively. Our ability to pursue certain future opportunities may depend in part on our ongoing access to debt and equity capital markets. We cannot assure you that any such financing will be available on terms satisfactory to us or at all. If we are unable to obtain financing on acceptable terms, we may have to curtail our growth by, among other things, curtailing the expansion of our fleet of units or our acquisition strategy.
Economic disruptions affecting key counterparties could also have a material adverse effect on our business. We monitor the financial strength of our larger customers, derivative counterparties, lenders and insurance carriers on a periodic basis using publicly-available information in order to evaluate our exposure to those who have or who we believe may likely experience significant threats to their ability to adequately perform their obligations to us. The information available will differ from counterparty to counterparty and may be insufficient for us to adequately interpret or evaluate our exposure and/or determine appropriate or timely responses.
Our leverage may make it difficult for us to service our debt and operate our business.
As of December 31, 2018, we had $1,718.9 million of total indebtedness, excluding deferred financing fees, consisting of $879.4 million of borrowings under the ABL Facility, $300.0 million of 7.875% senior secured notes due December 15, 2022 (the "2022 Secured Notes"), $300.0 million of 6.875% senior secured notes due August 15, 2023 (the "2023 Secured Notes", and together with the 2022 Secured Notes, the "Secured Notes") $200.0 million of senior unsecured notes due November 15, 2023 (the "Unsecured Notes"), and $39.5 million of other financing obligations. Our leverage could have important consequences, including:
• making it more difficult to satisfy our obligations with respect to our various debt and liabilities;
• requiring us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to debt payments, thus reducing the
availability of cash flow to fund internal growth through working capital and capital expenditures on our existing fleet
or a new fleet and for other general corporate purposes;
• increasing our vulnerability to a downturn in our business or adverse economic or industry conditions;
• placing us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have less debt in relation to cash flow
and that, therefore, may be able to take advantage of opportunities that our leverage would prevent us from pursuing;
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• limiting our flexibility in planning for or reacting to changes in our business and industry;
• restricting us from pursuing strategic acquisitions or exploiting certain business opportunities or causing us to make
non-strategic divestitures; and
• limiting, without limitation, our ability to borrow additional funds or raise equity capital in the future and increasing the
costs of such additional financings.
Our ability to meet our debt service obligations or to refinance our debt depends on our future operating and financial performance, which will be affected by our ability to successfully implement our business strategy as well as general economic, financial, competitive, regulatory and other factors beyond our control. If our business does not generate sufficient cash flow from operations, or if future borrowings are not available to us in an amount sufficient to enable us to pay our indebtedness or to fund our other liquidity needs, we may need to refinance all or a portion of our indebtedness on or before the maturity thereof, sell assets, reduce or delay capital investments or seek to raise additional capital, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our operations. In addition, we may not be able to affect any of these actions, if necessary, on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Any refinancing of our debt could be at higher interest rates and may require us to comply with more onerous covenants, which could further restrict our business operations. The terms of our existing or future debt instruments may limit or prevent us from taking any of these actions. If we default on the payments required under the terms of certain of our indebtedness, that indebtedness, together with debt incurred pursuant to other debt agreements or instruments that contain cross-default or cross-acceleration provisions, may become payable on demand, and we may not have sufficient funds to repay all of our debts. As a result, our inability to generate sufficient cash flow to satisfy our debt service obligations, or to refinance or restructure our obligations on commercially reasonable terms or at all, would have an adverse effect, which could be material, on our business, financial condition and results of operations, as well as on our ability to satisfy our debt obligations.
Despite our current level of indebtedness, we and our subsidiaries will still be able to incur significant additional amounts of debt, which could further exacerbate the risks associated with our substantial indebtedness.
We and our subsidiaries may be able to incur substantial additional debt in the future. As of December 31, 2018, WSII and the guarantors of the Secured Notes and the ABL Facility had up to $532.6 million of available borrowing capacity under the ABL Facility, including $393.5 million under the $1.285 billion asset-backed revolving credit facility for US subsidiaries (the "US ABL Facility") and $139.1 million under the $140.0 million asset-backed revolving credit facility for Canadian subsidiaries (the "Canadian ABL Facility"), subject to borrowing base availability. Although the indentures that governs the Secured Notes and the credit agreement that governs the ABL Facility contain restrictions on the incurrence of additional debt, these restrictions are subject to a number of significant qualifications and exceptions, and under certain circumstances, the amount of debt that could be incurred in compliance with these restrictions could be substantial. In addition, the indentures and the credit agreement do not prevent us from incurring other obligations that do not constitute indebtedness under those agreements. If new debt is added to our and our subsidiaries’ existing debt levels, the risks associated with our substantial indebtedness described above, including our possible inability to service our debt, will increase.
We are subject to and may, in the future become subject to, covenants that limit our operating and financial flexibility and, if we default under our debt covenants, we may not be able to meet our payment obligations.
The ABL Facility and the indentures, as well as any instruments that govern any future debt obligations, contain covenants that impose significant restrictions on the way our subsidiaries can operate, including restrictions on the ability to:
• incur or guarantee additional debt and issue certain types of stock;
• create or incur certain liens;
• make certain payments, including dividends or other distributions, with respect to our equity securities;
• prepay or redeem junior debt;
• make certain investments or acquisitions, including participating in joint ventures;
• engage in certain transactions with affiliates;
• create unrestricted subsidiaries;
• create encumbrances or restrictions on the payment of dividends or other distributions, loans or advances to, and on
the transfer of, assets to the issuer or any restricted subsidiary;
• sell assets, consolidate or merge with or into other companies;
• sell or transfer all or substantially all our assets or those of our subsidiaries on a consolidated basis; and
• issue or sell share capital of certain subsidiaries.
Although these limitations are subject to significant exceptions and qualifications, these covenants could limit our ability to finance future operations and capital needs and our ability to pursue acquisitions and other business activities that may be in our interest. Our subsidiaries’ ability to comply with these covenants and restrictions may be affected by events beyond our control. These include prevailing economic, financial and industry conditions. If any of our subsidiaries default on their obligations under the ABL Facility or Secured Notes, then the relevant lenders or holders could elect to declare the debt,
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together with accrued and unpaid interest and other fees, if any, immediately due and payable and proceed against any collateral securing that debt. If the debt under the ABL Facility, the indentures or any other material financing arrangement that we enter into were to be accelerated, our assets may be insufficient to repay in full the ABL Facility, the Secured Notes and our other debt.
The ABL Facility also requires our subsidiaries to satisfy specified financial maintenance tests in the event certain excess liquidity requirements are not satisfied. The ability to meet these tests could be affected by deterioration in our operating results, as well as by events beyond our control, including increases in raw materials prices and unfavorable economic conditions, and we cannot assure that these tests will be met. If an event of default occurs under the ABL Facility, the lenders could terminate their commitments and declare all amounts borrowed, together with accrued and unpaid interest and other fees, to be immediately due and payable. Borrowings under other debt instruments that contain cross-acceleration or cross-default provisions also may be accelerated or become payable on demand. In these circumstances, our assets may not be sufficient to repay in full that indebtedness and our other indebtedness then outstanding.
The amount of borrowings permitted at any time under the ABL Facility is subject to compliance with limits based on a periodic borrowing base valuation of the collateral thereunder. As a result, our access to credit under the ABL Facility is subject to significant fluctuations depending on the value of the borrowing base of eligible assets as of any measurement date, as well as certain discretionary rights of the agent in respect of the calculation of such borrowing base value. As a result of any change in valuation, the availability under the ABL Facility may be reduced, or we may be required to make a repayment of the ABL Facility, which may be significant. The inability to borrow under the ABL Facility or the use of available cash to repay the ABL Facility as a result of a valuation change may adversely affect our liquidity, results of operations and financial position.
Changes in the method used to determine LIBOR rates and the potential phasing out of LIBOR after 2021 may affect our financial results.
Borrowings under our ABL Facility bear interest at variable rates based on LIBOR. In addition, we have interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges of our exposure to variability in future cash flows attributable to payments of LIBOR due on forecasted notional debt obligations. LIBOR and certain other interest “benchmarks” may be subject to regulatory guidance and/or reform that could cause interest rates under our current or future debt agreements and interest rate swaps to perform differently than in the past or cause other unanticipated consequences. The United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority, which regulates LIBOR, has announced that it intends to stop encouraging or requiring banks to submit rates for the calculation of LIBOR rates after 2021, and it is unclear if LIBOR will cease to exist or if new methods of calculating LIBOR will evolve. If LIBOR ceases to exist or if the methods of calculating LIBOR change from their current form, interest rates on our current or future debt obligations and interest rate swaps may be adversely affected.
If our warrants are exercised, the number of shares of our Class A common stock eligible for future resale in the public market would increase and result in dilution to our stockholders.
At December 31, 2018, we had issued and outstanding 24,367,867 2015 Warrants, as defined in Part 5 of the Form 10-K, (exercisable for 12,183,933 shares of WillScot Class A common stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per whole share) and 9,999,579 2018 Warrants, as defined in Part 5 of the Form 10-K, (exercisable for 9,999,579 shares of WillScot Class A common stock at an exercise price of $15.50 per share). To the extent warrants are exercised, additional Class A shares will be issued, which will result in dilution to the holders of our Class A common stock and increase the number of shares eligible for resale in the public market. The Company would also receive a cash capital contribution equal to the number of warrants exercised multiplied times the exercise price of the warrant, to the extent the warrants are not exercised on a cashless basis. In addition, sales of substantial numbers of such shares in the public market could adversely affect the market price of our Class A common stock.
Our principal stockholder controls a significant amount of our common stock, and it may take actions or have interests that are adverse to or conflict with those of our other stockholders.
As of December 31, 2018, Sapphire, which is controlled by TDR Capital, beneficially owns approximately 45.2% of our Class A Common Stock. Sapphire also owns 4,850,000 or 19.9% of the 2015 Warrants outstanding, and Sapphire may receive additional shares of our Class A common stock pursuant to an exchange agreement described in Note 2 of the consolidated financial statements in Part 8 to the Form 10-K herein. Sapphire's ownership of our common stock may adversely affect the trading price for our Class A shares to the extent investors perceive disadvantages in owning shares of a company with a significant stockholder or in the event Sapphire takes any action with its shares that could result in an adverse impact on the price of our Class A shares, including a sale of a substantial portion of our common shares.
In August 2018, Sapphire pledged all of the Class A shares that it owns as security for a margin loan under which Sapphire borrowed $125.0 million. An event of default under the margin loan could result in the foreclosure on the pledged securities and a subsequent sale of a significant number of shares of our common stock by the lender, which could cause the market price of our Class A shares to decline. Moreover, the occurrence of a foreclosure, and a subsequent sale of all, or substantially all, of the pledged shares could result in a change of control under the credit agreement governing our ABL Facility and the indentures governing our Secured Notes, even when such change may not be in the best interest of our stockholders. Such sale of Sapphire’s pledged shares may also result in another stockholder beneficially owning a significant amount of our common stock and being able to exert a significant degree of influence or actual control over our management and affairs. Such stockholder's interests may be different from or conflict with those of our other stockholders.
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We are an “emerging growth company” and, due to the reduced disclosure and governance requirements applicable to emerging growth companies, our common stock may be less attractive to investors.
At December 31, 2018, we were an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act, which exempts us from certain reporting requirements applicable to other public companies. For example, as an emerging growth company, we are (i) exempt from the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and (ii) subject to reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile. We may take advantage of these reporting exemptions until we are no longer an emerging growth company. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (a) the last day of the fiscal year (1) following the fifth anniversary of the completion of our initial public offering, (2) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.07 billion, or (3) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the prior June 30, and (b) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period.
ITEM 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
ITEM 2. Properties
Our corporate headquarters are located in Baltimore, Maryland. Our executive, financial, accounting, legal, administrative, management information systems and human resources functions operate from this single, leased office.
We operate over 120 branch locations across the US, Canada and Mexico. Collectively, we lease approximately 68% of our branch properties and own the remaining balance.
Our management believes that none of our properties, on an individual basis, are material to our operations, and we also believe that satisfactory alternative properties could be found in all of our markets, if ever necessary.
Subject to certain exceptions, substantially all of our owned real and personal property in the US and Canada is encumbered under our ABL Facility and the Secured Notes. We do not believe that the encumbrances will materially detract from the value of our properties, nor will they materially interfere with their use in the operation of our business.
ITEM 3. Legal Proceedings
We are involved in various lawsuits, claims and legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. These matters involve, among other things, disputes with vendors or customers, personnel and employment matters, and personal injury. We assess these matters on a case-by-case basis as they arise and establish reserves as required.
As of December 31, 2018, there was no material pending legal proceedings in which we or any of our subsidiaries are a party or to which any of our property is subject.
ITEM 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
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PART II
ITEM 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Our Class A common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “WSC.” Through November 29, 2017, our common stock, warrants, and units were quoted under the symbols “EAGL,” “EAGLW” and “EAGLU,” respectively. Upon consummation of the Business Combination, (i) our public units automatically separated into their component securities and, as a result, no longer trade as a separate security and were delisted; (ii) our Class A common shares (into which Double Eagle’s ordinary shares were converted) continued to trade on Nasdaq under the ticker symbol “WSC” and (iii) the 2015 Warrants continued to trade on Nasdaq under the ticker symbol “WSCWW,” although the warrants were subsequently suspended for trading on July 12, 2018 and delisted on October 8, 2018.
Holders
As of December 31, 2018, there were 61 holders of record of our Class A common stock, one holder of record of our Class B common stock, eight holders of record of our 2015 Warrants, and 56 holders of record of our 2018 Warrants. The number of holders of record does not include a substantially greater number of “street name” holders or beneficial holders whose Class A common stock or warrants are held of record by banks, brokers and other financial institutions.
Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans
On February 5, 2018, we filed a registration statement on Form S-8, registering 4,000,000 shares of Class A common stock, relating to awards to be undertaken in the future, with such vesting conditions, as applicable, to be determined in accordance with the WillScot Corporation 2017 Incentive Award Plan (the “Plan”). The following types of awards can be issued under the Plan: stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance compensation awards and other stock-based awards.
2015 Warrants
Double Eagle issued warrants to purchase its common stock as components of units sold in its initial public offering (the “Public Warrants”). Double Eagle also issued warrants to purchase its common stock in a private placement concurrently with its initial public offering (the “Private Warrants,” and together with the Public Warrants, the "2015 Warrants"). The Private Warrants are identical to the Public Warrants, except that, if held by Double Eagle’s sponsor or founders (or their permitted assignees), the Private Warrants may be exercised on a cashless basis and are not subject to redemption.
As of December 31, 2018, there were 24,367,867 2015 Warrants outstanding. Each 2015 Warrant entitles its holder to purchase one half of one share of our Class A common stock in accordance with its terms. The 2015 Warrants became exercisable on December 29, 2017 and expire five years after that date. We may redeem the Public Warrants at a price of $0.01 per warrant, if the last sale price of our Class A common stock is at least $18.00 per share on each of the 20 trading days within a 30 trading day period ending on the third business day prior to the date on which notice of the redemption is given. See Note 12 of the financial statements in Part 8 hereof for additional information.
2018 Warrants
On August 15, 2018, WillScot issued warrants to the former ModSpace shareholders as part of the ModSpace acquisition (the "2018 Warrants"). Each 2018 Warrant entitles the holder thereof to purchase one share of WillScot Class A common stock at an exercise price of $15.50 per share, subject to potential adjustment. The 2018 Warrants were not exercisable or transferable until February 11, 2019, and the 2018 Warrants expire on November 29, 2022. See Note 12 of the financial statements in Part 8 hereof for additional information.
Warrant Exchange
On November 8, 2018, WillScot commenced an offer to exchange the 2015 Warrants for shares of its Class A common stock in a cashless transaction (the “Warrant Exchange”). Pursuant to the terms of the Warrant Exchange, WillScot issued 8,205,841 shares of Class A common stock on December 11, 2018. See Note 12 of the financial statements in Part 8 hereof for additional information.
As the fair value of the warrants exchanged in the Warrant Exchange offer was less than the fair value of the common stock issued, the Company recorded a non-cash deemed dividend of $2.1 million for the incremental fair value provided to the holders of the warrants.
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Performance Graph
The following stock price performance graph should not be deemed incorporated by reference by any general statement incorporating by reference this Annual Report on Form 10-K into any filing under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), except to the extent that we specifically incorporate this information by reference, and shall not otherwise be deemed filed under such acts.
The graph below compares the cumulative total return of our Class A common stock from November 5, 2015, through December 31, 2018, with the comparable cumulative return of two indices, the Russell 2000, and the Nasdaq US Benchmark TR Index. The graph plots the growth in value of an initial investment in each of our Class A ordinary shares, the Russell 2000 Index, and the Nasdaq US Benchmark Index over the indicated time periods, and assumes reinvestment of all dividends, if any, paid on the securities. We have not paid any cash dividends and, therefore, the cumulative total return calculation for us is based solely upon share price appreciation and not upon reinvestment of cash dividends. The share price performance shown on the graph is not necessarily indicative of future price performance.
The Company changed its benchmark index from the Standard and Poor's 600 Index included in our 2017 Form 10 -K, to the Russell 2000 Index for the year ended December 31, 2018, as the Company became part of the Russell 2000 Index during the year ended December 31, 2018, and believes that the Russell 2000 Index is more representative of the Company's market capitalization and peer group.
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities; Use of Proceeds from Registered Offerings
On July 30, 2018, WillScot closed a public offering of 8,000,000 shares of its Class A common stock at an offering price of $16.00 per share. On August 10, 2018, the underwriters exercised their right to purchase an additional 1,200,000 shares at the public offering price. The net offering proceeds, including the exercise of the over-allotment option, were $139.0 million, after deducting discount and offering expenses of $8.2 million. The Company used the proceeds to fund the ModSpace acquisition and to pay related fees and expenses.
On August 15, 2018, as partial consideration for the ModSpace acquisition, WillScot issued to former ModSpace shareholders (i) 6,458,500 shares of WillScot Class A common stock, and (ii) the 2018 Warrants, representing warrants to purchase an aggregate of 10 million shares of WillScot Class A common stock. The stock and warrants were issued in a private placement pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act.
Overview of Securities Outstanding
The table below is intended to help investors better understand (i) how the number of Class A shares outstanding under accounting principles generally accepted in the US (“GAAP”) may differ from the actual number of Class A shares issued and outstanding at specific points in time, and (ii) the potential impact, dilutive or otherwise, of certain events or transactions on our shareholders. Due to the fact that our predecessor was a special purpose acquisition company and to illustrate the impact of certain of the arrangements implemented in connection with our Business Combination, management believes that the information below will help investors better understand our capital structure and the risks associated with investing in our securities. This information is provided solely for illustrative purposes, and speaks only as of the date(s) indicated. We can provide no assurances if or when any future events or transactions may occur that would result in a change in the number of shares of our Class A common stock outstanding.
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| Outstanding as of December 31, 2018 | |||||
Total Class A common shares (1) | 108,508,997 | ||||
Total Class B common shares (2) | 8,024,419 | ||||
| Class A common shares underlying 2015 Warrants | 12,183,933 | ||||
Class A common shares underlying 2018 Warrants (3) | 9,999,579 | ||||
| Total shares underlying warrants | 22,183,512 | ||||
(1) Includes 6,458,229 Class A shares issued to former ModSpace shareholders in August 2018, which were subject to transfer restrictions until February 15, 2019.
(2) TDR Capital owns common shares of WS Holdings that are exchangeable into new WillScot Class A shares. The Class B common shares will be redeemed automatically upon TDR Capital's exercise of its exchange right. See Note 2 for additional information on the Exchange Agreement.
(3) The 2018 Warrants became exercisable on February 11, 2019 at a price of $15.50 per whole share.
Weighted Average Shares Outstanding for the Year Ended December 31, 2018 | |||||
| Class A - Basic and diluted share counts | 87,209,605 | ||||
ITEM 6. Selected Financial Data
On November 29, 2017, our company, formerly known as Double Eagle, indirectly acquired WSII through the Business Combination. The Business Combination was accounted for as a reverse acquisition in which WSII was the accounting acquirer. Except as otherwise provided herein, our financial statement presentation includes (i) the results of WSII and its subsidiaries as our accounting predecessor for periods prior to the completion of the Business Combination, and (ii) the results of WillScot (including the consolidation of WSII and its subsidiaries) for periods after the completion of the Business Combination. The operating statistics and data contained herein represents the operating information of WSII’s business.
On December 20, 2017, WSII acquired 100% of the issued and outstanding ownership interests of Acton. Results of operations from Acton subsequent to the acquisition are included in our consolidated operating results. Lease fleet and all other assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the transaction are included in our balance sheet as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2018.
On August 15, 2018, WSII acquired ModSpace. Results of operations from ModSpace subsequent to the acquisition are included in our consolidated operating results. Lease fleet and all other assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the transaction are included in our balance sheet as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2018. Also please see the “Unaudited Supplement Pro Forma Financial Information” section within “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for pro forma information that gives effect to the ModSpace and Acton acquisitions as if such transactions had been consummated on January 1, 2017.
The Company's modular leasing and sales business is comprised of two operating segments: US and other North America. The US modular operating segment (“Modular - US”) consists of the contiguous 48 states and Hawaii. The Other North America operating segment (“Modular - Other North America”) consists of Alaska, Canada and Mexico. Corporate and other includes eliminations of costs and revenue between segments and Algeco Group corporate costs not directly attributable to the underlying segments. Following the Business Combination, no additional Algeco Group corporate costs were incurred and the Company's ongoing corporate costs are included within the Modular - US segment. Transactions between reportable segments are not significant.
The following selected historical financial information should be read together with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” The selected historical financial information in this section is not intended to replace WillScot’s consolidated financial statements and the related notes.
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| Consolidated Results | As of and for the Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||||||
| Revenues: | |||||||||||||||||
| Leasing and services revenue: | |||||||||||||||||
| Modular leasing | $ | 518,235 | $ | 297,821 | $ | 283,550 | |||||||||||
| Modular delivery and installation | 154,557 | 89,850 | 81,892 | ||||||||||||||
| Sales: | |||||||||||||||||
| New units | 53,603 | 36,371 | 39,228 | ||||||||||||||
| Rental units | 25,017 | 21,900 | 21,942 | ||||||||||||||
| Total revenues | $ | 751,412 | $ | 445,942 | $ | 426,612 | |||||||||||
| Costs: | |||||||||||||||||
| Costs of leasing and services: | |||||||||||||||||
| Modular leasing | $ | 143,120 | $ | 83,588 | $ | 75,516 | |||||||||||
| Modular delivery and installation | 143,950 | 85,477 | 75,359 | ||||||||||||||
| Costs of sales: | |||||||||||||||||
| New units | 36,863 | 26,025 | 27,669 | ||||||||||||||
| Rental units | 16,659 | 12,643 | 10,894 | ||||||||||||||
| Depreciation of rental equipment | 121,436 | 72,639 | 68,981 | ||||||||||||||
| Gross profit | $ | 289,384 | $ | 165,570 | $ | 168,193 | |||||||||||
| Expenses: | |||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | 254,871 | 162,351 | 139,093 | ||||||||||||||
| Other depreciation and amortization | 13,304 | 8,653 | 9,019 | ||||||||||||||
| Impairment losses on goodwill | — | 60,743 | 5,532 | ||||||||||||||
| Impairment losses on property, plant and equipment | 1,600 | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Restructuring costs | 15,468 | 2,196 | 2,810 | ||||||||||||||
| Currency losses (gains), net | 2,454 | (12,878) | 13,098 | ||||||||||||||
| Other (income) expense, net | (4,574) | 2,827 | 1,831 | ||||||||||||||
| Operating income (loss) | 6,261 | (58,322) | (3,190) | ||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | 98,433 | 119,308 | 94,671 | ||||||||||||||
| Interest income | — | (12,232) | (10,228) | ||||||||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations before income tax | (92,172) | (165,398) | (87,633) | ||||||||||||||
| Income tax benefit | (38,600) | (936) | (24,502) | ||||||||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations | (53,572) | (164,462) | (63,131) | ||||||||||||||
| Income from discontinued operations, net of tax | — | 14,650 | 32,195 | ||||||||||||||
| Net loss | (53,572) | (149,812) | (30,936) | ||||||||||||||
| Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest, net of tax | (4,532) | (2,110) | — | ||||||||||||||
| Net loss attributable to WillScot | (49,040) | (147,702) | (30,936) | ||||||||||||||
| Non-cash deemed dividend related to warrant exchange | (2,135) | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Net loss attributable to WillScot common shareholders | $ | (51,175) | $ | (147,702) | $ | (30,936) | |||||||||||
| Net (loss) income per share attributable to WillScot – basic and diluted | |||||||||||||||||
| Continuing operations | $ | (0.59) | $ | (8.21) | $ | (4.34) | |||||||||||
| Discontinued operations | $ | — | $ | 0.74 | $ | 2.21 | |||||||||||
| Net loss per share | $ | (0.59) | $ | (7.47) | $ | (2.13) | |||||||||||
| Cash Flow Data: | |||||||||||||||||
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | 37,149 | $ | (1,362) | $ | 58,731 | |||||||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | $ | (1,217,202) | $ | (392,650) | $ | (30,236) | |||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | $ | 1,180,037 | $ | 396,833 | $ | (31,394) | |||||||||||
| Other Financial Data: | |||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA - Modular - US (a) | $ | 196,410 | $ | 110,822 | $ | 103,798 | |||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA - Modular - Other North America (a) | 19,123 | 13,099 | 24,360 | ||||||||||||||
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| Adjusted EBITDA - Corporate and other (a) (b) | — | (15112) | (21644) | ||||||||||||||
| Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA (a) | $ | 215,533 | $ | 108,809 | $ | 106,514 | |||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA less Net CAPEX (a)(c) - Modular - US | $ | 55,403 | $ | 25,301 | $ | 54,011 | |||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA less Net CAPEX (a) - Modular - Other North America | $ | 12,263 | $ | 9,625 | $ | 23,562 | |||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA less Net CAPEX (a) - Corporate and other | $ | — | $ | (15,112) | $ | (21,776) | |||||||||||
| Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA less Net CAPEX | $ | 67,666 | $ | 19,814 | $ | 55,797 | |||||||||||
| Adjusted Gross Profit (a) | $ | 410,820 | $ | 238,209 | $ | 237,174 | |||||||||||
| Net Capital Expenditures for Rental Equipment (a) | $ | (130,122) | $ | (74,169) | $ | (37,332) | |||||||||||
| Balance Sheet Data: | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 8,958 | $ | 9,185 | $ | 2,352 | |||||||||||
| Rental equipment, net | $ | 1,929,290 | $ | 1,040,146 | $ | 814,898 | |||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 2,752,485 | $ | 1,410,742 | $ | 1,699,450 | |||||||||||
| Total debt, including current portion | $ | 1,676,499 | $ | 626,746 | $ | 657,583 | |||||||||||
Total notes due to affiliates, including current portion | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 677,240 | |||||||||||
| Total shareholders’ equity | $ | 638,215 | $ | 435,619 | $ | 23,131 | |||||||||||
(a) WillScot presents Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA less Net CAPEX, Adjusted Gross Profit and Net Capital Expenditures for Rental Equipment, which are measurements not calculated in accordance with GAAP, because they are key metrics used by management to assess financial performance. Our business is capital-intensive and these additional metrics allow management to further evaluate its operating performance. See below for a reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures.
(b) Included in Corporate and other are selling, general and administrative costs related to the Algeco Group's corporate costs incurred prior to or as part of the Business Combination which are not anticipated to be part of the ongoing costs of WillScot.
(c) WillScot makes capital expenditures (“CAPEX”) for purchases and capitalized refurbishments of rental equipment and property, plant and equipment.
Quarterly Consolidated Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2018
| (in thousands, except for units on rent and monthly rental rate) | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Full Year | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenue | $ | 134,751 | $ | 140,333 | $ | 218,924 | $ | 257,404 | $ | 751,412 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit | $ | 50,921 | $ | 54,640 | $ | 80,946 | $ | 102,877 | $ | 289,384 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 35,492 | $ | 41,916 | $ | 64,618 | $ | 73,507 | $ | 215,533 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net capital expenditures from continuing operations | $ | 24,956 | $ | 29,390 | $ | 38,656 | $ | 41,742 | $ | 134,744 | |||||||||||||||||||
Modular space units on rent (average during the period) | 54,112 | 54,521 | 75,413 | 95,549 | 70,257 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Average modular space utilization rate | 69.9 | % | 70.3 | % | 71.8 | % | 73.0 | % | 71.6 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Average modular space monthly rental rate | $ | 534 | $ | 551 | $ | 561 | $ | 562 | $ | 552 | |||||||||||||||||||
Portable storage units on rent (average during the period) | 13,986 | 13,496 | 15,781 | 18,297 | 15,480 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Average portable storage utilization rate | 70.3 | % | 68.1 | % | 68.0 | % | 68.9 | % | 68.9 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Average portable storage monthly rental rate | $ | 118 | $ | 119 | $ | 120 | $ | 119 | $ | 119 | |||||||||||||||||||
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Quarterly Consolidated Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2017
| (in thousands, except for units on rent and monthly rental rate) | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Full Year | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenue | $ | 99,321 | $ | 110,077 | $ | 116,162 | $ | 120,382 | $ | 445,942 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit | $ | 37,938 | $ | 39,583 | $ | 41,269 | $ | 46,780 | $ | 165,570 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 21,946 | $ | 26,247 | $ | 29,385 | $ | 31,231 | $ | 108,809 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net capital expenditures from continuing operations | $ | 17,476 | $ | 23,928 | $ | 19,727 | $ | 18,607 | $ | 79,738 | |||||||||||||||||||
Modular space units on rent (average during the period) | 39,887 | 40,680 | 41,465 | 43,126 | 41,263 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Average modular space utilization rate | 68.3 | % | 69.8 | % | 71.3 | % | 71.9 | % | 70.3 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Average modular space monthly rental rate | $ | 515 | $ | 534 | $ | 541 | $ | 556 | $ | 538 | |||||||||||||||||||
Portable storage units on rent (average during the period) | 13,083 | 12,339 | 12,241 | 12,575 | 12,599 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Average portable storage utilization rate | 73.7 | % | 70.0 | % | 69.8 | % | 71.2 | % | 71.4 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Average portable storage monthly rental rate | $ | 113 | $ | 114 | $ | 117 | $ | 120 | $ | 116 | |||||||||||||||||||
Modular - US Quarterly Results
Quarterly Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2018
| (in thousands, except for units on rent and monthly rental rate) | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Full Year | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Revenue | $ | 122,087 | $ | 124,813 | $ | 197,625 | $ | 233,065 | $ | 677,590 | |||||||||||||||||||
Gross profit | $ | 46,808 | $ | 49,741 | $ | 73,007 | $ | 94,764 | $ | 264,320 | |||||||||||||||||||
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 32,612 | $ | 38,104 | $ | 58,454 | $ | 67,240 | $ | 196,410 | |||||||||||||||||||
Net capital expenditures | $ | 23,838 | $ | 27,659 | $ | 35,824 | $ | 41,448 | $ | 128,769 | |||||||||||||||||||
Modular space units on rent (average during the period) | 48,657 | 48,997 | 67,978 | 86,369 | 63,336 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Average modular space utilization rate | 71.8 | % | 72.2 | % | 73.8 | % | 75.3 | % | 73.7 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Average modular space monthly rental rate | $ | 533 | $ | 549 | $ | 559 | $ | 563 | $ | 551 | |||||||||||||||||||
Portable storage units on rent (average during the period) | 13,625 | 13,127 | 15,373 | 17,868 | 15,089 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Average portable storage utilization rate | 70.8 | % | 68.5 | % | 68.3 | % | 69.4 | % | 69.4 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Average portable storage monthly rental rate | $ | 118 | $ | 120 | $ | 120 | $ | 119 | $ | 119 | |||||||||||||||||||
Quarterly Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2017
| (in thousands, except for units on rent and monthly rental rate) | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Full Year | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Revenue | $ | 87,415 | $ | 98,209 | $ | 103,678 | $ | 103,631 | $ | 392,933 | |||||||||||||||||||
Gross profit | $ | 33,815 | $ | 35,954 | $ | 37,766 | $ | 41,150 | $ | 148,685 | |||||||||||||||||||
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 23,683 | $ | 26,329 | $ | 29,177 | $ | 31,633 | $ | 110,822 | |||||||||||||||||||
Net capital expenditures | $ | 17,802 | $ | 23,088 | $ | 18,974 | $ | 17,485 | $ | 77,349 | |||||||||||||||||||
Modular space units on rent (average during the period) | 35,074 | 35,780 | 36,183 | 37,727 | 36,166 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Average modular space utilization rate | 72.3 | % | 73.8 | % | 74.7 | % | 75.0 | % | 73.9 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Average modular space monthly rental rate | $ | 513 | $ | 535 | $ | 542 | $ | 560 | $ | 538 | |||||||||||||||||||
Portable storage units on rent (average during the period) | 12,724 | 11,988 | 11,894 | 12,222 | 12,246 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Average portable storage utilization rate | 74.6 | % | 70.7 | % | 70.6 | % | 71.9 | % | 72.2 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Average portable storage monthly rental rate | $ | 113 | $ | 114 | $ | 117 | $ | 119 | $ | 116 | |||||||||||||||||||
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Modular - Other North America Quarterly Results
Quarterly Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2018
| (in thousands, except for units on rent and monthly rental rate) | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Full Year | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Revenue | $ | 12,664 | $ | 15,520 | $ | 21,299 | $ | 24,339 | $ | 73,822 | |||||||||||||||||||
Gross profit | $ | 4,113 | $ | 4,899 | $ | 7,939 | $ | 8,113 | $ | 25,064 | |||||||||||||||||||
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 2,880 | $ | 3,812 | $ | 6,164 | $ | 6,267 | $ | 19,123 | |||||||||||||||||||
Net capital expenditures | $ | 1,118 | $ | 1,731 | $ | 2,832 | $ | 294 | $ | 5,975 | |||||||||||||||||||
Modular space units on rent (average during the period) | 5,455 | 5,524 | 7,435 | 9,180 | 6,921 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Average modular space utilization rate | 56.6 | % | 57.1 | % | 57.3 | % | 56.6 | % | 56.8 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Average modular space monthly rental rate | $ | 541 | $ | 573 | $ | 587 | $ | 546 | $ | 559 | |||||||||||||||||||
Portable storage units on rent (average during the period) | 362 | 369 | 408 | 429 | 391 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Average portable storage utilization rate | 55.8 | % | 57.4 | % | 56.4 | % | 54.0 | % | 55.6 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Average portable storage monthly rental rate | $ | 116 | $ | 116 | $ | 101 | $ | 101 | $ | 108 | |||||||||||||||||||
Quarterly Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2017
| (in thousands, except for units on rent and monthly rental rate) | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Full Year | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Revenue | $ | 12,059 | $ | 12,010 | $ | 12,723 | $ | 16,864 | $ | 53,656 | |||||||||||||||||||
Gross profit | $ | 4,266 | $ | 3,769 | $ | 3,744 | $ | 5,753 | $ | 17,532 | |||||||||||||||||||
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 3,119 | $ | 2,506 | $ | 2,961 | $ | 4,513 | $ | 13,099 | |||||||||||||||||||
Net capital expenditures | $ | (326) | $ | 839 | $ | 672 | $ | 1,123 | $ | 2,308 | |||||||||||||||||||
Modular space units on rent (average during the period) | 4,813 | 4,900 | 5,282 | 5,399 | 5,097 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Average modular space utilization rate | 48.9 | % | 50.0 | % | 54.1 | % | 55.8 | % | 52.2 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Average modular space monthly rental rate | $ | 530 | $ | 534 | $ | 536 | $ | 527 | $ | 532 | |||||||||||||||||||
Portable storage units on rent (average during the period) | 359 | 351 | 347 | 353 | 353 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Average portable storage utilization rate | 52.7 | % | 51.8 | % | 51.9 | % | 54.0 | % | 52.6 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Average portable storage monthly rental rate | $ | 110 | $ | 118 | $ | 123 | $ | 125 | $ | 119 | |||||||||||||||||||
Corporate and Other Quarterly Results
Quarterly Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2018
| (in thousands) | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Full Year | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Revenue | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||
Gross profit | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||
Quarterly Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2017
| (in thousands) | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Full Year | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Revenue | $ | (153) | $ | (142) | $ | (239) | $ | (113) | $ | (647) | |||||||||||||||||||
Gross profit | $ | (143) | $ | (140) | $ | (241) | $ | (123) | $ | (647) | |||||||||||||||||||
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | (4,856) | $ | (2,588) | $ | (2,753) | $ | (4,915) | $ | (15,112) | |||||||||||||||||||
28
Reconciliation of non-GAAP Financial Measures
The following presents definitions and reconciliations to the nearest comparable GAAP measure of certain WillScot and its operating segments’ non-GAAP financial measures used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Adjusted EBITDA
We define EBITDA as net income (loss) plus interest (income) expense, income tax expense (benefit), depreciation and amortization. Our adjusted EBITDA reflects the following further adjustments to EBITDA to exclude certain non-cash items and the effect of what we consider transactions or events not related to our core business operations:
•Currency (gains) losses, net: on monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies other than the subsidiaries’ functional currency. Substantially all such currency gains (losses) are unrealized and attributable to financings due to and from affiliated companies.
•Goodwill and other impairment charges related to non-cash costs associated with impairment charges to goodwill, other intangibles, rental fleet and property, plant and equipment.
•Restructuring costs associated with restructuring plans designed to streamline operations and reduce costs including employee and lease termination costs.
•Transaction costs including legal and professional fees and other transaction specific related costs.
•Costs to integrate acquired companies, including outside professional fees, fleet relocation expenses, employee training costs, and other costs.
•Non-cash charges for stock compensation plans.
•Other expense includes consulting expenses related to certain one-time projects, financing costs not classified as interest expense, and gains and losses on disposals of property, plant, and equipment.
Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider the measure in isolation or as a substitute for net income (loss), cash flow from operations or other methods of analyzing WillScot’s results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations are:
•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for our working capital needs;
•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect our interest expense, or the cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payments, on our indebtedness;
•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect our tax expense or the cash requirements to pay our taxes;
•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect historical cash expenditures or future requirements for capital expenditures or contractual commitments;
•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the impact on earnings or changes resulting from matters that we consider not to be indicative of our future operations;
•although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized will often have to be replaced in the future and Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect any cash requirements for such replacements; and
•other companies in our industry may calculate Adjusted EBITDA differently, limiting its usefulness as a comparative measure.
29
Because of these limitations, Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered as discretionary cash available to reinvest in the growth of our business or as measures of cash that will be available to meet our obligations. The following tables provide an unaudited reconciliation of Net loss to Adjusted EBITDA:
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||||||
| Net loss | $ | (53,572) | $ | (149,812) | $ | (30,936) | |||||||||||
| Income from discontinued operations, net of tax | — | 14,650 | 32,195 | ||||||||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations | (53,572) | (164,462) | (63,131) | ||||||||||||||
| Income tax benefit | (38,600) | (936) | (24,502) | ||||||||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations before income tax | (92,172) | (165,398) | (87,633) | ||||||||||||||
| Interest expense, net (a) | 98,433 | 107,076 | 84,443 | ||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 134,740 | 81,292 | 78,000 | ||||||||||||||
| Currency losses (gains), net | 2,454 | (12,878) | 13,098 | ||||||||||||||
| Goodwill and other impairments | 1,600 | 60,743 | 5,532 | ||||||||||||||
| Restructuring costs | 15,468 | 2,196 | 2,810 | ||||||||||||||
| Transaction costs | 20,051 | 23,881 | 8,419 | ||||||||||||||
| Integration costs | 30,006 | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Stock compensation expense | 3,439 | 9,382 | — | ||||||||||||||
| Other expense (b) | 1,514 | 2,515 | 1,845 | ||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 215,533 | $ | 108,809 | $ | 106,514 | |||||||||||
(a) In connection with the ModSpace acquisition, the Company incurred bridge financing fees and upfront commitment fees of $20.5 million, included within interest expense, during the year ended December 31, 2018.
(b) Other expense represents primarily acquisition-related costs such as advisory, legal, valuation and other professional fees in connection with actual or potential business combinations, which are expensed as incurred, but do not reflect ongoing costs of the business.
Adjusted Gross Profit and Adjusted Gross Profit Percentage
We define Adjusted Gross Profit as gross profit plus depreciation on rental equipment. Adjusted Gross Profit Percentage is defined as Adjusted Gross Profit divided by revenue. Adjusted Gross Profit and Percentage are not measurements of our financial performance under GAAP and should not be considered as an alternative to gross profit, gross profit percentage, or other performance measures derived in accordance with GAAP. In addition, our measurement of Adjusted Gross Profit and Adjusted Gross Profit Percentage may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies. Our management believes that the presentation of Adjusted Gross Profit and Adjusted Gross Profit Percentage provides useful information to investors regarding our results of operations because it assists in analyzing the performance of our business.
The following table provides an unaudited reconciliation of gross profit to Adjusted Gross Profit and Adjusted Gross Profit Percentage on a historical basis:
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||||||
| Revenue (A) | $ | 751,412 | $ | 445,942 | $ | 426,612 | |||||||||||
| Gross profit (B) | $ | 289,384 | $ | 165,570 | $ | 168,193 | |||||||||||
| Depreciation of rental equipment | 121,436 | 72,639 | 68,981 | ||||||||||||||
| Adjusted Gross Profit (C) | $ | 410,820 | $ | 238,209 | $ | 237,174 | |||||||||||
| Gross Profit Percentage (B/A) | 38.5 | % | 37.1 | % | 39.4 | % | |||||||||||
| Adjusted Gross Profit Percentage (C/A) | 54.7 | % | 53.4 | % | 55.6 | % | |||||||||||
30
Net Capital Expenditures for Rental Equipment
We define Net Capital Expenditures for Rental Equipment as capital expenditures for purchases and capitalized refurbishments of rental equipment, reduced by proceeds from the sale of rental equipment. Our management believes that the presentation of Net Capital Expenditures for Rental Equipment provides useful information to investors regarding the net capital invested into our rental fleet each year to assist in analyzing the performance of our business.
The following table provides an unaudited reconciliation of Purchase of rental equipment to Net Capital Expenditures for Rental Equipment on a historical basis:
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||||||
| Total purchase of rental equipment | $ | (160,883) | $ | (111,701) | $ | (69,070) | |||||||||||
| Total purchases of rental equipment from discontinued operations | — | (9,491) | (5,102) | ||||||||||||||
| Total purchases of rental equipment from continuing operations | (160,883) | (102,210) | (63,968) | ||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from sale of rental equipment | 30,761 | 28,041 | 26,636 | ||||||||||||||
| Net Capital Expenditures for Rental Equipment | $ | (130,122) | $ | (74,169) | $ | (37,332) | |||||||||||
31
Net CAPEX and Adjusted EBITDA less Net CAPEX
We define net capital expenditures ("Net CAPEX") as purchases of rental equipment and refurbishments and purchases of property, plant and equipment (collectively "total capital expenditures"), less proceeds from sale of rental equipment. Adjusted EBITDA less Net CAPEX is defined as Adjusted EBITDA less the gross profit on sale of rental units, less Net Capital Expenditures. Adjusted EBITDA less Net CAPEX is not a measurement of our financial performance under GAAP and should not be considered as an alternative to net income (loss) or other performance measure derived in accordance with GAAP. In addition, our measurement of Adjusted EBITDA less Net CAPEX may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies. Our management believes that the presentation of Adjusted EBITDA less Net CAPEX provides useful information to investors regarding our results of operations because it assists in analyzing the performance of our business.
The following tables provide unaudited reconciliations of Net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA less Net CAPEX on a historical quarterly basis:
Quarterly Consolidated Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2018
| (in thousands) | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Full Year | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net (loss) income | $ | (6,835) | $ | 379 | $ | (36,729) | $ | (10,387) | $ | (53,572) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations | (6,835) | 379 | (36,729) | (10,387) | (53,572) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income tax benefit | (420) | (6,645) | (6,507) | (25,028) | (38,600) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations before income taxes | (7,255) | (6,266) | (43,236) | (35,415) | (92,172) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense, net | 11,719 | 12,155 | 43,447 | 31,112 | 98,433 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating income (loss) | 4,464 | 5,889 | 211 | (4,303) | 6,261 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 26,281 | 25,040 | 39,254 | 44,165 | 134,740 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| EBITDA | 30,745 | 30,929 | 39,465 | 39,862 | 141,001 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Goodwill and other impairments | — | — | — | 1,600 | 1,600 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Currency losses (gains), net | 1,024 | 572 | (425) | 1,283 | 2,454 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Restructuring costs | 628 | 449 | 6,137 | 8,254 | 15,468 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Transaction costs | — | 4,118 | 10,672 | 5,261 | 20,051 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Integration costs | 2,630 | 4,785 | 7,453 | 15,138 | 30,006 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock compensation expense | 121 | 1,054 | 1,050 | 1,214 | 3,439 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other expense | 344 | 9 | 266 | 895 | 1,514 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | 35,492 | 41,916 | 64,618 | 73,507 | 215,533 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gain on insurance proceeds | 3,000 | 1,765 | — | — | 4,765 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rental units sales | 3,811 | 2,435 | 9,567 | 9,204 | 25,017 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rental units cost of sales | 2,315 | 1,263 | 5,750 | 7,331 | 16,659 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit on sale of rental units | 1,496 | 1,172 | 3,817 | 1,873 | 8,358 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total capital expenditures | 33,084 | 33,295 | 48,216 | 50,910 | 165,505 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total proceeds from rental unit sales from continuing operations | 8,128 | 3,905 | 9,560 | 9,168 | 30,761 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net capital expenditures from continuing operations | 24,956 | 29,390 | 38,656 | 41,742 | 134,744 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA less Net CAPEX | $ | 6,040 | $ | 9,589 | $ | 22,145 | $ | 29,892 | $ | 67,666 | |||||||||||||||||||
32
Quarterly Consolidated Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2017
| (in thousands) | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Full Year | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | $ | (10,179) | $ | (5,896) | $ | (8,357) | $ | (125,380) | $ | (149,812) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Income from discontinued operations, net of tax | 2,205 | 3,840 | 5,078 | 3,527 | 14,650 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations | (12,384) | (9,736) | (13,435) | (128,907) | (164,462) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income tax (benefit) expense | (4,869) | (5,269) | (7,632) | 16,834 | (936) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations before income taxes | (17,253) | (15,005) | (21,067) | (112,073) | (165,398) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense, net | 22,077 | 26,398 | 26,447 | 32,154 | 107,076 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating income (loss) | 4,824 | 11,393 | 5,380 | (79,919) | (58,322) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 18,661 | 19,364 | 20,914 | 22,353 | 81,292 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| EBITDA | 23,485 | 30,757 | 26,294 | (57,566) | 22,970 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Goodwill and other impairments | — | — | — | 60,743 | 60,743 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Currency gains, net | (2,002) | (6,497) | (4,270) | (109) | (12,878) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Restructuring costs | 284 | 684 | 1,156 | 72 | 2,196 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Transaction costs | 86 | 776 | 5,233 | 17,786 | 23,881 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock compensation expense | — | — | — | 9,382 | 9,382 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other expense | 93 | 527 | 972 | 923 | 2,515 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | 21,946 | 26,247 | 29,385 | 31,231 | 108,809 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rental units sales | 5,844 | 4,778 | 6,606 | 4,672 | 21,900 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rental units cost of sales | 3,708 | 2,575 | 3,784 | 2,576 | 12,643 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit on sale of rental units | 2,136 | 2,203 | 2,822 | 2,096 | 9,257 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total capital expenditures | 25,600 | 30,638 | 28,976 | 30,933 | 116,147 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total capital expenditures from discontinued operations | 2,280 | 1,932 | 2,643 | 3,035 | 9,890 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total capital expenditures from continuing operations | 23,320 | 28,706 | 26,333 | 27,898 | 106,257 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from rental unit sales | 5,844 | 4,778 | 8,128 | 9,291 | 28,041 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from rental unit sales from discontinued operations | — | — | 1,522 | — | 1,522 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from rental unit sales from continuing operations | 5,844 | 4,778 | 6,606 | 9,291 | 26,519 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net capital expenditures from continuing operations | 17,476 | 23,928 | 19,727 | 18,607 | 79,738 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA less Net CAPEX | $ | 2,334 | $ | 116 | $ | 6,836 | $ | 10,528 | $ | 19,814 | |||||||||||||||||||
33
Consolidated Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2016
| (in thousands) | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Full Year | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net (loss) income | $ | (7,045) | $ | (933) | $ | 2,325 | $ | (25,283) | $ | (30,936) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Income from discontinued operations, net of tax | 8,692 | 7,912 | 10,726 | 4,865 | 32,195 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations | (15,737) | (8,845) | (8,401) | (30,148) | (63,131) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income tax benefit | (5,038) | (5,993) | (5,651) | (7,820) | (24,502) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations before income taxes | (20,775) | (14,838) | (14,052) | (37,968) | (87,633) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense, net | 20,582 | 20,862 | 21,077 | 21,922 | 84,443 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating (loss) income | (193) | 6,024 | 7,025 | (16,046) | (3,190) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 19,987 | 18,877 | 18,576 | 20,560 | 78,000 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| EBITDA | 19,794 | 24,901 | 25,601 | 4,514 | 74,810 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Goodwill and other impairments | — | — | — | 5,532 | 5,532 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Currency (gains) losses, net | (1,445) | 6,251 | 1,055 | 7,237 | 13,098 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Restructuring costs | 184 | 1,338 | 497 | 791 | 2,810 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Transaction costs | 5,392 | 2,066 | 436 | 525 | 8,419 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other expense | 67 | 348 | 136 | 1,294 | 1,845 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | 23,992 | 34,904 | 27,725 | 19,893 | 106,514 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rental units sales | 2,945 | 8,334 | 5,313 | 5,350 | 21,942 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rental units cost of sales | 1,862 | 2,662 | 3,179 | 3,191 | 10,894 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit on sale of rental units | 1,083 | 5,672 | 2,134 | 2,159 | 11,048 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total capital expenditures | 13,232 | 16,942 | 19,048 | 22,208 | 71,430 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total capital expenditures from discontinued operations | 915 | 215 | 497 | 3,498 | 5,125 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total capital expenditures from continuing operations | 12,317 | 16,727 | 18,551 | 18,710 | 66,305 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total proceeds from rental unit sales | 4,864 | 11,109 | 5,313 | 5,350 | 26,636 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net capital expenditures from continuing operations | 7,453 | 5,618 | 13,238 | 13,360 | 39,669 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA less Net CAPEX | $ | 15,456 | $ | 23,614 | $ | 12,353 | $ | 4,374 | $ | 55,797 | |||||||||||||||||||
Modular - US non-GAAP Reconciliations
Modular - US - Quarterly Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2018
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Full Year | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 32,612 | $ | 38,104 | $ | 58,454 | $ | 67,240 | $ | 196,410 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Less: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rental units sales | 3,354 | 2,309 | 8,595 | 6,865 | 21,123 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rental units cost of sales | 2,029 | 1,164 | 5,025 | 5,432 | 13,650 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit on sale of rental units | 1,325 | 1,145 | 3,570 | 1,433 | 7,473 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total capital expenditures | 31,509 | 31,438 | 44,412 | 48,277 | 155,636 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from rental unit sales | 7,671 | 3,779 | 8,588 | 6,829 | 26,867 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net capital expenditures | 23,838 | 27,659 | 35,824 | 41,448 | 128,769 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gain on insurance proceeds | 3,000 | 1,765 | — | — | 4,765 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA less Net CAPEX | $ | 4,449 | $ | 7,535 | $ | 19,060 | $ | 24,359 | $ | 55,403 | |||||||||||||||||||
34
Modular - US - Quarterly Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2017
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Full Year | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 23,683 | $ | 26,329 | $ | 29,177 | $ | 31,633 | $ | 110,822 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Less: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rental units sales | 4,877 | 3,835 | 5,922 | 3,637 | 18,271 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rental units cost of sales | 3,113 | 1,923 | 3,204 | 1,859 | 10,099 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit on sale of rental units | 1,764 | 1,912 | 2,718 | 1,778 | 8,172 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total capital expenditures | 22,679 | 26,923 | 24,896 | 25,741 | 100,239 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from rental unit sales | 4,877 | 3,835 | 5,922 | 8,256 | 22,890 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net capital expenditures | 17,802 | 23,088 | 18,974 | 17,485 | 77,349 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA less Net CAPEX | $ | 4,117 | $ | 1,329 | $ | 7,485 | $ | 12,370 | $ | 25,301 | |||||||||||||||||||
Modular - US - Consolidated Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2016
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Full Year | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 22,517 | $ | 29,509 | $ | 24,781 | $ | 26,991 | $ | 103,798 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Less: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rental units sales | 2,569 | 6,558 | 4,570 | 4,418 | 18,115 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rental units cost of sales | 1,587 | 1,333 | 2,721 | 2,354 | 7,995 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit on sale of rental units | 982 | 5,225 | 1,849 | 2,064 | 10,120 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total capital expenditures | 11,037 | 15,745 | 17,669 | 18,025 | 62,476 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from rental unit sales | 4,488 | 9,333 | 4,570 | 4,418 | 22,809 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net capital expenditures | 6,549 | 6,412 | 13,099 | 13,607 | 39,667 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA less Net CAPEX | $ | 14,986 | $ | 17,872 | $ | 9,833 | $ | 11,320 | $ | 54,011 | |||||||||||||||||||
Modular - Other North America non-GAAP Reconciliations
Modular - Other North America - Quarterly Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2018
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Full Year | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 2,880 | $ | 3,812 | $ | 6,164 | $ | 6,267 | $ | 19,123 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Less: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rental units sales | 457 | 126 | 972 | 2,339 | 3,894 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rental units cost of sales | 286 | 99 | 725 | 1,899 | 3,009 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit on sale of rental units | 171 | 27 | 247 | 440 | 885 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total capital expenditures | 1,575 | 1,857 | 3,804 | 2,633 | 9,869 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from rental unit sales | 457 | 126 | 972 | 2,339 | 3,894 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net capital expenditures | 1,118 | 1,731 | 2,832 | 294 | 5,975 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA less Net CAPEX | $ | 1,591 | 2,054 | 3,085 | 5,533 | 12,263 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Modular - Other North America - Quarterly Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2017
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Full Year | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 3,119 | $ | 2,506 | $ | 2,961 | $ | 4,513 | $ | 13,099 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Less: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rental units sales | 967 | 943 | 765 | 1,035 | 3,710 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rental units cost of sales | 595 | 652 | 580 | 717 | 2,544 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit on sale of rental units | 372 | 291 | 185 | 318 | 1,166 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total capital expenditures | 641 | 1,782 | 1,437 | 2,158 | 6,018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from rental unit sales | 967 | 943 | 765 | 1,035 | 3,710 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net capital expenditures | (326) | 839 | 672 | 1,123 | 2,308 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA less Net CAPEX | $ | 3,073 | $ | 1,376 | $ | 2,104 | $ | 3,072 | $ | 9,625 | |||||||||||||||||||
35
Modular - Other North America - Consolidated Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2016
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Full Year | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 7,724 | $ | 6,861 | $ | 6,444 | $ | 3,331 | $ | 24,360 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Less: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rental units sales | 376 | 1,776 | 743 | 1,074 | 3,969 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rental units cost of sales | 275 | 1,358 | 468 | 798 | 2,899 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit on sale of rental units | 101 | 418 | 275 | 276 | 1,070 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total capital expenditures | 1,206 | 966 | 845 | 680 | 3,697 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from rental unit sales | 376 | 1,776 | 743 | 1,074 | 3,969 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net capital expenditures | 830 | (810) | 102 | (394) | (272) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA less Net CAPEX | $ | 6,793 | $ | 7,253 | $ | 6,067 | $ | 3,449 | $ | 23,562 | |||||||||||||||||||
Corporate and Other non-GAAP Reconciliations
Corporate and Other - Quarterly Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2018
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Full Year | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Less: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rental units sales | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rental units cost of sales | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit on sale of rental units | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total capital expenditures | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from rental unit sales | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net capital expenditures | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA less Net CAPEX | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||
Corporate and Other - Quarterly Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2017
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Full Year | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | (4,856) | $ | (2,588) | $ | (2,753) | $ | (4,915) | $ | (15,112) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Less: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rental units sales | — | — | (81) | — | (81) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rental units cost of sales | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit on sale of rental units | — | — | (81) | — | (81) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total capital expenditures | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from rental unit sales | — | — | (81) | — | (81) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net capital expenditures | — | — | 81 | — | 81 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA less Net CAPEX | $ | (4,856) | $ | (2,588) | $ | (2,753) | $ | (4,915) | $ | (15,112) | |||||||||||||||||||
Corporate and Other - Consolidated Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2016
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Full Year | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | (6,249) | $ | (1,466) | $ | (3,500) | $ | (10,429) | $ | (21,644) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Less: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rental units sales | — | — | — | (142) | (142) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rental units cost of sales | — | (29) | (10) | 39 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit on sale of rental units | — | 29 | 10 | (181) | (142) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total capital expenditures | 74 | 16 | 37 | 5 | 132 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from rental unit sales | — | — | — | (142) | (142) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net capital expenditures | 74 | 16 | 37 | 147 | 274 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA less Net CAPEX | $ | (6,323) | $ | (1,511) | $ | (3,547) | $ | (10,395) | $ | (21,776) | |||||||||||||||||||
36
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements
This Annual Report on Form 10-K includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. These forward-looking statements relate to expectations for future financial performance, business strategies or expectations for the post-combination business. Specifically, forward-looking statements may include statements relating to:
•our ability to effectively compete in the modular space and portable storage industry;
•changes in demand within a number of key industry end-markets and geographic regions;
•effective management of our rental equipment;
•our ability to acquire and successfully integrate new operations;
•market conditions and economic factors beyond our control;
•our ability to properly design, manufacture, repair and maintain our rental equipment;
•our operating results or financial estimates fail to meet or exceed our expectations;
•operational, economic, political and regulatory risks;
•the effect of changes in state building codes on our ability to remarket our buildings;
•our ability to effectively manage our credit risk, collect on our accounts receivable, or recover our rental equipment;
•foreign currency exchange rate exposure;
•increases in raw material and labor costs;
•our reliance on third party manufacturers and suppliers;
•risks associated with labor relations, labor costs and labor disruptions;
•failure to retain key personnel;
•the effect of impairment charges on our operating results;
•our inability to recognize or use deferred tax assets and tax loss carry forwards;
•our obligations under various laws and regulations;
•the effect of litigation, judgments, orders or regulatory proceedings on our business;
•unanticipated changes in our tax obligations;
•any failure of our management information systems;
•our ability to design, implement and maintain effective internal controls, including disclosure controls and controls over financial reporting;
•natural disasters and other business disruptions;
•our exposure to various possible claims and the potential inadequacy of our insurance;
•our ability to deploy our units effectively, including our ability to close projected unit sales;
•any failure by our prior owner or its affiliates to perform under or comply with our transition services and intellectual property agreements;
•our ability to fulfill our public company obligations;
•our subsidiaries’ ability to meet their debt service requirements and obligations;
•our subsidiaries’ ability to take certain actions, or to permit us to take certain actions, under the agreements governing their indebtedness; and
•other factors detailed under the section entitled “Risk Factors.”
We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required by law.
ITEM 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is intended to help the reader understand WillScot, our operations and our present business environment. MD&A is provided as a supplement to, and should be read in conjunction with, our financial statements and the accompanying notes thereto, contained in Item 8 of this report. As a result of the Business Combination, (i) WillScot’s consolidated financial results for periods prior to November 29, 2017 reflect the financial results of WSII and its consolidated subsidiaries, as the accounting predecessor to WillScot, and (ii) for periods from and after this date, WillScot’s financial results reflect those of WillScot and its consolidated subsidiaries (including WSII and its subsidiaries) as the successor following the Business Combination. We use certain non-GAAP financial information that we believe is important for purposes of comparison to prior periods and development of future projections and earnings growth prospects. This information is also used by management to measure the profitability of our ongoing operations and analyze our business performance and trends. Reconciliations of non-GAAP measures are provided where presented.
37
Executive Summary
We are the leading provider of modular space and portable storage solutions in the US, Canada and Mexico. As of December 31, 2018, our branch network included over 120 locations and additional drop lots to better service our more than 50,000 customers across the US, Canada, and Mexico. We offer our customers an extensive selection of “ready to work” modular space and portable storage solutions with approximately 130,000 modular space units and over 26,000 portable storage units in our fleet. We remain focused on our core priorities of growing modular leasing revenues by increasing modular space units on rent, both organically and through our consolidation strategy, delivering “Ready to Work” solutions to our customers with VAPS, and on continually improving the overall customer experience.
In 2018, we complemented our already strong organic growth by acquiring and integrating regional and national competitors. In April 2018, we integrated Acton (acquired in December 2017), into our organizational structure, branch footprint and information technology platform. We acquired ModSpace in August 2018, and by November 2018, the sales organizations for WillScot and ModSpace began entering into new contracts (including those associated with legacy ModSpace assets) from WillScot's operating and information technology platform. As of March 2019, the remaining billing, accounts receivable and accounts payable functions have migrated onto the WillScot operating platform marking the completion of the information technology integration and a significant milestone that we believe will allow us to fully transition to realization of the expected cost synergies associated with these strategic transactions. We will continue our integration efforts around real estate consolidation and fleet relocation for both Acton and ModSpace during 2019 and 2020.
These acquisitions coupled with WillScot's innovative "Ready to Work" solutions and commitment to customer service have solidified WillScot's position as the clear market leader in the modular space and portable storage solutions markets.
For the year ended December 31, 2018, key drivers of financial performance include:
•Increased total revenues by $305.5 million, or 68.5% as compared to the same period in 2017, driven by a 73.5% increase in our core leasing and services revenues from both the impact of the Acton, Tyson, and ModSpace acquisitions (discussed in Note 2 of our consolidated financial statements) and organic growth. New and rental unit sales increased 47.3% and 14.2%, respectively, also driven by acquisitions
•On a pro forma basis, including results of WillScot, Acton, and ModSpace for all periods presented, total revenues increased $80.7 million, or 8.2%, which represents the organic growth achieved across the combined portfolio. This growth was driven by a 16.0% increase in core modular leasing revenues as a result of rate improvements and due to increased new sales of 12.4%, offset by lower modular delivery and installation and rental unit sales volumes, down 5.8% and 20.3%, respectively.
•Increased the Modular - US segment revenues which represents 90.2% of 2018 revenue, by $284.7 million, or 72.5%, through:
–Increased average modular space units on rent by 27,170 units, or 75.1% due to the Acton, Tyson, and ModSpace acquisitions;
–Average modular space monthly rental rate growth of 2.4% to $551 including the impacts of acquisitions primarily through increases in the price of our units. Organic increases on unit pricing and VAPS pricing and penetration on the Williams Scotsman legacy fleet were partially offset by lower rates on units acquired from Acton and Tyson and to a lesser extent, ModSpace, and by lower VAPS pricing and penetration on all acquired fleet;
–Average modular space monthly utilization decreased 20 basis points (“bps”) to 73.7% for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. This decrease was driven primarily by lower utilization on fleet acquired from Acton and Tyson; and
–On a pro forma basis, including results of WillScot, Acton, and ModSpace for all periods presented, average modular space monthly rental rate increased 11.9% organically, with average modular space units on rent up 0.5% organically. These increases in average units on rent drove average modular space monthly utilization up by 230 basis points (“bps”) during the year to 73.8%.
•Increased total revenues in the Modular - Other North America segment which represents 9.8% of 2018 revenue, by $20.1 million, or 37.4%. Increases were driven primarily by:
–Average modular space units on rent increased by 1,824 units, or 35.8% as compared to 2017 driven primarily by acquired units from the ModSpace transaction, as well as organic increases at WillScot;
–Average modular space monthly rental rate increased 5.1% to $559;
–Average modular space monthly utilization increased by 460 bps during the year to 56.8%, as compared to 2017; and
–On a pro forma basis, including results of WillScot and ModSpace for all periods presented, Modular - Other North America segment modular space units on rent decreased 1.7%, and average modular space monthly rental rate increased 0.2%.
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•Consolidated net loss of $53.6 million, included $15.5 million of restructuring cost, $30.0 million of integration cost, and $20.1 million of transaction costs, improved by $96.2 million versus prior year, as the Company substantially advanced restructuring and integration efforts related to its acquisitions and recapitalized its balance sheet.
•Generated Adjusted EBITDA of $196.4 million and $19.1 million for the Modular - US Segment and the Modular - Other North America Segment, respectively, for combined Adjusted EBITDA of $215.5 million between the Modular - US Segment and the Modular - Other North America Segment, representing an increase of $91.6 million or 73.9% as compared to 2017, which includes the impact of the Acton, Tyson, and ModSpace acquisitions discussed in Note 2 of the consolidated financial statements. On a consolidated basis including selling, general and administrative costs in Corporate and other related to the Algeco Group's corporate costs incurred in 2017 prior to or as part of the Business Combination, Adjusted EBITDA increased $106.7 million, or 98.1%.
•On a pro forma basis, including the results of WillScot, ModSpace, and Acton for all periods presented, Adjusted EBITDA in 2018 totaled $284.5 million, up $46.6 million, or 19.6% organically from $237.9 million in 2017. These pro forma results do not include $60.0 million of incremental cost savings that management expects to realize from the ModSpace acquisition, as well as incremental revenue growth from increased penetration of "Ready to Work" solutions across the combined portfolio.
Business Environment and Outlook
Our customers operate in a diversified set of end markets, including commercial and industrial, construction, education, energy and natural resources, government and other end-markets. We track several market leading indicators including those related to our two largest end markets, the commercial and industrial segment and the construction segment, which collectively accounted for approximately 80% of our revenues in the year ended December 31, 2018. Market fundamentals underlying these markets are currently favorable, and we expect continued modest market growth in the next several years. Recent events, such as tax reform, discussions of increased infrastructure spending, rebuilding in areas impacted by natural disasters, and a favorable Gross Domestic Product outlook across the US also provide us confidence in continued demand for our products.
For the year ended December 31, 2018, 9.8% of our revenues were from the Modular - Other North America segment, markets in Canada, including Alaska, and Mexico. Prior to the acquisition of ModSpace, revenues from this segment had declined since 2014 as a result of exposure to upstream oil and gas end markets in Alberta, Canada and Alaska. While average modular space units on rent and rental rates have stabilized, competitive pressures in these markets may continue to impact performance until utilization across the industry improves.
Our Business and Growth Strategies
We intend to maintain a leading market position and increase our revenue and profitability by pursuing the following strategies:
Expanding our “Ready to Work” Value Proposition.
We combine product quality and availability, the largest service network in North America, an industry-leading offering of VAPS and a commitment to customer service to provide increased value to our customers. This attracts new customers, increases customer retention and increases our margins. We intend to grow the business by continuing to improve the quality, delivery and service of our products and by continuing to introduce new and innovative products and services that complement our core offering to the most attractive industry and geographic end-markets.
Increasing the Utilization and Yield of our Rental Equipment.
We are continuously working to increase the utilization and yield of our lease fleet by improving the efficiency and performance of our sales force, expanding penetration of VAPS and enhancing our management information systems. Effective use of real-time information allows us to monitor and optimize the utilization of our fleet, allocate our fleet to the highest demand markets, optimize pricing and determine the best allocation of our capital to invest in fleet and branches as well as to identify opportunities where underutilized lease fleet can be sold to generate cash. Overall product utilization was 72.6% as of December 31, 2018.
Optimizing Cash Flow through Strategic Deployment of Capital.
We maintain a disciplined focus on our return on capital. As part of this discipline, we diligently consider the potential returns and opportunity costs associated with each investment we make. We continually assess both our existing lease fleet and customer demand for opportunities to deploy capital more efficiently. We manage our maintenance capital expenditures as well as growth capital expenditures to best fit the economic conditions at the time. Within our existing lease fleet, we examine the potential cash and earnings generation of an asset sale versus continuing to lease the asset. In addition, we examine the relative benefits of organic expansion opportunities versus expansion through acquisition to obtain a favorable return on capital.
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Leveraging Scale via Acquisitions.
The US market for modular space and portable storage solutions is fragmented, with approximately 60% of the market supplied by regional and local competitors. We have the broadest network of operating branches in North America, as well as a highly scalable corporate center and management information systems, which positions us well to continue to acquire and integrate other companies. We may pursue acquisitions that will provide further scale efficiencies to our platform, allowing us to improve returns generated by the acquired assets.
Generating Additional Cash Flow Through Operational Efficiencies and Cost Reductions.
We have implemented a number of management initiatives designed to improve operations and increase profitability, efficiency and operating leverage. We continually assess our branch operating footprint, vendor base, and our operating structure in order to maximize revenue generation while minimizing costs. The recent acquisitions of Acton and ModSpace provide us with increased scale and we continue to execute our integration plan which we expect will extract over $60.0 million of redundant costs from the combined businesses. We have a proven track record of efficiently integrating acquisitions and quickly eliminating operational redundancies, while maintaining acquired customer relationships.
Components of Our Consolidated Historical Results of Operations
Revenue
Our revenue consists mainly of leasing, services and sales revenue. We derive our leasing and services revenue primarily from the leasing of modular space and portable storage units. Included in modular leasing revenue are VAPS, such as rentals of steps, ramps, furniture, air conditioners, wireless internet access points, damage waivers and service plans. Modular delivery and installation revenue includes fees that we charge for the delivery, setup, knockdown and pick-up of leasing equipment to and from customers’ premises and repositioning leasing equipment. WSII’s former remote accommodations leasing and services revenue, which were carved out in connection with the Business Combination and are not part of our business, were comprised of the leasing and operation of its remote workforce accommodations where it provided housing, catering and transportation to meet its customers’ requirements.
The key drivers of changes in our leasing revenue are:
•the number of units in our modular lease fleet;
•the average utilization rate of our modular lease units; and
•the average monthly rental rate per unit, including VAPS.
The average utilization rate of our modular lease units is the ratio of (i) the average number of units in use during a period (which includes units from the time they are leased to a customer until the time they are returned to us) to (ii) the average total number of units available for lease in our modular fleet during a period. Our average monthly rental rate per unit for a period is equal to the ratio of (i) our rental income for that period including VAPS but excluding delivery and installation services, to (ii) the average number of modular lease units rented to our customers during that period.
The table below sets forth the average number of units on rent in our modular lease fleet, the average utilization of our modular lease units, and the average monthly rental rate per unit, including VAPS:
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands, except unit numbers and rates) | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||||||
| Modular space units on rent (average during the period) | 70,257 | 41,263 | 40,800 | ||||||||||||||
| Average modular space utilization rate | 71.6 | % | 70.3 | % | 69.1 | % | |||||||||||
| Average modular space monthly rental rate | $ | 552 | $ | 538 | $ | 524 | |||||||||||
| Portable storage units on rent (average during the period) | 15,480 | 12,599 | 13,782 | ||||||||||||||
| Average portable storage utilization rate | 68.9 | % | 71.4 | % | 77.0 | % | |||||||||||
| Average portable storage monthly rental rate | $ | 119 | $ | 116 | $ | 111 | |||||||||||
In addition to leasing revenue, we also generate revenue from sales of new and used modular space and portable storage units to our customers, as well as delivery, installation, maintenance, removal services and other incidental items related to accommodations services for our customers. Included in our sales revenue are charges for modifying or customizing sales equipment to customers’ specifications.
Gross Profit
We define gross profit as the difference between total revenue and cost of revenue. Cost of revenues associated with our leasing business includes payroll and payroll-related costs for branch personnel, material and other costs related to the repair, maintenance, storage and transportation of rental equipment. Cost of revenue also includes depreciation expense associated with our rental equipment. Cost of revenues associated with our new unit sales business includes the cost to purchase, assemble, transport and customize units that are sold. Cost of revenues for our rental unit sales consist primarily of the net book value of the unit at date of sale.
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Selling, General and Administrative Expense
Our selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expense includes all costs associated with our selling efforts, including marketing costs, marketing salaries and benefits, as well as commissions of sales personnel. It also includes integration and transaction costs associated with acquisitions and business combinations, our overhead costs, such as salaries of administrative and corporate personnel and the leasing of facilities we occupy. General and administrative costs in our historical results for Corporate and other relate to the Algeco Group’s corporate costs incurred prior to or in connection with the Business Combination which are not anticipated to be recurring costs.
Other Depreciation and Amortization
Other depreciation and amortization includes depreciation of our property, plant and equipment, as well as the amortization of our intangible assets.
Impairment Losses on Goodwill
We recognize goodwill impairment charges associated with our reporting units when the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value of the reporting unit.
Impairment Losses on Property, Plant, and Equipment
We recognize property, plant, and equipment impairment charges when the carrying value of assets exceeds the estimated fair value of the assets.
Restructuring Costs
Restructuring costs include charges associated with exit or disposal activities that meet the definition of restructuring under Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 420, “Exit or Disposal Cost Obligations” (“ASC 420”). Our restructuring plans are generally country or region specific and are typically completed within a one year period. Restructuring costs incurred under these plans include (i) one-time termination benefits related to employee separations, (ii) contract termination costs and, (iii) other related costs associated with exit or disposal activities including, but not limited to, costs for consolidating or closing facilities. The restructuring costs incurred in 2018 primarily related to the integrations of Acton, Tyson and ModSpace. Costs related to the integration of acquired businesses that do not meet the definition of restructuring under ASC 420, such as employee training costs, duplicate facility costs, and professional services expenses, are included within SG&A expenses.
Currency Gains (Losses), Net
Currency gains (losses), net include unrealized and realized gains and losses on monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies other than our functional currency at the reporting date.
Other Expense, Net
Other expense, net primarily consists of the gain or (loss) on disposal of other property, plant and equipment and other financing related costs.
Interest Expense
Interest expense consists of the costs of external debt including the ABL Facility, the Secured Notes, the Unsecured Notes, and prior to the Business Combination, interest due on amounts owed to affiliates and interest on the revolving credit facility associated with the Algeco Group.
Interest Income
Interest income consists of interest on notes due from affiliates.
Income Tax Expense (Benefit)
We are subject to income taxes in the US, Canada and Mexico. Our overall effective tax rate is affected by a number of factors, such as the relative amounts of income we earn in differing tax jurisdictions, state and jurisdictional law changes, and certain non-deductible expenses such as certain stewardship costs. The rate is also affected by discrete items that may occur in any given year, such as reserves for uncertain tax positions. These discrete items may not be consistent from year to year. Income tax expense (benefit), deferred tax assets and liabilities and liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits reflect our best estimate of current and future taxes to be paid.
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Consolidated Results of Operations
Our consolidated statements of net loss for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 are presented below. The below results only include results from Acton, Tyson, and ModSpace for the periods subsequent to the respective acquisition dates and do not include any incremental cost savings, revenue growth, or pro forma adjustments that management expects to result from the integrations of the acquired businesses.
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2018 vs. 2017 $ Change | 2017 vs. 2016 $ Change | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenues: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Leasing and services revenue: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Modular leasing | $ | 518,235 | $ | 297,821 | $ | 283,550 | $ | 220,414 | $ | 14,271 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Modular delivery and installation | 154,557 | 89,850 | 81,892 | 64,707 | 7,958 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sales: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| New units | 53,603 | 36,371 | 39,228 | 17,232 | (2,857) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rental units | 25,017 | 21,900 | 21,942 | 3,117 | (42) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenues | 751,412 | 445,942 | 426,612 | 305,470 | 19,330 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Costs: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Costs of leasing and services: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Modular leasing | 143,120 | 83,588 | 75,516 | 59,532 | 8,072 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Modular delivery and installation | 143,950 | 85,477 | 75,359 | 58,473 | 10,118 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Costs of sales: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| New units | 36,863 | 26,025 | 27,669 | 10,838 | (1,644) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rental units | 16,659 | 12,643 | 10,894 | 4,016 | 1,749 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation of rental equipment | 121,436 | 72,639 | 68,981 | 48,797 | 3,658 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit | 289,384 | 165,570 | 168,193 | 123,814 | (2,623) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Expenses: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | 254,871 | 162,351 | 139,093 | 92,520 | 23,258 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other depreciation and amortization | 13,304 | 8,653 | 9,019 | 4,651 | (366) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Impairment losses on goodwill | — | 60,743 | 5,532 | (60,743) | 55,211 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Impairment losses on property, plant and equipment | 1,600 | — | — | 1,600 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Restructuring costs | 15,468 | 2,196 | 2,810 | 13,272 | (614) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Currency losses (gains), net | 2,454 | (12,878) | 13,098 | 15,332 | (25,976) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other (income) expense, net | (4,574) | 2,827 | 1,831 | (7,401) | 996 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating income (loss) | 6,261 | (58,322) | (3,190) | 64,583 | (55,132) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | 98,433 | 119,308 | 94,671 | (20,875) | 24,637 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest income | — | (12,232) | (10,228) | 12,232 | (2,004) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations before income tax | (92,172) | (165,398) | (87,633) | 73,226 | (77,765) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income tax benefit | (38,600) | (936) | (24,502) | (37,664) | 23,566 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations | (53,572) | (164,462) | (63,131) | 110,890 | (101,331) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income from discontinued operations, net of tax | — | 14,650 | 32,195 | (14,650) | (17,545) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | (53,572) | (149,812) | (30,936) | 96,240 | (118,876) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest, net of tax | (4,532) | (2,110) | — | (2,422) | (2,110) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss attributable to WillScot | (49,040) | (147,702) | (30,936) | 98,662 | (116,766) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-cash deemed dividend related to warrant exchange | (2,135) | — | — | (2,135) | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss attributable to WillScot common shareholders | $ | (51,175) | $ | (147,702) | $ | (30,936) | $ | 96,527 | $ | (116,766) | |||||||||||||||||||
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Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017
Revenue: Total revenue increased $305.5 million, or 68.5%, to $751.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from $445.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase was primarily the result of a 73.5% increase in leasing and services revenue driven by increased volumes from acquisitions and improved pricing. Improved volumes were driven by units acquired as part of the Acton, Tyson, and ModSpace acquisitions and organic unit on rent growth, as well as increased modular delivery and installation revenues on the combined rental fleet of 72.0% due to increased transaction volumes. Average modular space monthly rental rates increased 2.6% for the year ended December 31, 2018, and average modular space units on rent increased 28,994 units, or 70.3%. Improved pricing was driven by a combination of our price optimization tools and processes, as well as by continued growth in our “Ready to Work” solutions and increased VAPS penetration across our customer base, offset partially by the average modular space monthly rental rates on acquired units for Acton, Tyson, and ModSpace. The increase in leasing and services revenues was further complemented by an increase of $17.2 million, or 47.3% in new unit sales as compared to 2017 primarily driven by increased sales as a result of the ModSpace acquisition, which historically had higher new sales than WillScot, including a single large sale project serviced by the Modular - US segment that accounted for nearly half of the revenue variance. Rental unit sales increased $3.1 million, or 14.2% as compared to 2017.
Total average units on rent for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were 85,737 and 53,862, respectively. The increase was due to units acquired as part of the Acton, Tyson, and ModSpace acquisitions and organic improvements in modular space average units on rent, with modular space average units on rent increased by 28,994 units, or 70.3% for the year ended December 31, 2018. Modular space average monthly rental rates increased 2.6% for the year ended December 31, 2018. Portable storage average units on rent increased by 2,881 units, or 22.9% for the year ended December 31, 2018. Average portable storage monthly rental rates increased 2.6% for the year ended December 31, 2018. The average modular space unit utilization rate for the year ended December 31, 2018 was 71.6%, as compared to 70.3% during the same period in 2017. The increase in average modular space utilization rate was driven by a reduction in the combined modular space unit fleet size during the period across the WillScot, ModSpace, Acton and Tyson fleet. The average portable storage unit utilization rate during the year ended December 31, 2018 was 68.9%, as compared to 71.4% during the same period in 2017. The decrease in average portable storage utilization rate was driven by organic declines in the number of portable storage average units on rent in the Modular - US segment.
Gross Profit: Our gross profit percentage was 38.5% and 37.1% for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Our gross profit percentage, excluding the effects of depreciation ("adjusted gross profit percentage"), was 54.7% and 53.4% for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Gross profit increased $123.8 million, or 74.8%, to $289.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from $165.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase in gross profit is a result of a $285.1 million increase in modular leasing and services revenue and increased new unit sales gross profit of $6.3 million, offset by increases of $118.0 million in modular leasing and services costs. Increases in modular leasing and services revenues and costs were primarily as a result of increased revenues due to additional units on rent as a result of recent acquisitions as well as increased margins due to favorable average monthly rental rates on modular space units. These increases were partially offset by increased depreciation of $48.8 million as a result of additional rental equipment acquired as part of the Acton, Tyson, and ModSpace acquisitions, as well as continued capital investment in our existing rental equipment.
SG&A Expense: SG&A expense increased $92.5 million, or 57.0%, to $254.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to $162.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The majority of the increases in the Modular- US and Modular – Other North America segments were driven by the acquisitions of Acton and ModSpace during the year, as well as by $50.1 million of integration and transaction costs incurred during 2018 related to these acquisitions. These increases were partially offset by a $45.1 million reduction of costs in Corporate and other related to Algeco Group costs no longer included in our operations.
SG&A expenses in the Modular- US and Modular – Other North America segments increased $137.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to 2017. Integration costs incurred in 2018 were $30.0 million, as compared to no costs in 2017, which include discrete training costs, fleet relocation costs, branch exit costs, and professional service expenses related to the Acton and ModSpace integrations. Employee costs increased $43.4 million driven by the increased size of the workforce before realization of all expected employee savings to be achieved as a result of the restructuring activities. Occupancy costs increased $13.8 million largely due to the expansion of our branch network and storage lots before expected savings are realized as we exit redundant locations. Transaction costs, excluding those in Corporate and other, increased $18.3 million primarily related to costs incurred related to the acquisition of ModSpace. Legal and professional fees increased $10.9 million over 2017 before realization of all expected cost savings and due to operating as a public company for all of 2018. The remaining increases of $21.3 million are primarily related to increased insurance, computer, marketing, office, tax and bad debt expenses related to operating a larger operation as a result of our recent acquisitions and our expanded employee base and branch network.
We estimate cost synergies of approximately $6.4 million related to the Acton and Tyson acquisitions were realized in 2018 and our integration plans remain on track. Acton sales and operations were integrated in April of 2018, and effective November 1, 2018, we began delivering all units acquired from ModSpace under a combined operating and information
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technology platform. Effective January 7, 2019, we completed the ModSpace system integration and all billing activities on existing ModSpace contracts are now fully integrated. Exit activities for redundant branch locations, such as preparing units and materials for transport to other locations remain on schedule. These activities are expected to continue through 2019 and we expect over $60.0 million of annual reoccurring cost savings as we execute the established integration plans for Acton and ModSpace.
Other Depreciation and Amortization: Other depreciation and amortization increased $4.6 million, or 52.9%, to $13.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, compared to $8.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase was driven primarily by depreciation on property, plant and equipment acquired as part of the Acton and ModSpace acquisitions in December of 2017 and August of 2018, respectively.
Impairment losses on Goodwill: Impairment losses on goodwill were $0.0 million and $60.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The 2017 impairment loss on goodwill relates to our reporting unit in Canada.
Impairment losses on Property, Plant and Equipment: Impairment losses on property, plant and equipment were $1.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to $0.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. In the fourth quarter of 2018, we reclassified certain branch facilities that we intend to exit from property, plant and equipment to held for sale and recognized an impairment on these assets as the estimated fair value was less than the carrying value of the facilities.
Restructuring Costs: Restructuring costs were $15.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to $2.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The 2018 restructuring charges relate entirely to employee termination and lease breakage costs related to the Acton and ModSpace acquisitions and integrations. The 2017 restructuring charges relate to the Algeco Group corporate function and related employee termination costs.
Currency (Gains) Losses, net: Currency (gains) losses, net were a $2.5 million loss for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to a $12.9 million gain for the year ended December 31, 2017. The decrease in currency gains was primarily attributable to the impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes on loans and borrowings and intercompany receivables and payables denominated in a currency other than the subsidiaries’ functional currency. The majority of the intercompany receivables and payables contributing to these gains and losses were settled concurrently with the Business Combination.
Other (Income) Expense, Net: Other expense, net was $4.6 million of other income for the year ended December 31, 2018 and $2.8 million of other expense for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase in other income was driven by the receipt of insurance proceeds related to assets damaged during Hurricane Harvey which contributed $4.8 million and other settlements which contributed $0.8 million to other (income) expense, net, for the year ended December 31, 2018.
Interest Expense: Interest expense decreased $20.9 million, or 17.5%, to $98.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from $119.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Upon consummation of the Business Combination in November 2017, we issued the 2022 Secured Notes and entered into the ABL Facility to fund our operations as a stand-alone company. In the third quarter as part of financing the ModSpace acquisition, we upsized our ABL Facility to $1.425 billion, issued the 2023 Secured Notes, and issued the Unsecured Notes. In connection with the ModSpace acquisition, the Company incurred bridge financing fees and upfront commitment fees of $20.5 million in the third quarter, which are included in interest expense in 2018 and are not expected to reoccur.
The majority of the interest costs incurred during the year ended December 31, 2017 relate to the previous debt structure of WSII as part of the Algeco Group, including $58.4 million of interest expense incurred in 2017 on notes payable to affiliates, which were settled in full in connection with the Algeco Group restructuring that occurred prior to the Business Combination. The decrease in interest expense is driven by our lower average debt and notes payable balances in 2018 under our new debt structure as compared to the Algeco Group debt structure in place in 2017, partially offset by bridge financing and upfront commitment fees of $20.5 million incurred in connection with the ModSpace acquisition and higher average debt balances subsequent to the August of 2018 ModSpace acquisition. See Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion of our debt, and the additional debt incurred during the third quarter as part of financing the ModSpace acquisition, which we expect will increase our interest expense in future periods.
Interest Income: Interest income decreased $12.2 million, or 100.0%, to $0.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from $12.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. This decrease is due to the decrease in the principal balance of notes due from affiliates, which were settled upon consummation of the Business Combination in November 2017.
Income Tax Benefit: Income tax benefit increased $37.7 million to $38.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to $0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase in tax benefit was principally driven by the pre-tax loss tax benefit of $19.4 million, a tax benefit of $11.9 million, related to a reduction in the valuation allowance and a tax benefit of $7.0 million related to a change in the Company asserting indefinite re-investment in certain of its foreign businesses. In 2017, a pre-tax loss tax benefit was reduced by the impairment of Canadian Goodwill, an unfavorable permanent adjustment, with no tax basis which reduces the expected pre-tax loss benefit. In addition, as a result of the Tax Act, the Company remeasured their net deferred tax liabilities and recognized a net tax benefit of $28.1 million which was offset by a $50.5 million valuation allowance at December 22, 2017. Also, refer to Note 13 regarding the Tax Act enacted in the US on December 22, 2017 and additional components of the rate reconciliation.
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Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016
Revenue: Total revenue increased $19.3 million, or 4.5%, to $445.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from $426.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase was primarily the result of a 10.5% increase in leasing and services revenue within the Modular - US business segment driven by improved pricing and volumes. Average modular space monthly rental rates in the Modular - US segment increased 7.6% for the year ended December 31, 2017, and average modular space units on rent increased nearly 800 units, or 2.2%. Improved pricing was driven by a combination of our price optimization tools and processes, as well as by continued growth in our “Ready to Work” solutions and increased VAPS penetration across our customer base. Improved volumes were driven by a 5.1% increase in modular space deliveries during the year, driving increased modular delivery and installation revenues, and due to a partial month of units on rent acquired as part of the Acton acquisition that closed on December 20, 2017. These increases were partially offset by declines in total revenue of $8.3 million or 13.4% in the Modular - Other North America business segment, which was primarily attributable to a single project in the upstream oil and gas sector that reached completion in July 2016 that contributed $10.2 million of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016. Average modular space monthly rental rate for the Modular - Other North America segment declined 22.3% and average modular space units on rent declined by 331 units, or 6.1% for the year.
Total average modular units and portable storage units on rent for 2017 and 2016 were 53,862 and 54,582, respectively. The decrease was due to declines in portable storage average units on rent, which declined nearly 1,200 units, or 8.6% for the year ended December 31, 2017. The revenue declines associated with portable storage unit volumes was partially offset by increased pricing, as average portable storage monthly rental rates increased 4.5% for the year ended December 31, 2017. The average modular utilization rate during 2017 was 70.5%, as compared to 70.9% during 2016. The decrease in average modular utilization rate was also driven by declines in the portable storage average units on rent.
Gross Profit: Our gross profit percentage was 37.1% and 39.4% for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Our gross profit percentage, excluding the effects of depreciation, was 53.4% and 55.6% for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Gross profit decreased $2.6 million, or 1.5%, to $165.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from $168.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease in gross profit and gross profit percentage is a result of the revenue declines discussed above associated with the Modular - Other North America segment as well as due to inflated rental unit sales gross profit in 2016 as a result of a discrete transaction which contributed approximately $3.0 million to gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2016.
SG&A Expense: SG&A expense increased $23.3 million, or 16.8%, to $162.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to $139.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. $16.0 million of the increase was driven primarily by discrete professional fees and transaction expenses incurred during 2017 by Corporate and other related to the Business Combination. $8.4 million of the increase was related to the Modular - US segment and was primarily driven by increases in employee commissions and incentives related to additional rental volumes and recurring public company costs prior and subsequent to the Business Combination.
Other Depreciation and Amortization: Other depreciation and amortization decreased $0.3 million, or 3.3%, to $8.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to $9.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease was driven by the sale of certain US branch property, plant, and equipment that occurred in 2016.
Impairment on Goodwill: Impairment losses on goodwill were $60.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to $5.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The 2017 impairment losses on goodwill relate to our reporting unit in Canada and the 2016 impairment losses on goodwill relate to our reporting unit in Mexico. The impairments in 2017 and 2016 were the result of a decline in the operating results and a reevaluation of future growth.
Restructuring Costs: Restructuring costs were $2.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to $2.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The 2017 restructuring charges relate primarily a downsize in corporate employees which consists of employee termination costs, as well as employee termination costs related to the Company’s US and Canadian operations. The 2016 restructuring charges relate primarily to our corporate function and consist of employee termination costs.
Currency (Gains) Losses, net: Currency (gains) losses, net increased by $26.0 million to a $12.9 million gain for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to a $13.1 million loss for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase in currency gains was primarily attributable to the impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes on loans and borrowings and intercompany receivables and payables denominated in a currency other than the subsidiaries’ functional currency. The majority of the intercompany receivables and payables contributing to these gains and losses were settled concurrently with the Carve-Out Transaction and Business Combination.
Other Expense (Income), Net: Other expense, net was $2.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 and $1.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 due to an increase in financing related costs.
Interest Expense: Interest expense increased $24.6 million, or 26.0%, to $119.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from $94.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. Upon consummation of the Business Combination in November of 2017, we issued $300.0 million of the 2022 Secured Notes and entered into a new $600.0 million ABL Facility to fund our operations as a stand-alone company. The majority of the interest costs incurred during the year
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ended December 31, 2017 relate to the previous debt structure of the Company as part of the Algeco Group or to fees associated to establishing the new debt structure. The increase in interest expense is driven by the following items: (a) $7.5 million write-off of deferred issuance costs pertaining to the modification of the ABL Facility and the settlement of the notes due to affiliates, (b) a $5.6 million increase in interest expense on the Algeco Group Revolver facility (see Note 11) as the first quarter amendment to the facility increased the base portion of the variable interest rate, (c) $3.8 million in bridge financing fees incurred in connection with the Business Combination, (d) an increase of $3.5 million in amortization of deferred issuance and discount costs driven by higher deferred issuance and discount costs in 2017, (e) $2.1 million of interest expense incurred under the Notes issued in November 2017 and, (f) $2.0 million of higher interest expense pertained to other financing obligations. See Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion of our debt.
Interest Income: Interest income increased $2.0 million, or 19.6%, to $12.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from $10.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. This increase is primarily due to an increase in the principal balance of notes due from affiliates.
Income Tax Expense (Benefit): Income tax benefit decreased $23.6 million to $0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to $24.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease in income tax benefit was principally due to the impairment of Canadian goodwill, as well as the impacts of the Tax Act enacted by the US government on December 22, 2017, which reduced the federal income tax rate from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018, and requires mandatory repatriation of foreign earnings. The Canadian goodwill, which had no tax basis, was recorded as an unfavorable permanent adjustment which reduces the benefit expected based on the pre-tax loss. As a result of the Tax Act, we remeasured our net deferred tax liabilities and recognized a net tax benefit of $28.1 million. In addition, we recorded tax expense of $50.5 million related to valuation allowances related to limitations on the deductibility of high-interest debt as a result of the change in ownership and control related to the Business Combination. Had it not been for these changes, income tax expense would have increased driven by the increase in loss from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2017.
Business Segments
Our principal line of business is modular leasing and sales. The Company formerly operated a remote accommodations business (the "Remote Accommodations Business"), which consisted of Target Logistics Management LLC (“Target”) and its subsidiaries and Chard Camp Catering Services (“Chard”), that was carved out in connection with the Business Combination and was no longer a part of our business as of December 31, 2017. The Remote Accommodations Business was considered a single reportable segment. Modular leasing and sales comprises two reportable segments: Modular - US and Modular - Other North America. The Modular - US reportable segment includes the contiguous 48 states and Hawaii, and the Modular - Other North America reportable segment includes Alaska, Canada and Mexico.
The following tables and discussion summarize our reportable segment financial information for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. Consistent with the presentation of our financial statements, the below segment results only include results from Acton, Tyson, and ModSpace for the periods subsequent to the respective acquisition dates and do not include any incremental cost savings, revenue growth, or pro forma adjustments that management expects to result from the integrations of the acquired businesses. Future changes to our organizational structure may result in changes to the segments disclosed.
Business Segment Results
Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016
| (in thousands, except for units on rent and rates) | Modular - US | Modular - Other North America | Corporate and Other | Total | |||||||||||||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenue | $ | 677,590 | $ | 73,822 | $ | — | $ | 751,412 | |||||||||||||||
| Gross profit | $ | 264,320 | $ | 25,064 | $ | — | $ | 289,384 | |||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 196,410 | $ | 19,123 | $ | — | $ | 215,533 | |||||||||||||||
| Capital expenditures for rental equipment | $ | 151,407 | $ | 9,476 | $ | — | $ | 160,883 | |||||||||||||||
| Modular space units on rent (average during the period) | 63,336 | 6,921 | — | 70,257 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Average modular space utilization rate | 73.7 | % | 56.8 | % | — | 71.6 | % | ||||||||||||||||
| Average modular space monthly rental rate | $ | 551 | $ | 559 | $ | — | $ | 552 | |||||||||||||||
| Portable storage units on rent (average during the period) | 15,089 | 391 | — | 15,480 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Average portable storage utilization rate | 69.4 | % | 55.6 | % | — | 68.9 | % | ||||||||||||||||
| Average portable storage monthly rental rate | $ | 119 | $ | 108 | $ | — | $ | 119 | |||||||||||||||
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| (in thousands, except for units on rent and rates) | Modular - US | Modular - Other North America | Corporate and Other | Total | |||||||||||||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenue | $ | 392,933 | $ | 53,656 | $ | (647) | $ | 445,942 | |||||||||||||||
| Gross profit | $ | 148,685 | $ | 17,532 | $ | (647) | $ | 165,570 | |||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 110,822 | $ | 13,099 | $ | (15,112) | $ | 108,809 | |||||||||||||||
| Capital expenditures for rental equipment | $ | 96,378 | $ | 5,832 | $ | — | $ | 102,210 | |||||||||||||||
| Modular space units on rent (average during the period) | 36,166 | 5,097 | — | 41,263 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Average modular space utilization rate | 73.9 | % | 52.2 | % | — | % | 70.3 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Average modular space monthly rental rate | $ | 538 | $ | 532 | $ | — | $ | 538 | |||||||||||||||
| Portable storage units on rent (average during the period) | 12,246 | 353 | — | 12,599 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Average portable storage utilization rate | 72.2 | % | 52.6 | % | — | % | 71.4 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Average portable storage monthly rental rate | $ | 116 | $ | 119 | $ | — | $ | 116 | |||||||||||||||
| (in thousands, except for units on rent and rates) | Modular - US | Modular - Other North America | Corporate and Other | Total | |||||||||||||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2016 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenue | $ | 365,496 | $ | 62,004 | $ | (888) | $ | 426,612 | |||||||||||||||
| Gross profit | $ | 138,996 | $ | 30,082 | $ | (885) | $ | 168,193 | |||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 103,798 | $ | 24,360 | $ | (21,644) | $ | 106,514 | |||||||||||||||
| Capital expenditures for rental equipment | $ | 60,418 | $ | 3,550 | $ | — | $ | 63,968 | |||||||||||||||
| Modular space units on rent (average during the period) | 35,372 | 5,428 | — | 40,800 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Average modular space utilization rate | 72.0 | % | 54.8 | % | — | % | 69.1 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Average modular space monthly rental rate | $ | 500 | $ | 685 | $ | — | $ | 524 | |||||||||||||||
| Portable storage units on rent (average during the period) | 13,430 | 352 | — | 13,782 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Average portable storage utilization rate | 78.1 | % | 50.3 | % | — | % | 77.0 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Average portable storage monthly rental rate | $ | 111 | $ | 117 | $ | — | $ | 111 | |||||||||||||||
Modular - US Segment
Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017
Revenue: Total revenue increased $284.7 million, or 72.5%, to $677.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from $392.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Modular leasing revenue increased $205.0 million, or 77.6%, driven by improved volumes and pricing. Average modular space units on rent increased 27,170 units, or 75.1% to 63,336 units on rent and resulting modular space utilization decreased by 20 bps. Average modular space monthly rental rates in the Modular - US segment increased 2.4% for the year ended December 31, 2018 to $551. Improved volumes were driven by units acquired as part of the Acton, Tyson, and ModSpace acquisitions, as well as increased modular delivery and installation revenues, which increased $57.2 million, or 70.6%, due to the increased delivery volumes as compared to 2017. Improved pricing was driven by a combination of our price optimization tools and processes, as well as by continued growth in our “Ready to Work” solutions and increased VAPS penetration across our customer base, offset partially by the average modular space monthly rental rates on acquired units. New unit sales revenue increased $19.7 million, or 67.2%, nearly half of which was driven by a single large sale project. Rental unit sales revenue increased $2.8 million, or 15.3%, primarily a result of the ModSpace acquisition and our larger post-acquisition fleet size.
Gross Profit: Gross profit increased $115.6 million, or 77.7%, to $264.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from $148.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase in gross profit was driven by higher revenues driven both by the Acton, Tyson and ModSpace acquisitions and by organic growth. The increase in gross profit from higher revenues was partially offset by a $46.1 million, or 76.5% increase in depreciation of rental equipment for the year ended December 31, 2018 primarily related to acquired units in the Acton, Tyson, and ModSpace acquisitions, and as a result of continued capital investment in our fleet.
Adjusted EBITDA: Adjusted EBITDA increased $85.6 million, or 77.3%, to $196.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from $110.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase was driven by higher revenues and gross profits discussed above excluding depreciation, partially offset by increases in SG&A, excluding discrete items, of $81.5 million primarily related to the acquisitions of Acton and ModSpace during the year. Employee costs increased $37.9
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million driven by the increased size of the workforce before realization of all expected employee savings to be achieved as a result of the restructuring activities. Occupancy costs increased $12.7 million largely due to the expansion of our branch network and storage lots before expected savings are realized as we exit redundant locations. Legal and professional fees increased $11.0 million over 2017 before realization of all expected cost savings and due to operating as a public company for all of 2018. The remaining increases of $19.9 million are primarily related to increased insurance, computer, marketing, office, tax and bad debt expenses related to operating a larger operation as a result of our recent acquisitions and our expanded employee base and branch network.
Capital Expenditures: Capital expenditures for rental equipment increased $55.0 million, or 57.1%, to $151.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from $96.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Net capital expenditures also increased $51.4 million, or 66.5%, to $128.8 million. The increases for both were driven by increased spend for new units, VAPS, and refurbishments as a result of the increased fleet size due to the Acton, Tyson and ModSpace acquisitions. During the year, our modular space unit fleet grew by nearly 125%, and our average modular space unit fleet grew over 70% in 2018 as compared to 2017.
Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016
Revenue: Total revenue increased $27.4 million, or 7.5%, to $392.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from $365.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. Modular leasing revenue increased $26.1 million, or 11.0%, driven by improved pricing and volumes. Average modular space monthly rental rates in the Modular - US segment increased 7.6% for the year ended December 31, 2017, and average modular space units on rent increased nearly 800 units, or 2.2%, resulting in utilization improvements of 190 bps on our modular space fleet. Improved pricing was driven by a combination of our price optimization tools and processes, as well as by continued growth in our “Ready to Work” solutions and increased VAPS penetration across our customer base. Improved volumes were driven by a 5.1% increase in modular space deliveries during the year, and due to a partial month of units on rent acquired as part of the Acton acquisition that closed on December 20, 2017. Modular delivery and installation revenues increased $6.6 million, or 8.9%, due to the increased delivery volumes and due to higher pricing per transaction as compared to 2016. New unit sales revenue decreased $5.5 million, or 15.8% as a result of a continued strategic shift away from this revenue stream in order to focus our sales team on pursuing recurring rental revenue streams. Rental unit sales revenue increased $0.2 million, or 1.1%, offsetting a portion of the decrease.
Gross Profit: Gross profit increased $9.7 million, or 7.0%, to $148.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from $139.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase in gross profit was driven by higher modular leasing revenues. This increase was partially offset by lower delivery and installation margins and lower sales gross profits during the year, which was partially driven by a discrete transaction which contributed approximately $3.0 million to gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase in gross profit from modular leasing revenues was also partially offset by a $3.4 million increase in depreciation of rental equipment for the year ended December 31, 2017 as a result of continued capital investment in our fleet.
Adjusted EBITDA: Adjusted EBITDA increased $7.0 million, or 6.7%, to $110.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from $103.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase was driven by higher modular leasing revenues, partially offset by lower sales volumes and lower delivery and installation and sales margins, as well as increased SG&A costs. SG&A expense increases were related to increased employee commissions and incentives as a result of additional rental volumes and recurring public company costs incurred before and after the Business Combination.
Capital Expenditures: Capital expenditures for rental equipment increased $36.0 million, or 59.6%, to $96.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from $60.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. Net capital expenditures also increased $37.6 million, or 95.0%, to $77.3 million. The increases for both were driven by increased spend for new units, VAPS, and refurbishments as we invested above maintenance capital expenditure levels in the current year to drive modular space unit on rent growth. During the year, modular space units on rent grew organically by 925 units on rent.
Modular - Other North America Segment
Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017
Revenue: Total revenue increased $20.1 million, or 37.4%, to $73.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from $53.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Modular leasing revenue increased $14.8 million, or 43.4%, which is primarily attributable driven by improved volumes and pricing. Average modular space units on rent increased by 1,824 units, or 35.8% to 6,921 units on rent, and average modular space monthly rental rates in the Modular - Other North America segment increased 5.1% for the year ended December 31, 2018 to $559. Improved volumes were driven by units acquired as part of the ModSpace acquisition, as well as increased modular delivery and installation revenues, which increased $7.6 million, or 86.4%, due to increased transaction volumes as a result of the combined company. Improved pricing was driven by a combination of our price optimization tools and processes, as well as by continued growth in our “Ready to Work” solutions and increased VAPS penetration across our customer base, as well as by the average modular space monthly rental rates on acquired units. New unit sales revenue decreased $2.5 million, or 35.2%, associated with decreased sale opportunities. Rental unit sales revenue increased $0.2 million, or 5.4%.
Gross Profit: Gross profit increased $7.6 million, or 43.4%, to $25.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from $17.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The effects of favorable foreign currency movements increased
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gross profit by $0.6 million, as the Canadian Dollar and Mexican Peso strengthened against the US dollar during the year. The increase in gross profit, excluding the effects of foreign currency, was driven by higher revenues as a result of the ModSpace acquisition and organic growth. The increase in gross profit from higher revenues was partially offset by a $2.8 million, or 22.8% increase in depreciation of rental equipment for the year ended December 31, 2018 primarily related to acquired units in ModSpace acquisition.
Adjusted EBITDA: Adjusted EBITDA increased $6.0 million, or 45.8%, to $19.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from $13.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. This increase was primarily driven by higher modular leasing margin due to increased modular volumes and average monthly rental rates, offset by increased SG&A expense, excluding discrete items, of $4.3 million primarily related to the ModSpace acquisition during the year. Employee costs increased $2.0 million as a result of the increased size of the workforce and before realization of all expected employee savings as a result of the restructuring to capture operating synergies as a result of integrating these businesses into WillScot. Occupancy costs increased $1.0 million largely due to the expansion of our branch network and storage lots before expected savings are realized as we exit redundant locations. The remaining increases of $1.2 million are primarily related to increased insurance, computer, marketing, office, tax and bad debt expenses related to operating a larger operation as a result of our recent acquisition and our expanded employee base and branch network.
Capital Expenditures: Capital expenditures for rental equipment increased $3.7 million, or 63.8%, to $9.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from $5.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Net capital expenditures also increased $3.7 million, or 158.9% to $6.0 million. The increases for both were driven by increased spend for new units, VAPS, and refurbishments as a result of the increased fleet size due to the ModSpace acquisition. During the year, our modular space unit fleet grew by over 65%.
Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016
Revenue: Total revenue decreased $8.3 million, or 13.4%, to $53.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from $62.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. Modular leasing revenue decreased $12.0 million, or 26.1%, which is primarily attributable to a single project in the upstream oil and gas sector that reached completion in July 2016 that contributed $10.2 million of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016. Average modular space monthly rental rates declined 22.3% and average modular space units on rent declined by 331 units, or 6.1% for the year, resulting in lower modular space utilization which decreased by 260 bps. Modular delivery and installation revenues increased $1.3 million, or 17.1%, due to increased transaction volumes as a result of stabilization in the market and modest increases in customer demand as well as increased delivery and installation rates per transaction as compared to 2016. New unit sales revenue increased $2.7 million, or 61.4%, associated with increased sale opportunities. Rental unit sales revenue decreased $0.3 million, or 7.5%, offsetting a portion of the increase.
Gross Profit: Gross profit decreased $12.6 million, or 41.9%, to $17.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from $30.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016.The effects of favorable foreign currency movements increased gross profit by $0.2 million, as the Canadian Dollar strengthened against the US dollar during the year. The decrease in gross profit, excluding the effects of foreign currency, was driven primarily by decreased revenues as a result of lower modular volumes and decreased average monthly rental rates. These decreases were partially offset by increased new unit sales.
Adjusted EBITDA: Adjusted EBITDA decreased $11.3 million, or 46.3%, to $13.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from $24.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. This decrease was primarily driven by lower modular leasing margin due to declines in modular volumes and average monthly rental rates and reduced new sales activity.
Capital Expenditures: Capital expenditures for rental equipment increased $2.2 million, or 61.1%, to $5.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from $3.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. Net capital expenditures also increased $2.0 million to $2.3 million. The increases for both were driven primarily by investments in VAPS and refurbishments of existing lease fleet.
Corporate and Other for the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016
Gross Profit: The Corporate and other adjustments to revenue and gross profit pertain to the elimination of intercompany leasing transactions between the Modular business segments and the legacy Remote Accommodations Business segment, which was carved out in 2017 and is reflected as discontinued operations in our financial statements.
Adjusted EBITDA: Corporate and other costs and eliminations to consolidated Adjusted EBITDA increased $15.1 million or 100.0% to $0.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from a loss of $15.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The 2017 and 2016 costs related to the Algeco Group operations, which separated from the Company in 2017. Similar costs incurred in 2018 by WillScot are included primarily in the Modular - US segment. Corporate and other costs and eliminations to consolidated Adjusted EBITDA increased $6.6 million or 30.4% to a loss of $15.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from a loss of $21.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 as a result of lower employee costs in 2017.
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Non-GAAP Adjusted EBITDA Reconciliation
The Company evaluates business segment performance on Adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP measure that excludes certain items as described in the reconciliation of the Company’s consolidated net loss to Adjusted EBITDA reconciliation below. Management believes that evaluating segment performance excluding such items is meaningful because it provides insight with respect to intrinsic operating results of the Company.
The Company also regularly evaluates gross profit by segment to assist in the assessment of the operational performance of each operating segment. The Company considers Adjusted EBITDA to be the more important metric because it more fully captures the business performance of the segments, inclusive of indirect costs.
The following table presents a reconciliation of the Company’s net loss to Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered as discretionary cash available to the Company to reinvest in the growth of its business or as measures of cash that will be available to meet its obligations. The following table provides an unaudited reconciliation of net income loss to Adjusted EBITDA:
| (in thousands) | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||||||
| Net loss | $ | (53,572) | $ | (149,812) | $ | (30,936) | |||||||||||
| Income from discontinued operations, net of tax | — | 14,650 | 32,195 | ||||||||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations | (53,572) | (164,462) | (63,131) | ||||||||||||||
| Income tax benefit | (38,600) | (936) | (24,502) | ||||||||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations before income tax | (92,172) | (165,398) | (87,633) | ||||||||||||||
| Interest expense, net (a) | 98,433 | 107,076 | 84,443 | ||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 134,740 | 81,292 | 78,000 | ||||||||||||||
| Currency losses (gains), net | 2,454 | (12,878) | 13,098 | ||||||||||||||
| Goodwill and other impairments | 1,600 | 60,743 | 5,532 | ||||||||||||||
| Restructuring costs | 15,468 | 2,196 | 2,810 | ||||||||||||||
| Transaction costs | 20,051 | 23,881 | 8,419 | ||||||||||||||
| Integration costs | 30,006 | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Stock compensation expense | 3,439 | 9,382 | — | ||||||||||||||
| Other expense | 1,514 | 2,515 | 1,845 | ||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 215,533 | $ | 108,809 | $ | 106,514 | |||||||||||
(a) In connection with the ModSpace acquisition, the Company incurred bridge financing fees and upfront commitment fees of $20.5 million, included within interest expense, during the year ended December 31, 2018.
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Summary Consolidated Supplemental Pro Forma Financial Information
As a result of the significant financing transactions, the Business Combination, and the acquisitions during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company believes presenting unaudited supplemental pro forma financial information is beneficial to the readers of the financial statements. The following table sets forth key metrics used by management to run the business on a pro forma basis as if the ModSpace and Acton acquisitions had occurred on January 1, 2017. Refer to the Supplemental Unaudited Pro Forma Financial Information section below for the full reconciliation of the statements of operations.
| Pro Forma Combined Year Ended December 31, | 2018 vs. 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | 2018 | 2017 | $ Change | % Change | |||||||||||||||||||
| Revenue | $ | 1,064,021 | $ | 983,334 | $ | 80,687 | 8.2 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Gross profit | $ | 424,779 | $ | 375,499 | $ | 49,280 | 13.1 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative expenses | $ | 334,628 | $ | 309,611 | $ | 25,017 | 8.1 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Net loss | $ | (30,012) | $ | (212,415) | $ | 182,403 | (85.9) | % | |||||||||||||||
| Other Financial Data: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA - Modular - US (a) | $ | 262,504 | $ | 224,233 | $ | 38,271 | 17.1 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA - Modular - Other North America (a) | 22,024 | 28,803 | (6,779) | (23.5) | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA - Corporate and other (a) (b) | — | (15,112) | 15,112 | 100.0 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Pro Forma Adjustments | — | (70) | 70 | 100.0 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA (a) | $ | 284,528 | $ | 237,854 | $ | 46,674 | 19.6 | % | |||||||||||||||
(a) The Company presents Adjusted EBITDA, a measurement not calculated in accordance with GAAP, because it is a key metric used by management to assess financial performance. Our business is capital-intensive and these additional metrics allow management to further evaluate its operating performance. See below for a reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures.
(b) Included in Corporate and other are SG&A expenses related to the Algeco Group's corporate costs incurred prior to or as part of the Business Combination which are not anticipated to be part of the ongoing costs of WillScot.
Comparison of the Unaudited Pro Forma Combined Year Ended December 31, 2018 to the Unaudited Pro Forma Combined Year Ended December 31, 2017
Pro Forma Revenue: Total revenue increased $80.7 million, or 8.2%, to $1,064.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from $983.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase was primarily the result of a $81.2, or 9.7% increase in leasing and services revenue driven by improved pricing and volumes.
Average pro forma modular space monthly rental rates in the Modular - US segment increased 11.9% from $480 for the year ended December 31, 2017, to $537 for the year ended December 31, 2018. Pricing in the Modular - Other North America segment was essentially flat during the year. Average modular space units on rent increased 464 units, or 0.5% in the Modular - US segment, but declined 156 units, or 1.7% in the Modular - Other North America segment. Average modular space utilization in the Modular - US segment increased by 230 bps during the year to 73.8%, while utilization in the Modular - Other North America segment decreased 50 bps during the year to 56.4%.
Improved pricing was driven by a combination of our price optimization tools and processes, as well as by continued growth in our “Ready to Work” solutions and increased VAPS penetration across our customer base, further supplemented by a lift in VAPS as units acquired as part of the Acton acquisition have returned and gone back our on rent at higher rates and with increased penetration levels on VAPS. Pricing improvements across the legacy ModSpace units were driven by effective price management primarily on modular units. Modular space rates in the Modular - US segment across the combined business have now been experiencing year over year growth of approximately 10% or more for the last 5 consecutive quarters. We expect our favorable pricing trends to continue in 2019 as both the Acton and ModSpace units return and are re-delivered with increased VAPS penetration levels and as we continue to grow base unit rates.
New sales revenues increased $11.1 million, or 12.4% as compared to 2017 primarily driven by a single large sale project within the US that originated at ModSpace for approximately $30.0 million of revenue. Rental unit sales decreased $11.6 million, or 20.3% as compared to 2017.
Pro Forma Gross Profit: Our gross profit percentage was 39.9% and 38.2% for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Our gross profit percentage, excluding the effects of depreciation, was 53.6% and 51.3% for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Gross profit increased $49.3 million, or 13.1%, to $424.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from $375.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase in gross profit is a result of a $64.3 million increase in modular
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leasing and services gross profit. Increases in modular leasing and services gross profit were primarily as a result of increased revenues due to higher modular space average monthly rates in the Modular - US segment. Additionally, the combined business experienced margin expansion within modular leasing and services margins of approximately 200 bps. We expect this trend to continue as we realize synergies in 2019 related to the ModSpace acquisition and continue to pursue rate growth in excess of cost inflation levels. The increase in modular leasing and services gross profits were partially offset by increased depreciation of $16.2 million as a result of continued capital investment in our existing rental equipment, including VAPS.
Pro Forma SG&A: SG&A expense increased $25.0 million, or 8.1%, to $334.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to $309.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The majority of the increases in the Modular- US and Modular – Other North America segments were driven by costs incurred to integrate Acton and ModSpace during the year and increased employee costs driven by increased headcounts, partially offset by savings from Corporate and other related to Algeco Group costs no longer included in our operations. Integration costs incurred for the year ended December 31, 2018 totaled $30.0 million compared to $0.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Results for the year ended December 31, 2018 include approximately $6.4 million of realized synergies primarily in SG&A expenses, but do not include a significant portion of the estimated $60.0 million of synergies associated with the ModSpace combination that we expect to begin to realize in 2019.
Pro Forma Net Loss: Net loss was $30.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 and $212.4 million of net loss for the year ended December 31, 2017. The decrease in net loss was driven by growth in gross profit of $49.3 million as described above, a reduction in goodwill impairments of $60.7 million, and reductions in losses on reorganization related to the ModSpace emergence from bankruptcy in March of 2017 of $92.5 million, partially offset by increased SG&A of $25.0 million as described above, and the impact of lost net income from discontinued operations of $14.7 million related to the Remote Accommodations segment for the year ended December 31, 2017.
Pro Forma Adjusted EBITDA: Adjusted EBITDA increased $46.7 million, or 19.6%, to $284.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from $237.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase was driven primarily by higher revenues driven by increased modular space rates in the Modular - US segment and the resulting gross profits as discussed above excluding depreciation (increase of $65.5 million), partially offset by increases in SG&A as discussed above.
Summary Business Segment Supplemental Pro Forma Financial Information
Modular - US Quarterly Results
Pro Forma Quarterly Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2018
| (in thousands, except for units on rent and monthly rental rate) | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Full Year | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Modular space units on rent (average during the period) | 86,145 | 86,959 | 86,953 | 86,369 | 86,610 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Average modular space utilization rate | 72.4 | % | 73.9 | % | 74.9 | % | 75.3 | % | 73.8 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Average modular space monthly rental rate | $ | 508 | $ | 527 | $ | 549 | $ | 563 | $ | 537 | |||||||||||||||||||
Portable storage units on rent (average during the period) | 18,517 | 17,948 | 17,689 | 17,868 | 18,043 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Average portable storage utilization rate | 70.8 | % | 69.0 | % | 68.5 | % | 69.4 | % | 69.4 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Average portable storage monthly rental rate | $ | 114 | $ | 115 | $ | 118 | $ | 119 | $ | 116 | |||||||||||||||||||
Pro Forma Quarterly Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2017
| (in thousands, except for units on rent and monthly rental rate) | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Full Year | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Modular space units on rent (average during the period) | 84,707 | 86,032 | 86,905 | 87,208 | 86,146 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Average modular space utilization rate | 69.4 | % | 70.6 | % | 71.8 | % | 72.4 | % | 71.5 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Average modular space monthly rental rate | $ | 459 | $ | 473 | $ | 484 | $ | 500 | $ | 480 | |||||||||||||||||||
Portable storage units on rent (average during the period) | 19,496 | 18,873 | 18,979 | 19,074 | 19,135 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Average portable storage utilization rate | 73.6 | % | 71.1 | % | 71.9 | % | 72.7 | % | 72.9 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Average portable storage monthly rental rate | $ | 105 | $ | 106 | $ | 108 | $ | 111 | $ | 107 | |||||||||||||||||||
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Modular - Other North America Quarterly Results
Pro Forma Quarterly Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2018
| (in thousands, except for units on rent and monthly rental rate) | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Full Year | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Modular space units on rent (average during the period) | 9,165 | 9,251 | 9,258 | 9,180 | 9,201 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Average modular space utilization rate | 55.9 | % | 56.8 | % | 56.8 | % | 56.6 | % | 56.4 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Average modular space monthly rental rate | $ | 557 | $ | 571 | $ | 581 | $ | 546 | $ | 565 | |||||||||||||||||||
Portable storage units on rent (average during the period) | 455 | 469 | 458 | 429 | 451 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Average portable storage utilization rate | 55.5 | % | 57.5 | % | 57.0 | % | 54.0 | % | 55.6 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Average portable storage monthly rental rate | $ | 105 | $ | 105 | $ | 96 | $ | 101 | $ | 102 | |||||||||||||||||||
Pro Forma Quarterly Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2017
| (in thousands, except for units on rent and monthly rental rate) | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Full Year | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Modular space units on rent (average during the period) | 9,147 | 9,388 | 9,607 | 9,381 | 9,357 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Average modular space utilization rate | 54.3 | % | 56.0 | % | 57.9 | % | 57.0 | % | 56.9 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Average modular space monthly rental rate | $ | 564 | $ | 557 | $ | 576 | $ | 555 | $ | 564 | |||||||||||||||||||
Portable storage units on rent (average during the period) | 460 | 454 | 451 | 451 | 454 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Average portable storage utilization rate | 52.7 | % | 52.3 | % | 53.5 | % | 54.4 | % | 54.7 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Average portable storage monthly rental rate | $ | 98 | $ | 103 | $ | 109 | $ | 111 | $ | 105 | |||||||||||||||||||
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Overview
WillScot is a holding company that derives all of its operating cash flow from its operating subsidiaries. Our principal sources of liquidity include cash generated by operating activities from our subsidiaries, credit facilities, and sales of equity and debt securities.
Our liquidity as of December 31, 2018 consisted of cash and cash equivalents and unused commitments under our ABL Facility, which is discussed below. Our practice is to maintain sufficient liquidity through cash from operations and our ABL Facility, to mitigate the impacts of any adverse financial market conditions on our operations. We believe that cash generated from operations, together with amounts available under the ABL Facility, will be adequate to permit us to meet our obligations over the next 12 months. However, we cannot assure you that our cash provided by operating activities, cash and cash equivalents or cash available under our US ABL Facility or Canadian ABL Facility will be sufficient to meet our future needs. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flows from operations in the future, and if availability under our US ABL Facility or Canadian ABL Facility is not sufficient, we may have to obtain additional financing. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Capital Structure—Global capital and credit market conditions could materially and adversely affect our ability to access the capital and credit markets or the ability of key counterparties to perform their obligations to us.”
As of December 31, 2018, we had approximately $1.7 billion of total nominal indebtedness outstanding. We issued $300.0 million of 2023 Secured Notes and $200.0 million of Unsecured Notes during the year ended December 31, 2018 and expanded our ABL Facility to $1.425 billion. A substantial portion of our liquidity needs arise from debt service on our indebtedness and from the funding of our costs of operations and capital expenditures.
We may from time to time seek to retire our securities for cash or other consideration in open market purchases, privately-negotiated transactions, exchange offers or otherwise. Additionally, we may pursue additional strategic acquisitions. Any such transactions will depend on prevailing market conditions, our liquidity requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors.
Borrowing Capacity and Availability
Borrowing availability under the US ABL Facility and Canadian ABL Facility is equal to the lesser of $1.285 billion and $140.0 million and the US and Canadian Borrowing Bases (together, the “Line Cap”). The US and Canadian Borrowing Bases are a function of, among other things, the value of the assets in the relevant collateral pool.
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At December 31, 2018, the Line Cap was $1.425 billion and we had $532.6 million of available borrowing capacity under the ABL Facility, including $393.5 million under the US ABL Facility and $139.1 million under the Canadian ABL Facility.
See Part II, Item 8, Note 10 herein for further discussion of WillScot's indebtedness.
Cash Flows
Significant factors driving our liquidity include cash flows generated from operating activities and capital expenditures for rental equipment. With the exception of 2017 when we incurred significant discrete costs related to the Business Combination, we historically have generated and expect to continue to generate positive cash flow from operations.
Prior to the Business Combination in the fourth quarter of 2017, WSII was subject to a centralized cash management strategy utilized by the Algeco Group. As part of this strategy, significant intercompany notes due to and from Algeco Group affiliates were created to fund the operating needs of certain Algeco Group affiliates as well as to fund the debt obligations of the Algeco Group. The impact of these notes are included within investing and financing activities in our 2017 and 2016 consolidated statements of cash flows, but have no impact on the 2018 consolidated statement of cash flows or our future results. Additionally, prior to the Business Combination, the activity of the Remote Accommodations Business, which is no longer part of the Company, is included within the 2017 and 2016 consolidated statements of cash flows. The significant non-cash activity of the Remote Accommodations Business is discussed further in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements.
The following summarizes our change in cash and cash equivalents cash flows for the periods presented:
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | 37,149 | $ | (1,362) | $ | 58,731 | |||||||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | (1,217,202) | (392,650) | (30,236) | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 1,180,037 | 396,833 | (31,394) | ||||||||||||||
| Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | (211) | 202 | (241) | ||||||||||||||
| Net change in cash and cash equivalents | $ | (227) | $ | 3,023 | $ | (3,140) | |||||||||||
Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 and December 31, 2017 and 2016
Cash Flows from operating activities
Cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2018 was $37.1 million as compared to cash used in operating activities of $1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, an increase of $38.5 million. This was primarily due to a $30.1 million increase of net income, adjusted for non-cash items, during 2018 as compared to 2017 due to the impact of the Acton, Tyson, and ModSpace acquisitions on revenue and gross profit. A $8.5 million increase in the net movements of the operating assets and liabilities also contributed to the overall increase in cash provided by operating activities. This increase was driven by lower interest payments in 2018 compared to 2017, offset partially by higher use of cash to pay down accounts payable and accrued liabilities, both associated with transaction expenses incurred for the Business Combination as well as normal operating liabilities.
Cash used by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $1.4 million as compared to cash provided by operating activities of $58.7 million for year ended December 31, 2016, a decrease of $60.1 million. This was primarily due to a $66.8 million decrease of net income, adjusted for non-cash items, during 2018 as compared to 2017 due to higher discrete expenses incurred in connection with the Business Combination, ABL Facility, and the 2022 Senior Secured Notes, and lower gross profit on our continuing and discontinued business operations. The decrease was partially offset by a$6.7 million increase in the net movements of the operating assets and liabilities, driven by higher accruals associated with transactions expenses incurred related to the Business Combination.
Cash flows from investing activities
Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2018 was $1,217.2 million as compared to $392.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, an increase of $824.5 million. This increase was principally the result of an increase in cash used of $846.0 million for the acquisition of businesses and an increase in cash used of $49.2 million for the purchase of rental equipment. In 2018, we acquired ModSpace and Tyson for combined cash consideration of $1,083.1 million compared to the acquisition of Acton in 2017 for cash consideration of $237.1 million. We incurred capital expenditures for the purchase of rental equipment of $160.9 million and $111.7 million during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The increase in capital expenditures was driven primarily by strategic investment in refurbishment of existing fleet, purchase of VAPS, and new fleet purchases to maintain and grow units on rent. The increase in cash used in investing activities was partially offset by a $67.8 million decrease in cash used in lending activities to affiliates. In 2018, we did not engage in any lending activities as the notes due from affiliates were settled as part of the Business Combination in 2017.
Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $392.7 million as compared to $30.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, an increase of $362.5 million. This increase was principally the result of an increase in cash used of $237.1 million for the acquisition of a business, an increase in cash used of $42.6 million for the purchase of rental equipment, and an increase in cash used of $80.0 million on lending, net of repayments, on notes due from affiliates. In 2017, we acquired Acton for $237.1 million. We incurred capital expenditures for the purchase of rental equipment
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of $111.7 million and $69.1 million during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The increase in capital expenditures was driven by strategic investments in rental equipment driven by growth in units on rent. In addition, we had net lending on notes due from affiliates of $67.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to net proceeds from the repayment of notes due from affiliates of $12.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2016. These notes due from affiliates were settled in connection with the Business Combination.
Cash flows from financing activities
Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2018 was $1,180.0 million as compared to $396.8 million cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2017, an increase of $783.2 million. The increase is primarily driven by a $1,093.2 million increase in borrowings net of repayments and a $123.9 million decrease in net repayments on notes due to affiliates. In order to finance the cash consideration for the acquisition of ModSpace in the third quarter of 2018, we issued $300.0 million of 2023 Secured Notes, issued $200.0 million of Unsecured Notes, and borrowed an additional $597.1 million on the up-sized ABL Facility, which drove the overall increase in borrowings, net of repayments. In 2017, in connection with the Business Combination, the obligations under the notes due to affiliates were settled and there was no activity related to these notes in 2018. The increase in cash provided by financing activities was partially offset by a $424.6 million decrease in cash receipts from the issuance of common stock. We had cash receipts of $147.2 million and $571.8 million from the issuance of common stock during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The 2018 stock issuance was used to finance the acquisition of ModSpace and the 2017 stock issuance was made in connection with the Business Combination.
Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $396.8 million as compared to $31.4 million cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2016, an increase of $428.2 million. This increase is primarily driven by $571.8 million in proceeds received in connection with the Business Combination. This was offset by an increase of $135.6 million in the repayments in excess of borrowings on notes due to affiliates which were settled in connection with the Business Combination. In addition, payments of financing costs increased $29.3 million in connection with entering into the ABL Facility and the issuance of the 2022 Senior Secured Notes.
Contractual Obligations
The following table presents information relating to our contractual obligations and commercial commitments as of December 31, 2018:
| (in thousands) | Total | Less than 1 year | Between 1 to 3 Years | Between 3 and 5 years | More than 5 years | ||||||||||||
| Long-term indebtedness, including current portion and interest (a) (b) | $ | 2,184,842 | $ | 116,130 | $ | 233,815 | $ | 1,797,148 | $ | 37,749 | |||||||
| Capital lease obligations | 104 | 104 | — | — | — | ||||||||||||
| Operating lease obligations | 151,670 | 39,365 | 54,748 | 32,502 | 25,055 | ||||||||||||
Total | $ | 2,336,616 | $ | 155,599 | $ | 288,563 | $ | 1,829,650 | $ | 62,804 | |||||||
(a) Long-term indebtedness includes borrowings and interest under the ABL Facility, the 2022 Senior Secured Notes, the 2023 Senior Secured Notes, the Unsecured Notes and other debt and financing obligations.
(b) Includes the obligations under our interest rate swap agreement, that effectively convert $400.0 million in aggregate notional amount of variable-rate debt under the Company’s ABL Facility into fixed-rate debt. The future obligations under the interest rate swaps was calculated using the 1-month LIBOR rate as of December 31, 2018.
At December 31, 2018, in addition to the above contractual obligations, the Company had $23.6 million of potential long-term tax liabilities, including interest and penalties, related to uncertain tax positions. Because of the high degree of uncertainty regarding the future cash flows associated with these potential long-term tax liabilities, the Company is unable to estimate the years in which settlement will occur with the respective taxing authorities.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We have no off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future material effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and capital resources is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. GAAP requires that we make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amount of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses and the related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We base these estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we consider reasonable under the circumstances, and reevaluate our estimates and judgments as appropriate. The actual results experienced by us may differ materially and adversely from our estimates. We believe that the following critical accounting policies involve a higher degree of judgment or complexity in the preparation of financial statements:
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Revenue Recognition
The Company generates revenue from leasing, selling, delivering, installing, maintaining and removing new and used units. The Company enters into arrangements with a single deliverable as well as multiple deliverables. Revenue under arrangements with multiple deliverables is recognized separately for each unit of accounting with the arrangement consideration allocated based on the relative selling price method. To the extent that multiple contracts with a single counterparty are entered into, management considers whether they should be considered as one contract for accounting purposes.
Modular leasing and services revenue
Income from operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Delivery, installation, maintenance and removal services associated with rental activities are recognized upon completion of the related services.
The Company’s lease arrangements typically include lease deliverables, such as the lease of modular space or portable storage units and VAPS, and related non-lease services including delivery, installation, maintenance and removal services. Arrangement consideration is allocated between lease deliverables and non-lease deliverables based on the relative estimated selling (leasing) price of each deliverable. Estimated selling (leasing) price of the lease deliverables and non-lease deliverables is based upon the best estimate of selling price method. Lease agreements typically do not include an option for the lessee to purchase the assets.
When leases and services are billed in advance, recognition of revenue is deferred until services are rendered. If equipment is returned prior to the contractually obligated period, the excess, if any, between the amount the customer is contractually required to pay over the cumulative amount of revenue recognized to date, is recognized as incremental revenue upon return.
Rental equipment is primarily leased under operating leases. Operating lease minimum contractual terms generally range from 1 month to 60 months, and averaged approximately 10 months for the year ended December 31, 2018.
Leases are often extended or go beyond initial lease periods as month-to-month arrangements and are not considered in the committed lease revenues presented above.
Sales revenue
Sales revenue is primarily generated by the sale of new and used units. Revenue from the sale of new and used units is recognized upon delivery when there is evidence of an arrangement, the significant risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred to the buyer, the price is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured.
A portion of the Company's sales revenue is derived from certain contracts primarily with former ModSpace customers where revenue is recognized using percentage of completion ("POC") accounting. POC accounting is used when reasonably dependable estimates can be made regarding the outcome of the contract. For all other sales contracts, the Company uses the completed-contract method. Under POC accounting, income is recognized in proportion to the costs incurred to date under the contract compared to estimated total costs of the project. If a contract is expected to result in a loss, it will be recognized in profit or loss in the period in which that determination is made. For each POC contract in progress, an asset (costs in excess of billings included in prepaid and other current assets) or a liability (billings in excess of costs in accrued liabilities) is recognized.
Goodwill and Intangible Assets
The Company performs its annual impairment test of goodwill as of October 1 at the reporting unit level, as well as during any reporting period in which events or changes in circumstances that in management’s judgment may constitute triggering events under ASC 350-20 Intangibles – Goodwill and Other, Testing Goodwill for Impairment. The Company uses an independent valuation specialist for its annual impairment tests to assist in the valuation.
When assessing the fair value of the reporting units under the impairment test, management considers both the market approach and the income approach. Under the market approach, the fair value of the reporting unit is based on earnings multiples of comparable companies. Under the income approach, the fair value of the reporting unit is based on the present value of estimated cash flows. The income approach is dependent on a number of significant management assumptions, including estimated future revenue growth rates, discount rates and foreign exchange rates. Other estimates relate to tax payments, operating margins and capital expenditures.
Beginning with the 2016 impairment analysis, management began weighting the income approach valuation analysis at 100%. Management believes that the income method and assumptions therein are more reflective of the Company’s fair value given the considerable acquisition and combination activity in the last two years, as well as current market conditions.
If the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds the calculated fair value of the reporting unit, an impairment charge would be recognized for the excess, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.
The Company performs its annual goodwill impairment review on October 1.
As of October 1, 2016, it was determined that the fair value of the Mexico reporting unit, which is included in the Modular – Other North America segment, was less than its carrying value. As a result, the Company recorded a $5.5 million impairment charge on the goodwill associated with this reporting unit during the fourth quarter of 2016, which represented a full
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write-off of all goodwill associated with this reporting unit. The Company concluded that the goodwill associated with the US and Canadian reporting units was not impaired as of October 1, 2016.
As of October 1, 2017, it was determined that the fair value of the Canadian reporting unit, which is included in the Modular – Other North America segment, was less than its carrying value. Therefore, the Company recorded a $60.7 million impairment charge on the goodwill associated with this reporting unit during the fourth quarter of 2017, which represented a full write-off of all goodwill associated with this reporting unit based on the goodwill assigned to that reporting unit at the time of the 2017 goodwill impairment assessment. The Company concluded that the goodwill associated with the US reporting unit was not impaired as of October 1, 2017.
On August 15, 2018, the Company acquired ModSpace, a privately-owned provider of office trailers, portable storage units and modular buildings. Upon completion of the preliminary assignment of the fair values of the ModSpace assets acquired and liabilities assumed, $180.6 million of goodwill was allocated to the US reporting unit and $35.1 million of goodwill was allocated to the Canadian reporting unit.
The Company performed its goodwill impairment analysis as of October 1, 2018 and concluded that goodwill was not impaired. As of October 1, 2018, the US reporting unit was determined to have a fair value in excess of carrying value of over 100.0%. The Canadian reporting unit was determined to have a fair value in excess of carrying value of approximately 2.0%.
In December 2018, there was a significant decline in the debt and equity capital markets, including the Company’s stock price, which constituted an indicator of potential impairment in management's judgment. As a result, the Company performed an interim goodwill impairment test as of December 31, 2018. The interim impairment analysis determined that there was no impairment of goodwill for either the US and Canadian reporting units as of December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2018, the US reporting unit continued to have a fair value in excess of carrying value of over 100.0%. The Canadian reporting unit was determined to have a fair value in excess of carrying value of less than 1.0% as of December 31, 2018.
At December 31, 2018, there was $33.8 million of goodwill allocated to the Canadian reporting unit. If all assumptions were held constant, a 1% increase in the discount rate would result in a $30.9 million decrease in the estimated fair value of the Canadian reporting unit and would result in impairment of a portion of the Company’s goodwill. A 1% decrease in the discount rate would result in a $41.1 million increase in the estimated fair value of the Canadian reporting unit. We continue to monitor actual results versus forecasted results and external factors that may impact the enterprise value of the reporting unit.
There are inherent uncertainties and judgments involved when determining the fair value of the reporting units for purposes of the Company’s annual goodwill impairment testing. The success of the reporting unit depends on the achievement of certain key assumptions developed by management that are used in the discounted cash flow analyses. These are contingent upon various factors including, but not limited to (i) achieving revenue growth through pricing, increased units on rent, increased penetration of value added products and services, and other commercial strategies, (ii) efficient management of operations and fleet through maintenance and capital investment, and, (iii) achieving margin expectations, including integration synergies with acquired companies. In addition, some of the estimates and assumptions used in determining the fair value of the reporting units including the discount rate, foreign currency rates, and growth rates, utilize inputs that are outside the control of management and dependent on market and economic conditions. These assumptions are inherently uncertain and deterioration of market and economic conditions would adversely impact the Company's ability to meet its projected results.
The income approach requires us to make certain estimates and judgments. To arrive at the future cash flows, the Company uses estimates of economic and market information, including growth rates in revenues and costs, working capital and capital expenditure requirements, operating margins, projected foreign exchange rates and tax rates. Several of the assumptions used in the Company’s discounted cash flow analysis are based upon its multi-year financial plan. The Company’s annual planning process takes into consideration many factors including: the Company’s historical results and operating performance, related industry trends, pricing and other commercial strategies, operational considerations, and market data, among other things. Assumptions are also made for periods beyond the multi-year financial plan period.
The discount rate used in the income approach is determined using a weighted-average cost of capital and reflects the risks and uncertainties in the cash flow estimates. The weighted-average cost of capital includes a cost of debt and equity. The cost of equity is estimated using the capital asset pricing model, which includes inputs for a long-term risk-free rate, equity risk premium, company/small stock risk premium, an asset beta appropriate for the assets in the reporting unit, as well as Company-specific premiums or discounts that may be applied in management’s judgment.
The Company’s estimates of fair value are sensitive to the aforementioned inputs to the valuation approach. If any one of the above inputs changes, it could reduce or increase the estimated fair value of the affected reporting unit. A reduction in the fair value of a reporting unit could result in an impairment charge up to the full amount of goodwill reported. Some of the inputs, such as forecasts of revenue and earnings growth, are subject to change given their operational uncertainty. Other inputs, such as the discount rate and foreign currency rates, are subject to change as they are outside of the Company’s control.
Although the Company believes that it has sufficient historical and projected information available to test for goodwill impairment, it is possible that actual results could differ from the estimates used in its impairment tests. Of the key assumptions that impact the goodwill impairment test, the expected future cash flows, discount rate and foreign exchange
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rates are among the most sensitive and are considered to be critical assumptions, as changes to these estimates could have an effect on the estimated fair value of each of the Company’s reporting units.
Accounting for Acquisitions
The Company has made a number of acquisitions in the past and may continue to make acquisitions in the future. The assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recorded based on their respective fair values at the date of acquisition. Long-lived assets (principally rental equipment), goodwill and other intangible assets generally represent the largest components of our acquisitions. Rental equipment is valued utilizing a replacement cost approach. The intangible assets that the Company has acquired are trade names, and favorable lease rights. The estimated fair values of these intangible assets reflect various assumptions about discount rates, revenue growth rates, operating margins, terminal values, useful lives and other prospective financial information. Goodwill is calculated as the excess of the cost of the acquired entity over the net of the fair value of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. Trade names and favorable lease rights are valued based on an excess earnings or income approach based on projected cash flows.
Determining the fair value of the assets and liabilities acquired is judgmental in nature and can involve the use of significant estimates and assumptions. The judgments made in determining the estimated fair value assigned to the assets acquired, as well as the estimated life of the assets, can materially impact net income in periods subsequent to the acquisition through depreciation and amortization, and in certain instances through impairment charges, if the asset becomes impaired in the future.
Upon completion of an acquisition the Company acquires other assets and assumes liabilities. These other assets and liabilities typically include, but are not limited to, parts inventory, accounts receivable, accounts payable and other working capital items. Because of their short-term nature, the fair values of these other assets and liabilities generally approximate the book values on the acquired entities' balance sheets
Rental Equipment
Rental equipment is comprised of modular space and portable storage units held for rental to customers and VAPS which are in use or available to be used by customers. Rental equipment is measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses. Rental equipment acquired through acquisitions is measured at fair value utilizing a replacement cost approach as part of purchase accounting. Cost includes expenditures that are directly attributable to the acquisition of the asset. Costs of improvements and betterments to rental equipment are capitalized when such costs extend the useful life of the equipment or increase the rental value of the unit. Costs incurred for equipment to meet a particular customer specification are capitalized and depreciated over the lease term. Maintenance and repair costs are expensed as incurred.
Depreciation is generally computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives, as follows:
| Estimated Useful Life | Residual Value | |||||||
| Modular space and portable storage units | 10 - 20 years | 20 - 50% | ||||||
| VAPS and other related rental equipment | 2 – 8 years | 0% | ||||||
Receivables and Allowances for Doubtful Accounts
Receivables primarily consist of amounts due from customers from the lease or sale of modular space and portable storage units, their delivery and installation and VAPS. The trade accounts receivable are recorded net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance for doubtful accounts is based upon the amount of losses expected to be incurred in the collection of these accounts. The estimated losses are based upon a review of outstanding receivables, including specific accounts and the related aging, and on historical collection experience. Specific accounts are written off against the allowance when management determines the account is uncollectible.
Income Taxes
Uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation of complex tax regulations, changes in tax laws and the amount and timing of future taxable income. Differences arising between the actual results and the assumptions made in such interpretation, or future changes to such assumptions, could necessitate future adjustments to tax benefit and expense already recorded. Based on reasonable estimates, management establishes provisions for possible consequences of audits by the tax authorities of the respective countries in which the Company operates. The amount of such provisions is based on GAAP guidance for uncertainty in income taxes. The ultimate resolution of tax audits and interpretations of tax regulations could necessitate future adjustments to provisions established, which would likely affect the Company’s income tax expense or benefit and profit or loss.
Deferred tax assets are recognized for all unused tax losses to the extent that it is more likely than not that taxable profit will be available against which the losses can be utilized. Significant judgment is required to determine the amount of deferred tax assets that can be recognized, based upon the likely timing and level of future taxable profits, combined with future tax planning strategies.
On December 22, 2017, President Trump signed the Tax Act into legislation, which significantly revises the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. The Tax Act contains, among other things, significant changes to corporate taxation, including reduction of the corporate tax rate from a top marginal rate of 35% to a flat rate of 21%, shifts the US from worldwide to territorial system of taxation, imposes a one-time inclusion (the "Mandatory Inclusion") to US tax at effective tax rates of 15.5% for non-US cash and cash equivalents and 8% for remainder, if any of the accumulated untaxed non-US earnings of
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non-US subsidiaries, introduces US tax on certain non-US earnings taxed at lower rates notwithstanding a territorial system of taxation (“GILTI”), introduces an alternate tax to the extent certain requisite thresholds are met to prevent taxpayers from eroding the US tax base with deductible payments to non-US subsidiaries (“BEAT”), imposes a limitation on deductibility of interest expense to 30% of US taxable income (with certain adjustments through 2021), and imposes limitations on deductibility of executive compensation to $1.0 million. Please refer to Note 13 to our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report for additional information regarding the Tax Act and its impact on our financial results as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018.
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Supplemental Unaudited Pro Forma Financial Information
The following unaudited pro forma financial information has been prepared for WillScot, in accordance with SEC Regulation S-X Article 11, for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. The unaudited pro forma income statements for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 present the historical consolidated statement of operations of WillScot for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, giving effect to the following items as if they had occurred on January 1, 2017:
ithe acquisition of ModSpace, including the issuance of shares of our Class A common stock and the 2018 Warrants to purchase shares of common stock to the sellers of ModSpace;
iithe financing transactions (the "Financing Transactions"), including: the issuance of 9,200,000 of our Class A common stock (see Note 12 to our consolidated financial statements), the entry into the ABL Facility, as amended, (see Note 10 to our consolidated financial statements) and the issuance of $300.0 million of the 2023 Secured Notes and $200.0 million of Unsecured Notes (see Note 10 to our consolidated financial statements);
iiithe effects of the Business Combination of Double Eagle and WSII; and
ivthe transaction costs incurred in connection with the acquisition of ModSpace, Acton, the Financing Transactions, and the Business Combination.
The adjustments presented on the unaudited pro forma financial statements have been identified and presented to provide relevant information necessary for an accurate understanding of the combined company following the transactions and events described above. The unaudited pro forma financial information set forth below is based upon available information and assumptions that we believe are reasonable and is for illustrative purposes only. The financial results may have been different if the transactions described above had actually been completed sooner. You should not rely on the unaudited pro forma financial information as being indicative of the historical results that would have been achieved if these transactions and events had been completed as of January 1, 2017. The unaudited pro forma combined financial information below should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes of the Company included elsewhere in this Form 10-K. All pro forma adjustments and their underlying assumptions are described more fully in the notes below.
Accounting Policies
During the preparation of these unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial statements, the Company assessed whether there were any material differences between the Company’s accounting policies and Acton and ModSpace’s accounting policies. The assessment performed did not identify any material differences and as such, these unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial statements do not adjust for or assume any differences in accounting policies between WillScot, Acton and ModSpace. Following the acquisitions, Acton and ModSpace conformed to the Company’s accounting policies and financial statement presentation classifications.
Pro forma Presentation
The following unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information and associated notes are based on the historical financial statements of WillScot, Acton and ModSpace described below. Our fiscal year is different than ModSpace’s historical fiscal year. Our fiscal year ends on December 31, while ModSpace’s historical fiscal year ends on September 30. In preparing the unaudited pro forma condensed combined statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2017, certain historical financial information for ModSpace was reclassified to align with WillScot’s annual reporting period. To adjust the historical operating results of ModSpace’s September 30 fiscal year, we added the operating results for the three months ended December 31, 2017 (Successor), and subtracted the operating results for the three months ended December 31, 2016 (Predecessor) from the year ended September 30, 2017 for the ModSpace statement of operations, to arrive at the reclassified statement of operations for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017 for ModSpace. To derive the historical operating results of ModSpace for the period ended August 15, 2018, we subtracted the operating results for the three months ended December 31, 2017 (Successor) from the nine months ended June 30, 2018 for the ModSpace statement of operations, to arrive at the reclassified statement of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and added the results of operations from the period of July 1, 2018 to August 15, 2018 (“Stub period”) to arrive at the ModSpace results of operations from the period January 1, 2018 to August 15, 2018, the date of the ModSpace Acquisition. The ModSpace operating results for
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the three months ended December 31, 2017 are derived from the historical unaudited interim financial statements of ModSpace. The three month period was derived by taking the ModSpace historical unaudited statement of operations for the six months ended March 31, 2018, and subtracting the three months ended March 31, 2018. In addition, certain reclassifications were made to the reported financial information of ModSpace to conform to the reporting classifications of WillScot.
The unaudited pro forma condensed combined statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018 combines: the audited historical consolidated statement of operations of WillScot for the year ended December 31, 2018 (historical statements include Acton operating results as it was a wholly owned subsidiary of WillScot during this period); and the reclassified unaudited historical consolidated statement of operations of ModSpace for the period from January 1, 2018 through August 15, 2018 (the ModSpace operating results from August 16, 2018 to September 30, 2018 are included in the WillScot historical financial statements as it was a wholly owned subsidiary of WillScot during that period).
The unaudited pro forma condensed combined statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2017 combines: the audited historical consolidated statement of operations for WillScot for the year ended December 31, 2017; the reclassified unaudited historical consolidated statement of operations of ModSpace for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017; and the unaudited historical consolidated statement of operations of Acton for the period from January 1, 2017 to December 20, 2017.
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Unaudited Pro Forma Results of Operations for the Year ended December 31, 2018
| (in thousands) | Historical WillScot for the year ended December 31, 2018 | Historical ModSpace reclassified for the period from January 1, 2018 to August 15, 2018 (Successor) | ModSpace Acquisition Adjustments | Other Financing Transaction Adjustments | Pro Forma Combined | ||||||||||||||||||
| Revenues: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Leasing and services revenue: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Modular leasing | $ | 518,235 | $ | 172,572 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 690,807 | |||||||||||||
| Modular delivery and installation | 154,557 | 72,285 | — | — | 226,842 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Sales: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| New units | 53,603 | 47,087 | — | — | 100,690 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Rental units | 25,017 | 20,665 | — | — | 45,682 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenues | 751,412 | 312,609 | — | — | 1,064,021 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Costs: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Costs of leasing and services: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Modular leasing | 143,120 | 45,653 | — | — | 188,773 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Modular delivery and installation | 143,950 | 57,663 | — | — | 201,613 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Costs of sales: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| New units | 36,863 | 35,891 | — | — | 72,754 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Rental units | 16,659 | 13,818 | — | — | 30,477 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation of rental equipment | 121,436 | 30,203 | (6,014) | (1a) | — | 145,625 | |||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit | 289,384 | 129,381 | 6,014 | — | 424,779 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Expenses: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | 254,871 | 108,690 | (28,933) | (1b) | — | 334,628 | |||||||||||||||||
| Other depreciation and amortization | 13,304 | 6,894 | (4,317) | (1c) | — | 15,881 | |||||||||||||||||
| Impairment losses on goodwill | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| Impairment losses on property, plant and equipment | 1,600 | — | — | — | 1,600 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Restructuring costs | 15,468 | — | — | — | 15,468 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Currency losses, net | 2,454 | — | — | — | 2,454 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Other (income) expense, net | (4,574) | 975 | — | — | (3,599) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Operating income | 6,261 | 12,822 | 39,264 | — | 58,347 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | 98,433 | 20,279 | — | 649 | (1f) | 119,361 | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest income | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||
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| Loss from continuing operations before income tax | (92,172) | (7,457) | 39,264 | (649) | (61,014) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Income tax (benefit) expense | (38,600) | 574 | 7,191 | (1d) | (167) | (1d) | (31,002) | ||||||||||||||||
| (Loss) income from continuing operations | (53,572) | (8,031) | 32,073 | (482) | (30,012) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Income from discontinued operations, net of tax | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| Net (loss) income | (53,572) | (8,031) | 32,073 | (482) | (30,012) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Net (loss) income attributable to non-controlling interest, net of tax | (4,532) | — | 1,954 | (1e) | — | (2,578) | |||||||||||||||||
| Total (loss) income attributable to WillScot | $ | (49,040) | $ | (8,031) | $ | 30,119 | $ | (482) | $ | (27,434) | |||||||||||||
Unaudited Pro Forma Results of Operations for the Year ended December 31, 2017
| Historical ModSpace (Reclassified) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | Historical WillScot for the year ended December 31, 2017 | Business Combination Adjustment | Historical Acton from January 1, 2017 to December 20, 2017 | Acton Acquisition Adjustment | Pro Forma As Adjusted | January 1, 2017 to March 2, 2017 (Predecessor) | March 3, 2017 to December 31, 2017 (Successor) | ModSpace Acquisition Adjustments | Other Financing Transaction Adjustments | Pro Forma Combined | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenues: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Leasing and services revenue: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Modular leasing | $ | 297,821 | $ | — | $ | 47,091 | $ | — | $ | 344,912 | $ | 41,493 | $ | 209,237 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 595,642 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Modular delivery and installation | 89,850 | — | 38,460 | — | 128,310 | 16,961 | 95,547 | — | — | 240,818 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sales: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| New units | 36,371 | — | 4,869 | — | 41,240 | 7,924 | 40,402 | — | — | 89,566 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rental units | 21,900 | — | 3,493 | — | 25,393 | 4,405 | 27,510 | — | — | 57,308 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenues | 445,942 | — | 93,913 | — | 539,855 | 70,783 | 372,696 | — | — | 983,334 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Costs: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Costs of leasing and services: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Modular leasing | 83,588 | — | 16,152 | — | 99,740 | 11,414 | 61,347 | — | — | 172,501 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Modular delivery and installation | 85,477 | — | 22,394 | — | 107,871 | 14,652 | 78,511 | — | — | 201,034 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Costs of sales: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| New units | 26,025 | — | 3,733 | — | 29,758 | 6,445 | 31,676 | — | — | 67,879 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rental units | 12,643 | — | 1,633 | — | 14,276 | 3,356 | 19,346 | — | — | 36,978 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation of rental equipment | 72,639 | — | 12,438 | 5,664 | (3a) | 90,741 | 10,808 | 41,678 | (13,784) | (1a) | — | 129,443 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit | 165,570 | — | 37,563 | (5,664) | 197,469 | 24,108 | 140,138 | 13,784 | — | 375,499 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Expenses: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | 162,351 | — | 33,157 | (5,410) | (3b)(3c)(3g) | 190,098 | 18,209 | 101,304 | — | — | 309,611 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other depreciation and amortization | 8,653 | — | 2,608 | 374 | (3d) | 11,635 | 1,383 | 8,158 | (6,105) | (1c) | — | 15,071 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Impairment losses on goodwill | 60,743 | — | — | — | 60,743 | — | — | — | — | 60,743 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Restructuring costs | 2,196 | — | — | — | 2,196 | 3,164 | 3,939 | — | — | 9,299 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Currency (gains) losses, net | (12,878) | 10,830 | (2a) | — | — | (2,048) | — | — | — | — | (2,048) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other expense (income), net | 2,827 | — | — | — | 2,827 | (227) | 3,522 | — | — | 6,122 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss on reorganization items, net | — | — | — | — | — | 92,450 | — | — | — | 92,450 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Operating (loss) income | (58,322) | (10,830) | 1,798 | (628) | (67,982) | (90,871) | 23,215 | 19,889 | — | (115,749) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | 119,308 | (77,373) | (2b) | 5,049 | 4,199 | (3e) | 51,183 | 15,275 | 25,137 | — | 29,889 | (1f) | 121,484 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest income | (12,232) | 12,177 | (2b) | — | — | (55) | — | — | — | — | (55) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Loss) income from continuing operations before income tax | (165,398) | 54,366 | (3,251) | (4,827) | (119,110) | (106,146) | (1,922) | 19,889 | (29,889) | (237,178) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income tax (benefit) expense | (936) | 14,026 | (2c) | — | (2,084) | (3f) | 11,006 | (9,516) | (9,023) | 5,131 | (1d) | (7,711) | (1d) | (10,113) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Loss) income from continuing operations | (164,462) | 40,340 | (3,251) | (2,743) | (130,116) | (96,630) | 7,101 | 14,758 | (22,178) | (227,065) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Income from discontinued operations, net of tax | 14,650 | — | — | — | 14,650 | — | — | — | — | 14,650 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net (loss) income | (149,812) | 40,340 | (3,251) | (2,743) | (115,466) | (96,630) | 7,101 | 14,758 | (22,178) | (212,415) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest, net of tax | (2,110) | — | — | — | (2,110) | — | — | (18,261) | (1e) | — | (20,371) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total (loss) income attributable to WillScot | $ | (147,702) | $ | 40,340 | $ | (3,251) | $ | (2,743) | $ | (113,356) | $ | (96,630) | $ | 7,101 | $ | 33,019 | $ | (22,178) | $ | (192,044) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Notes to Unaudited Pro Forma Statements
1. ModSpace Acquisition and related Financing Transaction adjustments to the Unaudited Pro Forma Statement of Operations:
aRepresents the differential in depreciation expense relating to the provisional fair value purchase accounting adjustments and estimated useful lives, at the time of the ModSpace acquisition, of $6.0 million and $13.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
bRepresents the elimination of $14.8 million of non-recurring transaction costs expensed by WillScot as part of the ModSpace acquisition during the year ended December 31, 2018 and $14.1 million of non-recurring transaction costs incurred by ModSpace as part of the ModSpace acquisition for the period from January 1, 2018 to August 15, 2018.
cRepresents the differential in depreciation and amortization expense relating to the provisional fair value purchase accounting adjustments and estimated useful lives, at the time of the ModSpace acquisition, of $4.3 million and $6.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
dThis adjustment reflects the income tax expense/benefit effects of the unaudited pro forma adjustments based on applicable statutory tax rates for the jurisdictions associated with the respective pro forma adjustments. Because the tax rates used for these unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial statements are an estimate, the blended rate will likely vary from the actual effective rate in periods subsequent to completion of the ModSpace acquisition. Because the combined company will be in a tax loss position in 2017, all pro forma adjustments for US tax effects are at the US (federal and state) statutory tax rate of 25.8% since the adjustments represent future deductible or taxable temporary differences.
eReflects the pro forma adjustment for the change in non-controlling interest as a result of dilution from the issuance of additional WS Holdings shares in connection with the acquisition from 10.0% to approximately 9.0%. Refer to Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements for further discussion.
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fReflects the incremental interest expense related to the Company’s debt structure after the ModSpace acquisition as though such instruments had been issued January 1, 2017. This debt structure is comprised of the 2023 Secured Notes, the Unsecured Notes and the borrowings under the ABL Facility, and is adjusted to remove non-recurring financing fees incurred for undrawn bridge commitments as follows:
| (in thousands) | Year Ended December 31, 2018 | Year Ended December 31, 2017 | |||||||||
| Interest on incremental borrowings under the ABL Facility | $ | 13,545 | $ | 23,244 | |||||||
| Interest on the 2023 Secured Notes | 13,097 | 20,625 | |||||||||
| Interest on the Unsecured Notes | 11,894 | 20,000 | |||||||||
| Amortization of debt issuance costs | 2,892 | 6,432 | |||||||||
| Reversal of non-recurring WillScot historical financing charges | (20,500) | — | |||||||||
| Reversal of ModSpace historical interest | (20,279) | (40,412) | |||||||||
| Net pro forma adjustment | $ | 649 | $ | 29,889 | |||||||
gPro forma loss per common share for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, has been calculated based on the estimated weighted average number of common shares outstanding on a pro forma basis, as described below. The pro forma weighted average number of common shares outstanding has been calculated as if the 9,200,000 shares issued in the equity offering and the 8,024,419 shares issued as consideration in the ModSpace acquisition had been issued and outstanding on January 1, 2017. Diluted shares have not been presented due to the anti-dilutive impact on net losses for periods presented.
The following table sets forth the computation of weighted average common and diluted shares outstanding:
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| Historical WillScot weighted average shares | 87,209,605 | 19,760,189 | |||||||||
| Recapitalization as a result of the Business Combination (1) | — | 52,459,585 | |||||||||
| Adjusted weighted average shares as a result of the Business Combination | 87,209,605 | 72,219,774 | |||||||||
| Weighted average shares for the equity offering | 7,125,275 | 9,200,000 | |||||||||
| Adjusted weighted average shares as a result of the equity offering | 94,334,880 | 81,419,774 | |||||||||
| Common stock consideration for the ModSpace acquisition | 5,322,716 | 6,458,299 | |||||||||
| Release of founders shares upon Qualifying Acquisition (2) | 1,699,633 | 2,000,000 | |||||||||
| Pro forma weighted average shares outstanding | 101,357,229 | 89,878,073 | |||||||||
(1) Represents the incremental shares to reflect the weighted average shares outstanding calculation as if the Business Combination had occurred as of January 1, 2017. As the Business Combination occurred in November 2017, the historical weighted average share calculation only includes those shares for part of the year.
(2) The ModSpace acquisition constituted a Qualifying Acquisition (as defined in the Earnout Agreement) (see Note 2). The occurrence of the Qualifying Acquisition resulted in (i) the release of all remaining escrowed shares and the termination of the lock-up restrictions imposed on 2015 Warrants under the earnout arrangement, and (ii) the termination of the Earnout Agreement and associated escrow agreement.
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2. Business Combination and related Financing Transaction adjustments to the Unaudited Pro Forma Statement of Operations:
aRepresents the elimination of foreign currency translation loss related to the historical related party debt of the Company that was settled as part of the Business Combination for the year ended December 31, 2017.
bRepresents the elimination of the historical interest income and expense associated with related party debt instruments that were settled as part of the Business Combination, and an adjustment to reflect interest expense on (i) the $300.0 million of 2022 Secured Notes issued on the date of the Business Combination and (ii) the ABL Facility as if such instruments were outstanding beginning January 1, 2017.
cThis adjustment reflects the income tax expense/benefit effects of the unaudited pro forma adjustments based on applicable statutory tax rates for the jurisdictions associated with the respective pro forma adjustments. Because the tax rates used for these unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial statements are an estimate, the blended rate will likely vary from the actual effective rate in periods subsequent to completion of the ModSpace acquisition. Because the combined pro forma company will be in tax loss position in 2017, all pro forma adjustments for US tax effects are at the federal and state US statutory tax rate of 25.8%.
3. Acquisition of Acton and related Financing Transaction adjustments to the Unaudited Pro Forma Statement of Operations:
aRepresents an adjustment to depreciation expense of $5.7 million as a result of a step up in fair value for rental equipment for the period from January 1, 2017 to December 20, 2017, respectively.
bRepresents the elimination of $5.5 million of non-recurring transaction costs incurred by Acton as part of the Acton acquisition for the period from January 1, 2017 to December 20, 2017, respectively.
cRepresents an adjustment of $0.1 million to SG&A expense as a result of a step-up in fair value of the leases acquired for the year ended December 31, 2017.
dRepresents the incremental depreciation and amortization expense of $0.7 million and $(0.3) million, respectively relating to the fair value of intangible assets and other property, plant and equipment acquired in the Acton Acquisition for the period from January 1, 2017 to December 20, 2017.
eRepresents the incremental interest expense of approximately $4.2 million under the ABL Facility related to the incremental indebtedness of $237.1 million incurred for the Acton acquisition for the period from January 1, 2017 to December 20, 2017. The weighted average interest rate of the borrowings was 4.35%.
fThis adjustment reflects the income tax expense/benefit effects of the unaudited pro forma adjustments based on applicable statutory tax rates for the jurisdictions associated with the respective pro forma adjustments. As the combined pro forma company will be in tax loss position in 2017, all pro forma adjustments for US tax effects are at the federal and state US statutory tax rate of 25.8% since the adjustments represent future deductible or taxable temporary differences.
gTransaction costs of $5.5 million in Acton’s historical statement of operations for the period ended December 20, 2017 was reclassified to SG&A expense to conform to the Company’s historical presentation.
67
Reconciliation of Consolidated Pro Forma Adjusted EBITDA
The following unaudited table provides a reconciliation of Net loss to pro forma unaudited Adjusted EBITDA:
| (in thousands) | Pro Forma Combined Year Ended December 31, 2018 | Pro Forma Combined Year Ended December 31, 2017 | ||||||||||||
| Net loss | $ | (30,012) | $ | (212,415) | ||||||||||
| Income from discontinued operations, net of tax | — | 14,650 | ||||||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations | (30,012) | (227,065) | ||||||||||||
| Income tax benefit | (31,002) | (10,113) | ||||||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations before income tax | (61,014) | (237,178) | ||||||||||||
| Interest expense, net | 119,361 | 121,429 | ||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 161,506 | 144,514 | ||||||||||||
| Currency losses (gains), net | 2,454 | (2,048) | ||||||||||||
| Goodwill and other impairments | 1,600 | 60,743 | ||||||||||||
| Reorganization costs | — | 92,450 | ||||||||||||
| Adjusted rental revenue resulting from fresh start | — | 9,944 | ||||||||||||
| Restructuring costs | 15,468 | 9,299 | ||||||||||||
| Transaction costs | 5,261 | (a) | 23,881 | (a) | ||||||||||
| Integration costs | 30,006 | (a) | 814 | (a) | ||||||||||
| Stock compensation expense | 5,581 | (a) | 11,905 | (a) | ||||||||||
| Other expense | 4,305 | 2,101 | ||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 284,528 | $ | 237,854 | ||||||||||
(a) The unaudited pro forma condensed combined statement of operations do not give effect to the elimination of non-recurring reorganization gains, synergies as a result of restructuring, losses, or expenses incurred in connection with ModSpace’s exit from bankruptcy in March 2017. In addition, included within the Company’s historical statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2017 are the following costs; (i) $15.1 million from related to Corporate and other segment; (ii) $60.7 million in goodwill impairment; (iii) $23.9 million in transaction fees; (iv) $9.4 million in Algeco long-term incentive plans; (v) currency gains of $12.9 million; (vi) restructuring costs of $2.2 million; and (vii) other expense of $2.5 million.
68
Reconciliation of Pro Forma Adjusted EBITDA by Segment
The following unaudited table provides a reconciliation of Net (loss) income to pro forma unaudited Adjusted EBITDA by Segment:
| Year Ended December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | Modular - US | Modular - Other North America | Corporate and Other | Pro Forma Adjustments | Pro Forma Combined | ||||||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations before income tax | $ | (90,591) | $ | (9,038) | $ | — | $ | 38,615 | $ | (61,014) | |||||||
| Interest expense, net (a) | 114,172 | 4,540 | — | 649 | 119,361 | ||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 152,597 | 19,240 | — | (10,331) | 161,506 | ||||||||||||
| Currency losses, net | 509 | 1,945 | — | — | 2,454 | ||||||||||||
| Goodwill and other impairments | 1,600 | — | — | — | 1,600 | ||||||||||||
| Restructuring costs | 13,930 | 1,538 | — | — | 15,468 | ||||||||||||
| Transaction costs | 33,811 | 383 | — | (28,933) | 5,261 | ||||||||||||
| Integration costs | 29,260 | 746 | — | — | 30,006 | ||||||||||||
| Stock compensation expense | 5,581 | — | — | — | 5,581 | ||||||||||||
| Other expense | 1,635 | 2,670 | — | — | 4,305 | ||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 262,504 | $ | 22,024 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 284,528 | |||||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2017 | |||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | Modular - US | Modular - Other North America | Corporate and Other | Pro Forma Adjustments | Pro Forma Combined | ||||||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations before income tax | $ | (58,230) | $ | (130,014) | $ | (88,473) | $ | 39,539 | $ | (237,178) | |||||||
| Interest expense, net | 107,224 | 8,549 | 36,764 | (31,108) | 121,429 | ||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 136,964 | 19,095 | 2,306 | (13,851) | 144,514 | ||||||||||||
| Currency (gains) losses, net | (10,942) | (1,040) | (896) | 10,830 | (2,048) | ||||||||||||
| Goodwill and other impairments | — | 60,743 | — | — | 60,743 | ||||||||||||
| Reorganization costs | 22,548 | 69,902 | — | — | 92,450 | ||||||||||||
| Adjusted rental revenue resulting from fresh start | 9,044 | 900 | — | — | 9,944 | ||||||||||||
| Restructuring costs | 6,793 | 646 | 1,860 | — | 9,299 | ||||||||||||
| Transaction costs | 7,321 | — | 22,040 | (5,480) | 23,881 | ||||||||||||
| Integration costs | 814 | — | — | — | 814 | ||||||||||||
| Stock compensation expense | 2,638 | — | 9,267 | — | 11,905 | ||||||||||||
| Other expense | 59 | 22 | 2,020 | — | 2,101 | ||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 224,233 | $ | 28,803 | $ | (15,112) | $ | (70) | $ | 237,854 | |||||||
69
ITEM 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
We are exposed to certain market risks from changes in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates. Changes in these factors cause fluctuations in our earnings and cash flows. We evaluate and manage exposure to these market risks as follows:
Interest Rate Risk
We are primarily exposed to interest rate risk through our ABL Facility, which bears interest at variable rates based on LIBOR. We had $879.4 million in outstanding principal under the ABL Facility at December 31, 2018.
In order to manage this risk, On November 6, 2018, WSII entered into an interest rate swap agreement that effectively converts $400.0 million in aggregate notional amount of variable-rate debt under our ABL Facility into fixed-rate debt. The swap agreement will terminate on May 29, 2022, at the same time our ABL Facility matures. The swap agreement provides for WillScot to pay a fixed rate of 3.06% per annum on the outstanding debt in exchange for receiving a variable interest rate based on 1-month LIBOR. The effect is a synthetically fixed rate of 5.56% on the $400.0 million notional amount, when including the current applicable margin.
An increase in interest rates by 100 basis points on our ABL Facility, inclusive of the impact of our interest rate swaps, would increase annual interest expense by approximately $4.7 million.
Foreign Currency Risk
We currently generate the majority of our consolidated net revenues in the US, and the reporting currency for our consolidated financial statements is the US dollar. As our net revenues and expenses generated outside of the US increase, our results of operations could be adversely impacted by changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Since we recognize foreign revenues in local foreign currencies, if the US dollar strengthens, it could have a negative impact on our foreign revenues upon translation of those results into the US dollar for consolidation into our financial statements.
In addition, we are exposed to gains and losses resulting from fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates on transactions generated by our foreign subsidiaries in currencies other than their local currencies. These gains and losses are primarily driven by intercompany transactions and rental equipment purchases denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the purchasing entity. These exposures are included in currency (gains) losses, net, on the consolidated statements of operations.
To date, we have not entered into any hedging arrangements with respect to foreign currency risk.
Seasonality
Although demand from certain of our customers is seasonal, our operations as a whole are not impacted in any material respect by seasonality.
Impact of Inflation
Inflationary factors such as increases in the cost of our product and overhead costs may adversely affect our operating results. We do not believe that inflation has had a material effect on our results of operations.
70
8. Financial Statements and Supplementary
Data
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of WillScot Corporation:
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of WillScot Corporation (the Company) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2017.
Baltimore, Maryland
March 15, 2019
71
WillScot Corporation
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(in thousands, except share data)
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| Assets | |||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 8,958 | $ | 9,185 | |||||||
| Trade receivables, net of allowances for doubtful accounts at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 of $9,340 and $4,845, respectively | 206,502 | 94,820 | |||||||||
| Inventories | 16,218 | 10,082 | |||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 21,828 | 13,696 | |||||||||
| Assets held for sale | 2,841 | — | |||||||||
| Total current assets | 256,347 | 127,783 | |||||||||
| Rental equipment, net | 1,929,290 | 1,040,146 | |||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment, net | 183,750 | 83,666 | |||||||||
| Goodwill | 247,017 | 28,609 | |||||||||
| Intangible assets, net | 131,801 | 126,259 | |||||||||
| Other non-current assets | 4,280 | 4,279 | |||||||||
| Total long-term assets | 2,496,138 | 1,282,959 | |||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 2,752,485 | $ | 1,410,742 | |||||||
| Liabilities and equity | |||||||||||
| Accounts payable | $ | 90,353 | $ | 57,051 | |||||||
| Accrued liabilities | 84,696 | 48,912 | |||||||||
| Accrued interest | 20,237 | 2,704 | |||||||||
| Deferred revenue and customer deposits | 71,778 | 45,182 | |||||||||
| Current portion of long-term debt | 1,959 | 1,881 | |||||||||
| Total current liabilities | 269,023 | 155,730 | |||||||||
| Long-term debt | 1,674,540 | 624,865 | |||||||||
| Deferred tax liabilities | 67,384 | 120,865 | |||||||||
| Deferred revenue and customer deposits | 7,723 | 5,377 | |||||||||
| Other non-current liabilities | 31,618 | 19,355 | |||||||||
| Long-term liabilities | 1,781,265 | 770,462 | |||||||||
| Total liabilities | 2,050,288 | 926,192 | |||||||||
| Commitments and contingencies (see Note 18) | |||||||||||
| Class A common stock: $0.0001 par, 400,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017; 108,508,997 and 84,644,774 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively | 11 | 8 | |||||||||
| Class B common stock: $0.0001 par, 100,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017; 8,024,419 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| Additional paid-in-capital | 2,389,548 | 2,121,926 | |||||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (68,026) | (49,497) | |||||||||
| Accumulated deficit | (1,683,319) | (1,636,819) | |||||||||
| Total shareholders' equity | 638,215 | 435,619 | |||||||||
| Non-controlling interest | 63,982 | 48,931 | |||||||||
| Total equity | 702,197 | 484,550 | |||||||||
| Total liabilities and equity | $ | 2,752,485 | $ | 1,410,742 | |||||||
See the accompanying notes which are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
72
WillScot Corporation
Consolidated Statements of Operations
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||||
| Revenues: | |||||||||||||||||
| Leasing and services revenue: | |||||||||||||||||
| Modular leasing | $ | 518,235 | $ | 297,821 | $ | 283,550 | |||||||||||
| Modular delivery and installation | 154,557 | 89,850 | 81,892 | ||||||||||||||
| Sales: | |||||||||||||||||
| New units | 53,603 | 36,371 | 39,228 | ||||||||||||||
| Rental units | 25,017 | 21,900 | 21,942 | ||||||||||||||
| Total revenues | 751,412 | 445,942 | 426,612 | ||||||||||||||
| Costs: | |||||||||||||||||
| Costs of leasing and services: | |||||||||||||||||
| Modular leasing | 143,120 | 83,588 | 75,516 | ||||||||||||||
| Modular delivery and installation | 143,950 | 85,477 | 75,359 | ||||||||||||||
| Costs of sales: | |||||||||||||||||
| New units | 36,863 | 26,025 | 27,669 | ||||||||||||||
| Rental units | 16,659 | 12,643 | 10,894 | ||||||||||||||
| Depreciation of rental equipment | 121,436 | 72,639 | 68,981 | ||||||||||||||
| Gross profit | 289,384 | 165,570 | 168,193 | ||||||||||||||
| Expenses: | |||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | 254,871 | 162,351 | 139,093 | ||||||||||||||
| Other depreciation and amortization | 13,304 | 8,653 | 9,019 | ||||||||||||||
| Impairment losses on goodwill | — | 60,743 | 5,532 | ||||||||||||||
| Impairment losses on property, plant and equipment | 1,600 | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Restructuring costs | 15,468 | 2,196 | 2,810 | ||||||||||||||
| Currency losses (gains), net | 2,454 | (12,878) | 13,098 | ||||||||||||||
| Other (income) expense, net | (4,574) | 2,827 | 1,831 | ||||||||||||||
| Operating income (loss) | 6,261 | (58,322) | (3,190) | ||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | 98,433 | 119,308 | 94,671 | ||||||||||||||
| Interest income | — | (12,232) | (10,228) | ||||||||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations before income tax | (92,172) | (165,398) | (87,633) | ||||||||||||||
| Income tax benefit | (38,600) | (936) | (24,502) | ||||||||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations | (53,572) | (164,462) | (63,131) | ||||||||||||||
| Income from discontinued operations, net of tax | — | 14,650 | 32,195 | ||||||||||||||
| Net loss | (53,572) | (149,812) | (30,936) | ||||||||||||||
| Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest, net of tax | (4,532) | (2,110) | — | ||||||||||||||
| Net loss attributable to WillScot | (49,040) | (147,702) | (30,936) | ||||||||||||||
| Non-cash deemed dividend related to warrant exchange | (2,135) | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Net loss attributable to WillScot common shareholders | $ | (51,175) | $ | (147,702) | $ | (30,936) | |||||||||||
| Net (loss) income per share attributable to WillScot common shareholders– basic and diluted | |||||||||||||||||
| Continuing operations | $ | (0.59) | $ | (8.21) | $ | (4.34) | |||||||||||
| Discontinued operations | $ | — | $ | 0.74 | $ | 2.21 | |||||||||||
| Net loss per share attributable to WillScot common shareholders | $ | (0.59) | $ | (7.47) | $ | (2.13) | |||||||||||
| Weighted average shares: basic & diluted | 87,209,605 | 19,760,189 | 14,545,833 | ||||||||||||||
See the accompanying notes which are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
73
WillScot Corporation
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss
(in thousands)
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||||
| Net loss | $ | (53,572) | $ | (149,812) | $ | (30,936) | |||||||||||
| Other comprehensive (loss) income: | |||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of income tax (benefit) expense of ($161), $1,153 and $565 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively | (11,639) | 6,768 | (1,283) | ||||||||||||||
Net losses on derivatives, net of income tax benefit of ($1,822), $0, and $0 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively | (5,955) | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Comprehensive loss | (71,166) | (143,044) | (32,219) | ||||||||||||||
| Comprehensive loss attributable to non-controlling interest | (6,137) | (2,118) | — | ||||||||||||||
| Total comprehensive loss attributable to WillScot | $ | (65,029) | $ | (140,926) | $ | (32,219) | |||||||||||
See the accompanying notes which are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
74
WillScot Corporation
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity
(in thousands)
| Class A Common Stock | Class B Common Stock | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Amount | Shares | Amount | Additional Paid-in Capital | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | Accumulated Deficit | Total Shareholders' Equity | Non-Controlling Interest | Total Equity | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2015 | 14,546 | $ | 1 | — | $ | — | $ | 1,569,175 | $ | (55,645) | $ | (1,458,181) | $ | 55,350 | $ | — | $ | 55,350 | ||||||||||||||
| Net loss | — | — | — | — | — | — | (30,936) | (30,936) | — | (30,936) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive loss | — | — | — | — | — | (1,283) | — | (1,283) | — | (1,283) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2016 | 14,546 | 1 | — | — | 1,569,175 | (56,928) | (1,489,117) | 23,131 | — | 23,131 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | — | — | — | — | — | — | (147,702) | (147,702) | (2,110) | (149,812) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss) | — | — | — | — | — | 6,768 | — | 6,768 | (8) | 6,760 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Capital contribution | — | — | — | — | 6,192 | — | — | 6,192 | — | 6,192 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | — | — | — | — | 2,970 | — | — | 2,970 | — | 2,970 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Recapitalization transaction | 70,099 | 7 | 8,024 | 1 | 543,589 | 663 | — | 544,260 | 51,049 | 595,309 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2017 | 84,645 | 8 | 8,024 | 1 | 2,121,926 | (49,497) | (1,636,819) | 435,619 | 48,931 | 484,550 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | — | — | — | — | — | — | (49,040) | (49,040) | (4,532) | (53,572) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive loss | — | — | — | — | — | (15,989) | — | (15,989) | (1,605) | (17,594) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adoption of ASU 2018-02 | — | — | — | — | — | (2,540) | 2,540 | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | — | — | — | — | 3,439 | — | — | 3,439 | — | 3,439 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock and contribution of proceeds to WSII | 9,200 | 1 | — | — | 131,460 | — | — | 131,461 | 7,574 | 139,035 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Acquisition of ModSpace and the related financing transactions including stock and warrants | 6,458 | 1 | — | — | 134,493 | — | — | 134,494 | 13,614 | 148,108 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common stock issued in warrant exchange | 8,206 | 1 | — | (1,770) | — | — | (1,769) | — | (1,769) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2018 | 108,509 | $ | 11 | 8,024 | $ | 1 | $ | 2,389,548 | $ | (68,026) | $ | (1,683,319) | $ | 638,215 | $ | 63,982 | $ | 702,197 | ||||||||||||||
See the accompanying notes which are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
75
WillScot Corporation
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(in thousands)
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||||
| Operating Activities: | |||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | $ | (53,572) | — | $ | (149,812) | $ | (30,936) | ||||||||||
| Adjustments for non-cash items: | |||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 136,467 | 107,876 | 119,329 | ||||||||||||||
| Provision for doubtful accounts | 7,656 | 5,062 | 5,000 | ||||||||||||||
| Impairment losses on goodwill and intangibles | — | 60,743 | 5,532 | ||||||||||||||
| Impairment losses on property, plant and equipment | 1,600 | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Gain on sale of rental equipment and other property, plant and equipment | (12,878) | (9,310) | (10,527) | ||||||||||||||
| Interest receivable capitalized into notes due from affiliates | — | (3,915) | (7,663) | ||||||||||||||
| Amortization of debt discounts and debt issuance costs | 7,652 | 21,887 | 10,916 | ||||||||||||||
| Change in fair value of contingent consideration | — | — | (4,581) | ||||||||||||||
| Share based compensation expense | 3,439 | 2,970 | — | ||||||||||||||
| Deferred income tax benefit | (40,192) | 12,959 | (10,360) | ||||||||||||||
| Unrealized currency losses (gains) | 1,982 | (26,342) | 12,189 | ||||||||||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effect of businesses acquired: | |||||||||||||||||
| Trade receivables | (36,452) | (20,563) | (4,581) | ||||||||||||||
| Inventories | (1,241) | 682 | 550 | ||||||||||||||
| Prepaid and other assets | 8,416 | (11,925) | 3,564 | ||||||||||||||
| Accrued interest receivable | — | (7,725) | 475 | ||||||||||||||
| Accrued interest payable | 17,526 | (20,631) | 3,893 | ||||||||||||||
| Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities | (14,462) | 39,771 | (24,153) | ||||||||||||||
| Deferred revenue and customer deposits | 11,208 | (3,089) | (9,916) | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | 37,149 | (1,362) | 58,731 | ||||||||||||||
| Investing Activities: | |||||||||||||||||
| Acquisition of businesses | (1,083,146) | (237,148) | — | ||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from sale of rental equipment | 30,761 | 28,041 | 26,636 | ||||||||||||||
| Purchase of rental equipment and refurbishments | (160,883) | (111,701) | (69,070) | ||||||||||||||
| Lending on notes due from affiliates | — | (69,939) | (35,477) | ||||||||||||||
| Repayments on notes due from affiliates | — | 2,151 | 47,670 | ||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from the sale of property, plant and equipment | 688 | 392 | 2,365 | ||||||||||||||
| Purchase of property, plant and equipment | (4,622) | (4,446) | (2,360) | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | (1,217,202) | (392,650) | (30,236) | ||||||||||||||
| Financing Activities: | |||||||||||||||||
| Receipts from issuance of common stock | 147,201 | 571,778 | — | ||||||||||||||
| Receipts from borrowings | 1,212,629 | 1,155,651 | 151,761 | ||||||||||||||
| Receipts on borrowings from notes due to affiliates | — | 75,000 | 20,000 | ||||||||||||||
| Payment of financing costs | (36,579) | (31,316) | (2,000) | ||||||||||||||
| Repayment of borrowings | (143,094) | (1,179,340) | (191,431) | ||||||||||||||
| Repayment of notes due to affiliates | — | (198,896) | (8,294) | ||||||||||||||
| Principal payments on capital lease obligations | (120) | (2,236) | (1,430) | ||||||||||||||
| Contribution from Algeco Group | — | 6,192 | — | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 1,180,037 | 396,833 | (31,394) | ||||||||||||||
| Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | (211) | 202 | (241) | ||||||||||||||
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| Net change in cash and cash equivalents | (227) | 3,023 | (3,140) | ||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the period | $ | 9,185 | $ | 6,162 | $ | 9,302 | |||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period | 8,958 | 9,185 | 6,162 | ||||||||||||||
| Supplemental Cash Flow Information: | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest paid | $ | 51,986 | $ | 115,756 | $ | 81,938 | |||||||||||
| Income taxes paid, net of refunds received | $ | 2,617 | $ | (1,389) | $ | (1,410) | |||||||||||
| Assets acquired under capital leases | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 63 | |||||||||||
| Capital expenditures accrued or payable | $ | 20,785 | $ | 11,919 | $ | 7,716 | |||||||||||
| Non-cash settlements of notes due to/from affiliates and accrued interest | $ | — | $ | 216,278 | $ | — | |||||||||||
| Non-cash deemed dividend related to warrant exchange | $ | 2,135 | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||||
| Non-cash acquisition of a business | $ | 148,108 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||
See the accompanying notes which are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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WillScot Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
NOTE 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Organization and Nature of Operations
WillScot Corporation (“WillScot” and, together with its subsidiaries, the “Company”), is a provider of modular space and portable storage solutions in the United States (“US”), Canada and Mexico. The Company leases, sells, delivers and installs mobile offices, modular buildings and storage products through an integrated network of branch locations that spans North America.
WillScot, whose Class A common shares are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market (Nasdaq: WSC), serves as the holding company for the Williams Scotsman family of companies. All of WillScot's assets and operations are owned through Williams Scotsman Holdings Corp. (“WS Holdings”). WillScot operates and owns 91.0% of WS Holdings, and Sapphire Holding S.a r.l (“Sapphire”), an affiliate of TDR Capital LLR (“TDR Capital”), owns the remaining 9.0%.
WillScot was incorporated as a Cayman Islands exempt company, under the name Double Eagle Acquisition Corporation (“Double Eagle”), on June 26, 2015. Prior to November 29, 2017, Double Eagle was a Nasdaq-listed special purpose acquisition company formed for the purpose of effecting a merger, share exchange, asset acquisition, share purchase, reorganization or similar business combination. On November 29, 2017, Double Eagle indirectly acquired Williams Scotsman International, Inc. (“WSII”) from Algeco Scotsman S.a r.l., (together with its subsidiaries, the “Algeco Group”), which is majority owned by an investment fund managed by TDR Capital. As part of the transaction (the “Business Combination”), Double Eagle domesticated to Delaware and changed its name to WillScot Corporation.
Basis of Presentation
The consolidated financial statements were prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the US (“GAAP”).
Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements comprise the financial statements of WillScot and its subsidiaries that it controls due to ownership of a majority voting interest. Subsidiaries are fully consolidated from the date of acquisition, being the date on which the Company obtains control, and continue to be consolidated until the date when such control ceases. The financial statements of the subsidiaries are prepared for the same reporting period as WillScot. All intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated.
The Business Combination was accounted for as a reverse recapitalization in accordance with Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) 805, Business Combinations. Although WillScot was the indirect acquirer of WSII for legal purposes, WSII was considered the acquirer for accounting and financial reporting purposes. As a result of WSII being the accounting acquirer, the financial reports filed with the US Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") by the Company subsequent to the Business Combination are prepared “as if” WSII is the predecessor and legal successor to the Company. The historical operations of WSII are deemed to be those of the Company. Thus, the financial statements included in this report reflect (i) the historical operating results of WSII prior to the Business Combination; (ii) the combined results of the Company and WSII following the Business Combination on November 29, 2017; (iii) the assets and liabilities of WSII at their historical cost; and (iv) WillScot’s equity structure for all periods presented. The recapitalization of the number of shares of common stock attributable to the purchase of WSII in connection with the Business Combination is reflected retroactively to January 1, 2016 and will be utilized for calculating earnings per share in all prior periods presented. No step-up basis of intangible assets or goodwill was recorded in the Business Combination transaction consistent with the treatment of the transaction as a reverse capitalization of WSII.
As described in further detail in Notes 2 and 3, WSII’s remote accommodations business (the “Remote Accommodations Business”) was transferred to other Algeco Group members on November 28, 2017 in a transaction under common control and was not included as part of the Business Combination. The operating results of the Remote Accommodations Business, net of tax, have been reported as discontinued operations in the consolidated financial statements. Amounts previously reported have been reclassified to conform to this presentation in accordance with ASC 205, Presentation of Financial Statements, to allow for meaningful comparison of continuing operations.
Accounting Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in these financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers all highly liquid instruments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents.
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Trade Receivables and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
Trade receivables primarily consist of amounts due from customers from the lease or sale of rental equipment and their delivery and installation. Trade accounts receivable are recorded net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance for doubtful accounts is based upon the amount of losses expected to be incurred in the collection of these accounts. The estimated losses are based upon a review of outstanding receivables, including specific accounts and the related aging, and of historical collection experience. The Company reviews the adequacy of the allowance on a quarterly basis. Specific accounts are written off against the allowance when management determines the account is uncollectible.
Activity in the allowance for doubtful accounts for the years ended December 31 was as follows:
| (in thousands) | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||||||
| Balance at beginning of year | $ | 4,845 | $ | 4,167 | $ | 2,036 | |||||||||||
| Net charges to bad debt expense | 7,656 | 4,715 | 4,929 | ||||||||||||||
| Write-offs | (3,089) | (3,984) | (2,760) | ||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation and other | (72) | (53) | (38) | ||||||||||||||
| Balance at end of year | $ | 9,340 | $ | 4,845 | $ | 4,167 | |||||||||||
Occasionally, the Company will have insurance proceeds receivables for damaged or destroyed rental equipment and property, plant, and equipment included in trade receivables. The Company had insurance proceeds receivables of $1.5 million and $5.9 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Concentration of Credit Risk
The Company’s trade accounts receivable subject the Company to potential concentrations of credit risk. The Company performs on-going credit evaluations of its customers. Receivables related to sales are generally secured by the product sold to the customer. The Company generally has the right to repossess its rental units in the event of non-payment of receivables relating to the Company’s leasing operations. The Company’s large number of customers in diverse geographic areas and end-markets mitigates the concentration of credit risk. No single customer accounted for more than 1.2% and 4.0% of the Company’s receivables at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The Company’s top five customers accounted for 3.6% and 10.5% of the receivables at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Inventories
Inventories consist of raw materials, parts and supplies, and work in process inventories. Inventories are measured at the lower of cost or net realizable value based on the weighted-average cost. The cost includes expenditures incurred in acquiring the inventories, production or conversion costs and other costs incurred in bringing them to their existing location and condition.
Rental Equipment
Rental equipment is comprised of modular space and portable storage units held for rental or on rental to customers and value-added products and services (“VAPS”) which are in use or available to be used by customers. Rental equipment is measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses. Cost includes expenditures that are directly attributable to the acquisition of the asset. Costs of improvements and betterments to rental equipment are capitalized when such costs extend the useful life of the equipment or increase the rental value of the unit. Costs incurred for equipment to meet a particular customer specification are capitalized and depreciated over the lease term taking in consideration the residual value of the asset. Maintenance and repair costs are expensed as incurred.
Depreciation is generally computed using the straight-line method over estimated useful lives, as follows:
| Estimated Useful Life | Residual Value | ||||||||||
| Modular space and portable storage units | 10 – 20 years | 20 – 50% | |||||||||
| VAPS and other related rental equipment | 2 – 8 years | 0% | |||||||||
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment is stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and impairment losses. Assets leased under capital leases are depreciated over the shorter of the lease term or their useful life, unless it is reasonably certain that the Company will obtain ownership by the end of the lease term. Land is not depreciated. Maintenance and repair costs are expensed as incurred.
Depreciation is generally computed using the straight-line method over estimated useful lives as follows:
| Type | Estimated Useful Life | ||||
| Buildings and leasehold improvements | 10 – 40 years | ||||
| Machinery and equipment | 3 – 10 years | ||||
| Furniture and fixtures | 7 – 10 years | ||||
| Software | 3 – 5 years | ||||
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Land improvements for owned properties are amortized over 15 years, and are amortized over the lease term for our leased properties.
Held for Sale
Property, plant and equipment to be sold is classified as held for sale in the period in which: (i) the Company has approved and committed to a plan to sell the asset, (ii) the asset is available for immediate sale in its present condition, (iii) an active program to locate a buyer and other actions required to sell the asset have been initiated, (iv) the sale of the asset is probable, (v) the asset is being actively marketed for sale at a price that is reasonable in relation to its current fair value, and (vi) it is unlikely that significant changes to the plan will be made or that the plan will be withdrawn.
Assets held for sale are initially measured at the lower of the carrying value or the fair value less cost to sell. Losses resulting from this measurement are recognized in the period in which the held for sale criteria are met while gains are not recognized until the date of sale. Once designated as held for sale, the Company stops recording depreciation expense on the asset. The Company assess the fair value less cost to sell of long-lived assets held for sale at each reporting period until it no longer meets this classification.
Impairment of Property, Plant and Equipment
When circumstances indicate the carrying amount of long-lived assets in a held-for-use asset group may not be recoverable, the Company evaluates the assets for potential impairment using internal projections of undiscounted cash flows resulting from the use and eventual disposal of the assets. Events or changes in circumstances that may necessitate a recoverability evaluation include, but are not limited to, adverse changes in the regulatory environment or an expectation it is more likely than not that the asset will be disposed of before the end of its previously estimated useful life. If the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the undiscounted cash flows, an impairment expense is recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds its fair value (subject to the carrying amount not being reduced below fair value for any individual long-lived asset that is determinable without undue cost and effort).
Goodwill and Goodwill Impairment
For acquired businesses, the Company records assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their estimated fair values on the respective acquisition dates. Based on these values, the excess purchase prices over the fair value of the net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. Generally, reporting units are one level below the operating segment (the component level) if discrete financial information is prepared and regularly reviewed by segment management. Goodwill acquired in a business combination is allocated to each of the Company’s reporting units that are expected to benefit from the combination.
The Company performs its annual impairment test of goodwill at October 1 at the reporting unit level, as well as during any reporting period in which events or changes in circumstances indicate that impairment may have occurred.
When assessing the fair value of the reporting units under the impairment test, management considers both the market approach and the income approach. Under the market approach, the fair value of the reporting unit is based on earnings multiples of comparable companies. Under the income approach, the fair value of the reporting unit is based on the present value of estimated cash flows. The income approach is dependent on a number of significant management assumptions, including estimated future revenue growth rates and discount rates. Other estimates relate to tax rates, operating margins and capital expenditures. Each approach is weighted, based on the circumstances and conditions of the market the reporting units operate in, in arriving at the fair value of the reporting unit.
If the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds the calculated fair value of the reporting unit, an impairment charge would be recognized for such excess, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.
Intangible Assets Other than Goodwill
Intangible assets that are acquired by the Company and determined to have an indefinite useful life are not amortized, but are tested for impairment at least annually. The Company’s indefinite-lived intangible assets consist of the Williams Scotsman trade name. The Company calculates fair value using a relief-from-royalty method. This method is used to estimate the cost savings that accrue to the owner of an intangible asset who would otherwise have to pay royalties or license fees on revenues earned through the use of the asset. If the carrying amount of the indefinite-lived intangible asset exceeds its fair value, an impairment charge would be recorded to the extent the recorded indefinite-lived intangible asset exceeds the fair value.
Other intangible assets that have finite useful lives are measured at cost less accumulated amortization and impairment losses, if any, and are amortized over their useful lives. The Company's finite-lived intangible assets consist of the Acton and ModSpace trade names and the value of favorable lease rights, which were acquired through the acquisitions discussed in Note 2. Subsequent expenditures for intangible assets are capitalized only when they increase the future economic benefits embodied in the specific asset to which they relate. Amortization is recognized in profit or loss on an accelerated basis or a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of intangible assets. The Acton trade name has a useful life of one year, and the ModSpace trade name has a useful life of three years. The Company has fully integrated Acton as of December 31, 2018, and will not use the Acton trade name for new business going forward. The favorable lease is
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amortized over the life of the lease. Amortization of intangible assets is included in other depreciation and amortization in the consolidated statements of operations.
Purchase Accounting
The Company accounts for acquisitions of businesses under the acquisition method. Under the acquisition method of accounting, the Company records assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their estimated fair value on the date of acquisition. Goodwill is measured as the excess of the fair value of the consideration transferred over the fair value of the identifiable net assets. Estimated fair values of acquired assets and liabilities are provisional and could change as additional information is received. Valuations are finalized as soon as practicable, but not later than one year from the acquisition date. Any subsequent changes to purchase price allocations result in a corresponding adjustment to goodwill.
The determination of the fair value of intangible assets requires the use of significant judgment with regard to (i) the fair value; and (ii) whether such intangibles are amortizable or non-amortizable and, if amortizable, the period and the method by which the intangible asset will be amortized. Management estimates the fair value of acquisition-related intangible assets principally based on projections of cash flows that will arise from identifiable intangible assets of acquired businesses. The projected cash flows are discounted to determine the present value of the assets at the dates of acquisition.
Debt Issuance Costs and Debt Discounts
Debt issuance costs and debt discounts are recorded as direct deductions to the corresponding debt in current portion of long-term debt, long-term debt, and notes due to affiliates on the consolidated balance sheets. If no amounts are outstanding under the Company’s ABL facility (see Note 10) as of a period end, the related debt issuance costs are recorded in other non-current assets in the consolidated balance sheets. Debt issuance costs and debt discounts related to the Company’s ABL facility and all other debts and notes are deferred and amortized over the term of the debt, respectively, based on the straight-line method. Debt issuance costs and debt discounts related to all other debts and notes are deferred and amortized over the term of the debt, respectively, based on the effective interest rate method.
Retirement Benefit Obligation
The Company provides benefits to certain of its employees under defined contribution benefit plans. The Company’s contributions to these plans are generally based on a percentage of employee compensation or employee contributions. These plans are funded on a current basis. For its US and Canada employees, the Company sponsors defined contribution benefit plans that have discretionary matching contribution and profit-sharing features. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company made matching contributions of $3.8 million, $2.7 million and $2.4 million to these plans, respectively. In 2016, the employer contribution match on the US plan increased from a maximum of 2.5% to 4.5% of an employee’s base salary. The Company did not contribute under the profit-sharing feature during 2018, 2017 and 2016.
Share-Based Payments
For periods prior to the Business Combination, WSII maintained certain share-based payment plans as part of the Algeco Group. The terms of those plans resulted in the awards being treated as liability plans. When the liability was dependent on a performance condition outside of WSII’s control, no accrual was made unless the performance condition was probable. The cost of awards under these plans was measured initially at fair value at the grant date, which was the date at which WSII and the participants had a shared understanding of the terms and conditions of the arrangement. The fair value of awards for which the performance obligation was probable was expensed over the applicable service period with recognition of a corresponding liability. The liability was remeasured to fair value at each reporting date with changes in fair value attributed to vested awards recognized as expense in the period.
On November 16, 2017, the Company’s shareholders approved a new long-term incentive award plan (the “Plan”). The Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee of WillScot's Board of Directors. Under the Plan, the Committee may grant an aggregate of 4,000,000 shares of Class A common stock in the form of non-qualified stock options, incentive stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards ("RSAs"), restricted stock units ("RSUs"), and performance compensation awards and stock bonus awards. Stock-based payments including the grant of stock options, RSUs, and RSAs are subject to service-based vesting requirements, and expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. Forfeitures are accounted for as they occur.
At December 31, 2018, stock-based payments to employees include grants of stock options and RSUs, which are recognized in the financial statements based on their fair value, and stock-based payments to non-executive directors include grants of RSAs. RSUs and RSAs are valued based on the intrinsic value of the difference between the exercise price, if any, of the award and the fair market value of WillScot's common stock on the grant date. RSAs vest over a one-year period and RSUs vest over a four-year period.
Stock options vest in tranches over a period of four years and expire ten years from the grant date. The fair value of each stock option award on the grant date is estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions: expected dividend yield, expected stock price volatility, weighted-average risk-free interest rate and weighted-average expected term of the options. The volatility assumption used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model is based on peer group volatility as the Company does not have a sufficient trading history as a stand-alone public company. Additionally,
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due to an insufficient history with respect to stock option activity and post-vesting cancellations, the expected term assumption is based on the simplified method under GAAP, which is based on the vesting period and contractual term for each tranche of awards. The mid-point between the weighted-average vesting term and the expiration date is used as the expected term under this method. The risk-free interest rate used in the Black-Scholes model is based on the implied US Treasury bill yield curve at the date of grant with a remaining term equal to the Company’s expected term assumption. WillScot has never declared or paid a cash dividend on common shares.
Foreign Currency Translation and Transactions
The Company’s reporting currency is the US Dollar (“USD”). Exchange rate adjustments resulting from foreign currency transactions are recognized in profit or loss, whereas effects resulting from the translation of financial statements are reflected as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss, which is a component of shareholders’ equity.
The assets and liabilities of subsidiaries whose functional currency is different from the USD are translated into USD at exchange rates at the reporting date and income and expenses are translated using average exchange rates for the respective period.
Exchange rate adjustments resulting from transactions in foreign currencies (currencies other than the Company entities’ functional currencies) are remeasured to the respective functional currencies using exchange rates at the dates of the transactions and are recognized in profit or loss.
Foreign exchange gains and losses arising from a receivable or payable to a consolidated Company entity, the settlement of which is neither planned nor anticipated in the foreseeable future, are considered to form part of a net investment in the Company entity and are included within accumulated other comprehensive loss.
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
The Company utilizes derivative financial instruments, specifically interest rate swaps, to manage its exposure to fluctuations in interest rates on variable rate debt. The Company does not use derivatives for trading or speculative purposes.
The Company records derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value within prepaid and other current assets and other assets (if in an unrealized gain position) or within accrued liabilities and other non-current liabilities (if in an unrealized loss position). If a derivative is designated as a cash flow hedge and meets the highly effective threshold, the changes in the fair value of derivatives is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Amounts reported in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) related to the cash flow hedges are reclassified to earnings within interest expense when the hedged item impacts earnings. For any derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments, changes in fair value would be recognized in earnings within interest expense in the period that the change occurs. The Company assesses, both at the inception of the hedge and on an ongoing basis, whether the derivatives designated as cash flow hedges are highly effective in offsetting the changes in cash flows of the hedged items.
The use of derivative financial instruments carries certain risks, including the risk that the counterparties to these contractual arrangements are not able to perform under the agreements. To mitigate this risk, the Company enters into derivative financial instruments only with counterparties with high credit ratings and with major financial institutions. The Company does not anticipate that any of the counterparties will fail to meet their obligations.
Revenue Recognition
The Company generates revenue from leasing, selling, delivering, installing, maintaining and removing new and used units. The Company enters into arrangements with a single deliverable as well as multiple deliverables. Revenue under arrangements with multiple deliverables is recognized separately for each unit of accounting with the arrangement consideration allocated based on the relative selling price method. To the extent that multiple contracts with a single counterparty are entered into, management considers whether they should be considered as one contract for accounting purposes.
Modular leasing and services revenue
Income from operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Delivery, installation, maintenance and removal services associated with rental activities are recognized upon completion of the related services.
The Company’s lease arrangements typically include lease deliverables, such as the lease of modular space or portable storage units and VAPS, and related non-lease services including delivery, installation, maintenance and removal services. Arrangement consideration is allocated between lease deliverables and non-lease deliverables based on the relative estimated selling (leasing) price of each deliverable. Estimated selling (leasing) price of the lease deliverables and non-lease deliverables is based upon the best estimate of selling price method. Lease agreements typically do not include an option for the lessee to purchase the assets.
When leases and services are billed in advance, recognition of revenue is deferred until services are rendered. If equipment is returned prior to the contractually obligated period, the excess, if any, between the amount the customer is contractually required to pay over the cumulative amount of revenue recognized to date, is recognized as incremental revenue upon return.
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Rental equipment is primarily leased under operating leases. Operating lease minimum contractual terms generally range from 1 month to 60 months, and averaged approximately 10 months for the year ended December 31, 2018.
Future committed modular leasing revenues under non-cancelable operating leases with the Company’s customers at December 31, 2018 for the years ended December 31, 2019 - 2023 and thereafter were as follows:
| (in thousands) | Operating Leases | ||||
| 2019 | $ | 240,498 | |||
| 2020 | 78,399 | ||||
| 2021 | 29,372 | ||||
| 2022 | 13,950 | ||||
| 2023 | 5,927 | ||||
| Thereafter | 2,570 | ||||
Leases are often extended or go beyond initial lease periods as month-to-month arrangements and typically include contractural obligations to pay for the dismantle and return of the unit, as well as any billable damages, all of which are not considered in the committed lease revenues presented above.
Sales revenue
Sales revenue is primarily generated by the sale of new and used units. Revenue from the sale of new and used units is recognized upon delivery when there is evidence of an arrangement, the significant risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred to the buyer, the price is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured.
A portion of the Company's sales revenue is derived from certain contracts primarily with customers inherited from ModSpace where revenue is recognized using percentage of completion ("POC") accounting. POC accounting is used when reasonably dependable estimates can be made regarding the outcome of the contract. For all other sales contracts, the Company uses the completed-contract method. Under POC accounting, income is recognized in proportion to the costs incurred to date under the contract compared to estimated total costs of the project. If a contract is expected to result in a loss, it will be recognized in profit or loss in the period in which that determination is made. For each POC contract in progress, an asset (costs in excess of billings included in prepaid and other current assets) or a liability (billings in excess of costs in accrued liabilities) is recognized.
Advertising and Promotion
Advertising and promotion expense, which is expensed as incurred, was $4.4 million, $3.3 million and $2.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Shipping Costs
The Company includes costs to deliver rental equipment to customers in cost of leasing and services, and cost of sales.
Income Taxes
The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.
The Company records deferred tax assets to the extent it believes that it is more likely than not that these assets will be realized. In making such determination, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence, including scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies and recent results of operations. Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce the deferred tax assets to an amount that will more likely than not be realized.
The Company assesses the likelihood that each of the deferred tax assets will be realized. To the extent management believes realization of any deferred tax assets is not likely, the Company establishes a valuation allowance. When a valuation allowance is established or there is an increase in an allowance in a reporting period, tax expense is generally recorded in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations. Conversely, to the extent circumstances indicate that a valuation allowance is no longer necessary, that portion of the valuation allowance is reversed, which generally reduces the Company’s income tax expense.
Deferred tax liabilities are recognized for the income taxes on the undistributed earnings of wholly-owned foreign subsidiaries unless such earnings are permanently reinvested, or will only be repatriated when possible to do so at minimal additional tax cost. Current income tax relating to items recognized directly in equity is recognized in equity and not in profit (loss) for the year.
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In accordance with applicable authoritative guidance, the Company accounts for uncertain income tax positions using a benefit recognition model with a two-step approach; a more-likely-than-not recognition criterion; and a measurement approach that measures the position as the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. If it is not more-likely-than-not that the benefit of the tax position will be sustained on its technical merits, no benefit is recorded. Uncertain tax positions that relate only to timing of when an item is included on a tax return are considered to have met the recognition threshold. The Company classifies interest on tax deficiencies and income tax penalties within income tax expense.
Fair Value Measurements
The Company maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. A financial instrument’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The inputs are prioritized into three levels that may be used to measure fair value. See further discussion of the levels in Note 15.
Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Standards
The Company qualifies as an emerging growth company (“EGC”) as defined under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (the “JOBS Act”). Using exemptions provided under the JOBS Act, the Company has elected to defer compliance with new or revised financial accounting standards until a company that is not an issuer (as defined under section 2(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act) is required to comply with such standards. As such, compliance dates included below pertain to non-issuers, and as permitted, early adoption dates for non-issuers are indicated.
Subject to limited exception, WillScot will cease to be EGC on the earlier of (i) the last day of the fiscal year in which WillScot’s annual gross revenues exceed $1.07 billion, (ii) the date on which the Company issues more than $1.0 billion in nonconvertible debt securities during the preceding three-year period, and (iii) the date on which WillScot is deemed to be a large accelerated filer under the SEC’s rules. WillScot will be deemed to be a large accelerated filer at December 31, 2019 if the value of its Class A common stock held by non-affiliates at June 30, 2019 exceeds $700 million.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which prescribes a single comprehensive model for entities to use in the accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers. The new guidance will supersede virtually all existing revenue guidance under GAAP and is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption for non-public entities was permitted starting with annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016. The core principle contemplated by this new standard was that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount reflecting the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. New disclosures about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers are also required. In April and May 2016, the FASB also issued clarifying updates to the new standard specifically to address certain core principles including the identification of performance obligations, licensing guidance, the assessment of the collectability criterion, the presentation of taxes collected from customers, non-cash considerations, contract modifications and completed contracts at transition.
The Company has finalized its evaluation of the impact that the updated guidance will have on the Company’s financial statements and related disclosures. Based on the Company’s procedures performed, the Company has concluded that the adoption of Topic 606 will not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements. From a financial statement disclosure perspective, the Company will provide additional disclosures and details regarding the disaggregation of revenue and contract balances. The Company is required to adopt the standard as of January 1, 2019 and plans to first present financial statements that reflect the adoption in the first quarter of 2019 under the modified retrospective transition approach.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). This guidance revises existing practice related to accounting for leases under ASC Topic 840, Leases (“ASC 840”) for both lessees and lessors. The new guidance requires lessees to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for virtually all of their leases (other than leases that meet the definition of a short-term lease). The lease liability will be equal to the present value of lease payments and the right-of-use asset will be based on the lease liability, subject to adjustment such as for initial direct costs. For income statement purposes, the new standard retains a dual model similar to ASC 840, requiring leases to be classified as either operating or finance. Operating leases will result in straight-line expense (similar to current accounting by lessees for operating leases under ASC 840) while finance leases will result in a front-loaded expense pattern (similar to current accounting by lessees for capital leases under ASC 840). While the new standard maintains similar accounting for lessors as under ASC 840, the new standard reflects updates to, among other things, align with certain changes to the lessee model.
The new standard is effective for non-public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. Early adoption is permitted for all entities. However, based on WillScot's expectation that it will cease to be an EGC as of December 31, 2019, the Company plans to adopt the new standard in the fourth quarter of 2019. Adoption of the new standard would be required sooner if WillScot loses EGC eligibility earlier than anticipated.
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The guidance includes a number of practical expedients that the Company is evaluating and may elect to apply. The adoption of the new standard will require the Company to recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities that will be significant to its consolidated balance sheet. The Company will continue to evaluate the impact of this guidance on its financial position, results of operations, and cash flows. The Company plans to update its systems, processes and internal controls to meet the new reporting and disclosure requirements.
In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326), which prescribes that financial assets (or a group of financial assets) should be measured at amortized cost basis to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. Credit losses relating to available-for-sale debt securities should be recorded through an allowance for credit losses. The new standard is effective for non-public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021. Early adoption is permitted for all entities for the fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years.
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards
From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standard setting bodies that are adopted by the Company as of the specified effective date.
In December 2017, shortly after the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) was enacted, the SEC issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, Income Tax Accounting Implications of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“SAB 118”) which provides guidance on accounting for the Tax Act’s impact. SAB 118 provides a measurement period, which in no case should extend beyond one year from the Tax Act enactment date, during which a company acting in good faith may complete the accounting for the impacts of the Tax Act under ASC Topic 740. Per SAB 118, companies must reflect the income tax effects of the Tax Act in the reporting period in which the accounting under ASC Topic 740 is complete. To the extent the accounting for certain income tax effects of the Tax Act is incomplete, companies can determine a reasonable estimate for those effects and record a provisional estimate in the financial statements in the first reporting period in which a reasonable estimate can be determined. If a company cannot determine a provisional estimate to be included in the financial statements, it should continue to apply ASC 740 based on the provisions of the tax laws that were in effect immediately prior to the Tax Act being enacted. If a company is unable to provide a reasonable estimate of the impacts of the Tax Act in a reporting period, a provisional amount must be recorded in the first reporting period in which a reasonable estimate can be determined. As a result of the Tax Act, in 2017, the Company remeasured its net deferred tax liabilities and recognized a provisional net benefit of $28.1 million. In addition, the Company recorded a provisional income tax expense of $2.4 million in 2017 related to the deemed repatriation of foreign earnings and a $50.5 million valuation allowance on the Company's deferred tax assets. The Company completed its analysis of the impact of the US tax reform in the fourth quarter of 2018 and recognized a tax benefit of approximately $20.7 million in 2018 to the provisional amounts recorded in its financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2017 (mainly due to a reduction in the valuation allowance - See Note 13),
The Tax Act also enacted Global Intangible Low-Tax Income (“GILTI”), which imposes tax on certain of the Company's foreign subsidiaries' earnings. The Company is required to make an accounting policy election on the treatment of GILTI as a period cost for current period expense or to consider its implications in measuring deferred taxes. The Company elected to apply the period cost method. The Company did not have a current period expense for GILTI in 2018.
In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging. ASU 2017-12 expands derivative strategies that quality for hedge accounting and amends presentation and disclosure requirements. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. The Company elected to early-adopt ASU 2017-12 in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2018. As there were no outstanding hedges prior to adoption, there was no impact from adopting ASU 2017-12 on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
In October 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-16, Derivatives and Hedging. ASU 2018-16 expands the permissible benchmark interest rates to include the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") to be eligible as a US benchmark interest rate for purposes of applying hedge accounting under Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted if an entity already has adopted Update 2017-12. The amendments should be adopted on a prospective basis for qualifying new or redesignated hedging relationship entered into on or after the date of adoption. As we are adopting the amendments in ASU 2017-12 in the fourth quarter of 2018, we are adopting the amendments in ASU 2018-16 concurrently. There is no impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements because the benchmark rate on the Company's hedged debt does not utilize the SOFR.
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NOTE 2 - Business Combinations and Acquisitions
2017 Business Combination
Background and Summary
On November 29, 2017, the legal predecessor company consummated the Business Combination pursuant to the terms of the Stock Purchase Agreement, dated as of August 21, 2017, as amended on September 6, 2017 and November 6, 2017 (the “Stock Purchase Agreement”), by and among Double Eagle, WS Holdings, Algeco Group and Algeco Scotsman Holdings Kft., a Hungarian limited liability company (“Algeco Holdings” and, together with Algeco Group, the “Sellers”). Double Eagle, through its wholly-owned subsidiary, WS Holdings, acquired all of the issued and outstanding shares of the common stock of WSII from the Sellers.
Under the Stock Purchase Agreement, WS Holdings purchased WSII for $1.1 billion, of which (A) $1.0215 billion was paid in cash (the “Cash Consideration”) and (B) the remaining $78.5 million was paid to the Sellers, on a pro rata basis, in the form of (i) 8,024,419 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share of WS Holdings, which shares are exchangeable for shares of WillScot’s Class A common stock and (ii) 8,024,419 shares of WillScot’s Class B common stock, par value $0.0001 per share representing a non-economic voting interest in WillScot. The Class B common stock shares can only be held by the Sellers or their permitted transferee. Upon conversion or cancellation of any WS Holdings shares, the corresponding shares of Class B common stock of WillScot are automatically canceled for no consideration. The Class B common stock shares of WillScot have voting rights, but are not entitled to share in dividends or other distributions.
The shares of WillScot Class B common stock issued to the Sellers represented an initial 10% of the issued and outstanding WS Holdings common stock for the year ended December 31, 2017, which is presented in the consolidated balance sheets and statement of changes in equity as a non-controlling interest. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the non-controlling interest has been diluted to 9% as a result of common stock transactions detailed in Note 12. Further, the portion of net loss attributable to the non-controlling interest is separately stated on the consolidated statement of operations, net of tax.
The net proceeds from the Business Combination, as reported in the consolidated statements of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2017 within the financing section are summarized below:
| (in thousands) | Net proceeds | ||||
| Cash in Double Eagle's Trust (net of redemptions) | $ | 288,381 | |||
| Cash from private placement of common stock to TDR affiliate | 418,261 | ||||
| Gross cash received by WillScot from Business Combination | 706,642 | ||||
| Less: purchase of WSII's outstanding equity | (125,676) | ||||
| Less: fees to underwriters | (9,188) | ||||
| Net cash received by WillScot in Recapitalization Transaction | $ | 571,778 | |||
An additional $300.0 million obtained through WSII’s offering of senior secured notes and $190.0 million through WSII’s entry into a new ABL facility are aggregated in receipts from borrowings in the consolidated statements of cash flows.
Prior to the Business Combination, Double Eagle had 49,704,329 of Class A common stock shares outstanding and $500.8 million held in a trust account. In connection with the Business Combination, 21,128,456 shares of Double Eagle’s common stock were redeemed resulting in a total payment to redeeming shareholders of $212.4 million.
The number of shares of Class A and Class B common stock of WillScot issued and outstanding immediately following the consummation of the Business Combination is summarized as follows:
| Number of Shares of Class A Common Stock of WillScot | Number of Shares of Class B Common Stock of WillScot | ||||||||||
| Double Eagle public shares outstanding prior to the Business Combination | 49,704,329 | — | |||||||||
| Less: Redemption of Double Eagle public shares | 21,128,456 | — | |||||||||
| Plus: Conversion of Double Eagle Class B shares to Double Eagle Class A shares (a) | 12,500,000 | — | |||||||||
| Total Double Eagle shares outstanding immediately prior to the effective date of the Business Combination | 41,075,873 | — | |||||||||
| Class B shares issued as part of consideration for WSII purchase | — | 8,024,419 | |||||||||
| Common shares issued through private placement to TDR affiliate | 43,568,901 | — | |||||||||
| Total shares of common stock of WillScot outstanding at closing, November 29, 2017 | 84,644,774 | 8,024,419 | |||||||||
(a) 12,425,000 of the converted Class B ordinary shares were placed into escrow as of the Business Combination date and were subject to the earnout arrangement described below. All of the escrowed shares were released to shareholders in 2018.
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Upon completion of the Business Combination and the other transactions contemplated by the Stock Purchase Agreement, WSII became an indirect subsidiary of WillScot.
The Company incurred transaction costs related to the Business Combination of $22.1 million, which are included in selling, general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2017.
Algeco Group Restructuring Impact on WillScot
Prior to the effective date of the Business Combination, WSII was a wholly owned subsidiary of the Algeco Group, which is majority owned by an investment fund managed by TDR Capital. Subsequent to the Business Combination, a TDR affiliate is the controlling shareholder of the Company’s common stock. Certain transactions between the Algeco Group and the Company are treated as transfers between entities under common control.
Prior to the Business Combination, the Algeco Group performed an internal restructuring. As part of this reorganization, WSII’s Remote Accommodations Business, which consisted of Target Logistics Management LLC (“Target”) and its subsidiaries and Chard Camp Catering Services (“Chard”), were transferred to another entity within the Algeco Group. As a result, the operating results of the Remote Accommodations Business have been reported as discontinued operations in the Company’s consolidated financial statements (See Note 3).
Prior to the internal restructuring, WSII owned 100% of the equity in Target and Chard. In the internal restructuring, WSII transferred to Algeco Group entities (a) 100% of the equity and assets in Target and Chard, (b) the outstanding notes due from affiliates and related accrued interest receivable, and (c) intercompany receivables with Algeco Group entities, in exchange for the partial settlement of outstanding notes due to affiliates and related accrued interest and the settlement of intercompany liabilities. The notes due to affiliates and the corresponding accrued interest amounts were fully repaid between the internal restructuring non-cash offsetting transfers and the $226.3 million cash payment made in connection with the Business Combination. As a result of the settlement of notes due to affiliates and the transfer of Target and Chard, there was a $19.9 million difference between book value and fair value of transferred amounts. The Company has recorded these amounts to additional paid-in capital in the consolidated balance sheets and statements of changes in equity in accordance with the guidance in ASC 805, Business Combinations, which states that any difference between the fair value of the proceeds and the book value of the related assets in connection with transfers between two entities under common control should be recognized as an equity transaction.
The fair value of Target and Chard were determined using the using the income approach. The estimate of fair value required the Company to use significant unobservable inputs, representative of a Level 3 fair value measurement, including assumptions related to the future performance of reporting units and the markets in which they operate. The Company used discount rates of 16.0% and 14.5% and terminal growth rates of 3.0% and 3.0% to calculate the present value of estimated future cash flows for Chard and Target, respectively. The fair value of the notes due from affiliates and other intercompany amounts was primarily calculated using the pricing of Algeco Global’s publicly traded senior notes assuming that the credit quality of each obligor was equal to that of its parent. The estimate is representative of a Level 2 fair value measurement.
As part of the internal restructuring, WSII also transferred certain employees in corporate functions to another entity in the Algeco Group, as they primarily supported the Algeco Group. Liabilities associated with these employees, primarily pertaining to compensation and benefits, of $7.8 million, were transferred to the Algeco Group as part of this transaction. These amounts were also recorded to additional paid-in capital as a deemed capital contribution as the transfer occurred between two entities under common control.
Private Placement
On November 29, 2017, in connection with the closing of the Business Combination, Sapphire purchased 43,568,901 shares of WillScot’s Class A common stock at a price of $9.60 per share, for a total purchase price of $418.3 million. The proceeds from the private placement, together with other funds, were used by WillScot to effectuate the transactions contemplated by the Business Combination.
In connection with the private placement, the Company, Sapphire and certain other parties entered into a registration rights agreement that amended and restated a 2015 registration rights agreement between Double Eagle and certain of its initial investors. Under the amended and restated registration rights agreement, WillScot provided to Sapphire and the Double Eagle investors customary demand, shelf and piggyback registration rights for unregistered securities held by the shareholders.
Earnout Arrangement
On November 29, 2017, in connection with the closing of the Business Combination, WillScot, Sapphire, Double Eagle Acquisition LLC (“DEAL”) and Harry E. Sloan (together with DEAL, the “Founders”) entered into an earnout agreement (the “Earnout Agreement”), pursuant to which 12,425,000 shares of WillScot Class A common stock held by the Founders were placed in escrow and 14,550,000 warrants to purchase shares of WillScot Class A common stock owned by the Founders were restricted. The escrowed shares and warrant restrictions were subject to release upon the occurrence of certain triggering events set forth in the Earnout Agreement and associated escrow agreement.
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On January 19, 2018, 3,106,250 escrowed shares were released to each of the Founders and Sapphire. The release was triggered when the closing price of WillScot’s Class A shares exceeded $12.50 per share for a period of 20 out of 30 trading days.
On August 21, 2018, the remaining escrowed shares were released to the Founders and Sapphire, the Founders transferred 4,850,000 warrants to Sapphire, and the restrictions on the Founders’ warrants lapsed. The releases and warrant transfer were triggered when the Company completed the ModSpace acquisition, which constituted a “Qualifying Acquisition” under the Earnout Agreement. The Earnout Agreement and escrow agreement were effectively terminated upon the release of the escrowed shares and warrant restrictions.
Shareholders Agreement
On November 29, 2017, in connection with the closing of the Business Combination, WillScot and the Sellers entered into a shareholders agreement (the “Shareholders Agreement”) that governs the ownership and operation of WS Holdings. The agreement contains, among other things, (i) preemptive rights that permit Sapphire (to whom the Sellers’ interest was assigned in 2017) to avoid dilution and maintain its ownership percentage in WS Holdings on a fully diluted basis upon any future issuance of shares of WS Holdings or WillScot; (ii) customary tag along and drag along provisions; (iii) protective provisions designed to protect Sapphire from changes to WS Holdings’ organizational documents that would have a materially disproportionate effect on Sapphire; and (iv) transfer restrictions on the shares of WillScot Class B common stock held by Sapphire. The Shareholder Agreement also provides to WillScot a right of first refusal to purchase Sapphire’s shares of WS Holdings, and provides that acquisitions of businesses similar to WSII’s business must be consummated by WS Holdings or one of its wholly-owned subsidiaries.
Exchange Agreement
On November 29, 2017, in connection with the closing of the Business Combination, WillScot, the Sellers and WS Holdings entered into an exchange agreement (the “Exchange Agreement”). Under the agreement, Sapphire (to whom the Sellers’ interest was assigned in 2017) acquired the right at any time prior to November 29, 2022, to exchange all, but not less than all, of its WS Holdings shares into new shares of WillScot Class A common stock in a private placement.
Subject to potential adjustment, Sapphire’s common shares of WS Holdings (representing Sapphire’s then-current ownership percentage of WS Holdings) are exchangeable into new WillScot Class A shares representing an equal ownership percentage of WillScot Class A common stock. The exchange ratio is subject to adjustment based on, among other things, (i) Sapphire’s election to exercise, or to refrain from exercising, its preemptive rights under the Shareholders Agreement and (ii) the dilutive effect of certain issuances of equity securities and derivatives by WS Holdings or WillScot that do not trigger such preemptive rights. Upon Sapphire’s exercise of its exchange right, WillScot will automatically redeem for no consideration all of its Class B common shares owned by Sapphire.
Acton Acquisition
On December 20, 2017, the Company acquired 100% of the issued and outstanding ownership interests of Acton Mobile Holdings LLC (“Acton”) for a cash purchase price of $237.1 million, subject to certain adjustments. Acton owned New Acton Mobile Industries, which provided modular space and portable storage rental services across the US. The acquisition was funded by cash on hand and borrowings under the ABL Facility.
The Company finalized its allocation of fair value for the Acton acquisition in the fourth quarter of 2018. Through December 31, 2018 the Company recorded adjustments to the Acton opening balance sheet, which increased accrued liabilities, deferred revenue, receivables, and deferred tax assets by $2.4 million, $0.6 million, $1.9 million, and $2.6 million respectively, and decreased rental equipment by $2.4 million. The offset of these adjustments was recorded to goodwill as detailed in Note 8.
Pro forma results are presented in aggregate with the ModSpace acquisition below.
Tyson Acquisition
On January 3, 2018, the Company acquired all of the issued and outstanding membership interests of Onsite Space LLC (d/b/a Tyson Onsite (“Tyson”)). Tyson provided modular space rental services in the Midwest, primarily in Indiana, Illinois and Missouri. The acquisition date fair value of the consideration transferred consisted of $24.0 million in cash consideration, net of cash acquired. The transaction was funded by borrowings under the ABL Facility.
The Company finalized its allocation of fair value for the Tyson acquisition in the fourth quarter of 2018 and recorded goodwill of $3.1 million as a result of the Tyson acquisition.
Tyson results were immaterial to the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018, and as a result, the Company is not presenting pro forma information.
ModSpace Acquisition
On August 15, 2018, the Company acquired ModSpace, a privately-owned national provider of office trailers, portable storage units and modular buildings. The acquisition was consummated by merging a special purpose subsidiary of the Company with and into ModSpace, with ModSpace surviving the merger as a subsidiary of WSII. The Company acquired ModSpace to create long-term shareholder value driven by, among other things, economies of scale, cost synergies and
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revenue opportunities unique to a combination of WillScot's and ModSpace's operations, and other benefits associated with being an industry-leading specialty rental services provider.
The aggregate purchase price for ModSpace was $1.2 billion and consisted of (i) $1.1 billion in cash, (ii) 6,458,229 shares of WillScot's Class A common stock with a fair market value of $95.8 million, (iii) warrants to purchase an aggregate of 10,000,000 shares of WillScot’s Class A common stock at an exercise price of $15.50 per share (the "2018 Warrants") with a fair market value of $52.3 million, and (iv) a working capital adjustment of $4.7 million. Of the cash consideration, $3.0 million was deposited into an escrow account to fund any post-closing adjustments from differences between the estimated working capital and the actual working capital of ModSpace at closing. During the fourth quarter, the working capital adjustment was finalized pursuant to the terms of the purchase agreement and the Company received $1.0 million of the escrowed $3.0 million. As a result, the purchase price was reduced by $1.0 million. The acquisition was funded by the net proceeds of WillScot's issuance of 9,200,000 shares of Class A common stock (see Note 12), the net proceeds of WSII’s issuance of $300.0 million in senior secured notes and $200.0 million in senior unsecured notes (see Note 10), and borrowings under the ABL Facility (see Note 10).
The purchase price has been determined to be as follows:
| (in thousands, expect for per share amounts) | Price | ||||
| Cash | $ | 1,054,416 | |||
| Stock consideration (a) | 95,796 | ||||
| 2018 Warrants (b) | 52,310 | ||||
| Working capital adjustment (c) | 4,724 | ||||
| Total purchase price | $ | 1,207,246 | |||
(a) The fair market value of the Class A shares issued as consideration was determined using the closing price on August 15, 2018 of $15.78 per share less a discount of 6.0%, based on lock-up restrictions contemplated by the merger agreement.
(b) Warrants were valued assuming a fair market value of $5.23 as estimated using a Black-Scholes valuation model as of August 15, 2018.
(c) The final working capital adjustment as determined during the fourth quarter was $4.7 million.
The acquisition date fair value of the stock consideration was estimated using a Black-Scholes valuation model. The estimated fair value of the shares is a Level 3 fair value measurement, as defined in Note 15. The fair value of each share is estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following assumptions: expected dividend yield, expected stock price volatility, weighted-average risk-free interest rate and average expected term of the lock-up period on the shares. The volatility assumption used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model is derived from the historical daily change in the market price of the WillScot's common stock, as well as the historical daily changes in the market price of its peer group, based on weighting, as determined by the Company, and over a time period equivalent to the lock-up restriction. The risk-free interest rate used in the Black-Scholes model is based on the implied US Treasury bill yield curve at the date of grant with a remaining term equal to the Company’s expected term assumption. WillScot has never declared or paid a cash dividend on common shares.
| Expected volatility | 28.6 | % | |||||||||
| Risk-free rate of interest | 2.2 | % | |||||||||
| Dividend Yield | — | % | |||||||||
| Expected life (years) | 0.5 | ||||||||||
The acquisition date fair value of the 2018 Warrants was estimated using a Black-Scholes valuation model. The estimated fair value of the warrants is a level 3 fair value measurement. The fair value of each warrant is estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions: expected dividend yield, expected stock price volatility, weighted-average risk-free interest rate and weighted-average expected term of the warrants. The volatility assumption used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model is derived from the historical daily change in the market price of WillScot's common stock, as well as the historical daily changes in the market price of its peer group, based on weighting, as determined by the Company, and over a time period equivalent to the warrant term. The risk-free interest rate used in the Black-Scholes model is based on the implied US Treasury bill yield curve at the date of grant with a remaining term equal to the Company’s expected term assumption. WillScot has never declared or paid a cash dividend on common shares.
| Expected volatility | 35.0 | % | |||||||||
| Risk-free rate of interest | 2.7 | % | |||||||||
| Dividend Yield | — | % | |||||||||
| Expected life (years) | 4.3 | ||||||||||
The following table summarizes the preliminary fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date, August 15, 2018. The Company’s estimated fair value of ModSpace’s assets acquired and liabilities assumed
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on the acquisition date are determined based on preliminary valuations and analyses. Accordingly, the Company has made provisional estimates for the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The valuation of intangible assets acquired is based on certain valuation assumptions yet to be finalized, including cash flow projections, discount rates, contributory asset charges and other valuation model inputs. The valuation of tangible long-lived assets acquired is dependent upon, among other things, refinement of the inputs in the valuation model and an analysis of the condition and estimated remaining useful lives of the assets acquired. In addition to finalizing the valuation of acquired assets, the Company is analyzing complex provisions of tax law regarding treatment of tax attributes upon ModSpace's March 2017 emergence from bankruptcy, implications of the Tax Act as well as scheduling the reversal of deferred tax balances thereof. The Company established valuation allowance on acquired deferred tax assets in the amount of $23.6 million for the amount that is not more likely than not realizable as part of business combination accounting resulting in a net deferred tax asset as of the acquisition date of $1.9 million. The final allocation of the fair value of the ModSpace acquisition, including the final allocation of goodwill to our reporting units was not complete as of December 31, 2018, but will be finalized within the allowable measurement period.
Purchase Price
| (in thousands) | Value | ||||
| Trade receivables, net (a) | $ | 81,320 | |||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 17,342 | ||||
| Inventories | 4,757 | ||||
| Rental equipment | 853,986 | ||||
| Property, plant and equipment | 110,413 | ||||
| Intangible assets: | |||||
| Favorable leases (b) | 3,976 | ||||
| Trade name (b) | 3,000 | ||||
| Deferred tax assets, net | 1,855 | ||||
| Total identifiable assets acquired | $ | 1,076,649 | |||
| Accrued liabilities | $ | 31,551 | |||
| Accounts payable | 37,678 | ||||
| Deferred revenue and customer deposits | 15,938 | ||||
| Total liabilities assumed | $ | 85,167 | |||
| Total goodwill (c) | $ | 215,764 | |||
(a) The fair value of accounts receivable was $81.3 million and the gross contractual amount was $86.5 million. The Company estimated that $5.2 million is uncollectible.
(b) The trade name has an estimated useful life of 3 years. The favorable lease asset has an estimated useful life of 6 years.
(c) The goodwill is reflective of ModSpace’s going concern value and operational synergies that the Company expects to achieve that would not be available to other market participants. The goodwill represented on the balance sheet is not deductible for income tax purposes. The goodwill is allocated to the Modular – US and Modular – Other North America segments, defined in Note 19, in the amounts of $180.6 million and $35.1 million, respectively.
Since the acquisition date, significant amounts of fleet have been moved between legacy WillScot locations and the acquired ModSpace locations, and it is not practicable to reasonably estimate the revenue and earnings of ModSpace separately since the acquisition date.
The unaudited pro forma information below has been prepared using the purchase method of accounting, giving effect to the Acton and ModSpace acquisitions as if they had been completed on January 1, 2017. The pro forma information is not necessarily indicative of the Company’s results of operations had the acquisitions been completed on the above dates, nor is it necessarily indicative of the Company’s future results. The pro forma information does not reflect any cost savings from operating efficiencies or synergies that could result from the acquisitions, and also does not reflect additional revenue opportunities following the acquisitions.
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| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | 2018 (a) (unaudited) | 2017 (a) (unaudited) | ||||||||||||
| WillScot revenues | $ | 751,412 | $ | 445,942 | (b) | |||||||||
| Acton and ModSpace revenues | 312,609 | 537,393 | (c) | |||||||||||
| Pro forma revenues | $ | 1,064,021 | $ | 983,335 | ||||||||||
| WillScot pre-tax loss | $ | (92,172) | $ | (165,398) | (d) | |||||||||
| Acton and ModSpace pre-tax loss | (7,457) | (111,319) | (c) | |||||||||||
| Pre-tax loss before pro forma adjustments | (99,629) | (276,717) | ||||||||||||
| Pro forma adjustments to combined pre-tax loss: | ||||||||||||||
| Impact of fair value mark-ups/useful life changes on depreciation | 10,135 | 13,557 | (e) | |||||||||||
| Intangible asset amortization | (625) | (f) | (1,708) | (f) | ||||||||||
| Interest expense | (41,178) | (g) | (75,031) | (h) | ||||||||||
| Elimination of ModSpace interest | 20,279 | (i) | 45,461 | (i) | ||||||||||
| Pro forma pre-tax loss | (111,018) | (j) | (294,438) | |||||||||||
| Income tax benefit | (43,462) | (k) | (34,228) | (k) | ||||||||||
| Income from discontinued operations | — | 14,650 | ||||||||||||
| Pro forma net loss | $ | (67,556) | $ | (245,560) | ||||||||||
(a) Pro forma results for the year ended December 31, 2017 reflects both Acton and ModSpace historic activity. Pro forma results for the year ended December 31, 2018 include ModSpace historic activity, but do not reflect any adjustments for Acton, as they were included in WillScot results for the entire year. Post-acquisition ModSpace and Acton revenues and pre-tax income are reflected in WillScot's historic revenue and pre-tax income amounts.
(b) Excludes historic revenues and pre-tax income from discontinued operations.
(c) Historic Acton revenues were $93.9 million and historic ModSpace revenues were $443.5 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2017. Historic Acton pre-tax loss was $3.2 million and historic ModSpace pre-tax loss was $108.1 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2017.
(d) Excludes historic revenues and pre-tax income from discontinued operations. Includes historic Corporate and other selling, general and administrative expenses ("SG&A") related to Algeco Group costs, which were $45.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017.
(e) Depreciation of rental equipment and non-rental depreciation were adjusted for the fair value mark-ups of equipment acquired in the Acton and ModSpace acquisitions. For the year ended December 31, 2017, Acton had additional depreciation expense of $5.3 million and ModSpace had a reduction of $18.9 million.
(f) Amortization of the trade names acquired. A value of $0.7 million was assigned to the Acton tradename, which was amortized over one year. The ModSpace tradename was assigned a value of $3.0 million and will be amortized over three years.
(g) In connection with the ModSpace acquisition, the Company drew an incremental $419.0 million on the ABL Facility and issued $300.0 million of 2023 Secured Notes and $200.0 million of Unsecured Notes (see Note 10). As of December 31, 2018 the weighted-average interest rate for the aforementioned borrowings was 6.54%. Interest expense includes amortization of related deferred financing fees on debt incurred in conjunction with the ModSpace acquisition.
(h) In connection with the Acton acquisition, the Company drew $237.1 million on the ABL Facility. The weighted-average interest rate of ABL borrowings was 4.02%. In connection with the ModSpace acquisition, the Company drew an incremental $419.0 million on the ABL Facility and issued $300.0 million of secured notes and $200.0 million of unsecured notes. The weighted-average interest rate of all ModSpace acquisition borrowings was 6.54%. Interest expense includes amortization of related deferred financing fees on debt incurred in conjunction with ModSpace acquisition.
(i) Interest on Acton and ModSpace historic debt was eliminated. Historic Acton interest was $5.1 million and historic ModSpace interest was $40.4 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2017.
(j) Pro forma pre-tax loss includes $15.5 million of restructuring expense, $30.0 million of integration costs, and $20.1 million of transaction costs incurred by WillScot for the year ended December 31, 2018. Additionally, pro forma pre-tax loss for the year ended December 31, 2018 also includes $20.5 million of interest expense associated with bridge financing fees incurred in connection with the acquisition of ModSpace.
(k) As the combined pro forma company was in a tax loss position in 2018 and 2017, all pro forma adjustments for US tax effects are at the federal and state US statutory tax rate of 25.8% since the adjustments represent future deductible or taxable temporary differences.
Transaction and Integration Costs
The Company incurred $30.0 million in integration costs associated with the Tyson, Acton, and ModSpace acquisitions within SG&A expenses, as well as $20.1 million in transaction costs related to its acquisition activity in the year ended December 31, 2018. The Company incurred $1.8 million in transaction costs as part of the Acton acquisition and $22.1 million in transaction costs as part of the Business Combination during the year ended December 31, 2017.
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NOTE 3 - Discontinued Operations
WSII’s Remote Accommodations Business was transferred to another entity included in the Algeco Group prior to the Business Combination.
Historically, the Remote Accommodations Business leased rental equipment from WSII. After the Business Combination, several lease agreements for rental equipment still exist between the Company and Target. The lease revenue associated with these agreements is disclosed in Note 20. The Company also had rental unit sales to Target during the year ended December 31, 2018, which is disclosed in Note 20.
As a result of the transactions discussed above, the Remote Accommodations segment has been reported as discontinued operations in the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, and has no impact on the financial statements in 2018.
Significant Accounting Policies Related to Discontinued Operations
Revenue Recognition - Remote Accommodations
Revenue related to the Remote Accommodations Business, such as lodging and related ancillary services, was recognized pursuant to the terms of the contractual relationships with customers in the period in which services were provided. In some contracts, rates varied over the contract term. In these cases, revenue was generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the contract. Certain of the remote accommodations arrangements contained a lease of the lodging facilities and other non-lease services. Arrangement consideration was allocated between lodging and services based on the relative estimated selling price of each deliverable. The estimated price of the lodging and services deliverables was based on the price of lodging and services when sold separately, or based upon the best estimate of selling price method.
Remote Accommodations Business revenue pertained entirely to the Remote Accommodations segment (see Note 19). There were no revenues or costs related to the Remote Accommodations segment for the year ended December 31, 2018. Revenues and costs related to the Remote Accommodations Business for the period ended November 28, 2017, and the year ended December 31, 2016, were as follows:
| (in thousands) | Period Ended November 28, 2017 | Year Ended December 31, 2016 | |||||||||
| Remote accommodations revenue: | |||||||||||
| Lease revenue | $ | 53,571 | $ | 79,957 | |||||||
| Service revenue | 67,282 | 69,510 | |||||||||
| Total remote accommodations revenue | $ | 120,853 | $ | 149,467 | |||||||
| Remote accommodation costs: | |||||||||||
| Cost of leases | $ | 7,837 | $ | 9,562 | |||||||
| Cost of services | 46,134 | 41,583 | |||||||||
| Total remote accommodations costs | $ | 53,971 | $ | 51,145 | |||||||
Rental Equipment - Remote Accommodations
Remote accommodations rental equipment was measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses. Cost included expenditures that were directly attributable to the acquisition of the asset. Costs of improvements and betterments to remote accommodations rental equipment were capitalized when such costs extended the useful life of the equipment or increased the rental value of the unit. Costs incurred for remote accommodations equipment to meet a particular customer specification were capitalized and depreciated over the lease term, taking in consideration the residual value of the asset. Maintenance and repair costs were expensed as incurred.
Depreciation was generally computed using the straight-line method over estimated useful life, as follows:
| Estimated Useful Life | Residual Value | ||||||||||
| Remote accommodations | 15 years | 0 - 25% | |||||||||
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Results from Discontinued Operations
There was no income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax, for the year ended December 31, 2018. Income from discontinued operations, net of tax, for the period ended November 28, 2017, and the year ended December 31, 2016, were as follows:
| (in thousands) | Period Ended November 28, 2017 | Year Ended December 31, 2016 | |||||||||
| Remote accommodations revenue | $ | 120,853 | $ | 149,467 | |||||||
| Rental unit sales | 1,522 | — | |||||||||
| Remote accommodations costs of leasing and services | 53,971 | 51,145 | |||||||||
| Rental unit cost of sales | 901 | — | |||||||||
| Depreciation of rental equipment | 21,995 | 36,300 | |||||||||
| Gross profit | 45,508 | 62,022 | |||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative expenses | 11,513 | 13,883 | |||||||||
| Other depreciation and amortization | 4,589 | 5,029 | |||||||||
| Restructuring costs | 1,714 | — | |||||||||
| Change in fair value of contingent considerations | — | (4,581) | |||||||||
| Other income | (52) | (394) | |||||||||
| Operating profit | 27,744 | 48,085 | |||||||||
| Interest expense | 2,444 | 2,346 | |||||||||
| Income from discontinued operations, before income tax | 25,300 | 45,739 | |||||||||
| Income tax expense | 10,650 | 13,544 | |||||||||
| Income from discontinued operations, net of tax | $ | 14,650 | $ | 32,195 | |||||||
There were no assets and liabilities remaining related to discontinued operations on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2018 or 2017.
Cash flows from the Company’s discontinued operations are included in the consolidated statements of cash flows. There were no cash flows from discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2018. The significant cash flow items from discontinued operations for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 were as follows:
| (in thousands) | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | $ | 26,584 | $ | 41,329 | |||||||
| Capital expenditures | $ | 9,890 | $ | 5,125 | |||||||
| Change in fair value of contingent consideration | $ | — | $ | (4,581) | |||||||
NOTE 4 - Inventories
Inventories at December 31, consisted of the following:
| (in thousands) | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||
| Raw materials and consumables | $ | 16,022 | $ | 10,082 | |||||||
| Work in process | 196 | — | |||||||||
| Total inventories | $ | 16,218 | $ | 10,082 | |||||||
NOTE 5 - Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets
Prepaid expenses and other current assets at December 31 consisted of the following:
| (in thousands) | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||
| Prepaid expenses | $ | 9,200 | $ | 4,829 | |||||||
| Other current assets | 12,506 | 6,004 | |||||||||
| Receivables due from affiliates | 122 | 2,863 | |||||||||
| Total prepaid expenses and other current assets | $ | 21,828 | $ | 13,696 | |||||||
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NOTE 6 - Rental Equipment, net
Rental equipment, net at December 31 consisted of the following:
| (in thousands) | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||
| Modular units and portable storage | $ | 2,333,776 | $ | 1,385,901 | |||||||
| Value added products | 90,526 | 59,566 | |||||||||
| Total rental equipment | 2,424,302 | 1,445,467 | |||||||||
| Less: accumulated depreciation | (495,012) | (405,321) | |||||||||
| Rental equipment, net | $ | 1,929,290 | $ | 1,040,146 | |||||||
During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company received $9.3 million in insurance proceeds related to assets damaged during Hurricane Harvey. The insurance proceeds exceeded the book value of damaged assets, and the Company recorded gains of $4.8 million which are reflected in other (income) expense, net, on the consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018.
NOTE 7 – Property, Plant and Equipment, net
Property, plant and equipment, net at December 31 consisted of the following:
| (in thousands) | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||
| Land, buildings and leasehold improvements | $ | 185,870 | $ | 89,941 | |||||||
| Manufacturing and office equipment | 58,481 | 47,882 | |||||||||
| Software and other | 29,632 | 26,598 | |||||||||
| Total other property, plant and equipment | 273,983 | 164,421 | |||||||||
| Less: accumulated depreciation | (90,233) | (80,755) | |||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment, net | $ | 183,750 | $ | 83,666 | |||||||
Depreciation expense related to property, plant and equipment was $12.2 million, $8.7 million and $9.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Included in property, plant and equipment are certain assets under capital leases. The gross cost of property, plant and equipment assets under capital leases was $0.8 million and $3.4 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The accumulated depreciation related to property, plant and equipment assets under capital leases was $0.7 million and $3.2 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The depreciation expense for these assets is presented in other depreciation and amortization in the consolidated statement of operations. As more fully disclosed in Note 10, the Company has entered into various sale leaseback transactions associated with several of its branches in North America. The net book value of the assets under sale leaseback transactions that are included in property, plant and equipment was $31.3 million and $33.1 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
In the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company reclassified certain branch facilities from property, plant and equipment to held for sale. As the fair value less cost to sell was less than the carrying value of these assets, we recognized an impairment charge of $1.6 million. The fair value of the assets held for sale is a Level 2 investment and was measured using current sales prices for comparable assets in the market.
NOTE 8 - Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill
Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill were as follows:
| Modular – US | Modular – Other North America | Total | |||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2016 | $ | — | $ | 56,811 | $ | 56,811 | |||||||||||
| Acquisition of a business | 28,609 | — | 28,609 | ||||||||||||||
| Effects of movements in foreign exchange rates | — | 3,932 | 3,932 | ||||||||||||||
| Impairment losses | — | (60,743) | (60,743) | ||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2017 | 28,609 | — | 28,609 | ||||||||||||||
| Acquisition of businesses | 183,711 | 35,128 | 218,839 | ||||||||||||||
| Changes to preliminary purchase price allocations | 944 | — | 944 | ||||||||||||||
| Effects of movements in foreign exchange rates | — | (1,375) | (1,375) | ||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2018 | $ | 213,264 | $ | 33,753 | $ | 247,017 | |||||||||||
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As discussed in further detail in Note 2, the Company acquired ModSpace in August 2018. A preliminary valuation of the acquired net assets of ModSpace resulted in the recognition of $180.6 million and $35.1 million of goodwill in the Modular - US segment and Modular - Other North America segment, defined in Note 19, which the Company expects will be non-deductible for income tax purposes. The Company expects to finalize the valuation of the acquired net assets of ModSpace within the one-year measurement period from the date of acquisition.
As described in Note 2, the Company acquired Tyson in January 2018. The Company concluded the valuation of the acquired net assets of Tyson in the fourth quarter of 2018, resulting in the recognition of $3.1 million of goodwill in the US segment.
As discussed in further detail in Note 2, the Company acquired Acton in December 2017. A preliminary valuation of the acquired net assets of Acton resulted in the recognition of $28.6 million of goodwill to the Modular - US segment, as defined in Note 19, for the year ended December 31, 2017. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company made net adjustments of $0.9 million that decreased the acquired net assets of Acton, due to further evaluation of rental equipment and non-indemnified liabilities partially offset by changes in insurance-related receivables and deferred tax assets.
Annual Goodwill Impairment Analysis
The Company had $28.6 million and $247.0 million of goodwill as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively. Through the acquisition of ModSpace in August 2018, the Company recorded $215.7 million of goodwill, which was allocated to the Company’s US and Canadian reporting units based on preliminary fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed on the acquisition date.
The Company conducted its annual goodwill impairment test by performing a quantitative assessment as of October 1, 2018. After conducting an analysis of the fair value of each reporting unit as of October 1, 2018, the Company determined that there was no impairment of goodwill identified as a result of the annual impairment analysis. The US reporting unit was determined to have a fair value in excess of carrying value of over 100.0% as of October 1, 2018. The Canadian reporting unit was determined to have a fair value in excess of its carrying value of approximately 2.0% as of October 1, 2018.
In December 2018, there was a significant decline in the debt and equity capital markets, including the Company’s stock price, which constituted an indicator of potential impairment in management's judgment. As a result, the Company performed an interim goodwill impairment test as of December 31, 2018. The interim impairment analysis determined that there was no impairment of goodwill for either the US and Canadian reporting units as of December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2018, the US reporting unit continued to have a fair in excess of carrying value of over 100.0%. The Canadian reporting unit was determined to have a fair value in excess of carrying value of less than 1.0% as of December 31, 2018.
The fair value of the reporting units at October 1, 2018 and December 31, 2018 were determined based on the income approach. The income approach requires management to make certain estimates and judgments. To estimate its projected cash flows, management uses estimates of economic and market information, including growth rates in revenues and costs, working capital and capital expenditure requirements, operating margins, and projected foreign exchange rates and tax rates where applicable. Several of the assumptions used in the discounted cash flow analysis are based upon a multi-year financial plan. The annual planning process takes into consideration many factors including: historical results and operating performance, related industry trends, pricing and other commercial strategies, operational considerations, and market data, among other things. Assumptions are also made for periods beyond the multi-year financial plan period.
The discount rate used in the income approach is determined using a weighted-average cost of capital and reflects the risks and uncertainties in the cash flow estimates for the Company’s reporting units. The weighted-average cost of capital includes a cost of debt and equity. The cost of equity is estimated using the capital asset pricing model, which includes inputs for a long-term risk-free rate, equity risk premium, company/small stock risk premium, an asset beta appropriate for the assets in the reporting unit, as well as Company-specific premiums or discounts that may be applied based on management’s judgment.
There are inherent uncertainties and judgments involved when determining the fair value of the reporting units for purposes of the Company’s annual goodwill impairment testing. The success of the reporting unit depends on the achievement of certain key assumptions developed by management that are used in the discounted cash flow analyses. These are contingent upon various factors including, but not limited to (i) achieving revenue growth through pricing, increased units on rent, increased penetration of value added products and services, and other commercial strategies, (ii) efficient management of our operations and our fleet through maintenance and capital investment, and, (iii) achieving margin expectations, including integration synergies with acquired companies. In addition, some of the estimates and assumptions used in determining fair value of the reporting units including the discount rate, foreign currency rates, and growth rates utilize inputs that are outside the control of management and dependent on market and economic conditions These assumptions are inherently uncertain and deterioration of market and economic conditions would adversely impact the Company's ability to meet its projected results and would affect the fair value of the reporting units.
The estimates of fair value are sensitive to the aforementioned inputs to the valuation approach. If any one of the above inputs changes, it could reduce or increase the estimated fair value of the affected reporting unit. A reduction in the fair value of a reporting unit could result in an impairment charge up to the full amount of goodwill reported. Some of the inputs, such as forecasts of revenue and earnings growth, are subject to change given their operational uncertainty. Other inputs, such as the discount rate and foreign currency rates, are subject to change as they are outside of our control.
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At December 31, 2018, there was $33.8 million of goodwill allocated to the Canadian reporting unit. If all assumptions were held constant, a 1% increase in the discount rate would result in a $30.9 million decrease in the estimated fair value of the Canadian reporting unit and would result in impairment of a portion of the Company’s goodwill. A 1% decrease in the discount rate would result in a $41.1 million increase in the estimated fair value of the Canadian reporting unit. We continue to monitor actual results versus forecasted results and external factors that may impact the enterprise value of the reporting unit.
Although the Company believes that it has sufficient historical and projected information available to test for goodwill impairment, it is possible that actual results could differ from the estimates used in its impairment tests. Of the key assumptions that impact the goodwill impairment test, the expected future cash flows, discount rate and foreign exchange rates are among the most sensitive and are considered to be critical assumptions. Changes to these estimates could have an effect on the estimated fair value of each of the Company’s reporting units.
The Company recognized a goodwill impairment charge in 2017 of $60.7 million, equal to the difference between the carrying value and estimated fair value of the Canadian reporting unit, limited to the value of the Canadian goodwill at the impairment assessment date, during the fourth quarter of 2017. The impairment was primarily driven by a longer expected recovery period in the estimated future cash flows for the reporting unit, specifically as it related to customers in the oil and gas industry. The Canadian reporting unit had seen an increase in lease volume, but had continued to see declines in pricing and margin.
The Company recognized a goodwill impairment charge in 2016 of $5.5 million, associated with the Mexico reporting unit, which is included in the Modular - Other North America segment. The impairment was the result of a decline in the operating results and a re-evaluation of future growth.
Accumulated goodwill impairment losses were $792.8 million, $792.8 million and $732.0 million as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The $792.8 million of accumulated impairment losses as of December 31, 2018 includes: $726.5 million of losses pertaining to the Modular - US segment and $66.3 million of losses pertaining to the Modular - Other North America segment, respectively.
Intangibles
Intangible assets other than goodwill at December 31, consisted of the following:
| December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | Weighted average remaining life (in years) | Gross carrying amount | Accumulated amortization | Net book value | |||||||||||||||||||
| Intangible assets subject to amortization: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Favorable lease rights | 6.7 | $ | 4,523 | $ | (347) | $ | 4,176 | ||||||||||||||||
| ModSpace trade name | 2.7 | 3,000 | (375) | 2,625 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total intangible assets subject to amortization | 7,523 | (722) | 6,801 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Indefinite-lived intangible assets: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Trade names | 125,000 | — | 125,000 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Total intangible assets other than goodwill | $ | 132,523 | $ | (722) | $ | 131,801 | |||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | Weighted average remaining life (in years) | Gross carrying amount | Accumulated amortization | Net book value | |||||||||||||||||||
| Intangible assets subject to amortization: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Favorable lease rights | 7.8 | $ | 551 | $ | — | $ | 551 | ||||||||||||||||
| Acton trade name | 1.0 | 708 | — | 708 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total intangible assets subject to amortization | 1,259 | — | 1,259 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Indefinite-lived intangible assets: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Trade names | 125,000 | — | 125,000 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Total intangible assets other than goodwill | $ | 126,259 | $ | — | $ | 126,259 | |||||||||||||||||
As discussed in further detail in Note 2, the Company acquired Acton in December 2017. A valuation of the acquired net assets of Acton resulted in the allocation of $1.3 million to definite-lived intangible assets to the Modular - US segment, defined in Note 19.
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As described in Note 2, the Company acquired Tyson in January 2018. A valuation of the acquired net assets of Tyson resulted in the recognition of $3.1 million of goodwill in the Modular - US segment, defined in Note 19.
As described in Note 2, the Company acquired ModSpace in August 2018, and preliminarily allocated $3.0 million and $3.9 million to definite-lived intangible assets, related to the ModSpace trade name and favorable lease rights, to the Modular - US segment and $0.1 million of definite-lived intangible assets to the Modular - Other North America segment, defined in Note 19. The trade name has an estimated useful life of three years and the favorable lease asset has an estimated useful life of six years. The Company expects to finalize the valuation of the acquired net assets of ModSpace, including the related intangible assets, within the one-year measurement period from the date of acquisition.
The aggregate amortization expense for intangible assets subject to amortization was $1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, of which $1.1 million was recorded in depreciation and amortization expense, and $0.3 million related to the favorable lease rights was recorded in SG&A. There was no amortization expense for intangible assets subject to amortization for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.
As of December 31, 2018, the expected future amortization expense for intangible assets is as follows:
| (in thousands) | Amortization Expense | ||||
| 2019 | $ | 1,785 | |||
| 2020 | 1,649 | ||||
| 2021 | 1,253 | ||||
| 2022 | 628 | ||||
| 2023 | 628 | ||||
| Thereafter | 858 | ||||
| Total | $ | 6,801 | |||
NOTE 9 - Deferred Revenue and Customer Deposits
Deferred revenue and customer deposits at December 31 consisted of the following:
| (in thousands) | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||
| Current: | |||||||||||
| Deferred revenue | $ | 68,398 | $ | 37,041 | |||||||
| Customer deposits | 3,380 | 8,141 | |||||||||
| Total current deferred revenue and customer deposits | $ | 71,778 | $ | 45,182 | |||||||
| Long-term: | |||||||||||
| Deferred revenue | $ | 7,723 | $ | 4,847 | |||||||
| Customer deposits | — | 530 | |||||||||
| Total long-term deferred revenue and customer deposits | $ | 7,723 | $ | 5,377 | |||||||
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NOTE 10 - Debt
The carrying value of debt outstanding at December 31 consisted of the following:
| (in thousands, except rates) | Interest rate | Year of maturity | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 Secured Notes | 7.875% | 2022 | $ | 292,258 | $ | 290,687 | |||||||||||||||||
| 2023 Secured Notes | 6.875% | 2023 | 293,918 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Unsecured Notes | 10.00% | 2023 | 198,931 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| US ABL Facility | Varies | 2022 | 853,409 | 297,323 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Canadian ABL Facility (a) | Varies | 2022 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Capital lease and other financing obligations | 37,983 | 38,736 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Total debt | 1,676,499 | 626,746 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Less: current portion of long-term debt | (1,959) | (1,881) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Total long-term debt | $ | 1,674,540 | $ | 624,865 | |||||||||||||||||||
(a) As of December 31, 2018, the Company had $0.9 million of outstanding principal borrowings on the Canadian ABL Facility and $2.9 million of related debt issuance costs. $0.9 million of the related debt issuance costs are recorded as a direct offset against the principal of the Canadian ABL Facility and the remaining $2.0 million, in excess of principal, has been included in other non-current assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. As there were no principal borrowings outstanding on the Canadian ABL Facility as of December 31, 2017, $1.8 million of debt issuance costs and debt discounts related to the facility are included in other non-current assets on the consolidated balance sheet.
As of December 31, 2018, the aggregate annual principal maturities of debt and capital lease obligations for each of the next five years are as follows:
| (in thousands) | Debt | Capital leases and other financing obligations | Total | ||||||||||||||
| 2019 | $ | — | $ | 1,959 | $ | 1,959 | |||||||||||
| 2020 | — | 204 | 204 | ||||||||||||||
| 2021 | — | 5,019 | 5,019 | ||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 1,179,418 | 235 | 1,179,653 | ||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 500,000 | 252 | 500,252 | ||||||||||||||
| Thereafter | — | 31,873 | 31,873 | ||||||||||||||
The Company has debt discount and debt issuance costs recorded as offsets against the carrying value of the ABL Facility, the 2022 Secured Notes, the 2023 Secured Notes, the Unsecured Notes and other financing obligations as discussed in further detail below.
The debt discount and debt issuance costs will be amortized and included as part of interest expense over the remaining contractual terms of those debt instruments for each of the next five years as follow:
| (in thousands) | Debt discount and debt issuance cost amortization | ||||
| 2019 | $ | 11,482 | |||
| 2020 | 11,746 | ||||
| 2021 | 11,999 | ||||
| 2022 | 7,380 | ||||
| 2023 | 1,291 | ||||
| Thereafter | 506 | ||||
ABL Facilities
Former Algeco Group Revolver
Prior to the Business Combination, WSII depended on the Algeco Group for financing, which centrally managed all cash management. In October 2012, the Algeco Group entered into a multicurrency asset-based revolving credit facility (the “Algeco Group Revolver”), which had a maximum aggregate availability of the equivalent of $1.355 billion. The maximum borrowing availability to WSII in US dollars and Canadian dollars (“CAD”) was $760.0 million and $175.0 million, respectively. Borrowings under the Algeco Group Revolver bore interest payable on the first day of each quarter for the preceding quarter at
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a variable rate based on LIBOR or another applicable regional bank rate plus a margin. The margin varied based on the amount of total borrowings under the Algeco Group Revolver with the margin increasing as borrowings increased.
On March 31, 2017, the Algeco Group Revolver was amended (the “Amended Algeco Group Revolver”) to provide for a maximum availability of the equivalent of $1.1 billion, with a maturity date of July 10, 2018. As amended, the maximum USD and CAD availability to WSII was reduced to $740.0 million and $100.0 million, respectively. WSII incurred $10.2 million in debt issuance costs in connection with the amendment, which were deferred and amortized through the new maturity date.
Borrowings under the Amended Algeco Group Revolver bore interest payable on the first day of each quarter for the preceding quarter at a variable rate based on LIBOR or another applicable regional bank rate plus a margin of 3.75%. Borrowings were secured by a first lien on tangible assets which comprised substantially all Algeco Group rental equipment, property, plant and equipment and trade receivables in the US, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand.
On November 29, 2017, the $669.5 million that had been drawn by WSII on the Amended Algeco Group Revolver under the direction of the Algeco Group’s centralized treasury function was repaid in full, using the proceeds from the Business Combination (see Note 2), and WSII’s properties were released from all liens related to the Amended Algeco Group Revolver.
Interest expense of $0.0 million, $29.2 million and $23.8 million related to the Algeco Group Revolver and the Amended Algeco Group Revolver was included in the interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
ABL Facility
On November 29, 2017, WS Holdings, WSII and certain of its subsidiaries entered into an ABL credit agreement (the “ABL Facility”) that provided a senior secured revolving credit facility in the initial aggregate principal amount of up to $600.0 million.
For accounting purposes, the ABL Facility is treated as a modification of the Amended Algeco Group Revolver. Certain of the lenders under the Amended Algeco Group Revolver are also lenders under the ABL Facility. As the borrowing capacity of each of the continuing lenders in the ABL Facility was greater than the borrowing capacity of the Amended Algeco Group Revolver, any unamortized debt issuance costs of continuing lenders were deferred and amortized through the maturity date of the ABL Facility. The amount of unamortized debt issuance costs pertaining to continuing ABL lenders was $3.5 million as of the date of the modification. Any debt issuance costs from the Amended Algeco Group Revolver that pertain to non-continuing lenders were expensed through interest expense on the consolidated statement of operations as of the modification date. The Company recognized a charge of $2.8 million in interest expense related to the write-off of debt issuance costs pertaining to non-continuing lenders for the year ended December 31, 2017. As a result of entering into the ABL Facility, the Company incurred debt issuance and discounts costs of $11.2 million that will be deferred and amortized through the maturity date of the ABL Facility
In July and August 2018, the Company entered into three amendments (the "ABL Amendments") to the ABL Facility that, among other things, (i) permitted the ModSpace acquisition and the Company’s financing thereof, (ii) increased the ABL Facility limit to $1.425 billion in the aggregate, with an accordion feature allowing up to $1.8 billion of capacity, and (iii) increased certain thresholds, basket sizes and default and notice triggers to account for the Company’s increased scale following the ModSpace acquisition.
After giving effect to the ABL Amendments, the ABL Facility, which matures on May 29, 2022, consists of (i) a $1.285 billion asset-backed revolving credit facility (the “US ABL Facility”) for WSII and certain of its domestic subsidiaries (the “US Borrowers”), (ii) a $140.0 million asset-based revolving credit facility (the “Canadian ABL Facility”) for certain Canadian subsidiaries of WSII (the “Canadian Borrower,” and together with the US Borrowers, the “Borrowers”), and (iii) an accordion feature that permits the Borrowers to increase the lenders’ commitments in an aggregate amount not to exceed $375.0 million, subject to the satisfaction of customary conditions, plus any voluntary prepayments that are accompanied by permanent commitment reductions under the ABL Facility.
Borrowings under the ABL Facility, at the Borrower’s option, bear interest at an adjusted LIBOR or base rate, in each case plus an applicable margin. The initial applicable margin was 2.50% for LIBOR borrowings and 1.50% for base rate borrowings. Commencing on March 31, 2018, the applicable margins were subject to one step-down of 0.25% or one step-up of 0.25%, based on excess availability levels with respect to the ABL Facility. The ABL Facility requires the payment of an annual commitment fee on the unused available borrowings of between 0.375% and 0.5% per annum. At December 31, 2018, the weighted average interest rate for borrowings under the ABL Facility was 4.95%. The weighted average interest rate on the balance outstanding as of year end, as adjusted for the effects of the interest rate swap agreements was 5.23%. Refer to Note 14 for a more detailed discussion on interest rate management.
Borrowing availability under the US ABL Facility and the Canadian ABL Facility is equal to the lesser of (i) with respect to US Borrowers, $1.285 billion and the US Borrowing Base (defined below) (the “US Line Cap”), and (ii) with respect to the Canadian Borrower, $140.0 million and the Canadian Borrowing Base (defined below) (the “Canadian Line Cap,” together with the US Line Cap, the “Line Cap”).
The US Borrowing Base is, at any time of determination, an amount (net of reserves) equal to the sum of:
◦85% of the net book value of the US Borrowers’ eligible accounts receivable, plus
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◦the lesser of (i) 95% of the net book value of the US Borrowers’ eligible rental equipment and (ii) 85% of the net orderly liquidation value of the US Borrowers’ eligible rental equipment, minus
◦customary reserves.
The Canadian Borrowing Base is, at any time of determination, an amount (net of reserves) equal to the sum of:
◦85% of the net book value of the Canadian Borrower’s eligible accounts receivable, plus
◦the lesser of (i) 95% of the net book value of the Canadian Borrower's eligible rental equipment and (ii) 85% of the net orderly liquidation value of the Canadian Borrower's eligible rental equipment, plus
◦portions of the US Borrowing Base that have been allocated to the Canadian Borrowing Base, minus
◦customary reserves.
At December 31, 2018, the Line Cap was $1.425 billion and the Borrowers had $532.6 million of available borrowing capacity under the ABL Facility, including $393.5 million under the US ABL Facility and $139.1 million under the Canadian ABL Facility. At December 31, 2017, prior to the ABL Amendments, the Line Cap was $600.0 million and the Borrowers had $281.1 million of available borrowing capacity under the ABL Facility, including $211.1 million under the US ABL Facility and $70.0 million under the Canadian ABL Facility.
Borrowing capacity under the US ABL Facility is made available for up to $75.0 million of letters of credit and up to $75.0 million of swingline loans, and borrowing capacity under the Canadian ABL Facility is made available for up to $60.0 million of letters of credit, and $50.0 million of swingline loans. At December 31, 2018, letters of credit and bank guarantees carried fees of 2.625%. The Company had issued $13.0 million and $8.9 million of standby letters of credit under the ABL Facility at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
The obligations of the US Borrowers are unconditionally guaranteed by WS Holdings and each existing and subsequently acquired or organized direct or indirect wholly-owned US organized restricted subsidiary of WS Holdings, other than excluded subsidiaries (together with WS Holdings, the "US Guarantors"). The obligations of the Canadian Borrowers are unconditionally guaranteed by the US Borrowers and the US Guarantors, and each existing and subsequently acquired or organized direct or indirect wholly-owned Canadian organized restricted subsidiary of WS Holdings other than certain excluded subsidiaries (together with the US Guarantors, the "ABL Guarantors").
The ABL Facility requires the Borrowers to maintain a (i) minimum interest coverage ratio of 2.00:1.00 and (ii) maximum total net leverage ratio of 5.50:1.00, in each case, at any time when the excess availability under the ABL Facility is less than the greater of (a) $135.0 million and (b) an amount equal to 10% of the Line Cap.
The ABL Facility also contains a number of customary negative covenants. Such covenants, among other things, limit or restrict the ability of each of the Borrowers, their restricted subsidiaries, and where applicable, WS Holdings, to: incur additional indebtedness, issue disqualified stock and make guarantees; incur liens; engage in mergers or consolidations or fundamental changes; sell assets; pay dividends and repurchase capital stock; make investments, loans and advances, including acquisitions; amend organizational documents and master lease documents; enter into certain agreements that would restrict the ability to pay dividends or incur liens on assets; repay certain junior indebtedness; enter into sale and leaseback transactions; and change the conduct of its business.
The aforementioned restrictions are subject to certain exceptions including (i) the ability to incur additional indebtedness, liens, investments, dividends, and prepayments of junior indebtedness subject, in each case, to compliance with certain financial metrics and certain other conditions and (ii) a number of other traditional exceptions that grant the Borrowers continued flexibility to operate and develop their businesses. The ABL Facility also contains customary representations and warranties, affirmative covenants and events of default. The Company is in compliance with these covenants and restrictions as of December 31, 2018.
The Company had $879.4 million and $310.0 million in outstanding principal under the ABL Facility at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
The ABL Amendments were treated as a debt modification to the ABL Facility for accounting purposes. All ABL Facility lenders prior to the ABL Amendments are continuing lenders after giving effect to the ABL Amendments. The Company incurred an additional $19.0 million in debt issuance costs and discounts associated with the ABL Amendments that have been deferred and will be amortized through the remaining period until the maturity date of the ABL Facility. Debt issuance costs and discounts of $26.0 million and $12.7 million are included in the carrying value of the ABL Facility at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
Interest expense of $27.1 million and $0.8 million related to the ABL Facility was included in interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
2022 Senior Secured Notes
In connection with the closing of the Business Combination, WSII issued $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of 7.875% senior secured notes due December 15, 2022 (the “2022 Secured Notes”) under an indenture dated November 29, 2017 (the “Indenture”). The Indenture was entered into by and among WSII, the guarantors named therein (the “Note Guarantors”), and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee and as collateral agent. Interest is payable semi-annually on June 15 and December 15 beginning June 15, 2018.
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Before December 15, 2019, WSII may redeem the 2022 Secured Notes at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount thereof, plus a customary make whole premium for the 2022 Secured Notes being redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to but not including the redemption date.
The customary make whole premium, with respect to any 2022 Secured Note on any applicable redemption date, as calculated by the Company, is the greater of (i) 1.00% of the then outstanding principal amount of the 2022 Secured Note; and (ii) the excess of (a) the present value at such redemption date of (i) the redemption price set on or after December 15, 2019 plus (ii) all required interest payments due on the 2022 Secured Note through December 15, 2019, excluding accrued but unpaid interest to the redemption date, in each case, computed using a discount rate equal to the Treasury Rate as of such redemption date plus 50 basis points; over (b) the then outstanding principal amount of the 2022 Secured Note.
Before December 15, 2019, WSII may redeem up to 40% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2022 Secured Notes at a price equal to 107.875% of the principal amount of the 2022 Secured Notes being redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to but not including the redemption date with the net proceeds of certain equity offerings. At any time prior to November 29, 2019, WSII may also redeem up to 10% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2022 Secured Notes at a redemption price equal to 103% of the principal amount of the 2022 Secured Notes being redeemed during each twelve-month period commencing with the closing date, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to but not including the redemption date. If WSII undergoes a change of control or sells certain of its assets, WSII may be required to offer to repurchase the Notes.
On or after December 15, 2019, WSII, at its option, may redeem the 2022 Secured Notes, in whole or in part, at the redemption prices expressed as percentages of principal amount set forth below, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the applicable redemption date (subject to the right of 2022 Secured Note holders on the relevant record date to receive interest due on an interest payment date falling on or prior to the redemption date), if redeemed during the twelve-month period beginning on December 15 of each of the years set forth below:
| Year | Redemption Price | ||||
| 2019 | 103.938 | % | |||
| 2020 | 101.969 | % | |||
| 2021 and thereafter | 100.000 | % | |||
The 2022 Secured Notes are unconditionally guaranteed by the Note Guarantors. WillScot is not a guarantor of the 2022 Secured Notes. The Note Guarantors, as well as certain of the Company’s non-US subsidiaries, are guarantors or borrowers under the ABL Facility. To the extent that lenders under the ABL Facility release the guarantee of any Note Guarantor, such Note Guarantor will also be released from obligations under the 2022 Secured Notes. These guarantees are secured by a second priority security interest in substantially all of the assets of WSII and the Note Guarantors, subject to customary exclusions. The guarantees of the 2022 Secured Notes by WillScot Equipment II, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company which holds certain of WSII’s assets in the US, will be subordinated to its obligations under the ABL Facility.
The 2022 Secured Notes contain certain negative covenants, including limitations that restrict WSII’s ability and the ability of certain of its subsidiaries, to directly or indirectly, create additional financial obligations. With certain specified exceptions, these negative covenants prohibit WSII and certain of its subsidiaries from: creating or incurring additional debt; paying dividends or making any other distributions with respect to its capital stock; making loans or advances to WillScot or any restricted subsidiary of WSII; selling, leasing or transferring any of its property or assets to WillScot or any restricted subsidiary of WSII; directly or indirectly creating, incurring or assuming any lien of any kind securing debt on the collateral; or entering into any sale and leaseback transaction. On August 15, 2018, in conjunction with the ModSpace acquisition and related debt issuances, WSII entered a supplemental indenture to, among other things, join ModSpace and its domestic subsidiaries as guarantors of the 2022 Secured Notes.
The aforementioned restrictions are subject to certain exceptions including (i) the ability to incur additional indebtedness, liens, investments, dividends and distributions, and prepayments of junior indebtedness subject, in each case, to compliance with certain financial metrics and certain other conditions and (ii) a number of other traditional exceptions that grant the US Borrowers continued flexibility to operate and develop their businesses. The Company is in compliance with these covenants and restrictions as of December 31, 2018.
The Company incurred and deferred $9.4 million of debt issuance and discount costs in connection with the issuance of the 2022 Secured Notes in 2017, which are included in the carrying value as of the 2022 Secured Notes as of December 31, 2018. These will be amortized through the maturity date of the 2022 Secured Notes. As a result of entering into the 2022 Secured Notes, in 2017, the Company also incurred bridge financing fees of $3.8 million, which are recorded in interest expense on the consolidated statements of operations. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, unamortized debt issuance costs pertaining to the 2022 Secured Notes were $7.7 million and $9.3 million, respectively.
2023 Senior Secured Notes
On August 6, 2018, a special purpose subsidiary of WSII completed a private offering of $300 million in aggregate principal amount of its 6.875% senior secured notes due August 15, 2023 (the “2023 Secured Notes,” and together with the 2022 Secured Notes, the "Senior Secured Notes"). The issuer entered into an indenture dated August 6, 2018 with Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee (“2023 Secured Notes Indenture”), which governs the terms of the 2023 Secured
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Notes. In connection with the ModSpace acquisition, the issuer merged with and into WSII and WSII assumed the 2023 Secured Notes. Interest is payable semi-annually on February 15 and August 15 of each year, beginning February 15, 2019.
WSII may redeem the 2023 Secured Notes at any time before August 15, 2020 at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount thereof, plus a customary make whole premium for the 2023 Secured Notes being redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to but not including the redemption date. Before August 15, 2020, WSII may redeem up to 40% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2023 Secured Notes at a price equal to 106.875% of the principal amount of the 2023 Secured Notes being redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to but not including the redemption date with the net proceeds of certain equity offerings. WSII may also redeem up to 10% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2023 Secured Notes at any time prior to the second anniversary of the closing date of this offering at a redemption price equal to 103% of the principal amount of the 2023 Secured Notes being redeemed during each twelve-month period commencing with the issue date, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to but not including the redemption date. If WSII undergoes a change of control or sells certain of its assets, WSII may be required to offer to repurchase the 2023 Secured Notes.
On and after August 15, 2020, WSII may redeem the 2023 Secured Notes, in whole or in part, at the redemption prices expressed as percentages of principal amount set forth below plus accrued and unpaid interest to but not including the applicable redemption date (subject to the holders' right to receive interest due on an interest payment date falling on or prior to the redemption date), if redeemed during the twelve-month period beginning on August 15 of each of the years set forth below.
| Year | Redemption Price | ||||
| 2020 | 103.438 | % | |||
| 2021 | 101.719 | % | |||
| 2022 and thereafter | 100.000 | % | |||
The 2023 Secured Notes are unconditionally guaranteed by the Note Guarantors. WillScot is not a guarantor of the 2023 Secured Notes. The Note Guarantors and certain of the Company's non-US subsidiaries are guarantors or borrowers under the ABL Facility. These guarantees are secured by a second priority security interest in substantially all of the assets of WSII and the Guarantors (subject to customary exclusions) and are subordinated to the Company's obligations under the ABL Facility.
The 2023 Secured Notes contain certain negative covenants, including limitations that may restrict WSII’s ability and the ability of certain of its subsidiaries, to directly or indirectly, create additional financial obligations. With certain specified exceptions, these negative covenants prohibit WSII and certain of its subsidiaries from: creating or incurring additional debt; paying dividends or making any other distributions with respect to its capital stock; making loans or advances to WillScot or any restricted subsidiary of WSII; selling, leasing or transferring any of its property or assets to WillScot or any restricted subsidiary of WSII; directly or indirectly creating, incurring or assuming any lien of any kind securing debt on the collateral; or entering into any sale and leaseback transaction.
The aforementioned restrictions are subject to certain exceptions including (i) the ability to incur additional indebtedness, liens, investments, dividends and distributions, and prepayments of junior indebtedness subject, in each case, to compliance with certain financial metrics and certain other conditions and (ii) a number of other traditional exceptions that grant the US Borrowers continued flexibility to operate and develop their businesses. The Company is in compliance with these covenants and restrictions as of December 31, 2018.
The Company incurred debt issuance costs and discounts of $6.5 million in connection with the 2023 Secured Notes. Debt issuance costs and discounts of $6.1 million are included in the carrying value of the debt at December 31, 2018.
2023 Senior Unsecured Notes
On August 3, 2018, a special purpose subsidiary of WSII completed a private offering of $200.0 million in aggregate principal amount of its senior unsecured notes due November 15, 2023 (the “Unsecured Notes”). The issuer entered into an indenture with Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee (the “Unsecured Notes Indenture”), which governs the terms and conditions of the Unsecured Notes. In connection with the ModSpace acquisition, the issuer merged with and into WSII and WSII assumed the Unsecured Notes.
If paid in cash, the Unsecured Notes bear interest at a rate of 10% per annum, on or before February 15, 2021, and at an increased rate per annum of 12.5% thereafter. Interest on the Unsecured Notes can also be paid in kind ("PIK") at 11.25% per annum on or before February 15, 2021. Interest is payable semi-annually on February 15 and August 15 of each year, beginning February 15, 2019.
The Unsecured Notes are not prepayable until February 15, 2019. From time to time during the period from February 15, 2019 through August 14, 2019, WSII may redeem the Unsecured Notes, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Unsecured Notes, plus the Applicable Premium (as defined in the Unsecured Notes Indenture) as of, and accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including the redemption date (subject to the holders' right to receive interest due on an interest payment date falling on or prior to the redemption date); provided, that if the Unsecured Notes are being redeemed in part, such redemption will not reduce the aggregate principal amount of the Unsecured Notes
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outstanding below $50.0 million (together with any PIK Interest in respect thereof). If WSII undergoes a change of control or sells certain of its assets, WSII may be required to offer to repurchase the Unsecured Notes.
At any time and from time to time on and after August 15, 2019, WSII, at its option, may redeem the Unsecured Notes, in whole or in part, at the redemption prices expressed as percentages of principal amount set forth below plus accrued and unpaid interest to but not including the applicable redemption date (subject to the right of Holders (as defined therein) on the relevant record date to receive interest due on an interest payment date falling on or prior to the redemption date), if redeemed during the periods referred to below, beginning on August 15, 2019; provided however, that if the Unsecured Notes are being redeemed in part, such redemption will not reduce the aggregate principal amount of the Unsecured Notes outstanding below $50.0 million (together with any PIK Interest in respect thereof).
| Year | Redemption Price | ||||
| August 15, 2019 to February 14, 2020 | 102.000 | % | |||
| February 15, 2020 to February 14, 2021 | 104.000 | % | |||
| February 15, 2021 and thereafter | 106.000 | % | |||
The Unsecured Notes are unconditionally guaranteed by each Note Guarantor. These guarantees are senior, unsecured obligations of the Note Guarantors (except that the guarantee of the Unsecured Notes provided by WillScot Equipment II, LLC, which holds certain of WSII’s uncertificated assets in the US, are subordinated to its obligations under the ABL Facility).
The Unsecured Notes contain certain negative covenants, including limitations that may restrict WSII’s ability and the ability of certain of its subsidiaries, to directly or indirectly, create additional financial obligations. With certain specified exceptions, these negative covenants prohibit WSII and certain of its subsidiaries from: creating or incurring additional debt; paying dividends or making any other distributions with respect to its capital stock; making loans or advances to WillScot or any restricted subsidiary of WSII; selling, leasing or transferring any of its property or assets to WillScot or any restricted subsidiary of WSII; directly or indirectly creating, incurring or assuming any lien of any kind securing debt on the collateral; or entering into any sale and leaseback transaction.
The aforementioned restrictions are subject to certain exceptions including (i) the ability to incur additional indebtedness, liens, investments, dividends and distributions, and prepayments of junior indebtedness subject, in each case, to compliance with certain financial metrics and certain other conditions and (ii) a number of other traditional exceptions that grant the US Borrowers continued flexibility to operate and develop their businesses. The Company is in compliance with these covenants and restrictions as of December 31, 2018.
The Company incurred debt issuance costs and discounts of $1.1 million in connection with the issuance of the Unsecured Notes. Debt issuance costs and discounts of $1.1 million are included in the carrying value of the Unsecured Notes at December 31, 2018.
Capital Lease and Other Financing Obligations
The Company’s capital lease and financing obligations primarily consisted of $37.9 million and $38.5 million under sale-leaseback transactions and $0.1 million and $0.2 million of capital leases at December 31, 2018 and 2017. The Company’s capital lease and financing obligations are presented net of $1.6 million and $1.8 million of debt issuance costs for the year ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The Company’s capital leases primarily relate to real estate, equipment and vehicles and have interest rates ranging from 1.2% to 11.9%.
The Company has entered into several arrangements in which they have sold branch locations and simultaneously leased the associated properties back from the various purchasers. Due to the terms of the lease agreements, these transactions are treated as financing arrangements. These transactions contain non-recourse financing which is a form of continuing involvement and precludes the use of sale-leaseback accounting. The terms of the financing arrangements range from approximately eighteen months to ten years. The interest rates implicit in these financing arrangements is approximately 8.0%.
Interest Expense
As discussed above, in the third quarter of 2018, the Company issued $1,097.1 million of new debt to fund cash consideration and transaction costs related to the ModSpace acquisition. As a result, increased interest expense in the third quarter is driven by the portion of the quarter in which these new facilities were outstanding and interest expense in the fourth quarter represents a full quarter of expense related to the new facilities.
| Quarter Ended (unaudited) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | March 31, | June 30, | September 30, | December 31, | YTD | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense, net | $ | 10,471 | $ | 10,880 | $ | 20,668 | $ | 28,262 | $ | 70,281 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Debt issuance costs amortization | 1,248 | 1,274 | 2,279 | 2,851 | 7,652 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bridge financing fees | — | — | 20,500 | — | 20,500 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total interest expense | $ | 11,719 | $ | 12,154 | $ | 43,447 | $ | 31,113 | $ | 98,433 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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Notes Due to and From Affiliates
In conjunction with the Business Combination, all notes due to and from affiliates were settled, and there is no related interest expense or interest income related to the notes due to or from affiliates for the year ended December 31, 2018.
Prior to the Business Combination, the Algeco Group distributed borrowings from its third party notes to entities within the Algeco Group, including WSII, through intercompany loans. WSII previously recorded these intercompany loans as notes due to affiliates with fixed maturity dates.
Interest expense of $58.4 million and $58.8 million associated with the notes due to affiliates is reflected in interest expense in the consolidated statement of operations for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Interest on the notes due to affiliates was payable on a semi-annual basis.
Conversely, WSII also distributed borrowings to other entities within the Algeco Group through intercompany loans, and earned interest income on the principal. There was no interest income associated with the notes due from affiliates for the year ended December 31, 2018. For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company recognized $12.2 million and $10.2 million, respectively, of interest income related to the loans.
NOTE 11 - Other Non-Current Liabilities
Other non-current liabilities at December 31 consisted of the following:
| (in thousands) | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||
| Reserve for uncertain tax positions - non-current | $ | 23,561 | $ | 18,982 | |||||||
| Other provisions - non-current | 1,640 | 264 | |||||||||
| Restructuring liabilities | 225 | 109 | |||||||||
| Interest rate swap liability (a) | 6,192 | — | |||||||||
| Total other non-current liabilities | $ | 31,618 | $ | 19,355 | |||||||
(a) See Note 14 for additional information on the interest rate swap.
NOTE 12 - Equity
Common Stock
WillScot's certificate of incorporation authorizes the issuance of 400,000,000 shares of Class A common stock with a par value of $.0001 per share, 100,000,000 shares of Class B common stock with a par value of $.0001 per share and 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $.0001 per share. The common shareholders possess the same voting rights, but only Class A shareholders are entitled to dividends or other distributions made by the Company.
On July 30, 2018, WillScot closed a public offering of 8,000,000 shares of its Class A common stock at an offering price of $16.00 per share. On August 10, 2018, the underwriters exercised their right to purchase an additional 1,200,000 shares at the public offering price. The net offering proceeds, including the exercise of the over-allotment option, were $139.0 million, after deducting discount and offering expenses of $8.2 million. The Company used the proceeds to fund the ModSpace acquisition and to pay related fees and expenses.
On August 15, 2018, WillScot issued 6,458,229 unregistered shares of its Class A common stock to former ModSpace shareholders as part of the consideration paid for ModSpace. In connection with the private placement, WillScot entered into a registration rights agreement dated July 26, 2018, under which WillScot granted customary registration rights to the holders of the unregistered common shares. Subject to limited exception, the unregistered shares issued to former ModSpace shareholders could not be sold or otherwise transferred prior to February 15, 2019.
On December 11, 2018 pursuant to the terms of the Warrant Exchange discussed in more detail below, the Company issued 8,205,841 registered Class A common shares.
The Company has 108,508,997 shares of Class A common stock and 8,024,419 shares of Class B common stock issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2018. The outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock are duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable.
Warrants
2015 Warrants
Double Eagle issued warrants to purchase its common stock as components of units sold in its initial public offering (the “Public Warrants”). Each Public Warrant entitles the holder to purchase one-half of one share of WillScot Class A common stock at a price of $5.75 per half share (or $11.50 per whole share), subject to adjustment. Public Warrants may be exercised only for a whole number of WillScot Class A shares and they expire on November 29, 2022. The Company may redeem the Public Warrants for $0.01 per warrant if the closing price of WillScot’s Class A shares equals or exceeds $18.00 per share for
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any 20 trading days within a 30-trading day period ending on the third trading day prior to the date the Company sends a notice of redemption to the warrant holders, providing for a 30 day notice period.
Double Eagle also issued warrants to purchase its common stock in a private placement concurrently with its initial public offering (the “Private Warrants,” and together with the Public Warrants, the "2015 Warrants"). The Private Warrants were purchased at a price of $0.50 per unit for an aggregate purchase price of $9.75 million. The Private Warrants are identical to the Public Warrants, except that, if held by Double Eagle’s sponsor or founders (or their permitted assignees), the Private Warrants may be exercised on a cashless basis and are not subject to redemption.
On July 12, 2018, the Public Warrants were suspended from trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”) based on WillScot's failure to satisfy a minimum holder requirement applicable to the warrants. The Public Warrants were delisted on October 8, 2018.
2018 Warrants
On August 15, 2018, WillScot issued warrants to purchase approximately 10.0 million WillScot Class A common shares (the "2018 Warrants"), to the former shareholders as part of the ModSpace acquisition. Each ModSpace Warrant entitles the holder thereof to purchase one share of WillScot Class A common stock at an exercise price of $15.50 per share, subject to potential adjustment. Subject to limited exception, the 2018 Warrants were not exercisable or transferable until February 11, 2019. The 2018 Warrants expire on November 29, 2022. Under a registration rights agreement dated July 26, 2018, WillScot agreed to file a registration statement, and to use its reasonable best efforts to cause the registration statement to become effective, by the six-month anniversary of the issuance date.
Warrant Exchange
On November 8, 2018, WillScot commenced an offer to exchange the 2015 Warrants for shares of its Class A common stock in a cashless transaction (the “Warrant Exchange”). The 2018 Warrants were not subject to the Warrant Exchange offer. In the tender offer, each warrant holder had the opportunity to receive 0.18182 registered share of Class A common stock in exchange for each of warrant tendered by the holder and exchanged pursuant to the offer.
The Warrant Exchange offer expired on December 7, 2018 and a total of 45,131,827 of the outstanding 69,499,694 warrants were tendered and accepted for exchange. Pursuant to the terms of the Warrant Exchange, WillScot issued 8,205,841 shares of Class A common stock on December 11, 2018. In lieu of issuing fractional shares of common stock, WillScot paid $347 in cash to holders of warrants who would otherwise have been entitled to receive fractional shares, after aggregating all such fractional shares of such holder, in an amount equal to such fractional part of a share multiplied by the last sale price of a share of WillScot common stock on December 7, 2018. In connection with the Warrant Exchange, the Company capitalized $1.8 million of offering expenses within additional paid-in capital in December 2018.
As the fair value of the warrants exchanged in the Warrant Exchange offer was less than the fair value of the common stock issued, the Company recorded a non-cash deemed dividend of $2.1 million for the incremental fair value provided to the warrant holders. The fair value of the warrants was determined using the over-the-counter market price on December 7, 2018, a Level 2 fair value input. The fair value of the common stock was determined using the closing market price of the Company's common stock on December 7, 2018, a Level 1 fair value input.
At December 31, 2018, 24,367,867 of the 2015 Warrants and 9,999,579 2018 Warrants were outstanding.
Registration Statements
On November 28, 2018, a registration statement filed by WillScot with the SEC became effective. Under the shelf registration statement, 61,865,946 shares of WillScot Class A common stock issued in private placements to the Founders and certain of their transferees, Sapphire and certain of its transferees, and the former ModSpace shareholders were registered for resale.
On February 12, 2019, a registration statement filed by WillScot with the SEC became effective. Under the shelf registration statement, 562,542 shares of WillScot Class A common stock issued to the former ModSpace shareholders, 8,914,969 2018 Warrants and up to 9,999,579 new WillScot Class A shares issuable upon the exercise of the 2018 Warrants were registered for resale.
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Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
The changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss ("AOCI"), net of tax, for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, were as follows:
| (in thousands) | Foreign Currency Translation | Unrealized losses on hedging activities | Total | ||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2015 | $ | (55,645) | $ | — | $ | (55,645) | |||||||||||
| Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications | (1,283) | — | (1,283) | ||||||||||||||
| Reclassifications from AOCI to income | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2016 | (56,928) | — | (56,928) | ||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income before reclassifications | 6,760 | — | 6,760 | ||||||||||||||
| Reclassifications from AOCI to income | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Reclassifications from AOCI to additional paid-in capital (a) | 663 | — | 663 | ||||||||||||||
| Less other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest | 8 | — | 8 | ||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2017 | (49,497) | — | (49,497) | ||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications | (11,639) | (6,240) | (17,879) | ||||||||||||||
| Reclassifications from AOCI to income (b) | — | 285 | 285 | ||||||||||||||
| Reclassifications from AOCI to retained earnings (c) | (2,540) | — | (2,540) | ||||||||||||||
| Less other comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interest | 1,068 | 537 | 1,605 | ||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2018 | $ | (62,608) | $ | (5,418) | $ | (68,026) | |||||||||||
(a) In connection with the transfer of WSII’s equity interest in Chard as part of the Algeco Group internal restructuring that occurred prior to the Business Combination, $0.6 million was reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss into additional paid-in capital in the fourth quarter of 2017.
(b) For the year ended December 31, 2018, $0.4 million was reclassified from AOCI into the consolidated statement of operations within interest expense related to the interest rate swaps discussed in Note 14. The Company recorded a tax benefit of $0.1 million associated with this reclassification.
(c) In the first quarter of 2018, the Company elected to early adopt ASU 2018-02, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220) - Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, which resulted in a discrete reclassification of $2.5 million from accumulated other comprehensive loss to accumulated deficit effective January 1, 2018.
Non-Controlling Interest
The changes in non-controlling interest for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:
| (in thousands) | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||
| Balance at beginning of period | $ | 48,931 | $ | — | |||||||
| Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest | (4,532) | (2,110) | |||||||||
| Other comprehensive loss | (1,605) | (8) | |||||||||
| Issuance of common stock and contribution of proceeds to WSII | 7,574 | — | |||||||||
| Acquisition of ModSpace and the related financing transactions including stock and warrants | 13,614 | — | |||||||||
| Recapitalization transaction | — | 51,049 | |||||||||
| Balance at end of period | $ | 63,982 | $ | 48,931 | |||||||
As disclosed above, during the year ended December 31, 2018, WillScot issued 9,200,000 shares of Class A common stock through an underwritten public offering, the proceeds of which were immediately contributed down through WS Holdings to WSII for purposes of funding part of the ModSpace acquisition. Sapphire waived its preemptive right to participate in the public offering under the shareholders agreement and Sapphire's ownership interest in WS Holdings was adjusted from 10% to 9% accordingly. As disclosed in Note 2, the Company closed on the ModSpace Acquisition that resulted in the contribution of ModSpace's net assets of $991.5 million to WSII. The net impact of the transactions above, resulted in a non-recurring adjustment of $21.2 million to additional paid-in capital and non-controlling interest on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Despite the dilution in the non-controlling interest ownership in WS Holdings, the adjustment increases the non-controlling interest equity as a result of the significant increase in net assets from the ModSpace acquisition.
Under the Exchange Agreement, the non-controlling interest can be exchanged for a 9% interest in WillScot, subject to certain anti-dilution adjustments contemplated by the Exchange Agreement.
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NOTE 13 – Income Taxes
On December 22, 2017, President Trump signed the Tax Act into legislation. As a result of the Tax Act, the Company remeasured its net deferred tax liabilities and recognized a provisional net benefit of $28.1 million at December 31, 2017. In addition, based on information currently available, the Company recorded a provisional income tax expense of $2.4 million related to the deemed repatriation of foreign earnings ("Mandatory Inclusion"). The Tax Act limits all companies’ interest deduction to 30% of adjusted EBITDA, i.e., taxable income less interest and depreciation. The Company reassessed the need for a valuation allowance on its deferred tax asset (“DTA”) and established a valuation allowance of $50.5 million through income from continuing operations. The Company completed its analysis and assessment of the Tax Act in the fourth quarter of 2018. The Company also submitted its 2017 tax return in the fourth quarter of 2018. As a result of tax guidance and the Company’s final determination of tax positions and completion of its 2017 tax return, the following adjustments which amount to a net tax benefit of $20.7 million were recorded in relation to SAB 118 through income from continuing operations to complete its accounting for the Tax Act: (1) Remeasurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities tax expense of $0.4 million; (2) Reduction of valuation allowance in the amount $13.8 million; (3) Reversal of deferred tax liability for remittance of foreign earnings in the amount of $7.0 million; and (4) Reduction of the tax expense for the Mandatory Inclusion by an amount of $0.3 million. The Mandatory Inclusion was fully offset by the Company’s net operating losses.
The Tax Act also enacted GILTI which imposes tax on certain of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries' earnings. The Company is required to make an accounting policy election on the treatment of GILTI as a period cost for current period expense or to consider its implications in measuring deferred taxes. The Company elected to apply the period cost method. The Company did not have a current period expense for GILTI for 2018.
The components of income tax (benefit) expense from continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 are comprised of the following:
| (in thousands) | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||||||
| US Federal and State | |||||||||||||||||
| Current | $ | 668 | $ | (1,817) | $ | 623 | |||||||||||
| Deferred | (36,149) | 3,450 | (23,272) | ||||||||||||||
| Outside of US | |||||||||||||||||
| Current | 924 | (1,422) | (1,794) | ||||||||||||||
| Deferred | (4,043) | (1,147) | (59) | ||||||||||||||
| Total income tax (benefit) expense | $ | (38,600) | $ | (936) | $ | (24,502) | |||||||||||
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Income tax results from continuing operations differed from the amount computed by applying the US statutory income tax rate of 21%, 35%, and 35% to the loss from continuing operations before income taxes for the following reasons for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:
| (in thousands) | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations before income tax | |||||||||||||||||
| US | $ | (80,824) | $ | (97,009) | $ | (78,358) | |||||||||||
| Non-US | (11,348) | (68,389) | (9,275) | ||||||||||||||
| Total loss from continuing operations before income tax | $ | (92,172) | $ | (165,398) | $ | (87,633) | |||||||||||
| US Federal statutory income tax benefit | $ | (19,356) | $ | (57,889) | $ | (30,672) | |||||||||||
| Effect of tax rates in foreign jurisdictions | (626) | 5,626 | 532 | ||||||||||||||
| State income tax (benefit) expense, net of federal benefit | (2,478) | (5,188) | 282 | ||||||||||||||
| Unremitted foreign earnings | (6,793) | (2,493) | (1,585) | ||||||||||||||
| Valuation allowances | (11,871) | 59,679 | 1,719 | ||||||||||||||
| Non-deductible transaction costs | 1,134 | 1,297 | — | ||||||||||||||
| Non-deductible goodwill impairment | — | 15,849 | 1,920 | ||||||||||||||
| Non-deductible deferred financing fees | — | 2,715 | 1,465 | ||||||||||||||
| Non-deductible stewardship (a) | — | 1,658 | 1,855 | ||||||||||||||
| Non-deductible monitoring fee (b) | — | 422 | 1,938 | ||||||||||||||
| Tax reform (excluding valuation allowance) | 64 | (23,115) | — | ||||||||||||||
| Other | 1,326 | 503 | (1,956) | ||||||||||||||
| Reported income benefit | $ | (38,600) | $ | (936) | $ | (24,502) | |||||||||||
| Effective income tax rate | 41.88 | % | 0.56 | % | 27.96 | % | |||||||||||
(a) Under the Internal Revenue Code Section 482, shareholder or duplicative activities are non-deductible. Prior to the Business Combination, WSII employed management and consolidation for the Algeco Group for which a portion was non-deductible.
(b) Prior to the Business Combination, TDR Capital would charge a quarterly fee to WSII that was deemed non-deductible.
Deferred Income Taxes
Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their tax bases, as well as from net operating loss and carryforwards. Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:
| (in thousands) | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||
| Deferred tax assets | |||||||||||
| Loans and borrowings | $ | 122,456 | $ | 114,071 | |||||||
| Employee benefit plans | 3,395 | 1,175 | |||||||||
| Accrued liabilities | 8,715 | 4,834 | |||||||||
| Currency losses, net | 408 | 95 | |||||||||
| Deferred revenue | 16,310 | 11,679 | |||||||||
| Other | 4,724 | 2,144 | |||||||||
| Tax loss carryforwards | 243,057 | 69,391 | |||||||||
| Deferred tax assets, gross | 399,065 | 203,389 | |||||||||
| Valuation allowance | (82,907) | (73,534) | |||||||||
| Net deferred income tax asset | $ | 316,158 | $ | 129,855 | |||||||
| Deferred tax liabilities | |||||||||||
| Rental equipment and other property, plant and equipment | $ | (360,766) | $ | (214,052) | |||||||
| Intangible assets | (22,654) | (29,615) | |||||||||
| Foreign earnings | — | (6,955) | |||||||||
| Deferred tax liability | (383,420) | (250,622) | |||||||||
| Net deferred income tax liability | $ | (67,262) | $ | (120,767) | |||||||
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Our valuation allowance increased by $9.4 million from the preceding year amount of $73.5 million. The Company established $23.6 million of valuation allowance in purchase accounting for ModSpace. The remaining movement in valuation allowance was through income from continuing operations resulting from completion of SAB 118 and change in judgment about the realizability of deferred tax assets after the acquisition of ModSpace for a total amount of $14.2 million tax benefit.
Tax loss carryforwards at December 31, 2018 are outlined in the table below and include US Federal, US State and non-US (Mexico & Canada). The availability of these tax losses to offset future income varies by jurisdiction. Furthermore, the ability to utilize the tax losses may be subject to additional limitations upon the occurrence of certain events, such as a change in the ownership of the Company.
The Company’s tax loss carryforwards are as follows at December 31, 2018 (in millions):
| Jurisdiction | Loss Carryforward | Expiration | |||||||||
| US - Federal | $ | 935.9 | 2021 – 2037, Indefinite | ||||||||
| US - State | 633.3 | 2019 –2038, Indefinite | |||||||||
| Foreign - Mexico & Canada | 19.0 | 2020 – 2038 | |||||||||
| Total | $ | 1,588.2 | |||||||||
As of December 31, 2018, the total amount of the basis difference in investments outside the US for which deferred taxes have not been provided is approximately $112.5 million. The tax, if any, associated with the recovery of the basis difference is dependent on the manner in which it is recovered and is not readily determinable.
Unrecognized Tax Positions
The Company is subject to taxation in US, Canada, Mexico and state jurisdictions. The Company’s tax returns are subject to examination by the applicable tax authorities prior to the expiration of statute of limitations for assessing additional taxes, which generally ranges from two to five years after the end of the applicable tax year. Therefore, as of December 31, 2018, tax years for 2012 through 2018 generally remain subject to examination by the tax authorities. In addition, in the case of certain tax jurisdictions in which the Company has loss carryforwards, the tax authority in some of these jurisdictions may examine the amount of the tax loss carryforward based on when the loss is utilized rather than when it arises.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:
| (in thousands) | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||||||
| Unrecognized tax benefits – January 1, | $ | 72,660 | $ | 64,974 | $ | 68,601 | |||||||||||
| Increases based on tax positions related to current period | 1,545 | 7,895 | 957 | ||||||||||||||
| Increases based on tax positions related to prior period | — | 355 | 32 | ||||||||||||||
| Decreases based on tax positions related to prior period | (9,016) | (564) | (4,616) | ||||||||||||||
| Decrease from expiration of statute of limitations | (745) | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Unrecognized tax benefits – December 31, | $ | 64,444 | $ | 72,660 | $ | 64,974 | |||||||||||
At December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, there were $60.0 million, $67.2 million and $59.3 million of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect the annual effective tax rate.
The Company classifies interest on tax deficiencies and income tax penalties within income tax expense. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company recognized approximately $997, $351 and $96 in interest and penalties, respectively. The Company had approximately $1,550 and $611 for the payment of interest and penalties accrued at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Future tax settlements or statute of limitation expirations could result in a change to the Company’s uncertain tax positions. The Company believes, that the reasonably possible total amount of unrecognized tax benefits, as of December 31, 2018, that could increase or decrease in the next twelve months as a result of various statute expirations, audit closures and/or tax settlements would not be material.
NOTE 14 - Derivatives
Derivative Financial Instruments
On November 6, 2018, WSII entered into an interest rate swap agreement (the “Swap Agreement”) with a financial counterparty that effectively converts $400.0 million in aggregate notional amount of variable-rate debt under the Company’s ABL Facility into fixed-rate debt. The Swap Agreement will terminate on May 29, 2022, at the same time the Company’s ABL Facility matures. The Swap Agreement contains customary representations, warranties and covenants and may be terminated prior to its expiration.
The Swap Agreement was designated and qualified as a hedge of the Company’s exposure to changes in interest payment cash flows created by fluctuations in variable interest rates on the ABL Facility. Although no significant ineffectiveness
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is expected with this hedging strategy, the effectiveness of the interest rate swaps is evaluated on a quarterly basis. The Company did not have any derivative financial instruments for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.
The following table summarizes the outstanding interest rate swap arrangement as of December 31, 2018:
| Aggregate Notional Amount (in millions) | Receive Rate | Receive Rate as of December 31, 2018 | Pay Rate | |||||||||||
US ABL Facility | $ | 400.0 | 1 month LIBOR | 2.44 | % | 3.06 | % | |||||||
The location and the fair value of derivative instruments designated as hedges in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2018 as follows:
| (in thousands) | Balance Sheet Location | 2018 | |||||||||
Cash Flow Hedges: | |||||||||||
Interest rate swap | Accrued liabilities | $ | 1,709 | ||||||||
Interest rate swap | Other long-term liabilities | $ | 6,192 | ||||||||
Cash flows from derivative instruments are presented within net cash provided by operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows.
The fair value of the interest rate swap is based on dealer quotes of market forward rates, a Level 2 input on the fair value hierarchy, and reflects the amount that the Company would receive or pay as of December 31, 2018 for contracts involving the same attributes and maturity dates.
The following table discloses the impact of the interest rate swap, excluding the impact of income taxes, on other comprehensive income (“OCI”), AOCI and the Company’s statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018.
| (in thousands) | (Loss) Gain Recognized in OCI | Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income | (Loss) Gain Reclassified from AOCI into Income (Effective Portion) | (Loss) Gain Recognized in Income (Ineffective Portion) | ||||||||||
Interest rate swap | $ | (7,777) | Interest expense | $ | (373) | $ | — | |||||||
NOTE 15 - Fair Value Measures
The fair value of financial assets and liabilities are included at the amount at which the instrument could be exchanged in a current transaction between willing parties, other than in a forced or liquidation sale.
The Company utilizes the suggested accounting guidance for the three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:
| Level 1 - | Observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities; | ||||
| Level 2 - | Observable inputs, other than Level 1 inputs in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly; and | ||||
| Level 3 - | Unobservable inputs for which there is little or no market data, which require the reporting entity to develop its own assumptions | ||||
The Company has assessed that the fair value of cash and short-term deposits, trade receivables, trade payables, capital lease and other financing obligations, and other current liabilities approximate their carrying amounts.
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The following table shows the carrying amounts and fair values of financial assets and liabilities, including their levels in the fair value hierarchy:
| December 31, 2018 | December 31, 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair Value | Fair Value | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | Carrying Amount | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Carrying Amount | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Financial liabilities not measured at fair value | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| US ABL Facility (a) | $ | 853,409 | $ | — | $ | 878,500 | $ | — | $ | 297,323 | $ | — | $ | 310,000 | $ | — | ||||||||||
| Canadian ABL Facility (a) | — | — | 918 | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 Secured Notes (a) | 292,258 | — | 297,027 | — | 290,687 | — | 310,410 | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| 2023 Secured Notes (a) | 293,918 | — | 288,633 | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| Unsecured Notes (a) | 198,931 | — | 197,462 | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 1,638,516 | $ | — | $ | 1,662,540 | $ | — | $ | 588,010 | $ | — | $ | 620,410 | $ | — | ||||||||||
(a) The carrying value of the US ABL Facility, the Canadian ABL Facility, the 2022 Secured Notes, the 2023 Secured Notes and the Unsecured Notes includes $25.1 million, $0.9 million, $7.7 million, $6.1 million, and $1.1 million of unamortized debt issuance costs for the year ended December 31, 2018, which are presented as a direct reduction of the corresponding liability. The carrying value of the US ABL Facility, the Canadian ABL Facility and the 2022 Secured Notes includes $12.7 million, $0.0 million and $9.3 million of unamortized debt issuance costs for the year ended December 31, 2017, which are presented as a direct reduction of the corresponding liability.
There were no transfers of financial instruments between the three levels of the fair value hierarchy during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. The carrying value of the ABL Facility, excluding debt issuance costs, approximates fair value as the interest rates are variable and reflective of market rates. The fair value of the 2022 Secured Notes, the 2023 Secured Notes and the Unsecured Notes is based on their last trading price at the end of each period obtained from a third party. The location and the fair value of derivative assets and liabilities designated as hedges in the consolidated balance sheet are disclosed in Note 14.
NOTE 16 - Restructuring
Restructuring costs include charges associated with exit or disposal activities that meet the definition of restructuring under FASB ASC Topic 420, “Exit or Disposal Cost Obligations” (“ASC 420”). Our restructuring plans are generally country or region specific and are typically completed within a one year period. Restructuring costs incurred under these plans include (i) one-time termination benefits related to employee separations, (ii) contract termination costs and, (iii) other related costs associated with exit or disposal activities including, but not limited to, costs for consolidating or closing facilities. The restructuring costs incurred in 2018 primarily related to the integrations of Acton, Tyson and ModSpace. Costs related to the integration of acquired businesses that do not meet the definition of restructuring under ASC 420, such as employee training costs, duplicate facility costs, and professional services expenses, are included within selling, general and administrative expenses.
The Company incurred costs associated with restructuring plans designed to streamline operations and reduce costs of $15.5 million, $2.2 million and $2.8 million net of reversals, during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The following is a summary of the activity in the Company’s restructuring accruals for years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:
| (in thousands) | Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Employee Costs | Facility Exit Costs | Total | Employee Costs | Facility Exit Costs | Total | Employee Costs | Facility Exit Costs | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Beginning balance | $ | 227 | $ | — | $ | 227 | $ | 1,793 | $ | — | $ | 1,793 | $ | 2,055 | $ | — | $ | 2,055 | |||||||||||
| Charges | 10,182 | 5,286 | 15,468 | 2,196 | — | 2,196 | 2,810 | — | 2,810 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash payments | (5,806) | (4,314) | (10,120) | (1,806) | — | (1,806) | (3,092) | — | (3,092) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation | (59) | — | (59) | 12 | — | 12 | 20 | — | 20 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-cash movements | — | — | — | (1,968) | — | (1,968) | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Ending balance | $ | 4,544 | $ | 972 | $ | 5,516 | $ | 227 | $ | — | $ | 227 | $ | 1,793 | $ | — | $ | 1,793 | |||||||||||
During 2018, the Company initiated certain restructuring plans associated with the Acton, Tyson, and ModSpace acquisitions in order to capture operating synergies as a result of integrating these businesses into WillScot. The restructuring activities under these plans primarily include the termination of leases for 26 duplicative branch and corporate facilities and the termination of employees in connection with the consolidation of these overlapping facilities and functions within our existing
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business. The Company is still in the process of evaluating all acquired facilities. The Company anticipates that the remaining actions contemplated under the accruals of $4.5 million and $1.0 million for employee termination costs and facility exit costs, as of December 31, 2018, will be substantially completed by the end of the second quarter of 2019 and the end of the fourth quarter of 2023, respectively.
The 2017 restructuring charges relate primarily to a reduction of corporate employees which resulted in employee termination costs. As part of the corporate restructuring plan, certain employees were required to render future service in order to receive their termination benefits. The termination costs associated with these employees was recognized over the period from the date of communication of termination to the employee to the earlier of the actual date of termination or the Business Combination date. As part of the Algeco Group internal restructuring that occurred prior to the Business Combination, $2.0 million of WSII’s restructuring liability, related to employees that were transferred, was transferred to other entities within the Algeco Group. The Company has no remaining liability associated with these employees and does not anticipate incurring future charges under the corporate restructuring plan. The remaining restructuring 2017 charges are employee termination costs related to the Company’s US and Canadian operations.
The 2016 restructuring charges relate to employee termination costs.
Segments
The $15.5 million of restructuring charges for the year ended December 31, 2018 includes: $14.0 million of charges pertaining to the Modular - US segment; and $1.5 million of charges pertaining to the Modular - Other North America segment.
The $2.2 million of restructuring charges for the year ended December 31, 2017 includes: $0.3 million of charges pertaining to the Modular - US segment; and $1.9 million of charges pertaining to Corporate.
The $2.8 million of restructuring charges for the year ended December 31, 2016 includes: $0.2 million of charges pertaining to the Modular - US segment; $0.4 million of charges pertaining to the Modular - Other North America segment; and $2.2 million of charges pertaining to Corporate.
NOTE 17 - Stock-Based Compensation
Former Algeco LTIP
Prior to the Business Combination, certain WSII employees participated in the Algeco Group’s long-term cash incentive plan and equity incentive plans (collectively, the “Algeco LTIP”). In connection with the Business Combination, the participating WSII Employees (i) forfeited their rights to participate in the Algeco LTIP and assigned those rights back to the Algeco Group and (ii) transferred any shares they owned in the Algeco LTIP. In exchange, the WSII employees received $4.2 million in cash, which was paid by WSII and reimbursed by the Algeco Group.
Prior to the Business Combination, WillScot’s non-executive Chairman of the Board served as the non-executive Chairman of WSII and the Algeco Group and participated in the Algeco LTIP. In connection with the Business Combination, he resigned from those positions and entered into a transaction similar to the ones entered into by the participating WSII employees. He received $2.0 million in cash, which was paid by WSII and reimbursed by the Algeco Group, and 300,000 shares of WillScot Class A stock from Sapphire on the closing date of the Business Combination. The fair value of the shares at the time of the award was $9.90 per share or approximately $3.0 million.
The $4.2 million and $2.0 million paid to the participating WSII employees and the non-executive Chairman, respectively, and the $3.0 million of stock compensation are presented in selling, general and administrative expense on the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2017. The corresponding amounts are reflected as a capital contribution and as share-based compensation expense in the changes to additional paid-in capital in the consolidated statements of changes in shareholders’ equity.
WillScot Incentive Stock Plan
On November 16, 2017, the Company’s shareholders approved a long-term incentive award plan (the “Plan”). The Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee of WillScot's Board of Directors. Under the Plan, the Committee may grant an aggregate of 4,000,000 shares of Class A common stock in the form of non-qualified stock options, incentive stock options, stock appreciation rights, RSAs, RSUs, performance compensation awards and stock bonus awards. As of December 31, 2018, none of the granted RSAs, RSUs or stock options had vested.
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Restricted Stock Awards
The following table summarizes the Company’s RSA activity as of December 31, 2018:
| Number of Shares | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value | ||||||||||
| Balance, December 31, 2017 | — | $ | — | ||||||||
| Granted | 72,053 | 15.57 | |||||||||
| Forfeited | — | — | |||||||||
| Balance, December 31, 2018 | 72,053 | $ | 15.57 | ||||||||
Compensation expense for RSAs recognized in SG&A expense on the condensed consolidated statements of operations was $0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, with an associated tax benefit of $0.1 million. At December 31, 2018 unrecognized compensation expense related to RSAs totaled $0.6 million and is expected to be recognized over the weighted average remaining vesting period of 0.7 years.
There was no compensation expense for RSAs for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.
Restricted Stock Units
The following table summarizes the Company's RSU award activity as of December 31, 2018:
| Number of Shares | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value | ||||||||||
| Balance, December 31, 2017 | — | $ | — | ||||||||
| Granted | 921,730 | 13.60 | |||||||||
| Forfeited | (68,997) | 13.60 | |||||||||
| Balance, December 31, 2018 | 852,733 | $ | 13.60 | ||||||||
Compensation expense for RSUs recognized in SG&A expense on the condensed consolidated statements of operations was $2.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, with an associated tax benefit of $0.5 million. At December 31, 2018, unrecognized compensation expense related to RSUs totaled $9.3 million and is expected to be recognized over a remaining period of 3.25 years.
There was no compensation expense for RSUs for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.
Stock Option Awards
The following table summarizes the Company's stock option activity as of December 31, 2018:
| Number Of Options | Weighted - Average Exercise Price per Share ($) | ||||||||||
| Outstanding options, December 31, 2017 | — | $ | — | ||||||||
| Granted | 589,257 | 13.60 | |||||||||
| Exercised | — | — | |||||||||
| Forfeited | — | — | |||||||||
| Outstanding options, December 31 , 2018 | 589,257 | $ | 13.60 | ||||||||
| Fully Vested and exercisable options, end of period | — | — | |||||||||
Compensation expense for stock option awards recognized in SG&A expense on the condensed consolidated statements of operations, was $0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, with an associated tax benefit of $0.1 million. At December 31, 2018, unrecognized compensation expense related to stock option awards totaled $2.6 million and is expected to be recognized over a remaining period of 3.25 years.
There was no compensation expense for stock options for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.
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The fair value of each option award at grant date was estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions:
| Assumptions | ||||||||
| Expected volatility | 36.0 | % | ||||||
| Expected dividend yield | — | |||||||
| Risk-free interest rate | 2.7 | % | ||||||
| Expected term (in years) | 6.25 | |||||||
| Exercise price | $ | 13.60 | ||||||
| Weighted-average grant date fair value | $ | 5.51 | ||||||
NOTE 18 - Commitments and Contingencies
Commitments
The Company leases certain equipment, vehicles and real estate under non-cancelable operating leases, the terms of which vary and generally contain renewal options. Total rent expense under these leases is recognized ratably over the initial term of the lease. Any difference between the rent payment and the straight-line expense is recorded as a liability.
Rent expense included in the consolidated statements of operations for cancellable and non-cancelable leases was $31.0 million, $22.0 million and $21.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Future minimum lease payments at December 31, 2018, by year and in the aggregate, under non-cancelable operating leases are as follows:
| (in thousands) | Operating Leases | ||||
| 2019 | $ | 38,876 | |||
| 2020 | 29,797 | ||||
| 2021 | 24,627 | ||||
| 2022 | 18,879 | ||||
| 2023 | 13,467 | ||||
| Thereafter | 25,055 | ||||
| Total | $ | 150,701 | |||
At December 31, 2018 and 2017, commitments for the acquisition of rental equipment and property, plant and equipment were $10.0 million and $8.2 million, respectively.
Contingencies
Legal claims
The Company is involved in various lawsuits or claims in the ordinary course of business. Management is of the opinion that there is no pending claim or lawsuit which, if adversely determined, would have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
NOTE 19 - Segment Reporting and Geographic Areas
The Company has historically operated in two principal lines of business: modular leasing and sales and remote accommodations, which were managed separately. The Remote Accommodations Business was considered a single operating segment. Following the Business Combination, the Remote Accommodations segment is no longer owned by the Company and is reported as discontinued operations in the consolidated financial statements. As such, the segment was excluded from the segment information below.
Modular leasing and sales is comprised of two operating segments: US and other North America. The US modular operating segment (“Modular - US”) consists of the contiguous 48 states and Hawaii. The Other North America operating segment (“Modular - Other North America”) consists of Alaska, Canada and Mexico. Corporate and other includes eliminations of costs and revenue between segments and Algeco Group corporate costs not directly attributable to the underlying segments. Following the Business Combination, no additional Algeco Group corporate costs were incurred and the Company's ongoing corporate costs are included within the Modular - US segment. Total assets for each reportable segment are not available because the Company utilizes a centralized approach to working capital management. Transactions between reportable segments are not significant.
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As discussed in Note 8, the net assets acquired from ModSpace were allocated to both the Modular - US and Modular - Other North America segments. The US operations of ModSpace are included in the Modular - US segment and the Canadian operations of ModSpace are included in the Modular - Other North America segment. The operations and net assets acquired from Acton and Tyson are both included in the Modular - US segment.
The Company evaluates business segment performance on Adjusted EBITDA, which excludes certain items as shown in the reconciliation of the Company’s consolidated net loss before tax to Adjusted EBITDA below. Management believes that evaluating segment performance excluding such items is meaningful because it provides insight with respect to intrinsic operating results of the Company.
The Company also regularly evaluates gross profit by segment to assist in the assessment of its operational performance. The Company considers Adjusted EBITDA to be the more important metric because it more fully captures the business performance of the segments, inclusive of indirect costs.
Reportable Segments
The following tables set forth certain information regarding each of the Company’s reportable segments for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively:
| Year Ended December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | Modular - US | Modular - Other North America | Corporate and Other | Total | |||||||||||||||||||
| Revenues | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Leasing and services revenue: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Modular space leasing | $ | 469,302 | $ | 48,933 | $ | — | $ | 518,235 | |||||||||||||||
| Modular space delivery and installation | 138,181 | 16,376 | — | 154,557 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Sales: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| New units | 48,984 | 4,619 | — | 53,603 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Rental units | 21,123 | 3,894 | — | 25,017 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total Revenues | 677,590 | 73,822 | — | 751,412 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Costs | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of leasing and services: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Modular space leasing | 131,846 | 11,274 | — | 143,120 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Modular space delivery and installation | 127,936 | 16,014 | — | 143,950 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of sales: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| New units | 33,484 | 3,379 | — | 36,863 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Rental units | 13,650 | 3,009 | — | 16,659 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation of rental equipment | 106,354 | 15,082 | — | 121,436 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit (loss) | $ | 264,320 | $ | 25,064 | $ | — | $ | 289,384 | |||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 196,410 | $ | 19,123 | $ | — | $ | 215,533 | |||||||||||||||
| Other selected data | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative expense | $ | 232,754 | $ | 22,117 | $ | — | $ | 254,871 | |||||||||||||||
| Other depreciation and amortization | $ | 12,201 | $ | 1,103 | $ | — | $ | 13,304 | |||||||||||||||
| Capital expenditures for rental fleet | $ | 151,407 | $ | 9,476 | $ | — | $ | 160,883 | |||||||||||||||
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| Year Ended December 31, 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | Modular - US | Modular - Other North America | Corporate and Other | Total | |||||||||||||||||||
| Revenues | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Leasing and services revenue: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Modular space leasing | $ | 264,351 | $ | 34,036 | $ | (566) | $ | 297,821 | |||||||||||||||
| Modular space delivery and installation | 81,036 | 8,814 | — | 89,850 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Sales: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| New units | 29,275 | 7,096 | — | 36,371 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Rental units | 18,271 | 3,710 | (81) | 21,900 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total Revenues | 392,933 | 53,656 | (647) | 445,942 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Costs | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of leasing and services: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Modular space leasing | 75,615 | 7,973 | — | 83,588 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Modular space delivery and installation | 77,303 | 8,174 | — | 85,477 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of sales: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| New units | 20,919 | 5,106 | — | 26,025 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Rental units | 10,099 | 2,544 | — | 12,643 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation of rental equipment | 60,312 | 12,327 | — | 72,639 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit (loss) | $ | 148,685 | $ | 17,532 | $ | (647) | $ | 165,570 | |||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 110,822 | $ | 13,099 | $ | (15,112) | $ | 108,809 | |||||||||||||||
| Other selected data | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative expense | $ | 100,427 | $ | 16,790 | $ | 45,134 | $ | 162,351 | |||||||||||||||
| Other depreciation and amortization | $ | 5,333 | $ | 1,014 | $ | 2,306 | $ | 8,653 | |||||||||||||||
| Capital expenditures for rental fleet | $ | 96,378 | $ | 5,832 | $ | — | $ | 102,210 | |||||||||||||||
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| Year Ended December 31, 2016 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | Modular - US | Modular - Other North America | Corporate and Other | Total | |||||||||||||||||||
| Revenues | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Leasing and services revenue: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Modular space leasing | $ | 238,159 | $ | 45,984 | $ | (593) | $ | 283,550 | |||||||||||||||
| Modular space delivery and installation | 74,410 | 7,635 | (153) | 81,892 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Sales: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| New units | 34,812 | 4,416 | — | 39,228 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Rental units | 18,115 | 3,969 | (142) | 21,942 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total Revenues | 365,496 | 62,004 | (888) | 426,612 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Costs | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of leasing and services: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Modular space leasing | 68,477 | 7,039 | — | 75,516 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Modular space delivery and installation | 68,718 | 6,641 | — | 75,359 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of sales: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| New units | 24,427 | 3,245 | (3) | 27,669 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Rental units | 7,995 | 2,899 | — | 10,894 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation of rental equipment | 56,883 | 12,098 | — | 68,981 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit (loss) | $ | 138,996 | $ | 30,082 | $ | (885) | $ | 168,193 | |||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 103,798 | $ | 24,360 | $ | (21,644) | $ | 106,514 | |||||||||||||||
| Other selected data | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative expense | $ | 92,074 | $ | 17,841 | $ | 29,178 | $ | 139,093 | |||||||||||||||
| Other depreciation and amortization | $ | 6,235 | $ | 1,115 | $ | 1,669 | $ | 9,019 | |||||||||||||||
| Capital expenditures for rental fleet | $ | 60,418 | $ | 3,550 | $ | — | $ | 63,968 | |||||||||||||||
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The following table presents a reconciliation of the Company’s loss before income tax by segment to Adjusted EBITDA by segment:
| (in thousands) | Modular - US | Modular - Other North America | Corporate and Other | Total | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations before income taxes | $ | (88,206) | $ | (3,966) | $ | — | $ | (92,172) | |||||||||||||||
| Interest expense, net (a) | 96,108 | 2,325 | — | 98,433 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 118,555 | 16,185 | — | 134,740 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Currency losses, net | 509 | 1,945 | — | 2,454 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Restructuring costs | 13,930 | 1,538 | — | 15,468 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Goodwill and other impairments | 1,600 | — | — | 1,600 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Integration costs | 29,260 | 746 | — | 30,006 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Stock compensation expense | 3,439 | — | — | 3,439 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Transaction costs | 19,780 | 271 | — | 20,051 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Other expense | 1,435 | 79 | — | 1,514 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 196,410 | $ | 19,123 | $ | — | $ | 215,533 | |||||||||||||||
| 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations before income taxes | $ | (12,345) | $ | (64,580) | $ | (88,473) | $ | (165,398) | |||||||||||||||
| Interest expense, net | 65,709 | 4,603 | 36,764 | 107,076 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 65,645 | 13,341 | 2,306 | 81,292 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Currency gains, net | (10,942) | (1,040) | (896) | (12,878) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Goodwill and other impairments | — | 60,743 | — | 60,743 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Restructuring costs | 326 | 10 | 1,860 | 2,196 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Transaction costs | 1,841 | — | 22,040 | 23,881 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Algeco LTIP expense | 115 | — | 9,267 | 9,382 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Other expense | 473 | 22 | 2,020 | 2,515 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 110,822 | $ | 13,099 | $ | (15,112) | $ | 108,809 | |||||||||||||||
| 2016 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations before income taxes | $ | (30,669) | $ | (369) | $ | (56,595) | $ | (87,633) | |||||||||||||||
| Interest expense, net | 60,475 | 4,726 | 19,242 | 84,443 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 63,118 | 13,213 | 1,669 | 78,000 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Currency losses, net | 9,722 | 835 | 2,541 | 13,098 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Goodwill and other impairments | — | 5,532 | — | 5,532 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Restructuring costs | 246 | 400 | 2,164 | 2,810 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Transaction costs | — | — | 8,419 | 8,419 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Other expense | 906 | 23 | 916 | 1,845 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 103,798 | $ | 24,360 | $ | (21,644) | $ | 106,514 | |||||||||||||||
(a) In connection with the ModSpace acquisition, the Company incurred bridge financing fees and upfront commitment fees of $20.5 million, included within interest expense, during the year ended December 31, 2018.
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Assets
Assets related to the Company’s reportable segments include the following:
| (in thousands) | Modular - US | Modular - Other North America | Corporate and Other | Total | |||||||||||||||||||
| As of December 31, 2018: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Goodwill | $ | 213,264 | $ | 33,753 | $ | — | $ | 247,017 | |||||||||||||||
| Intangible assets, net | $ | 6,707 | $ | 94 | $ | 125,000 | $ | 131,801 | |||||||||||||||
| Rental equipment, net | $ | 1,635,014 | $ | 294,276 | $ | — | $ | 1,929,290 | |||||||||||||||
| As of December 31, 2017: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Goodwill | $ | 28,609 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 28,609 | |||||||||||||||
| Intangible assets, net | $ | 1,259 | $ | — | $ | 125,000 | $ | 126,259 | |||||||||||||||
| Rental equipment, net | $ | 857,349 | $ | 182,797 | $ | — | $ | 1,040,146 | |||||||||||||||
Geographic Areas
The Company has net sales and long-lived assets in the following geographic areas for the year ended December 31:
| (in thousands) | US | Canada | Mexico | Total | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenue | $ | 685,350 | $ | 50,144 | $ | 15,918 | $ | 751,412 | |||||||||||||||
| Long-lived assets (a) | $ | 1,835,035 | $ | 261,235 | $ | 16,770 | $ | 2,113,040 | |||||||||||||||
| 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenue | $ | 396,039 | $ | 36,357 | $ | 13,546 | $ | 445,942 | |||||||||||||||
| Long-lived assets (a) | $ | 973,751 | $ | 132,093 | $ | 17,968 | $ | 1,123,812 | |||||||||||||||
| 2016 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenue | $ | 378,129 | $ | 35,401 | $ | 13,082 | $ | 426,612 | |||||||||||||||
| Long-lived assets (a) | $ | 751,254 | $ | 129,848 | $ | 18,022 | $ | 899,124 | |||||||||||||||
(a) Long-lived assets include rental equipment, property, plant and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation.
Major Product and Service Lines
The following table presents revenue by major product and service line for the year ended December 31:
| (in thousands) | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||||||
| Modular space leasing revenue (a) | $ | 486,774 | $ | 265,644 | $ | 256,123 | |||||||||||
| Portable storage leasing revenue | 21,682 | 17,480 | 18,439 | ||||||||||||||
| Other leasing-related revenue | 9,779 | 14,697 | 8,988 | ||||||||||||||
| Modular leasing revenue | 518,235 | 297,821 | 283,550 | ||||||||||||||
| Modular delivery and installation revenue | 154,557 | 89,850 | 81,892 | ||||||||||||||
| Total leasing and services revenue | 672,792 | 387,671 | 365,442 | ||||||||||||||
| New units | 53,603 | 36,371 | 39,228 | ||||||||||||||
| Rental units | 25,017 | 21,900 | 21,942 | ||||||||||||||
| Total revenues | $ | 751,412 | $ | 445,942 | $ | 426,612 | |||||||||||
(a) Includes leasing revenue for VAPS
NOTE 20 - Related Parties
Related party balances included in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet at December 31 consisted of the following:
| (in thousands) | Financial statement line Item | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||
| Receivables due from affiliates | Prepaid expenses and other current assets | $ | 122 | $ | 2,863 | |||||||||
| Amounts due to affiliates | Accrued liabilities | (1,379) | (1,235) | |||||||||||
| Total related party (liabilities) assets, net | $ | (1,257) | $ | 1,628 | ||||||||||
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On November 29, 2017, in connection with the closing of the Business Combination, the Company, WSII, WS Holdings and Algeco Global entered into a transition services agreement (the “TSA”). Pursuant to the TSA, each party will provide or cause to be provided to the other party or its affiliates certain services, use of facilities and other assistance on a transitional basis. The services period under the TSA ranges from six months to three years based on the services, but includes early termination clauses. The Company had $0.1 million and $2.9 million in receivables due from affiliates pertaining to the TSA for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
The Company had accrued expenses of $1.2 million and $1.2 million at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 respectively, included in amounts due to affiliates, related to rental equipment purchases from an entity within the Algeco Group.
Related party transactions included in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, consisted of the following:
| (in thousands) | Financial statement line item | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||||||||
| Leasing revenue from related parties | Modular leasing revenue | $ | (720) | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||
| Rental unit sales to related parties | Rental unit sales | (1,548) | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
| Management fees and recharge income on transactions with affiliates | Selling, general & administrative expenses | — | (1,309) | 3,894 | ||||||||||||||||
| Interest income on notes due from affiliates | Interest income | — | (12,177) | (10,228) | ||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense on notes due to affiliates | Interest expense | — | 58,448 | 58,756 | ||||||||||||||||
| Total related party (income) expense, net | $ | (2,268) | $ | 44,962 | — | $ | 52,422 | |||||||||||||
The leasing and rental unit sales included above for the year ended December 31, 2018 all pertain to transactions with Target.
On August 22, 2018, WillScot’s majority stockholder, Sapphire, entered into a margin loan (the "Margin Loan ") under which all of its WillScot Class A common stock was pledged to secure $125.0 million of borrowings under the loan agreement. WillScot is not a party to the loan agreement and has no obligations thereunder, but WillScot delivered an issuer agreement to the lenders under which WillScot has agreed to certain obligations relating to the shares pledged by Sapphire and, subject to applicable law and stock exchange rules, not to take any actions that are intended to materially hinder or delay the exercise of any remedies with respect to the pledged shares. In connection with the Margin Loan, on August 24, 2018, WSII entered into a two-year supply agreement with Target, an affiliate controlled by Sapphire, under which, subject to limited exception, WSII acquired the exclusive right to supply modular units, portable storage units, and other ancillary products ordered by the affiliate in the US. As of December 31, 2018, the 49,041,906 shares of WillScot Class A common stock pledged by Sapphire represented approximately 45.2% of WillScot’s issued and outstanding Class A shares.
The Company had capital expenditures of rental equipment purchased from related party affiliates of $4.3 million, $2.1 million and $0.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Two of the Company's directors serve on the board of directors of a consulting firm to which the Company paid $2.1 million, $1.0 million, and $0.9 million in professional fees for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
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NOTE 21 - Quarterly Financial Data
The following tables present certain unaudited consolidated quarterly financial information for each of the eight quarters ended December 31, 2018. This quarterly information has been prepared on the same basis as the consolidated financial statements and includes all adjustments necessary to state fairly the information for the periods presented.
| Quarter Ended (unaudited, except per share amounts) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | March 31, | June 30, | September 30, | December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||
| Leasing and services revenue | $ | 123,512 | $ | 132,662 | $ | 188,437 | $ | 228,181 | |||||||||||||||
| Total revenue | $ | 134,751 | $ | 140,333 | $ | 218,924 | $ | 257,404 | |||||||||||||||
| Gross profit | $ | 50,921 | $ | 54,640 | $ | 80,946 | $ | 102,877 | |||||||||||||||
| Operating income (loss) (a) | $ | 4,464 | $ | 5,889 | $ | 211 | $ | (4,303) | |||||||||||||||
| Net (loss) income (a) | $ | (6,835) | $ | 379 | $ | (36,729) | $ | (10,387) | |||||||||||||||
Net loss attributable to WillScot common shareholders (a) (b) | $ | (6,187) | $ | 236 | $ | (33,519) | $ | (11,705) | |||||||||||||||
| Net (loss) income per share attributable to WillScot – basic and diluted | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Continuing operations | $ | (0.08) | $ | 0.00 | $ | (0.37) | $ | (0.11) | |||||||||||||||
| Discontinued operations | $ | 0.00 | $ | 0.00 | $ | 0.00 | $ | 0.00 | |||||||||||||||
| Net loss | $ | (0.08) | $ | 0.00 | $ | (0.37) | $ | (0.11) | |||||||||||||||
| Average number of common shares outstanding - basic & diluted | 77,189,774 | 78,432,274 | 90,726,921 | 102,176,225 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Quarter Ended (unaudited, except per share amounts) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2017 | March 31, | June 30, | September 30, | December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||
| Leasing and services revenue | $ | 87,991 | $ | 95,903 | $ | 99,947 | $ | 103,830 | |||||||||||||||
| Total revenue | $ | 99,321 | $ | 110,077 | $ | 116,162 | $ | 120,382 | |||||||||||||||
| Gross profit | $ | 37,938 | $ | 39,583 | $ | 41,269 | $ | 46,780 | |||||||||||||||
| Operating income (loss) (a) | $ | 4,824 | $ | 11,393 | $ | 5,380 | $ | (79,919) | |||||||||||||||
| Income from discontinued operations | $ | 2,205 | $ | 3,840 | $ | 5,078 | $ | 3,527 | |||||||||||||||
| Net loss (a) | $ | (10,179) | $ | (5,896) | $ | (8,357) | $ | (125,380) | |||||||||||||||
| Net loss attributable to WillScot (a) | $ | (10,179) | $ | (5,896) | $ | (8,357) | $ | (123,270) | |||||||||||||||
| Net (loss) income per share attributable to WillScot – basic and diluted | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Continuing operations | $ | (0.85) | $ | (0.67) | $ | (0.92) | $ | (3.60) | |||||||||||||||
| Discontinued operations | $ | 0.15 | $ | 0.26 | $ | 0.35 | $ | 0.10 | |||||||||||||||
| Net (loss) income | $ | (0.70) | $ | (0.41) | $ | (0.57) | $ | (3.50) | |||||||||||||||
| Average number of common shares outstanding - basic & diluted | 14,545,833 | 14,545,833 | 14,545,833 | 35,233,225 | |||||||||||||||||||
(a) As discussed in Note 8, the Company recognized a goodwill impairment charge of $60.7 million during the fourth quarter of 2017. Additionally, as discussed in Note 7, the Company recognized a property, plant and equipment impairment charge of $1.6 million during the fourth quarter of 2018.
(b) As discussed in Note 12, the Company had a $2.1 million deemed dividend as a result of the Warrant Exchange.
NOTE 22 - Loss Per Share
Basic loss per share (“LPS”) is calculated by dividing net loss attributable to WillScot common shareholders by the weighted average number of Class A common shares outstanding during the period. Concurrently with the Business Combination, 12,425,000 of WillScot's Class A common shares were placed into escrow by shareholders and became ineligible to vote or participate in the economic rewards available to other Class A shareholders. Escrowed shares were therefore excluded from the EPS calculation while deposited in the escrow account. 6,212,500 of the escrowed shares were released to shareholders on January 19, 2018, and the remaining escrowed shares were released to shareholders on
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August 21, 2018.
Class B common shares have no rights to dividends or distributions made by the Company and, in turn, are excluded from the LPS calculation
Diluted LPS is computed similarly to basic net loss per share, except that it includes the potential dilution that could occur if dilutive securities were exercised. Effects of potentially dilutive securities are presented only in periods in which they are dilutive. Stock options, RSUs and RSAs, representing 589,257, 852,733 and 72,053 shares of Class A common stock outstanding for the year ended December 31, 2018, were excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share because their effect would have been anti-dilutive. Warrants representing 22,183,513 and 34,750,000 shares of Class A shares for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share because their effect would have been anti-dilutive.
Pursuant to the exchange agreement entered into by WS Holding's shareholders, Sapphire has the right, but not the obligation, to exchange all, but not less than all, of its shares of WS Holdings into newly issued shares of WillScot’s Class A common stock in a private placement transaction. The impact of this exchange has been excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share because the effect would have been anti-dilutive.
The following table is a reconciliation of net loss and weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding for purposes of calculating basic and diluted LPS for the years ended December 31:
(in thousands, except per share numbers) | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||||||
| Numerator | |||||||||||||||||
| Loss from continuing operations | $ | (53,572) | $ | (164,462) | $ | (63,131) | |||||||||||
| Income from discontinued operations, net of tax | — | 14,650 | 32,195 | ||||||||||||||
| Net loss | (53,572) | (149,812) | (30,936) | ||||||||||||||
| Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest, net of tax | (4,532) | (2,110) | — | ||||||||||||||
| Net loss attributable to WillScot | (49,040) | (147,702) | (30,936) | ||||||||||||||
Non-cash deemed dividend related to warrant exchange | (2,135) | $ | — | — | |||||||||||||
| Net loss attributable to WillScot common shareholders | $ | (51,175) | $ | (147,702) | $ | (30,936) | |||||||||||
| Denominator | |||||||||||||||||
| Average shares outstanding - basic and diluted | 87,209,605 | 19,760,189 | 14,545,833 | ||||||||||||||
| (Loss) income per share attributable to WillScot common shareholders - basic and diluted | |||||||||||||||||
| Continuing operations | $ | (0.59) | $ | (8.21) | $ | (4.34) | |||||||||||
| Discontinued operations | $ | — | $ | 0.74 | $ | 2.21 | |||||||||||
| Net loss per share attributable to WillScot common shareholders | $ | (0.59) | $ | (7.47) | $ | (2.13) | |||||||||||
ITEM 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.
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ITEM 9A. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”), as of December 31, 2018. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2018.
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
As required by SEC rules and regulations, our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (“ICFR”), as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Our ICFR is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of our consolidated financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with GAAP. Our ICFR includes policies and procedures that: (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the Company’s assets, (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with the authorization of management and directors of the Company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
ICFR, no matter how well designed, has inherent limitations and may not prevent or detect misstatements in our consolidated financial statements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Under the supervision of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, management assessed the effectiveness of the Company's ICFR as of December 31, 2018 using the criteria set forth in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 Framework). Based on that assessment and due to the remediation of a prior year material weakness in our ICFR discussed below, the Company's management believes that, as of December 31, 2018, the Company's ICFR was effective based on those criteria. As allowed by the SEC rules and regulations, management excluded Modular Space Holdings, Inc. from its assessment, which was acquired in August 2018, from its assessment. The ModSpace assets and net sales excluded from management's assessment constituted 8.28% of total assets at December 31, 2018, and represented 21.5% of net sales for the year then ended.
Remediation of Material Weaknesses
As previously disclosed in “Part II - Item 9A - Controls and Procedures” of the 2017 Annual Report, our management and independent registered public accounting firm identified material weaknesses in our ICFR, specifically, ineffective controls over accounting for income taxes and reverse acquisition accounting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in ICFR, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. We implemented the following changes in our ICFR during 2018 that contributed to the remediation of the previously reported material weaknesses:
•Engaged third-party advisory firms to assist in the preparation and review of the quarterly and annual income tax accounting and the accounting for complex transactions, including acquisitions made during 2018;
•Increased the number of employees and experience levels within our tax and accounting departments and restructured these departments to provide additional layers of review by qualified persons;
•Increased process automation within our tax accounting processes to improve the accuracy of documentation and supporting calculations;
•Expanded the quarterly tax memorandum which includes analysis of the tax effect of significant, complex transactions and period over period analytics;
•Implemented more standardized processes and controls for the identification, evaluation, documentation and review of complex accounting and tax transactions and calculations; and
•Instituted a new control to perform a trial run of the income tax provision calculation prior to year-end using the Company’s third quarter results to allow additional time to resolve issues identified.
We have completed our testing of the design and operating effectiveness of these procedures as of December 31, 2018 and have concluded that the previously identified material weaknesses were remediated as of December 31, 2018.
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Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we completed several acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2018 and during the fourth quarter of 2017. As part of our ongoing integration activities, we continue to implement our controls and procedures at the businesses we acquire and to augment our company-wide controls to reflect the risks inherent in our acquisitions. Throughout the integration process, we monitor these efforts and take corrective action as needed to reinforce the application of our controls and procedures. Other than the ongoing integration efforts and the remediation of the material weaknesses described above, during the quarter ended December 31, 2018, there were no other changes in our ICFR that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our ICFR.
ITEM 9B. Other Information
None.
PART III
ITEM 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference herein from the 2019 Proxy Statement.
ITEM 11. Executive Compensation
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference herein from the 2019 Proxy Statement.
ITEM 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference herein from the 2019 Proxy Statement..
ITEM 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference herein from the 2019 Proxy Statement.
ITEM 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference herein from the 2019 Proxy Statement.
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PART IV
ITEM 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules
The following documents are filed as part of this report:
Consolidated Financial Statements
Page Number | |||||
| Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | |||||
| Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 | |||||
| Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 | |||||
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 | |||||
| Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 | |||||
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flow for the Years Ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 | |||||
| Notes to the Audited Consolidated Financial Statements | |||||
Financial Statement Schedule
All schedules have been omitted because the information required to be set forth therein is not applicable or is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto.
Exhibits
The exhibits listed in the accompanying Exhibit Index are filed or incorporated by reference as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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Exhibit Index
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Signature
Pursuant to the requirements of the Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
| WillScot Corporation | |||||||||||
| By: | /s/ BRADLEY L. BACON | ||||||||||
| Dated: | March 15, 2019 | Bradley L. Bacon | |||||||||
Vice President, General Counsel & Corporate Secretary | |||||||||||
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
| Signature | Title | Date | ||||||||||||
| /s/ BRADLEY L. SOULTZ | President and Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer) | March 15, 2019 | ||||||||||||
| Bradley L. Soultz | ||||||||||||||
| /s/ TIMOTHY D. BOSWELL | Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) | March 15, 2019 | ||||||||||||
| Timothy D. Boswell | ||||||||||||||
| /s/ SALLY J. SHANKS | Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer) | March 15, 2019 | ||||||||||||
| Sally J. Shanks | ||||||||||||||
| /s/ GERARD E. HOLTHAUS | Chairman of the Board | March 15, 2019 | ||||||||||||
| Gerard E. Holthaus | ||||||||||||||
| /s/ MARK S. BARTLETT | Director | March 15, 2019 | ||||||||||||
| Mark S. Bartlett | ||||||||||||||
| /s/ GARY LINDSAY | Director | March 15, 2019 | ||||||||||||
| Gary Lindsay | ||||||||||||||
| /s/ STEPHEN ROBERTSON | Director | March 15, 2019 | ||||||||||||
| Stephen Robertson | ||||||||||||||
| /s/ FREDRIC D. ROSEN | Director | March 15, 2019 | ||||||||||||
| Fredric D. Rosen | ||||||||||||||
| /s/ JEFF SAGANSKY | Director | March 15, 2019 | ||||||||||||
| Jeff Sagansky | ||||||||||||||
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