Acorda Therapeutics, Inc. - Quarter Report: 2017 June (Form 10-Q)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2017

OR

For the transition period from          to          

Commission File Number 000-50513

ACORDA THERAPEUTICS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

(914) 347-4300

(Registrant’s telephone number,

including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

ACORDA THERAPEUTICS, INC.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward‑looking statements relating to future events and our future performance within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Stockholders are cautioned that such statements involve risks and uncertainties, including: the ability to realize the benefits anticipated from the Biotie and Civitas transactions, among other reasons because acquired development programs are generally subject to all the risks inherent in the drug development process and our knowledge of the risks specifically relevant to acquired programs generally improves over time; the ability to successfully integrate Biotie’s operations into our operations; we may need to raise additional funds to finance our operations and may not be able to do so on acceptable terms; our ability to successfully market and sell Ampyra (dalfampridine) Extended Release Tablets, 10 mg in the U.S., which will likely be materially adversely affected by the recently announced court decision in our litigation against filers of Abbreviated New Drug Applications to market generic versions of Ampyra in the U.S.; the risk of unfavorable results from future studies of Inbrija (CVT-301, levodopa inhalation powder), tozadenant or from our other research and development programs, or any other acquired or in-licensed programs; we may not be able to complete development of, obtain regulatory approval for, or successfully market Inbrija, tozadenant, or any other products under development; third party payers (including governmental agencies) may not reimburse for the use of Ampyra, Inbrija or our other products at acceptable rates or at all and may impose restrictive prior authorization requirements that limit or block prescriptions; the occurrence of adverse safety events with our products; failure to maintain regulatory approval of or to successfully market Fampyra outside of the U.S. and our dependence on our collaborator Biogen in connection therewith; competition; failure to protect our intellectual property, to defend against the intellectual property claims of others or to obtain third party intellectual property licenses needed for the commercialization of our products; and failure to comply with regulatory requirements could result in adverse action by regulatory agencies. These forward-looking statements are based on current expectations, estimates, forecasts and projections about the industry and markets in which we operate and management’s beliefs and assumptions. All statements, other than statements of historical facts, included in this report regarding our strategy, future operations, future financial position, future revenues, projected costs, prospects, plans and objectives of management are forward-looking statements. The words “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “may,” “plans,” “projects,” “will,” “would,” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. Actual results or events could differ materially from the plans, intentions and expectations disclosed in the forward-looking statements we make, and investors should not place undue reliance on these statements. In addition to the risks and uncertainties described above, we have included important factors in the cautionary statements included in this report and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, particularly in the “Risk Factors” section (as updated by the disclosures in our subsequent quarterly reports, including this report), that we believe could cause actual results or events to differ materially from the forward-looking statements that we make. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures or investments that we may make. Forward-looking statements in this report are made only as of the date hereof, and we do not assume any obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements as a result of developments occurring after the date of this report.

We and our subsidiaries own several registered trademarks in the U.S. and in other countries. These registered trademarks include, in the U.S., the marks “Acorda Therapeutics,” our stylized Acorda Therapeutics logo, “Biotie Therapies,” “Ampyra,” “Zanaflex,” “Zanaflex Capsules,” “Qutenza” and “ARCUS.”  Also, our mark “Fampyra” is a registered mark in the European Community Trademark Office and we have registrations or pending applications for this mark in other jurisdictions. Our trademark portfolio also includes several registered trademarks and pending trademark applications (e.g., “Inbrija”) in the U.S. and worldwide for potential product names or for disease awareness activities. Third party trademarks, trade names, and service marks used in this report are the property of their respective owners.

PART I

Item 1.  Financial Statements

ACORDA THERAPEUTICS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Balance Sheets

See accompanying Unaudited Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

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ACORDA THERAPEUTICS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Operations

(unaudited)

See accompanying Unaudited Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

2

ACORDA THERAPEUTICS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

(unaudited)

See accompanying Unaudited Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

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ACORDA THERAPEUTICS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(unaudited)

See accompanying Unaudited Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

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ACORDA THERAPEUTICS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(unaudited)

(1) Organization and Business Activities

Acorda Therapeutics, Inc. (“Acorda” or the “Company”) is a biopharmaceutical company focused on developing therapies that restore function and improve the lives of people with neurological disorders.

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (GAAP) for interim financial information, Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 270-10 and with the instructions to Form 10-Q. Accordingly, these financial statements do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In management’s opinion, all adjustments considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included in the interim periods presented and all adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. The Company has evaluated subsequent events through the date of this filing. Operating results for the three and six-month periods ended June 30, 2017 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2017. When used in these notes, the terms “Acorda” or “the Company” mean Acorda Therapeutics, Inc. The December 31, 2016 consolidated balance sheet data was derived from audited financial statements, but does not include all disclosures required by GAAP. You should read these unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and footnotes included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016.

(2) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Our critical accounting policies are detailed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016. Effective January 1, 2017, the Company adopted ASU 2016-09, “Compensation – Stock Compensation” (Topic 718) and ASU 2015-11, “Inventory” (Topic 330): Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory (ASU 2015-11). Other than the adoption of the new accounting guidance, our critical accounting policies have not changed materially from December 31, 2016.

Foreign Currency Translation — The functional currency of operations outside the United States of America is deemed to be the currency of the local country, unless otherwise determined that the United States dollar would serve as a more appropriate functional currency given the economic operations of the entity. Accordingly, the assets and liabilities of the Company’s foreign subsidiary, Biotie, are translated into United States dollars using the period-end exchange rate; and income and expense items are translated using the average exchange rate during the period; and equity transactions are translated at historical rates. Cumulative translation adjustments are reflected as a separate component of equity. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are charged to operations.

Segment and Geographic Information

The Company is managed and operated as one business which is focused on developing therapies that restore function and improve the lives of people with neurological disorders. The entire business is managed by a single management team that reports to the Chief Executive Officer. The Company does not operate separate lines of business with respect to any of its products or product candidates and the Company does not prepare discrete financial information with respect to separate products or product candidates or by location. Accordingly, the Company views its business as one reportable operating segment. Net product revenues reported to date are derived from the sales of Ampyra, Zanaflex and Qutenza in the U.S.

Intangible Assets

The Company has finite lived intangible assets related to Ampyra and Selincro. These intangible assets are amortized on a straight line basis over the period in which the Company expects to receive economic benefit and are reviewed for impairment when facts and circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. The determination of the expected life will be dependent upon the use and underlying characteristics of the intangible asset. In the Company’s evaluation of the intangible assets, it considers the term of the underlying asset life and the expected life of the related product line. If the carrying value is not recoverable, impairment is measured as the amount by which the carrying value exceeds its estimated fair value. Fair value is generally estimated based on either appraised value or other valuation techniques.

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On March 31, 2017, the United States District Court for the District of Delaware upheld U.S. Patent No. 5,540,938 (the ‘938 patent), which is set to expire in July 2018. The claims of the ‘938 patent relate to methods for treating a neurological disease, such as MS, and cover the use of a sustained release dalfampridine formulation, such as AMPYRA (dalfampridine) Extended Release Tablets, 10 mg for improving walking in people with MS. The District Court invalidated U.S. Patent Nos. 8,663,685, 8,007,826, 8,440,703, and 8,354,437, which pertain to Ampyra. In May 2017, the Company appealed the ruling on these patents. As a result of the District Court’s ruling, the Company performed an interim impairment test for the intangible assets related to Ampyra in connection with the preparation of the unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements for the first quarter of 2017. Based on the impairment test performed, the Company determined that these intangible assets were not impaired.

As a result of the invalidation of the patents, the estimated remaining useful lives of the Ampyra intangible assets were reviewed to determine if there was a change in the estimated useful lives of these assets. Based on the review, the Company determined that there was a change in the estimated useful lives of these assets that would require an acceleration of the amortization expense. The Company determined that the estimated useful lives of these intangible assets will coincide with the expiration of the ‘938 patent, unless the appeal is resolved favorably. The Company accounted for this change prospectively as a change in an accounting estimate beginning in the three-month period ended June 30, 2017. The acceleration of the amortization associated with the change in the estimated remaining useful lives of these intangible assets, did not have a material impact on the Company’s statement of operations for the three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2017.

Subsequent Events

Subsequent events are defined as those events or transactions that occur after the balance sheet date, but before the financial statements are filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Company completed an evaluation of the impact of any subsequent events through the date these financial statements were issued, and determined there were no subsequent events requiring disclosure in these financial statements.

Recently Issued / Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In March 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2016-09, “Compensation – Stock Compensation” (Topic 718). The main objective of this update is to simplify the accounting, and reporting classifications for certain aspects of share-based payment transactions. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within those fiscal years.

The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2017 on a prospective basis. The new guidance requires that excess tax benefits or deficiencies that arise upon the vesting or exercise of share-based payments be recognized as income tax benefit or expense in the income statement. Previously, these amounts were recorded as additional paid-in-capital. As a result of the adoption of ASU 2016-09, the Company recorded an adjustment to accumulated deficit of $12.1 million to recognize net operating loss carryforwards, attributable to excess tax benefits on stock compensation that was not previously recognized in additional paid in capital. For the three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2017, the Company recorded $0.4 million and $1.8 million, respectively, of shortfalls as a component of income tax expense in the statement of operations. The new guidance also permits the accounting for forfeitures based on either an estimate of the number of shares expected to vest or on the actual forfeitures as they occur. The Company elected to continue estimating forfeitures for determining compensation costs. The new guidance also provides for excess tax benefits to be classified as an operating activity in the statement of cash flows. Previously, excess tax benefits were classified as a financing activity.

In July 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2015-11, “Inventory” (Topic 330): Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory (ASU 2015-11), which requires the measurement of inventory at the lower of cost and net realizable value. ASU 2015-11 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods therein with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2017. The adoption of this guidance did not have an impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In March 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2016-06, “Derivatives and Hedging” (Topic 815): Contingent Put and Call Options in Derivative Contracts (ASU 2016-06), which clarifies the requirements for assessing whether contingent options that can accelerate the payment of principal on debt instruments are clearly and closely related to their debt hosts. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016 and interim periods therein. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2017. The adoption of this guidance did not have an impact on the consolidated financial statements.

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In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” (Topic 606) (ASU 2014-09). This new standard will replace all current U.S. GAAP guidance on this topic and eliminate all industry-specific guidance. In July 2015, the FASB deferred the effective date of the new revenue standard for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017 (previously December 15, 2016). The Company expects to adopt this guidance on January 1, 2018. ASU 2014-09 allows for either full retrospective or modified retrospective adoption. The Company will adopt the new guidance following the modified retrospective approach.

The new guidance requires the application of a five-step model to determine the amount and timing of revenue to be recognized. The underlying principle is that revenue is to be recognized for the transfer of goods or services to customers that reflects the amount of consideration that the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services.

The Company is continuing to assess the impact of the new guidance on its accounting policies and procedures and is evaluating the new requirements as applied to existing revenue contracts. Although the Company is continuing to assess the impact of the new guidance, the Company believes the most significant impact will relate to the recognition of license revenues associated with its Biogen contract at a point in time rather than over a period of time. The Company completed a review of its revenue contracts and continues to work on its plan for implementation of the new guidance including reviewing accounting policies and evaluating internal controls and will implement any changes as required to facilitate adoption of the new guidance which the Company expects to adopt beginning in the first quarter of 2018.

In January 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2017-04, “Intangibles – Goodwill and Other” (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (ASU 2017-04). This new standard simplifies how an entity is required to test goodwill for impairment by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. ASU 2017-04 allows for prospective application and is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods therein with early adoption permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. The Company is currently evaluating whether it will adopt this guidance early and the impact it may have on its consolidated financial statements.

In May 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2017-09, “Compensation – Stock Compensation” (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting (ASU 2017-09). This new standard provides guidance about which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award require an entity to apply modification accounting in Topic 718. ASU 2017-09 allows for prospective application and is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods therein with early adoption permitted for interim or annual periods. The Company is currently evaluating whether it will adopt this guidance early and the impact it may have on its consolidated financial statements.

(3) Acquisitions

Biotie Therapies Corp.

On April 18, 2016, the Company acquired a controlling interest in Biotie Therapies Corp. (“Biotie”) pursuant to a combination agreement entered into in January 2016. We believe that tozadenant, acquired through Biotie, and Inbrija (CVT-301, levodopa inhalation powder), our most advanced program, have the potential to position the Company as a leader in Parkinson’s disease therapy. In accordance with the combination agreement, the Company closed a public tender offer for all of Biotie’s capital stock, pursuant to which the Company acquired approximately 93% of the fully diluted capital stock of Biotie for a cash purchase price of approximately $350 million. On May 4, 2016, the Company acquired an additional approximately 4% of Biotie’s fully diluted capital stock pursuant to a subsequent public offer to Biotie stockholders that did not tender their shares in the initial tender offer. The purchase consideration for the subsequent tender offer was approximately $14.5 million. The acquisition of the additional 4% of Biotie’s fully diluted capital stock resulted in the Company owning approximately 97% of the fully diluted capital stock of Biotie (the “Acquisition”) as of June 30, 2016.

On September 30, 2016, the Company acquired the remaining approximately 3% of Biotie’s fully diluted capital stock in exchange for the payment of a cash security deposit of approximately $13.5 million, as determined by the Finnish arbitral tribunal administering redemption proceedings for the shares not tendered to the Company. Accordingly, the Company owned 100% of the fully diluted capital stock of Biotie as of September 30, 2016.

In the three-month period ended March 31, 2017, the Company received a refund of the cash security deposit of approximately $2.7 million following the final determination and payment of the redemption price for the shares subject to the redemption proceedings.

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The Company estimated the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the date of acquisition based on the information available at that time. The Company recorded its final measurement-period adjustments to the purchase price allocation from the acquisition date through April 18, 2017. During the six-month period ended June 30, 2017, the Company recorded final measurement period adjustments of approximately $6.4 million to its purchase price allocation with a corresponding offset to goodwill. The final measurement period adjustments included a reduction to current liabilities of approximately $3.8 million related to the repurchase of the Biotie convertible capital loans as the Company was able to determine the fair market value of these loans, a reduction to other long-term liabilities of approximately $2.7 million due to the finalization of the valuation of the Biotie non-convertible capital loans and an increase to deferred tax liabilities of approximately $0.2 million due to the finalization of the provisional amounts recorded for deferred tax liabilities.

The following table presents the final allocation of the purchase price to the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date of April 18, 2016:

The Company accounted for the Acquisition as a business combination using the acquisition method of accounting. Under the acquisition method of accounting, the total purchase price of the acquisition is allocated to the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair values as of the date of acquisition. The Company incurred approximately $18.6 million in acquisition related expenses to date. For the three-month period ended June 30, 2017, there were no acquisition related expenses incurred. For the six-month period ended June 30, 2017, the Company incurred approximately $0.6 million in acquisition related expenses, all of which were expensed and included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. The results of Biotie’s operations have been included in the consolidated statements of operations from the acquisition date of April 18, 2016.

The definite-lived intangible asset will be amortized on a straight line basis over the period in which the Company expects to receive economic benefit and will be reviewed for impairment when facts and circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable.

The fair value of the indefinite lived intangible assets were capitalized as of the acquisition date and subsequently accounted for as indefinite-lived intangible assets until disposition of the assets or completion or abandonment of the associated research and development efforts. Accordingly, during the development period these assets will not be amortized into earnings; rather, these assets will be subject to periodic impairment testing. Upon successful completion of the development efforts, the useful lives of the indefinite lived intangible assets will be determined and the assets will be considered definite-lived intangible assets and amortized over their expected useful lives.

Goodwill is calculated as the excess of the purchase price and the noncontrolling interest over the estimated fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The goodwill recorded is primarily related to establishing a deferred tax liability for the indefinite lived intangible assets which have no tax basis and, therefore, will not result in a future tax deduction. None of the goodwill is deductible for tax purposes.

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Goodwill

Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill were as follows:

Pro-Forma Financial Information Associated with the Biotie Acquisition (Unaudited)

The following table summarizes certain supplemental pro forma financial information for the three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2016 as if the Acquisition had occurred as of January 1, 2016.

The unaudited pro forma financial information for the three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2016 reflects (i) the net impact to amortization expense based on the fair value adjustments to the intangible assets acquired from Biotie; (ii) the impact to operations resulting from the reversal of transaction costs related to the Acquisition; (iii) the impact to operations resulting from the reversal of the unrealized gain on the foreign currency option; (iv) the impact to interest expense based on the fair value adjustments to the debt acquired from Biotie; (v) the tax effects of those adjustments; and (vi) the net loss attributable to the noncontrolling interests resulting from the Acquisition.

Note 4: Corporate Restructuring

On April 5, 2017, the Company announced a corporate restructuring to reduce its cost structure and focus its resources on its two late-stage programs, Inbrija and tozadenant.

The adoption of this restructuring plan followed the previously-announced decision by the United States District Court for the District of Delaware invalidating certain patents pertaining to Ampyra. Under this ruling, Acorda expects to maintain exclusivity to Ampyra through July 2018, depending on the outcome of the appeal of the Court’s decision.

As part of this restructuring, the Company is reducing headcount by approximately 20%. The majority of the reduction in personnel was completed in the three-month period ended June 30, 2017. The Company estimates that during 2017 it will incur approximately $8.0 million of pre-tax charges for severance and employee separation related costs related to the restructuring, primarily during the three-month period ended June 30, 2017.

In the three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2017, the Company incurred pre-tax severance and employee separation related expenses of $7.6 million associated with the restructuring. The pre-tax charges incurred include a cash component of approximately $6.7 million representing employee charges for severance payments and benefits and a non-cash component of approximately $0.9 million representing stock compensation charges. Of the pre-tax severance and employee separation related expenses incurred, $5.6 million was recorded in research and development expenses and $2.0 million was recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses. The majority of the restructuring costs are expected to be paid by the end of 2017.

A summary of the restructuring charges for the three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2017 is as follows:

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(5) Share-based Compensation

During the three‑month periods ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, the Company recognized share-based compensation expense of $11.7 million and $9.3 million, respectively. During the six-month periods ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, the Company recognized share-based compensation expense of $19.6 million and $17.4 million, respectively. Activity in options and restricted stock during the six-month period ended June 30, 2017 and related balances outstanding as of that date are reflected below. The weighted average fair value per share of options granted to employees for the three-month periods ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 were approximately $7.24 and $11.92, respectively.  The weighted average fair value per share of options granted to employees for the six-month periods ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 were approximately $10.75  and $13.91, respectively.

The following table summarizes share-based compensation expense included within the consolidated statements of operations:

A summary of share-based compensation activity for the six-month period ended June 30, 2017 is presented below:

Stock Option Activity

Restricted Stock and Performance Stock Unit Activity

Unrecognized compensation cost for unvested stock options, restricted stock awards and performance stock units as of June 30, 2017 totaled $50.7 million and is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 3.0 years.

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(6) Loss Per Share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted loss per share for the three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2017 and 2016:

Securities that could potentially be dilutive are excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share when a loss from continuing operations exists or when the exercise price exceeds the average closing price of the Company’s common stock during the period, because their inclusion would result in an anti-dilutive effect on per share amounts.

The following amounts were not included in the calculation of net income per diluted share because their effects were anti-dilutive:

Additionally, the impact of the convertible debt and the impact of the convertible capital loan assumed from Biotie were determined to be anti-dilutive and excluded from the calculation of net loss per diluted share for the three and six-month periods ended June 30, 2017 and 2016.

(7) Income Taxes

The Company’s effective income tax rate differs from the U.S. statutory rate principally due to state taxes, Federal research and development tax credits, jurisdictions with pretax losses for which no tax benefit can be recognized and the effects of share based compensation which are recorded discretely in the quarters in which they occur.

For the three-month periods ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, the Company recorded a $5.5 million provision for and $1.0 million benefit from income taxes, respectively. The effective income tax rates for the Company for the three-month periods ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 were -200.8% and 4.9%, respectively. The variance in the effective tax rates for the three-month period ended June 30, 2017 as compared to the three-month period ended June 30, 2016 was due primarily to the valuation allowance recorded on jurisdictions with Biotie pretax losses for which no tax benefit can be recognized, the tax implications of costs related to the Biotie transaction, the reduction in the research & development tax credit and the absence of orphan drug development in 2017. 

For the six-month periods ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, the Company recorded a $4.6 million provision for and $10.7 million benefit from income taxes, respectively. The effective income tax rates for the Company for the six-month periods ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 were -20.2% and 35.5%, respectively. The variance in the effective tax rates for the six-month period ended June 30, 2017 as compared to the six-month period ended June 30, 2016 was due primarily to the valuation allowance recorded on jurisdictions with Biotie pretax losses for which no tax benefit can be recognized, the tax

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implications of costs related to the Biotie transaction, the reduction in the research & development tax credit and the absence of orphan drug development in 2017.

The Company continues to evaluate the realizability of its deferred tax assets and liabilities on a quarterly basis and will adjust such amounts in light of changing facts and circumstances including, but not limited to, future projections of taxable income, tax legislation, rulings by relevant tax authorities, the progress of ongoing tax audits and the regulatory approval of products currently under development. Any changes to the valuation allowance or deferred tax assets and liabilities in the future would impact the Company's income taxes.

(8) Fair Value Measurements

The following table presents information about the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques utilized to determine such fair value. In general, fair values determined by Level 1 inputs utilize quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Fair values determined by Level 2 inputs utilize data points that are observable, such as quoted prices, interest rates, exchange rates and yield curves. Fair values determined by Level 3 inputs utilize unobservable data points for the asset or liability. The Company’s Level 1 assets consist of time deposits, money market funds and investments in a Treasury money market fund. The Company’s Level 3 liabilities represent acquired contingent consideration related to the acquisition of Civitas and are valued using a probability weighted discounted cash flow valuation approach. No changes in valuation techniques occurred during the three or six-month periods ended June 30, 2017. The estimated fair values of all of our financial instruments approximate their carrying values at June 30, 2017, except for the fair value of the Company’s convertible senior notes, which was approximately $294.8 million as of June 30, 2017.  The Company estimates the fair value of its notes utilizing market quotations for the debt (Level 2).

The following table presents additional information about liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and for which the Company utilizes Level 3 inputs to determine fair value.

Acquired contingent consideration

The Company estimates the fair value of its acquired contingent consideration using a probability weighted discounted cash flow valuation approach based on estimated future sales expected from Inbrija (CVT-301, levodopa inhalation powder), a potential new drug candidate for the treatment of OFF periods of Parkinson’s disease and CVT-427, a Phase I candidate. CVT-427 is an inhaled triptan intended for acute treatment of migraine using the ARCUS delivery system. Using this approach, expected future cash flows are calculated over the expected life of the agreement, are discounted, and then exercise scenario probabilities are applied. Some of the more significant assumptions made in the valuation include (i) the estimated

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Inbrija and CVT-427 revenue forecasts, (ii) probabilities of success, and (iii) discount periods and rate. The probability of achievement of revenue milestones ranged from 26.3% to 85% with milestone payment outcomes ranging from $0 to $62 million in the aggregate for Inbrija and CVT-427. The valuation is performed quarterly. Gains and losses are included in the statement of operations. For the three and six-month periods ended June 30, 2017, changes in the fair value of the acquired contingent consideration were due to the re-calculation of cash flows for the passage of time and updates to certain other estimated assumptions.

The acquired contingent consideration is classified as a Level 3 liability as its valuation requires substantial judgment and estimation of factors that are not currently observable in the market. If different assumptions were used for the various inputs to the valuation approach, including but not limited to, assumptions involving probability adjusted sales estimates for Inbrija and CVT-427 and estimated discount rates, the estimated fair value could be significantly higher or lower than the fair value determined.

(9) Investments

Short-term investments with maturities of three months or less from date of purchase have been classified as cash equivalents, and amounted to $9.1 million and $18.5 million as of June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. Short-term investments have original maturities of greater than 3 months but less than 1 year and long-term investments are greater than 1 year. There were no investments classified as long-term at June 30, 2017 and 2016.

(10) Debt Obligations

Saints Capital Notes

Effective January 2017, the Company paid approximately $0.8 million in full payment of these notes.

Asset Based Loan

On June 1, 2016, the Company and certain of its subsidiaries entered into a Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as the sole initial lender and the administrative agent for the lenders. On May 4, 2017, the Company voluntarily terminated the Credit Agreement because it no longer served the Company’s needs. The Company did not incur any early termination penalties in connection with the termination. Prior to its termination, the Credit Agreement provided the Company with a three-year senior secured revolving credit facility in the maximum amount of $60 million. The restrictive covenants, as well as the lenders' security interests in collateral, under the Credit Agreement and the related loan documents terminated in connection with the termination of the facility.

In the three-month period ended June 30, 2017, approximately $1.1 million of debt issuance costs associated with the Credit Agreement were written off.

Convertible Capital Loans

In the three-month period ended March 31, 2017, the Company paid approximately $1.7 million (€1.5 million) to repurchase the outstanding principal amount of these loans. In April 2017, the Company paid approximately $0.2 million (€0.2 million) to repurchase the outstanding principal amount of the last outstanding loan. There were no convertible capital loans outstanding as of June 30, 2017.

(11) Commitments and Contingencies

A summary of the Company’s commitments and contingencies was included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016. The Company’s long-term contractual obligations include commitments and estimated purchase obligations entered into in the normal course of business.

The Company is currently party to various legal proceedings which are principally patent litigation matters. The Company has assessed such legal proceedings and does not believe that it is probable that a liability has been incurred or that the amount of any potential liability or range of losses can be reasonably estimated. As a result, the Company did not record any loss contingencies for any of these matters. Litigation expenses are expensed as incurred.

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Item 2.  Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our consolidated financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our unaudited consolidated financial statements and related notes included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Background

We are a biopharmaceutical company focused on developing therapies that restore function and improve the lives of people with neurological disorders. We market three FDA-approved therapies, including Ampyra (dalfampridine) Extended Release Tablets, 10 mg, a treatment to improve walking in patients with multiple sclerosis, or MS, as demonstrated by an increase in walking speed. We have a pipeline of novel neurological therapies addressing a range of disorders, including Parkinson’s disease and MS. We have two late-stage programs in Parkinson’s disease, including Inbrija (the proposed brand name for CVT-301, levodopa inhalation powder), our most advanced program, as well as our tozadenant program, which we acquired with Biotie Therapies Corp. in 2016. We believe that these programs, which are further described below, have the potential to position Acorda as a leader in Parkinson’s disease therapy.

We currently derive substantially all our revenue from the sale of Ampyra. In March 2017, we announced a decision by the United States District Court for the District of Delaware in litigation with certain generic drug manufacturers upholding our Ampyra Orange Book-listed patent set to expire on July 30, 2018, but invalidating our four other Orange Book-listed patents pertaining to Ampyra that were set to expire between 2025 and 2027. Under this decision, we expect to maintain patent exclusivity with respect to Ampyra at least through July 30, 2018, depending on the outcome of appeal of the Court’s decision. The other parties to the lawsuit with whom we have not reached settlement have appealed the District Court’s decision upholding the patent that expires in July 2018, and we have appealed the ruling on the four invalidated patents. We expect the appeals process to take approximately 12 to 18 months. We expect to experience a rapid and significant decline in Ampyra sales beyond July 2018 due to competition from generic versions of Ampyra that may be marketed after the expiration of our remaining Ampyra patent, unless the District Court’s decision on the four invalidated patents is overturned on appeal, which could include reversal or remand by the appeals court back to the District Court.

In April 2017, following the District Court’s decision, we implemented a corporate restructuring to reduce our cost structure and focus our resources on our two late stage Parkinson’s disease programs, Inbrija and tozadenant, as well as on maximizing Ampyra value. As part of this restructuring, we reduced headcount by approximately 20%. The majority of the reduction was completed in April 2017. As a result, we expect to realize annualized cost savings from the reduction of personnel of approximately $21.0 million beginning in the second quarter of 2017. We estimate that during 2017 we will incur approximately $8.0 million of pre-tax charges for severance and employee separation related costs related to the restructuring, primarily during the second quarter. As a result of the restructuring, in April 2017 we reduced our 2017 projections for combined research and development and selling, general and administrative operating expense projections by approximately $50 million from our prior 2017 guidance. Our current projections are described below under Financial Guidance for 2017.

We believe that our Inbrija and tozadenant programs, if approved, will serve as the foundation for Acorda’s future value. In June 2017, we announced that we had submitted a New Drug Application, or NDA, for Inbrija to the FDA. Based on current guidelines, we anticipate that the FDA will inform us by the end of September 2017 if the submission has been accepted for full review, and expect a 10-month review. Our other top priorities through early 2018 are to:

Our current strategic priorities also include business development initiatives, including pursuit of monetization of existing royalty streams for Fampyra and Selincro, further described below, as well as exploring partnering and out-licensing opportunities for some of our early-stage programs.

As of June 30, 2017, we had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $141.1 million and expect to be cash flow positive for 2017 with a projected year end cash balance in excess of $200 million. We expect a similar year-end 2018 cash

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balance based on our current internal assumptions for 2018 Ampyra revenue. We have $345 million of convertible senior notes due in 2021 with a conversion price of $42.56.

We believe that the operating expense reductions from the restructuring will enable us to fund operations through key milestones for our late-stage development programs, including the launch of Inbrija in the U.S., pending approval from the FDA, and obtaining topline data from the ongoing tozadenant Phase 3 efficacy trial in the first quarter of 2018. Importantly, we have kept our commercial team intact despite the restructuring. Our sales force and commercial organization have proved highly effective in the commercialization of Ampyra and, pending FDA approvals, we expect them to be major assets in commercializing Inbrija and tozadenant.

Biotie Acquisition

In 2016, we acquired Biotie Therapies Corp. pursuant to a combination agreement with Biotie for a purchase price of approximately $376 million. As a result of the acquisition, we have obtained worldwide rights to tozadenant, an oral adenosine A2a receptor antagonist currently in Phase 3 development as an adjunctive treatment to levodopa in Parkinson's disease patients to reduce OFF time. We believe that this late stage program, together with Inbrija, our other late stage program, have the potential to position Acorda as a leader in Parkinson’s disease therapy. Further expanding our pipeline, we also obtained global rights to SYN120, an oral, 5-HT6/5-HT2A dual receptor antagonist in Phase 2 development with support from the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s-related dementia. Biotie is also developing BTT1023, a product candidate for the orphan disease Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis, or PSC, a chronic and progressive liver disease for which there is no FDA-approved treatment.

Also, Biotie receives double digit royalties from sales of Selincro, a European Medicines Agency (EMA)-approved orally administered therapy for alcohol dependence therapy. Selincro has been introduced across Europe by Biotie's partner, H. Lundbeck A/S, a Danish pharmaceutical company specializing in central nervous system products. Selincro is not approved for use in the U.S. and is not under development for use in the U.S.

Ampyra

General

Ampyra was approved by the FDA in January 2010 to improve walking in people with MS. To our knowledge, Ampyra is the first and only drug approved for this indication. Efficacy was shown in people with all four major types of MS (relapsing remitting, secondary progressive, progressive relapsing and primary progressive). Ampyra was made commercially available in the United States in March 2010. Net revenue for Ampyra was $131.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017 and $122.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2016.

Since the March 2010 launch of Ampyra, approximately 120,000 people with MS in the U.S. have tried Ampyra. We believe that Ampyra is increasingly considered by many physicians a standard of care to improve walking in people with MS. Seven years after approval, Ampyra continues to grow, reflecting the continued unmet medical need among people with MS for a treatment to improve walking. As of June 30, 2017, approximately 70% of all people with MS who were prescribed Ampyra received a first refill, and approximately 40% of all people with MS who were prescribed Ampyra have been dispensed at least six months of the medicine through refills, consistent with previously reported trends. These refill rates exclude patients who started Ampyra through our 60-day free trial program. Our 60-day free trial program provides eligible patients with two months of Ampyra at no cost. During 2016, on average, approximately 80% of new Ampyra patients enrolled in 60-day free trial. The program is in its sixth year, and data show that 60-day free trial participants have higher compliance and persistency rates over time compared to patients not in the program. Approximately 50% of patients who initiate therapy with the 60-day free trial free trial program convert to paid prescriptions.

Ampyra is marketed in the U.S. through our own specialty sales force and commercial infrastructure. We currently have approximately 90 sales representatives in the field calling on a priority target list of approximately 7,000 physicians. We also have established teams of Medical Science Liaisons, Regional Reimbursement Directors, and Market Access Account Directors who provide information and assistance to payers and physicians on Ampyra; National Trade Account Directors who work with our limited network of specialty pharmacies; and Market Development Managers who work collaboratively with field teams and corporate personnel to assist in the execution of the Company’s strategic initiatives.

Ampyra is distributed in the U.S. exclusively through a limited network of specialty pharmacy providers that deliver the medication to patients by mail; Kaiser Permanente, which distributes Ampyra to patients through a closed network of on-

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site pharmacies; and ASD Specialty Healthcare, Inc. (an AmerisourceBergen affiliate), which distributes Ampyra to the U.S. Bureau of Prisons, the U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, or VA, and other federal agencies. The specialty pharmacy providers that deliver Ampyra by mail, and Kaiser Permanente, are contractually obligated to hold no more than an agreed number of days of inventory, ranging from 10 to 30 calendar days, and some have agreed to hold a minimum of 10 business days of inventory.

We have contracted with a third party organization with extensive experience in coordinating patient benefits to run Ampyra Patient Support Services, or APSS, a dedicated resource that coordinates the prescription process among healthcare providers, people with MS, and insurance carriers. Processing of most incoming requests for prescriptions by APSS begins within 24 hours of receipt. Patients will experience a range of times to receive their first shipment based on the processing time for insurance requirements. As with any prescription product, patients who are members of benefit plans that have restrictive prior authorizations may experience delays in receiving their prescription.

Three of the largest national health plans in the U.S. – Aetna, Cigna and United Healthcare – have listed Ampyra on their commercial formulary. Approximately 75% of insured individuals in the U.S. continue to have no or limited prior authorizations, or PA’s, for Ampyra. We define limited PAs as those that require only an MS diagnosis, documentation of no contraindications, and/or simple documentation that the patient has a walking impairment; such documentation may include a Timed 25-Foot Walk (T25W) test. The access figure is calculated based on the number of pharmacy lives reported by health plans.

License and Collaboration Agreement with Biogen

Ampyra is marketed as Fampyra outside the U.S. by Biogen International GmbH, or Biogen, under a license and collaboration agreement that we entered into in June 2009. Fampyra has been approved in a number of countries across Europe, Asia and the Americas. Under our agreement with Biogen, we are entitled to receive double-digit tiered royalties on sales of Fampyra and we are also entitled to receive additional payments based on achievement of certain regulatory and sales milestones. We received a $25 million milestone payment from Biogen in 2011, which was triggered by Biogen’s receipt of conditional approval from the European Commission for Fampyra. The next expected milestone payment would be $15 million, due when ex-U.S. net sales exceed $100 million over four consecutive quarters.

Ampyra Patent Update

We have five issued patents listed in the Orange Book for Ampyra, four of which were recently held invalid in litigation in U.S. District Court with certain generic drug manufacturers, as further described below in this report. The first is U.S. Patent No. 5,540,938, the claims of which relate to methods for treating a neurological disease, such as MS, and cover the use of a sustained release dalfampridine formulation, such as AMPYRA (dalfampridine) Extended Release Tablets, 10 mg for improving walking in people with MS. In April 2013, this patent received a five year patent term extension under the patent restoration provisions of the Hatch-Waxman Act. With a five year patent term extension, this patent will expire on July 30, 2018. We have an exclusive license to this patent from Alkermes (originally with Elan, but transferred to Alkermes as part of its acquisition of Elan’s Drug Technologies business). This patent was held valid by the District Court in the litigation, although in June 2017 the other parties to the lawsuit with whom we have not reached settlements appealed the District Court’s decision upholding this patent.

The other four Orange Book-listed patents were held invalid by the District Court in the litigation with generic drug manufacturers. These patents, which had been set to expire in 2025 through 2027, include: U.S. Patent No. 8,007,826, with claims relating to methods to improve walking in patients with MS by administering 10 mg of sustained release 4-aminopyridine (dalfampridine) twice daily; U.S. Patent No. 8,354,437, which includes claims relating to methods to improve walking, increase walking speed, and treat walking disability in patients with MS by administering 10 mg of sustained release 4-aminopyridine (dalfampridine) twice daily; U.S. Patent No. 8,440,703, which includes claims directed to methods of improving lower extremity function and walking and increasing walking speed in patients with MS by administering less than 15 mg of sustained release 4-aminopyridine (dalfampridine) twice daily; and U.S. Patent No. 8,663,685 with claims relating to methods to improve walking in patients with MS by administering 10 mg of sustained release 4-aminopyridine (dalfampridine) twice daily.

The patent litigation referenced above relates to Paragraph IV Certification Notices received from ten generic drug manufacturers in 2014 and 2015, who submitted Abbreviated New Drug Applications with the FDA seeking marketing approval for generic versions of Ampyra (dalfampridine) Extended Release Tablets, 10mg. The ANDA filers challenged the validity of our Orange Book-listed patents for Ampyra, and they also asserted that generic versions of their products do not

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infringe certain claims of these patents. In 2015 and 2016, we reached settlement agreements with six of the generic companies. A bench trial against the remaining four generic companies was completed in September 2016. In February 2017, we announced that we had reached a settlement agreement with one of those four generic companies. In March 2017, the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware rendered a decision upholding our Orange-Book listed patent for Ampyra set to expire in July 2018, but invalidating our four other Orange Book-listed patents. In May 2017, we appealed the ruling on these four patents, and as described above, in June 2017 the other non-settling parties appealed the decision on the patent set to expire in July 2018. We expect the appeals process to take approximately 12 to 18 months. We expect to experience a rapid and significant decline in Ampyra sales beyond July 2018 due to competition from generic versions of Ampyra that may be marketed after the expiration of our remaining Ampyra patent, unless the District Court’s decision on the four invalidated patents is overturned on appeal, which could include reversal or remand by the appeals court back to the District Court.

Our Orange Book-listed patents for Ampyra were also subject to inter partes review (IPR) petitions filed by a hedge fund with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). These IPR petitions challenged four of the five Orange Book-listed patents. In March 2017, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Patent Trials and Appeals Board, or PTAB, issued a ruling and upheld all four of the challenged patents. The ruling has become final, as the hedge fund did not appeal the ruling before the May 2017 appeal deadline. The PTAB’s decision does not affect the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware’s decision invalidating the four patents.

In April 2017, we received a Paragraph IV Certification Notice from an additional generic drug manufacturer, Micro Labs Ltd. (“Micro”), advising that it had submitted an ANDA to the FDA seeking marketing approval for a generic version of Ampyra (dalfampridine) Extended Release Tablets, 10mg. Micro has challenged the validity of four of our five Orange Book-listed patents for Ampyra, and did not file against our U.S. Patent No. 5,540,938, and it also asserted that a generic version of its product does not infringe certain claims of these patents. In response to the filing of the ANDA, in May 2017 we filed a lawsuit against Micro in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey, asserting infringement of our U.S. Patent Nos. 8,007,826, 8,354,437, 8,440,703, and 8,663,685.

In 2011, the European Patent Office, or EPO, granted EP 1732548, with claims relating to, among other things, use of a sustained release aminopyridine composition, such as dalfampridine (known under the trade name Fampyra in the European Union), to increase walking speed. In March 2012, Synthon B.V. and neuraxpharm Arzneimittel GmBH filed oppositions with the EPO challenging the EP 1732548 patent. We defended the patent, and in December 2013, we announced that the EPO Opposition Division upheld amended claims in this patent covering a sustained release formulation of dalfampridine for increasing walking in patients with MS through twice daily dosing at 10 mg. Both Synthon B.V. and neuraxpharm Arzneimittel GmBH have appealed the decision. In December 2013, Synthon B.V., neuraxpharm Arzneimittel GmBH and Actavis Group PTC EHF filed oppositions with the EPO challenging our EP 2377536 patent, which is a divisional of the EP 1732548 patent. On February 24, 2016, the EPO Opposition Division rendered a decision that revoked the EP 2377536 patent. We believe the claims of this patent are valid and we have appealed the decision. Both European patents, if upheld as valid, are set to expire in 2025, absent any additional exclusivity granted based on regulatory review timelines. Fampyra also has 10 years of market exclusivity in the European Union that is set to expire in 2021.

We will vigorously defend our intellectual property rights.

Legal proceedings relating to our Ampyra patents are described in further detail in Part II, Item 1 of this report.

Other Marketed Products

Zanaflex Capsules and Zanaflex tablets are FDA-approved as short-acting drugs for the management of spasticity, a symptom of many central nervous system disorders, including MS and spinal cord injury. These products contain tizanidine hydrochloride, one of the two leading drugs used to treat spasticity. The net revenue we receive from Zanaflex products has declined substantially due to generic competition.

Qutenza is a dermal patch containing 8% prescription strength capsaicin the effects of which can last up to three months and is approved by the FDA for the management of neuropathic pain associated with post-herpetic neuralgia, also known as post-shingles pain. We acquired commercialization rights to Qutenza in July 2013 from NeurogesX, Inc. These rights include the U.S., Canada, Latin America and certain other territories. Grunenthal GmbH (as the assignee of Astellas Pharma Europe Ltd.) has exclusive commercialization rights for Qutenza in the European Economic Area (EEA) including the 28 countries of the European Union, Iceland, Norway, and Liechtenstein as well as Switzerland, certain countries in Eastern Europe, the Middle East and Africa.

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Research & Development Programs

We have a pipeline of novel neurological therapies addressing a range of disorders, including Parkinson’s disease and MS. Following the restructuring described above, our focus is on advancing our late stage Parkinson’s disease programs – Inbrija and tozadenant – and we believe that these products, if approved, will serve as the foundation of our future value and position us as a leader in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.

Inbrija (CVT-301, levodopa inhalation powder)/Parkinson’s Disease

Inbrija (the proposed brand name for CVT-301, levodopa inhalation powder), is a self-administered, inhaled formulation of levodopa, or L-dopa, for the treatment of OFF periods in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder resulting from the gradual loss of certain neurons in the brain responsible for producing dopamine. The disease causes a range of symptoms such as impaired ability to move, muscle stiffness and tremor. The standard of care for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease is oral carbidopa/levodopa, but oral medication can be associated with wide variability in the timing and amount of absorption and there are significant challenges in creating a regimen that consistently maintains therapeutic effects as Parkinson’s disease progresses. The re-emergence of symptoms is referred to as an OFF period, and despite optimized regimens with current therapeutic options and strategies, OFF periods remain one of the most challenging aspects of the disease.

Inbrija delivers a precise dose of dry-powder formulation of L-dopa to the lung. Oral medication can be absorbed with slow and variable onset of action, as the medicine is absorbed through the gastrointestinal (digestive) tract before reaching the brain. Inhaled treatments enter the body through the lungs and reach the brain shortly thereafter, bypassing the digestive system. Inbrija is based on our proprietary ARCUS platform, a dry-powder pulmonary drug delivery technology that we believe has potential applications in multiple disease areas. This platform allows delivery of significantly larger doses of medication than are possible with conventional dry powder formulations using a simple, breath-actuated proprietary inhaler. This in turn provides the potential for pulmonary delivery of a much wider variety of pharmaceutical agents.

In 2016, we completed a Phase 3 efficacy and safety clinical trial of Inbrija for the treatment of OFF periods in Parkinson’s disease. In February 2017, we announced efficacy and safety data from this clinical trial, showing a statistically significant improvement in motor function in people with Parkinson’s experiencing OFF periods. The clinical trial had three arms: Inbrija 84 mg and 60 mg doses (equivalent to 50 mg and 35 mg fine particle doses, respectively), and placebo. The trial met its primary outcome measure of improvement in motor function as measured by the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale-Part 3 (UPDRS III) in people with Parkinson’s experiencing OFF periods. UPDRS III is a validated scale, which measures Parkinson’s disease motor impairment. The primary endpoint was measured at 30 minutes post-treatment for the 84 mg dose at the 12-week visit. UPDRS III change was -9.83 compared to -5.91 for placebo with a p-value of 0.009. The magnitude of Inbrija’s benefit versus baseline was consistent with the data from the prior Phase 2b clinical trial, further described below, and represents a statistically significant, clinically meaningful improvement in motor function. The placebo-adjusted difference was lower in the Phase 3 clinical trial than the Phase 2b clinical trial but still represented a clinically important difference. In June 2017, we announced additional data from the Inbrija Phase 3  efficacy and safety trial at the International Congress of Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders (MDS). The secondary endpoints of achievement of an ON state with maintenance through 60 minutes (statistically significant), Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC), and reduction in UPDRS III score at 10 minutes were supportive of the primary endpoint result.

The safety profile of Inbrija in the Phase 3 trial was consistent with that observed in a prior Phase 2b clinical trial.

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In March and June 2017, we announced interim results from two additional ongoing, long-term Phase 3 studies to assess the long-term safety profile of Inbrija in people with Parkinson’s. These results showed no statistical difference in pulmonary function between the group receiving Inbrija and an observational control group. These results are consistent with the previously reported Phase 2b and Phase 3 clinical trials. In March 2017, we also announced results from separate clinical studies that assessed the safety profile of Inbrija in people with asthma, smokers and early morning OFF.  

In June 2017, we submitted an NDA for Inbrija to the FDA. Based on current guidelines, we anticipate that the FDA will inform us by the end of September if the submission has been accepted for full review, and expect a 10-month review. We also plan to file a Marketing Authorization Application, or MAA, in the EU by the end of 2017. The NDA was submitted under section 505(b)(2) of the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act, referencing data from the branded L-dopa product Sinemet^®. We believe the Phase 3 efficacy and safety clinical trial, combined with data from the two additional Phase 3 studies and supported by existing Phase 2b data, are sufficient for the NDA filing. Pending FDA review and approval of the NDA, we are planning for a commercial launch of this product in 2018. We are projecting that, if approved, annual peak net revenue of Inbrija in the U.S. alone could exceed $500 million. We are actively seeking to partner this program outside of the U.S., including the EU and certain other countries.

In June 2015, we presented data from a Phase 2b clinical trial of Inbrija at the 19th International Congress of Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (MDS). The data showed that patients experiencing an OFF period, treated with Inbrija, experienced significantly greater improvements in motor function than patients treated with an inhaled placebo; the difference in improvement was already apparent 10 minutes after dosing and was durable for at least an hour, the longest time point at which patients were measured.

Tozadenant/Parkinson’s Disease

Through Biotie we acquired worldwide rights to tozadenant, an oral adenosine A2a receptor antagonist currently in Phase 3 development as an adjunctive treatment to levodopa in Parkinson’s disease patients to reduce OFF time. A2a receptor antagonists have the potential to be the first new class of drug approved in the U.S. for improvement of motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease in over 20 years. We believe that tozadenant would be complementary to our other Phase 3 product for Parkinson's disease, Inbrija, because while tozadenant is being developed as a chronic maintenance therapy for reducing overall OFF time, Inbrija is being developed as an on-demand therapy for improvement of OFF periods when they occur. We believe that tozadenant, if approved by the FDA, represents a commercial opportunity in the U.S. that is greater than that of Inbrija.

Biotie is currently conducting a Phase 3 clinical trial, in which tozadenant is taken along with a person’s other Parkinson’s disease therapies. The trial is being conducted under a special protocol assessment, or SPA, from the FDA and is comparing two of the dose arms of tozadenant, 60 mg and 120 mg, that were selected from the prior Phase 2b clinical trial versus placebo. The trial is assessing improvement of motor function and activities of daily living in people with Parkinson’s while taking tozadenant. The Phase 2b trial showed, among other positive findings, that 120 mg doses of tozadenant resulted in an average increase of 1.1 hours of ON time without troublesome dyskinesias, relative to placebo; this was in patients already receiving multiple other Parkinson’s therapies. We believe that this trial, if successful, together with data from the prior Phase 2b clinical trial, will provide sufficient efficacy data to file an NDA with the FDA. We expect efficacy data from this trial in the first quarter of 2018. In June 2017, we presented new data from clinical and pre-clinical studies of tozadenant at the 2017 International Congress of Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders (MDS). A separate open-label, long-term safety study commenced enrollment in April 2017.

ARCUS Product Development – CVT-427/Acute Migraine

In addition to Inbrija, discussed above, we are exploring opportunities for other proprietary products in which inhaled delivery using our ARCUS drug delivery technology can provide a significant therapeutic benefit to patients. Disorders of the central nervous system, or CNS, in addition to Parkinson’s disease, may be addressed by ARCUS products with the delivery of active agents to the CNS with rapid onset and reduced systemic exposure. For example, we are currently developing CVT-427, an inhaled triptan (zolmitriptan) intended for acute treatment of migraine by using the ARCUS drug delivery technology. Triptans are the class of drug most commonly prescribed for acute treatment of migraine. Oral triptans, which account for the majority of all triptan doses, can be associated with slow onset of action and gastrointestinal challenges. The slow onset of action, usually 30 minutes or longer, can result in poor response rates. Patients cite the need for rapid relief from migraine symptoms as their most desired medication attribute. Additionally, individuals with migraine may suffer from nausea and delayed gastric emptying which further impact the consistency and efficacy of the oral route of administration. Triptans delivered subcutaneously (injection) provide the most rapid onset of action, but are not convenient for patients.

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Many triptans are also available in nasally delivered formulations. However, based on available data, we believe that nasally delivered triptans generally have an onset of action similar to orally administered triptans.

In December 2015, we initiated and completed a Phase 1 safety/tolerability and pharmacokinetic clinical trial of CVT-427 for acute treatment of migraine. In June 2016, at the 58th Annual Scientific Meeting of the American Headache Society, we presented pharmacokinetic data from the Phase 1 trial which showed increased bioavailability and faster absorption compared to oral and nasal administration of the same active ingredient in healthy adults. In particular, the data showed that CVT-427 had a median Tmax of about 12 minutes for all dose levels compared to 1.5 hours for the oral tablet and 3.0 hours for the nasal spray. There were no serious adverse events, dose-limiting toxicities, evidence of bronchoconstriction or discontinuations due to adverse events reported in this study. The most commonly reported treatment-emergent adverse events were cough, chest discomfort, headache, and feeling hot. Apart from cough, single dose CVT-427 tolerability was generally consistent with the known safety profile of zolmitriptan. In December 2016, we completed a special population study to evaluate safe inhalation of CVT-427 in people with asthma and in smokers. Some subjects showed evidence of acute, reversible bronchoconstriction, post-inhalation, which we believe requires further investigation. We are evaluating next steps for the program and CVT-427 will not advance into a Phase 2 study by the end of 2017, as previously expected.

Other Research and Development Programs

Following is a description of our other research and development programs. We are evaluating options to partner or out-license some of these programs in light of our current corporate and capital allocation priorities.

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Asset Based Loan

On June 1, 2016, the Company and certain of its subsidiaries entered into a Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as the sole initial lender and the administrative agent for the lenders. On May 4, 2017, the Company voluntarily terminated the Credit Agreement because it no longer served the Company’s needs. The Company did not incur any early termination penalties in connection with the termination. Prior to its termination, the Credit Agreement provided the Company with a three-year senior secured revolving credit facility in the maximum amount of $60 million. The restrictive covenants, as well as the lenders' security interests in collateral, under the Credit Agreement and the related loan documents terminated in connection with the termination of the facility.   

Financial Guidance for 2017

We are providing the following guidance with respect to our 2017 financial performance:

We expect to be cash flow positive for 2017 with a projected year end cash balance in excess of $200 million.

The projected range of R&D and SG&A expenses in 2017 are provided on a non-GAAP basis, as both exclude share-based compensation charges and restructuring costs. Due to the forward looking nature of this information, the amount of compensation charges and benefits needed to reconcile these measures to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures is dependent on future changes in the market price of our common stock and is not available at this time. Non-GAAP financial measures are not an alternative for financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP. However, we believe the presentation of these non-GAAP financial measures, when viewed in conjunction with actual GAAP results, provides investors with a more meaningful understanding of our projected operating performance because they exclude non-cash charges that are substantially dependent on changes in the market price of our common stock and non-recurring restructuring costs. We believe these non-GAAP financial measures help indicate underlying trends in our business, and are important in comparing current results with prior period results and understanding expected operating performance. Also, our management uses these non-GAAP financial measures to establish budgets and operational goals, and to manage our business and to evaluate its performance.

Results of Operations

Three-Month Period Ended June 30, 2017 Compared to June 30, 2016

Net Product Revenues

Ampyra

We recognize product sales of Ampyra following receipt of product by our network of specialty pharmacy providers, Kaiser Permanente and ASD Specialty Healthcare, Inc. We recognized net revenue from the sale of Ampyra to these customers of $131.6 million and $122.1 million for the three-month periods ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, an increase of $9.5 million, or 7.8%. The net revenue increase was comprised of net price increases, net of discount and allowance adjustments of $7.9 million, and increased net volume of $1.6 million. Effective January 1, 2017, we increased our list sale price to our customers by 9.5%.

Discounts and allowances which are included as an offset in net revenue consist of allowances for customer credits, including estimated chargebacks, rebates and discounts. Discounts and allowances are recorded following shipment of

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Ampyra tablets to our network of specialty pharmacy providers, Kaiser Permanente and ASD Specialty Healthcare, Inc. Adjustments are recorded for estimated chargebacks, rebates, and discounts. Discounts and allowances also consist of discounts provided to Medicare beneficiaries whose prescription drug costs cause them to be subject to the Medicare Part D coverage gap (i.e., the “donut hole”). Payment of coverage gap discounts is required under the Affordable Care Act, the health care reform legislation enacted in 2010. Discounts and allowances may increase as a percentage of sales as we enter into managed care contracts in the future.

Other Product Revenues

We recognized net revenue from the sale of other products of $1.2 million for the three-month period ended June 30, 2017, as compared to $(1.4) million for the three-month period ended June 30, 2016, an increase of $2.6 million.

Discounts and allowances, which are included as an offset in net revenue, consist of allowances for customer credits, including estimated chargebacks, rebates, returns and discounts.

License Revenue

We recognized $2.3 million in license revenue for both the three-month periods ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, related to the $110.0 million received from Biogen in 2009 as part of our collaboration agreement. We currently estimate the recognition period to be approximately 12 years from the date of the Collaboration Agreement.

Royalty Revenue

We recognized $2.9 million and $2.7 million in royalty revenue for the three-month periods ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, related to ex-U.S. sales of Fampyra by Biogen.

We recognized $0.8 million and $1.0 million in royalty revenue for the three-month periods ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, related to the authorized generic sale of Zanaflex Capsules.

We recognized $0.8 million in royalty revenue for both the three-month period ended June 30, 2017 and the period April 18, 2016, which is the date of the acquisition of Biotie, through June 30, 2016, respectively, related to sales of Selincro.

Cost of Sales

We recorded cost of sales of $29.7 million for the three-month period ended June 30, 2017 as compared to $26.4 million for the three-month period ended June 30, 2016. Cost of sales for the three-month period ended June 30, 2017 consisted primarily of $23.0 million in inventory costs related to recognized revenues, $3.0 million in royalty fees based on net product shipments and costs related to Biotie of $2.3 million.

Cost of sales for the three-month period ended June 30, 2016 consisted primarily of $20.6 million in inventory costs related to recognized revenues, $2.8 million in royalty fees based on net product shipments and costs related to Biotie of $1.9 million.

Cost of License Revenue

We recorded cost of license revenue of $0.2 million for the three-month periods ended June, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Cost of license revenue represents the recognition of a portion of the deferred $7.7 million paid to Alkermes in 2009 in connection with the $110.0 million received from Biogen as a result of our collaboration agreement.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses for the three-month period ended June 30, 2017 were $51.2 million as compared to $50.3 million for the three-month period ended June 30, 2016, an increase of approximately $0.9 million, or 1.8%. The increase was due primarily to spending for products acquired as a result of the Biotie acquisition of $6.0 million, restructuring costs of $5.6 million and increased regulatory spending of $2.0 million, partially offset by reductions of $3.8 million for our discontinued Plumiaz program, $3.6 million for our Ampyra life cycle management program, $2.6 million for Inbrija (CVT-301, levodopa inhalation powder) and CVT-427, salaries and benefits related costs of $2.0 million and other program costs of $0.6 million.

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Selling, General and Administrative

Sales and marketing expenses for the three-month period ended June 30, 2017 were $25.9 million compared to $25.4 million for the three-month period ended June 30, 2016, an increase of approximately $0.5 million, or 2.0%. The increase was attributable to an increase in pre-launch activities related to Inbrija of $2.4 million and an increase in overall salaries and benefits of $0.8 million, partially offset by a decrease in Ampyra marketing costs of $2.2 million and other pre-launch activities of $0.5 million.

General and administrative expenses for the three-month period ended June 30, 2017 were $23.4 million compared to $37.2 million for the three-month period ended June 30, 2016, a decrease of approximately $13.8 million, or 37.1%. This decrease was primarily due to decreases in business development, legal, finance and other related expenses of $9.2 million, decreased acquisition related costs of $5.1 million and decreased spending at Biotie of $1.5 million, partially offset by restructuring costs of $2 million.

Changes in Fair Value of Acquired Contingent Consideration

As a result of the original Civitas spin out of Alkermes, part of the consideration to Alkermes was a future royalty to be paid to Alkermes on Civitas products. Acorda acquired this contingent consideration as part of the Civitas acquisition. The fair value of that future royalty is assessed quarterly. We recorded expenses pertaining to changes in the fair-value of acquired contingent consideration of $6.4 million for the three-month period ended June 30, 2017 as compared to $2.0 million for the three-month period ended June 30, 2016. Changes in the fair-value of the acquired contingent consideration were due to the re-calculation of discounted cash flows for the passage of time and updates to certain other estimated assumptions.

Other Expense

Other expense was $5.4 million for the three-month period ended June 30, 2017 compared to other expense of $5.9 million for the three-month period ended June 30, 2016, a difference of $0.5 million. The difference is due primarily to a decrease in realized gains (losses) on foreign currency exchange of approximately $1.5 million and a decrease in other income (expenses) of $0.4 million, partially offset by an increase in interest and amortization of debt discount expense of approximately $1.4 million.

Provision for/Benefit from Income Taxes

For the three-month periods ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, the Company recorded a $5.5 million provision for and $1.0 million benefit from income taxes, respectively. The effective income tax rates for the Company for the three-month periods ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 were -200.8% and 4.9%, respectively. The variance in the effective tax rates for the three-month period ended June 30, 2017 as compared to the three-month period ended June 30, 2016 was due primarily to the valuation allowance recorded on jurisdictions with Biotie pretax losses for which no tax benefit can be recognized, the tax implications of costs related to the Biotie transaction, the reduction in the research & development tax credit and the absence of orphan drug development in 2017.

The Company continues to evaluate the realizability of its deferred tax assets and liabilities on a quarterly basis and will adjust such amounts in light of changing facts and circumstances including, but not limited to, future projections of taxable income, tax legislation, rulings by relevant tax authorities, the progress of ongoing tax audits and the regulatory approval of products currently under development. Any changes to the valuation allowance or deferred tax assets and liabilities in the future would impact the Company's income taxes.

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Six-Month Period Ended June 30, 2017 Compared to June 30, 2016

Net Product Revenues

Ampyra

We recognize product sales of Ampyra following receipt of product by our network of specialty pharmacy providers, Kaiser Permanente and ASD Specialty Healthcare, Inc. We recognized net revenue from the sale of Ampyra to these customers of $243.5 million as compared to $231.7 million for the six-month periods ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, an increase of $11.8 million, or 5.1%. The net revenue increase was comprised of net price increases, net of discount and allowance adjustments of $13.3 million, offset by net volume reductions of $1.5 million, due in part to specialty pharmacies dropping their inventories in the first quarter of 2017 in anticipation of potential generic availability. Effective January 1, 2017, we increased our list sale price to our customers by 9.5%.

Discounts and allowances which are included as an offset in net revenue consist of allowances for customer credits, including estimated chargebacks, rebates, discounts and returns. Discounts and allowances are recorded following shipment of Ampyra tablets to our network of specialty pharmacy providers, Kaiser and ASD Specialty Healthcare, Inc. Adjustments are recorded for estimated chargebacks, rebates, and discounts. Discounts and allowances also consist of discounts provided to Medicare beneficiaries whose prescription drug costs cause them to be subject to the Medicare Part D coverage gap (i.e., the “donut hole”). Payment of coverage gap discounts is required under the Affordable Care Act, the health care reform legislation enacted in 2010. Discounts and allowances may increase as a percentage of sales as we enter into managed care contracts in the future.

Other Product Revenues

We recognized net revenue from the sale of other products of $1.8 million for the six-month period ended June 30, 2017, as compared to $(0.9) million for the six-month period ended June 30, 2016, an increase of $2.7 million. Other product revenues for the six-month period ended June 30, 2016 included a charge of $4.2 million due to an increase in current and estimated future returns for Zanaflex.

Discounts and allowances, which are included as an offset in net revenue, consist of allowances for customer credits, including estimated chargebacks, rebates, returns and discounts.

License Revenue

We recognized $4.5 million in license revenue for the six-month periods ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, related to the $110.0 million received from Biogen in 2009 as part of our collaboration agreement. We currently estimate the recognition period to be approximately 12 years from the date of the Collaboration Agreement.

Royalty Revenues

We recognized $5.4 million and $5.2 million in royalty revenue for the six-month periods ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively related to ex-U.S. sales of Fampyra by Biogen.

We recognized $2.0 million in royalty revenue for the six-month periods ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, related to the authorized generic sale of Zanaflex Capsules.

We recognized $1.5 million and $0.8 million in royalty revenue for both the six-month period ended June 30, 2017 and the period April 18, 2016, which is the date of the acquisition of Biotie, through June 30, 2016, respectively, related to sales of Selincro.

Cost of Sales

We recorded cost of sales of $54.8 million for the six-month period ended June 30, 2017 as compared to $49.6 million for the six-month period ended June 30, 2016. Cost of sales for the six-month period ended June 30, 2017 consisted primarily of $43.2 million in inventory costs related to recognized revenues. Cost of sales for the six-month period ended June 30, 2017 also consisted of $5.5 million in royalty fees based on net product shipments and costs related to Biotie of $4.4 million.

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Cost of sales for the six-month period ended June 30, 2016 consisted primarily of $40.4 million in inventory costs related to recognized revenues. Cost of sales for the six-month period ended June 30, 2016 also consisted of $5.3 million in royalty fees based on net product shipments and costs related to Biotie of $1.9 million.

Cost of License Revenue

We recorded cost of license revenue of $0.3 million for the six-month periods ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Cost of license revenue represents the recognition of a portion of the deferred $7.7 million paid to Alkermes in 2009 in connection with the $110.0 million received from Biogen as a result of our collaboration agreement.  

Research and Development

Research and development expenses for the six-month period ended June 30, 2017 were $97.7 million as compared to $94.9 million for the six-month period ended June 30, 2016, an increase of approximately $2.8 million, or 3.0%. The increase was primarily due to increased spending for products acquired as a result of the Biotie acquisition of $17.2  million, restructuring costs of $5.6 million and increased regulatory spending of $2.0 million, partially offset by spending reductions for Plumiaz of $6.4 million, Ampyra life cycle management programs of $5.6 million, Inbrija (CVT-301, levodopa inhalation powder) and CVT-427 of $4.8 million, salaries and benefits related costs of $3.0 million, GGF2 program costs of $1.3 million and other program costs of $0.8 million.

Selling, General and Administrative

Sales and marketing expenses for the six-month period ended June 30, 2017 were $51.0 million compared to $52.6 million for the six-month period ended June 30, 2016, a decrease of approximately $1.6 million, or 3.0%. The decrease was attributable primarily to a decrease in Ampyra marketing costs of $3.4 million, a decrease in costs for pre-launch activities related to Plumiaz of $0.9 million and a decrease in overall salaries and benefits of $0.3 million, offset by an increase in pre-launch activities related to Inbrija of $3.0 million.

General and administrative expenses for the six-month period ended June 30, 2017 were $50.3 million compared to $69.0 million for the six-month period ended June 30, 2016, a decrease of approximately $18.7 million, or 27%. This decrease was due primarily to reductions in business development, legal and other related expenses of $15.6 million and decreased acquisition related costs of $5.1 million, partially offset by restructuring expenses of $2.0 million.

Changes in Fair Value of Acquired Contingent Consideration

As a result of the original Civitas spin out of Alkermes, part of the consideration to Alkermes was a future royalty to be paid to Alkermes on Civitas products. Acorda acquired this contingent consideration as part of the Civitas acquisition.  The fair value of that future royalty is assessed quarterly. We recorded a $17.2 million expense pertaining to changes in the fair-value of our acquired contingent consideration for the six-month period ended June 30, 2017. The changes in the fair-value of the acquired contingent consideration were due to the re-calculation of discounted cash flows for the passage of time and updates to certain other estimated assumptions.

Other Expense/Income

Other expense was $10.0 million for the six-month period ended June 30, 2017 compared to other income of $1.0 million for the six-month period ended June 30, 2016, a difference of $11.0 million. The difference was due primarily to a realized gain on settlement of foreign currency options of $10.0 million in the six-month period ended June 30, 2016 and increased interest expense of $1.8 million, partially offset by a lower realized loss on foreign currency exchange related to Biotie of $1.1 million.

Provision for/Benefit from Income Taxes

For the six-month periods ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, the Company recorded a $4.6 million provision for and $10.7 million benefit from income taxes, respectively. The effective income tax rates for the Company for the six-month periods ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 were -20.2% and 35.5%, respectively. The variance in the effective tax rates for the six-month period ended June 30, 2017 as compared to the six-month period ended June 30, 2016 was due primarily to the valuation allowance recorded on jurisdictions with Biotie pretax losses for which no tax benefit can be recognized, the tax implications of costs related to the Biotie transaction, the reduction in the research & development tax credit and the absence of orphan drug development in 2017.

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The Company continues to evaluate the realizability of its deferred tax assets and liabilities on a quarterly basis and will adjust such amounts in light of changing facts and circumstances including, but not limited to, future projections of taxable income, tax legislation, rulings by relevant tax authorities, the progress of ongoing tax audits and the regulatory approval of products currently under development. Any changes to the valuation allowance or deferred tax assets and liabilities in the future would impact the Company's income taxes.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since our inception, we have financed our operations primarily through private placements and public offerings of our common stock and preferred stock, a convertible debt offering, payments received under our collaboration and licensing agreements, sales of Ampyra, Zanaflex tablets and Zanaflex Capsules and Qutenza, and, to a lesser extent, from loans, government and non-government grants and other financing arrangements.

At June 30, 2017, we had $141.1 million of cash and cash equivalents, compared to $158.5 million at December 31, 2016. We expect that our existing cash and cash flows from operations will be sufficient to fund our ongoing operations over the next 12 months from the financial statement filing date.  

In April 2017, following a Federal District Court’s decision which invalidated certain of the Company’s patents relating to Ampyra, we implemented a corporate restructuring to reduce our cost structure and focus our resources on our two late stage Parkinson’s disease programs, Inbrija and tozadenant, as well as on maximizing Ampyra value. As part of this restructuring, we reduced headcount by approximately 20%. The majority of the reduction was completed in April 2017. While we believe that the cost savings from the restructuring and subsequent operating expense reductions will enable us to fund operations through the key milestones for our late-stage development programs, including the commercial launch of Inbrija, pending approval from the FDA, and Phase 3 data for tozadenant, there can be no guarantee that we will have sufficient funding to do so. We may need to seek additional equity or debt financing or strategic collaborations to complete our product development activities, and could require substantial funding to commercialize any products that we successfully develop. We may not be able to raise additional capital on favorable terms or at all.

Our future capital requirements will depend on a number of factors, including the amount of revenue generated from sales of Ampyra, the continued progress of our research and development activities, the amount and timing of milestone or other payments payable under collaboration, license and acquisition agreements, the costs involved in preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining, defending and enforcing patent claims and other intellectual property rights, and capital required or used for future acquisitions or to in-license new products and compounds including the development costs relating to those products or compounds. To the extent our capital resources are insufficient to meet future operating requirements we will need to raise additional capital, reduce planned expenditures, or incur indebtedness to fund our operations. If we require additional financing in the future, we cannot assure you that it will be available to us on favorable terms, or at all.

Financing Arrangements

Saints Capital Notes

Effective January 2017, the Company paid $0.8 million in full payment of these notes.

Convertible Senior Notes

In June 2014, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement (the Underwriting Agreement) with J.P. Morgan Securities LLC (the Underwriter) relating to the issuance by the Company of $345 million aggregate principal amount of 1.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2021 (the Notes) in an underwritten public offering pursuant to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 (the Registration Statement) and a related preliminary and final prospectus supplement, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the Offering). The net proceeds from the offering, after deducting the Underwriter’s discount and the offering expenses paid by the Company, were approximately $337.5 million.

The Notes are governed by the terms of an indenture, dated as of June 23, 2014 (the Base Indenture) and the first supplemental indenture, dated as of June 23, 2014 (the Supplemental Indenture, and together with the Base Indenture, the Indenture), each between the Company and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee (the Trustee). The Notes will be convertible into cash, shares of the Company’s common stock or a combination of cash and shares of the Company’s common stock, at the Company’s election, based on an initial conversion rate, subject to adjustment, of 23.4968 shares per $1,000 principal amount of Notes (which represents an initial conversion price of approximately $42.56 per share), only in the following circumstances and to the following extent: (1) during the five business day period after any five consecutive

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trading day period (the “measurement period”) in which the trading price per $1,000 principal amount of Notes for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock and the conversion rate on each such trading day; (2) during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on September 30, 2014 (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price of the common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price on each applicable trading day; (3) if the Company calls any or all of the Notes for redemption, at any time prior to the close of business on the scheduled trading day immediately preceding the redemption date; (4) upon the occurrence of specified events described in the Indenture; and (5) at any time on or after December 15, 2020 through the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date. As of June 30, 2017, the Notes did not meet the criteria to be convertible.

The Company could not redeem the Notes prior to June 20, 2017. The Company may redeem for cash all or part of the Notes, at the Company’s option, on or after June 20, 2017 if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock has been at least 130% of the conversion price then in effect for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during any 30 consecutive trading day period (including the last trading day of such period) ending within five trading days prior to the date on which the Company provides notice of redemption at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date.

The Company will pay 1.75% interest per annum on the principal amount of the Notes, payable semiannually in arrears in cash on June 15 and December 15 of each year.

If the Company undergoes a “fundamental change” (as defined in the Indenture), subject to certain conditions, holders may require the Company to repurchase for cash all or part of their Notes in principal amounts of $1,000 or an integral multiple thereof. The fundamental change repurchase price will be equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date. If a make-whole fundamental change, as described in the Indenture, occurs and a holder elects to convert its Notes in connection with such make-whole fundamental change, such holder may be entitled to an increase in the conversion rate as described in the Indenture.

The Indenture contains customary terms and covenants and events of default. If an event of default (other than certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization involving the Company) occurs and is continuing, the Trustee by notice to the Company, or the holders of at least 25% in principal amount of the outstanding Notes by notice to the Company and the Trustee, may declare 100% of the principal of and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, on all the Notes to be due and payable. Upon such a declaration of acceleration, such principal and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, will be due and payable immediately. Upon the occurrence of certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization involving the Company, 100% of the principal and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, on all of the Notes will become due and payable automatically. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Indenture provides that, to the extent the Company elects and for up to 270 days, the sole remedy for an event of default relating to certain failures by the Company to comply with certain reporting covenants in the Indenture consists exclusively of the right to receive additional interest on the Notes.

The Notes will be senior unsecured obligations and will rank equally with all of the Company’s existing and future senior debt and senior to any of the Company’s subordinated debt. The Notes will be structurally subordinated to all existing or future indebtedness and other liabilities (including trade payables) of the Company’s subsidiaries and will be effectively subordinated to the Company’s existing or future secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the collateral. The Indenture does not limit the amount of debt that the Company or its subsidiaries may incur.

In accounting for the issuance of the Notes, the Company separated the Notes into liability and equity components. The carrying amount of the liability component was calculated by measuring the fair value of a similar liability that does not have an associated convertible feature. The carrying amount of the equity component representing the conversion option was determined by deducting the fair value of the liability component from the par value of the Notes as a whole. The excess of the principal amount of the liability component over its carrying amount, referred to as the debt discount, is amortized to interest expense over the seven-year term of the Notes using the effective interest method. The equity component is not re-measured as long as it continues to meet the conditions for equity classification.

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Our outstanding note balances as of June 30, 2017 consisted of the following:

Asset Based Loan

On June 1, 2016, the Company and certain of its subsidiaries entered into a Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as the sole initial lender and the administrative agent for the lenders. On May 4, 2017, the Company voluntarily terminated the Credit Agreement because it no longer served the Company’s needs. The Company did not incur any early termination penalties in connection with the termination. Prior to its termination, the Credit Agreement provided the Company with a three-year senior secured revolving credit facility in the maximum amount of $60 million. The restrictive covenants, as well as the lenders' security interests in collateral, under the Credit Agreement and the related loan documents terminated in connection with the termination of the facility.

Non-Convertible Capital Loans

The Non-Convertible Capital Loans (“Tekes Loans”) which were granted by Tekes, a Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation, had a fair value of $20.5 million (€18.2 million) at the date of acquisition. The Tekes loans have a carrying value of $22.2 million as of June 30, 2017. The Tekes Loans consist of fourteen non-convertible loans that bear interest based on the greater of 3% or the base rate set by Finland’s Ministry of Finance minus one (1) percentage point. The maturity dates for these loans range from eight to ten years from the date of issuance, however, according to certain terms and conditions of the loans, Biotie may repay the principal and accrued and unpaid interest of the loans only when the consolidated retained earnings of Biotie is sufficient to fully repay the loans.

Convertible Capital Loan

In the three-month period ended March 31, 2017, the Company extended an offer to each of the convertible capital loan holders to repurchase the outstanding principal amount of each convertible capital loan. The Company paid approximately $1.7 million (€1.5 million) in March 2017 to repurchase the outstanding principal amount of these loans. In April 2017, the Company paid approximately $0.2 million (€0.2 million) to repurchase the principal amount of the last outstanding loan. There were no outstanding balances on these loans as of June 30, 2017.

Research and Development Loans

The Research and Development Loans (“R&D Loans”) which were granted by Tekes had a fair value of $2.9 million (€2.6 million) at the date of acquisition. The R&D Loans have a carrying value of $2.5 million as of June 30, 2017. The R&D Loans bear interest based on the greater of 1% or the base rate set by Finland’s Ministry of Finance minus three (3) percentage points. The principal on these loans will be paid in five equal annual installments beginning in 2017 through 2021.

Investment Activities

At June 30, 2017, cash and cash equivalents were approximately $141.1 million, as compared to $158.5 million at December 31, 2016. Our cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at date of purchase and consist of time deposits and investments in money market funds. At June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, we held no short-term investments. Also, we maintain cash balances with financial institutions in excess of insured limits. We do not anticipate any losses with respect to such cash balances.

Net Cash Used in Operations

Net cash used in operations was $15.0 million for the six-month period ending June 30, 2017 while $2.9 million was used in operations for the six-month period ended June 30, 2016. Cash used in operations for the six-month period ended June 30, 2017 was primarily due to a net loss of $27.1 million, a decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses of $34.5 million, restructuring payments of $5.3 million, a decrease in non-current portion of deferred license revenue of $4.5 million,

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an increase in other assets of $3.9 million, an increase in accounts receivable of $3.3 million, and a deferred tax benefit of $1.6 million partially offset by stock compensation expense of $18.6 million, a change in contingent consideration liability of $17.2 million, depreciation and amortization expense of $11.7 million, restructuring costs of $2.3 million, amortization of debt discount and debt issuance costs of $6.4 million and a decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets of $3.8 million.

Net Cash Used in Investing

Net cash used in investing activities for the six-month period ended June 30, 2017 was $9.0 million, which was due primarily to purchases of property and equipment.

Net Cash Provided by Financing

Net cash provided by financing activities for the six-month period ended June 30, 2017 was $5.7 million, which was due to $5.5 million in net proceeds from the issuance of common stock, and a refund of $2.7 million for the completion of the purchase of the noncontrolling interest in Biotie, partially offset by the repayment of loans payable of $2.4 million.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

A summary of our minimum contractual obligations related to our material outstanding contractual commitments is included in Note 10 of our Annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016. Our long-term contractual obligations include commitments and estimated purchase obligations entered into in the normal course of business.

Under certain agreements, we are required to pay royalties for the use of technologies and products in our R&D activities and in the commercialization of products. The amount and timing of any of the foregoing payments are not known due to the uncertainty surrounding the successful research, development and commercialization of the products. During the six-month period ended June 30, 2017, commitments related to the purchase of inventory decreased as compared to December 31, 2016. As of June 30, 2017, we have inventory-related purchase commitments totaling approximately $20.2 million.

Under certain agreements, we are also required to pay license fees and milestones for the use of technologies and products in our R&D activities and in the commercialization of products.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our critical accounting policies are detailed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016. As of June 30, 2017, with the exception of the adoption of ASU 2016-09, “Compensation – Stock Compensation” (Topic 718) and ASU 2015-11, “Inventory” (Topic 330): Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory, and ASU 2016-06, “Derivatives and Hedging” (Topic 815): Contingent Put and Call Options in Derivative Contracts, our critical accounting policies have not changed materially from December 31, 2016.

Item 3.  Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Our financial instruments consist of cash equivalents, short-term investments, grants receivable, convertible senior notes, non-convertible capital loans, research and development loans and accounts payable. The estimated fair values of all of our financial instruments approximate their carrying values at June 30, 2017, except for the fair value of the Company’s convertible senior notes which was approximately $295 million as of June 30, 2017.

We have cash equivalents at June 30, 2017, which are exposed to the impact of interest rate changes and our interest income fluctuates as our interest rates change. Due to the nature of our investments in money market funds, the carrying value of our cash equivalents approximates their fair value at June 30, 2017. At June 30, 2017, we held $141.1 million in cash and cash equivalents which had an average interest rate of approximately 0.5%.

We maintain an investment portfolio in accordance with our investment policy. The primary objective of our investment policy is to preserve principal, maintain proper liquidity and to meet operating needs. Although our investments are subject to credit risk, our investment policy specifies credit quality standards for our investments and limits the amount of credit exposure from any single issue, issuer or type of investment. Our investments are also subject to interest rate risk and will decrease in value if market interest rates increase. However, interest rate risk is mitigated due to the conservative nature and relatively short duration of our investments. We do not enter into hedging transactions in the normal course of business.

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However, as a result of the Biotie acquisition which was completed in euros, the Company was exposed to fluctuations in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and the euro until the completion of the transaction. To mitigate this risk, the Company entered into foreign currency options to limit its exposure to fluctuations in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and the euro until the initial transactions were completed.

Item 4.  Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures

As required by Rule 13a-15 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the Exchange Act) we carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, as of the end of the second quarter of 2017, the period covered by this report. This evaluation was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief, Business Operations and Principal Accounting Officer. Based on that evaluation, these officers have concluded that, as of June 30, 2017, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to achieve their stated purpose.

Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules, regulations, and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief, Business Operations and Principal Accounting Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding disclosure.

Change in internal control over financial reporting

In connection with the evaluation required by Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(d), our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief, Business Operations and Principal Accounting Officer, concluded that there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended June 30, 2017, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

As a result of the acquisition of Biotie Therapies Corp., we are currently in the process of integrating the applicable internal controls of the Biotie business into our internal control over financial reporting.

Limitations on the effectiveness of controls

Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of our disclosure control system are met. Because of inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues, if any, within a company have been detected.

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PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.  Legal Proceedings

Ampyra ANDA Litigation

Overview. As further described below, our Orange Book-listed patents for Ampyra are the subject of lawsuits relating to Paragraph IV Certification Notices received from ten generic drug manufacturers in 2014 and 2015, who submitted Abbreviated New Drug Applications, or ANDAs, with the FDA seeking marketing approval for generic versions of Ampyra (dalfampridine) Extended Release Tablets, 10mg. In 2015 and 2016, we reached settlement agreements with six of the generic companies, and in February 2017, we announced that we had reached a settlement agreement with one additional generic company. As to the remaining three generic manufacturers, in March 2017, the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware rendered a decision from a bench trial held in September 2016. The District Court upheld our Orange-Book listed patent for Ampyra set to expire in July 2018, but invalidated our four other Orange Book-listed patents for Ampyra. We have appealed the decision on the four invalidated patents, and the non-settling generic drug manufacturers have appealed the decision upholding the patent set to expire in July 2018. As further described below, in April 2017 we received a Paragraph IV Certification Notice from an additional generic drug manufacturer, who submitted an ANDA with the FDA seeking marketing approval for a generic version of Ampyra (dalfampridine) Extended Release Tablets, 10mg. First ANDA Filers. In June and July of 2014, we received eight separate Paragraph IV Certification Notices from Accord Healthcare, Inc., Actavis Laboratories FL, Inc. ("Actavis"), Alkem Laboratories Ltd. and its affiliate Ascend Laboratories, LLC ("Alkem"), Apotex Inc., Aurobindo Pharma Ltd. ("Aurobindo"), Mylan Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Roxane Laboratories, Inc., and Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc., advising that each of these companies had submitted an ANDA to the FDA seeking marketing approval for generic versions of Ampyra (dalfampridine) Extended Release Tablets, 10 mg. The ANDA filers challenged the validity of our Orange Book-listed patents for Ampyra, and they also asserted that generic versions of their products do not infringe certain claims of these patents. In response to the filing of these ANDAs, in July 2014, we filed lawsuits against these generic pharmaceutical manufacturing companies and certain affiliates in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware asserting infringement of our U.S. Patent Nos. 5,540,938, 8,007,826, 8,354,437, 8,440,703, and 8,663,685. Requested judicial remedies included recovery of litigation costs and injunctive relief, including a request that the effective date of any FDA approval for these generic companies to make, use, offer for sale, sell, market, distribute, or import the proposed generic products be no earlier than the dates on which the Ampyra Orange-Book listed patents expire, or any later expiration of exclusivity to which we are or become entitled. These lawsuits with the ANDA filers were consolidated into a single case. A bench trial was completed in September 2016, and the District Court issued a decision in March 2017. The District Court upheld U.S. Patent No. 5,540,938 (the ‘938 patent), which is set to expire in July 2018. The claims of the ‘938 patent relate to methods for treating a neurological disease, such as MS, and cover the use of a sustained release dalfampridine formulation, such as AMPYRA (dalfampridine) Extended Release Tablets, 10 mg for improving walking in people with MS. The District Court invalidated U.S. Patent Nos. 8,663,685, 8,007,826, 8,440,703, and 8,354,437 which pertain to AMPYRA. In May 2017, we appealed the ruling on these patents. As a result of the District Court’s ruling, no generic version of Ampyra will be marketed in the U.S. at least until July 31, 2018, although in June 2017 the non-settling ANDA filers appealed the District Court’s decision upholding the ‘938 patent. Generic versions of Ampyra may be further delayed if the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (the “Appellate Court”) overturns the District Court’s decision on the four invalidated patents, which could include reversal or remand of the case back to the District Court. If the Appellate Court does not overturn the District Court’s decision by July 30, 2018, multiple ANDA filers may be able to launch generic versions of Ampyra absent injunctive relief.

In October and December 2015, we entered into settlement agreements with Actavis and Aurobindo to resolve the patent litigation that we brought against them in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware, described above. As a result of the settlement agreements, Actavis and Aurobindo will be permitted to market generic versions of Ampyra in the U.S. at a specified date in 2027, or potentially earlier under certain circumstances. The District Court entered an order dismissing the case against Actavis without prejudice in October 2015. As a result of the settlement agreement with Aurobindo, and upon the request of the parties, the District Court entered a Consent Order, in which it dismissed our litigation against Aurobindo in December 2015. The parties have submitted the agreements to the Federal Trade Commission and the Department of Justice, as required by federal law. In August 2016, we entered into a settlement agreement with Alkem to resolve the patent litigation that we brought against Alkem in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware, described above. As a result of the settlement agreement, Alkem will be permitted to market a generic version of Ampyra in the U.S. at a specified date in 2027, or potentially earlier under certain circumstances. As a result of the settlement agreement with Alkem, and upon the request of the parties, the District Court entered a Consent Order, in which it dismissed our litigation against Alkem in August of 2016. The parties have submitted the agreement to the Federal Trade Commission and the Department of Justice, as required by Federal law. In August 2016, we entered into a settlement agreement with Accord

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Healthcare, Inc. and Intas Pharmaceuticals Limited (collectively "Accord") to resolve the patent litigation that we brought against Accord in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware, described above. As a result of the settlement agreement, Accord will be permitted to market a generic version of Ampyra in the U.S. at a specified date in 2027, or potentially earlier under certain circumstances. As a result of the settlement agreement with Alkem, and upon the request of the parties, the District Court entered a Consent Order, in which it dismissed our litigation against Accord in August of 2016. The parties have submitted the agreement to the Federal Trade Commission and the Department of Justice, as required by state law. The settlements with Actavis, Aurobindo, Alkem and Accord do not resolve the patent litigation that we brought against the other ANDA filers, as described in this report.

On February 8, 2017, we entered into a settlement agreement with Apotex Inc. and its subsidiary Apotex Corporation (collectively “Apotex”) to resolve the patent litigation that we brought against them in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware, described above. As a result of the settlement agreement, Apotex will be permitted to market a generic version of Ampyra in the U.S. at a specified date in 2025, or potentially earlier under certain circumstances. The District Court has entered a Consent Order, in which it has dismissed our litigation against Apotex referred to above. The parties have submitted the agreement to the Federal Trade Commission and the Department of Justice, as required by federal law. The settlement with Apotex does not resolve the patent litigation that we brought against other ANDA filers, as described in this report.

Second ANDA Filers. In May 2015, we received a Paragraph IV Certification Notice from Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited and Sun Pharmaceuticals Industries Inc. ("Sun") advising that they had submitted an ANDA to the FDA seeking marketing approval for a generic version of Ampyra (dalfampridine) Extended Release Tablets, 10 mg. Sun challenged the validity of four of our five Orange Book-listed patents for Ampyra, and did not file against our U.S. Patent No. 5,540,938, and also asserted that generic versions of its products may not infringe certain claims of these patents. In response to the filing of the ANDA, in May 2015 we filed a lawsuit against Sun in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware asserting infringement of our U.S. Patent Nos. 8,007,826, 8,354,437, 8,440,703, and 8,663,685. In October 2015, we entered into a settlement agreement with Sun to resolve this patent litigation. As a result of the settlement agreement, Sun will be permitted to market a generic version of Ampyra in the U.S. at a specified date in 2027, or potentially 181 days after a first ANDA filer has entered the market. As a result of the settlement agreement, and upon request of the parties, the District Court entered a Consent Order, in which it dismissed our litigation against Sun in October 2015. The parties have submitted the agreement to the Federal Trade Commission and the Department of Justice, as required by federal law. The settlement with Sun does not resolve the patent litigation that we brought against the other ANDA filers, described in this report.

In September 2015, we received a Paragraph IV Certification Notice from Par Pharmaceutical, Inc. ("Par") advising that it had submitted an ANDA to the FDA seeking marketing approval for a generic version of Ampyra (dalfampridine) Extended Release Tablets, 10 mg. Par challenged the validity of four of our five Orange Book-listed patents for Ampyra, and did not file against our U.S. Patent No. 5,540,938, and it also asserted that generic versions of its products may not infringe certain claims of these patents. In response to the filing of the ANDA, in September 2015 we filed a lawsuit against Par in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware asserting infringement of our U.S. Patent Nos. 8,007,826, 8,354,437, 8,440,703, and 8,663,685. In January 2016, we entered into a settlement agreement with Par to resolve this patent litigation. As a result of the settlement agreement, Par will be permitted to market a generic version of Ampyra in the U.S. at a specified date in 2027, or potentially 181 days after a first ANDA filer has entered the market. As a result of the settlement agreement, and upon the request of the parties, the District Court entered a Consent Order, in which it dismissed our litigation against Par in January 2016. The parties have submitted the agreement to the Federal Trade Commission and the Department of Justice, as required by federal law. The settlement with Par does not resolve the patent litigation that we brought against the other ANDA filers, described in this report.

In April 2017, we received a Paragraph IV Certification Notice from Micro Labs Ltd. (“Micro”) advising that it had submitted an ANDA to the FDA seeking marketing approval for a generic version of Ampyra (dalfampridine) Extended Release Tablets, 10mg. Micro has challenged the validity of four of our five Orange Book-listed patents for Ampyra, and did not file against our U.S. Patent No. 5,540,938, and it also asserted that a generic version of its product does not infringe certain claims of these patents. In response to the filing of the ANDA, in May 2017 we filed a lawsuit against Micro in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey, asserting infringement of our U.S. Patent Nos. 8,007,826, 8,354,437, 8,440,703, and 8,663,685. We filed the lawsuit within 45 days from the date of receipt of Micro’s Paragraph IV Certification Notice, which instituted the 30 month statutory stay of approval period to the Micro ANDA under the Hatch-Waxman Act. Requested judicial remedies include recovery of litigation costs and injunctive relief, including a request that the effective date of any FDA approval for Micro to make, use, offer for sale, sell, market, distribute, or import the proposed generic products be no earlier than the dates on which the Ampyra Orange-book listed patents expire, or any later expiration of exclusivity to which we are or become entitled. Since the Micro ANDA was filed after January 22, 2015, which was the

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end of the new chemical entity (NCE) exclusivity period for Ampyra, the 30 month statutory stay of approval will start from the receipt of the Paragraph IV Certification Notice. This restricts the FDA from approving the Micro ANDA until October 2019 at the earliest, unless the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey or the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit issues a decision adverse to all of our asserted Orange Book-listed patents prior to that date.

Ampyra IPR Proceedings

In February 2015, a hedge fund (acting with affiliated entities and individuals and proceeding under the name of the Coalition for Affordable Drugs) filed two separate inter partes review (IPR) petitions with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or PTO, challenging U.S. Patent Nos. 8,663,685, and 8,007,826, which are two of the five Ampyra Orange Book-listed patents. In August 2015, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Patent Trials and Appeals Board, or PTAB, ruled that it would not institute inter partes review of either of these patents. In September 2015, the hedge fund filed two motions for reconsideration to the PTAB, requesting that the denial to institute these two IPRs be reversed. However, in April 2016 the PTAB denied these motions.

In September 2015, the same hedge fund filed four new separate IPR petitions with the PTO. These later IPR petitions challenge the same two patents that were the subject of the February 2015 IPR petitions and also U.S. Patent Nos. 8,354,437 and 8,440,703. The challenged patents are four of the five Ampyra Orange-Book listed patents. We opposed the requests to institute these IPRs, but in March 2016 the PTAB decided to institute the IPR proceedings on all four patents. In March 2017, the PTAB issued a ruling and upheld all four of the challenged patents. The ruling has become final, as the hedge fund did not appeal the ruling before the May 2017 appeal deadline. The PTAB’s decision does not affect the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware’s decision invalidating four of our Ampyra Orange Book-listed patents, described above.

We will vigorously defend our intellectual property rights.

Item 1 of Part II of our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2017 includes prior updates to the legal proceedings described above.

Item 1A.  Risk Factors

In addition to the other information set forth in this report, you should carefully consider the risk factors discussed in Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, all of which could materially affect our business, financial condition or future results. These risks are not the only risks facing our Company. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and/or operating results. Following is the restated text of certain risk factors to report changes since our publication of risk factors in our 2016 Annual Report on Form 10-K and our update to the risk factors in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2017.  

If we cannot protect, maintain and, if necessary, enforce our intellectual property, our ability to develop and commercialize our products will be severely limited.

Our success will depend in part on our and our licensors' ability to obtain, maintain and enforce patent and trademark protection for the technologies, compounds and products, if any, resulting from our licenses and research and development programs. Without protection for the intellectual property we use or intend to use, other companies could offer substantially identical products for sale without incurring the sizable discovery, research, development and licensing costs that we have incurred. Our ability to recover these expenditures and realize profits upon the sale of products could be diminished.

We have patent portfolios relating to Ampyra/aminopyridines, Inbrija (CVT-301, levodopa inhalation powder), CVT-427 and our ARCUS drug delivery technology, tozadenant, SYN120, BTT1023, cimaglermin alfa/neuregulins, remyelinating antibodies/antibodies relating to nervous system disorders, chondroitinase, Qutenza and NP-1998/topical capsaicin formulations, comprised of both our own and in-licensed patents and patent applications. For some of our proprietary technologies, for example our ARCUS drug delivery technology, we rely on a combination of patents, trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect our intellectual property rights. Our intellectual property also includes copyrights and a portfolio of trademarks.

The process of obtaining patents and trademarks can be time consuming and expensive with no certainty of success. Even if we spend the necessary time and money, a patent or trademark may not issue, it may not issue in a timely manner, or

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it may not have sufficient scope or strength to protect the technology it was intended to protect or to provide us with any commercial advantage. We may never be certain that we were the first to develop the technology or that we were the first to file a patent application for the particular technology because patent applications are confidential until they are published, and publications in the scientific or patent literature lag behind actual discoveries. The degree of future protection for our proprietary rights will remain uncertain if our pending patent applications are not allowed or issued for any reason or if we are unable to develop additional proprietary technologies that are patentable. Furthermore, third parties may independently develop similar or alternative technologies, duplicate some or all of our technologies, design around our patented technologies or challenge our issued patents or trademarks or the patents or trademarks of our licensors.

For example, in 2014 and 2015, ten generic drug manufacturers filed Abbreviated New Drug Applications, or ANDAs, for generic versions of Ampyra with the FDA. Since 2015, we reached settlement agreements with seven of the generic companies. In filing these ANDAs for Ampyra, the generic drug manufacturers challenged all of the Orange Book-listed patents that protect the Ampyra franchise. As such, to protect our intellectual property rights we filed lawsuits against the ANDA filers, which were consolidated into a single case, asserting the challenged Orange Book-listed patents against these generic drug manufacturers. A bench trial against four generic companies was conducted in September 2016 (we have since reached a settlement agreement with one of those four companies). In March 2017, the United States District Court for the District of Delaware rendered a decision in the lawsuit upholding our Orange Book-listed patent for Ampyra set to expire on July 30, 2018, but invalidated our four other Orange Book-listed patents set to expire between 2025 and 2027. In May 2017, we appealed the ruling on these four patents, and we expect the appeals process to take approximately 12 to 18 months. If we are not successful in overturning the ruling, which could include reversal or a remand by the appeals court back to the District Court, then Ampyra will not have patent protection after July 30, 2018. If the appeals court does not overturn the District Court’s decision by July 30, 2018, multiple ANDA filers may be able to launch generic versions of Ampyra absent injunctive relief. Also, in June 2017, the non-settling ANDA filers appealed the District Court’s decision upholding the patent set to expire in July 2018. In April 2017, we received a Paragraph IV Certification Notice from an additional drug manufacturer, advising that it had submitted an ANDA to the FDA seeking marketing approval for a generic version of Ampyra (dalfampridine) Extended Release Tablets, 10mg. In response to the filing of the ANDA, in May 2017, we filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey, asserting infringement of our U.S. Patent Nos. 8,007,826, 8,354,437, 8,440,703, and 8,663,685.

Also, the validity of our patents can be challenged by third parties pursuant to procedures introduced by American Invents Act, specifically inter partes review and/or post grant review before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. For example, in February 2015, a hedge fund (acting with affiliated entities and individuals and proceeding under the name of the Coalition for Affordable Drugs) filed two separate inter partes review (IPR) petitions with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, challenging two of the five Ampyra Orange Book-listed patents. The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Patent Trials and Appeals Board, or PTAB, chose not to institute inter partes review of these patents. The hedge fund filed motions for reconsideration requesting that the denial to institute these two IPRs be reversed, but the motions were denied in April 2016. In addition, in September 2015 the same hedge fund filed four additional IPR petitions challenging four of the five Orange Book-listed patents, including two of the same patents that were the subject of the February 2015 IPR petitions. We opposed the requests to institute these IPRs, but in March 2016 the PTAB decided to institute the IPR proceedings on all four patents. In March 2017 the PTAB issued a ruling and upheld all four of the challenged patents. The ruling has become final, as the hedge fund did not appeal the ruling before the May 2017 appeal deadline. However, the PTAB decision does not prevent parties from filing additional IPR petitions challenging our patents. Also, the PTAB’s decision does not affect the District Court’s decision invalidating the four patents in the ANDA litigation described above.

Patent litigation, IPR, and other legal proceedings involve complex legal and factual questions. We need to devote significant resources to the existing ANDA and IPR legal proceedings, and we may need to devote significant resources to other legal proceedings that arise in the future. If we are not successful, we could lose some or all of our Orange Book listed patents and our business could be materially harmed. We can provide no assurance concerning the duration or the outcome of any such lawsuits and legal proceedings.

We may initiate actions to protect our intellectual property (including, for example, in connection with the filing of an ANDA as described above) and in any litigation in which our intellectual property or our licensors' intellectual property is asserted, a court may determine that the intellectual property is invalid or unenforceable. Even if the validity or enforceability of that intellectual property is upheld by a court, a court may not prevent alleged infringement on the grounds that such activity is not covered by, for example, the patent claims. In addition, effective intellectual property enforcement may be unavailable or limited in some foreign countries for a variety of legal and public policy reasons. From time to time we may receive notices from third parties alleging infringement of their intellectual property rights. Any litigation, whether to enforce

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our rights to use our or our licensors' patents or to defend against allegations that we infringe third party rights, would be costly, time consuming, and may distract management from other important tasks.

As is commonplace in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry, we employ individuals who were previously employed at other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. To the extent our employees are involved in areas that are similar to those areas in which they were involved at their former employers, we may be subject to claims that such employees and/or we have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed the alleged trade secrets or other proprietary information of the former employers. Litigation may be necessary to defend against such claims, which could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and which could have an adverse effect on us, even if we are successful in defending such claims.

We also rely in our business on trade secrets, know-how and other proprietary information. We seek to protect this information, in part, through the use of confidentiality agreements with employees, consultants, collaborators, advisors and others. Nonetheless, those agreements may not provide adequate protection for our trade secrets, know-how or other proprietary information and prevent their unauthorized use or disclosure. To the extent that consultants, collaborators, key employees or other third parties apply technological information independently developed by them or by others to our proposed products, joint ownership may result, which could undermine the value of the intellectual property to us or disputes may arise as to the proprietary rights to such information which may not be resolved in our favor. The risk that other parties may breach confidentiality agreements or that our trade secrets become known or independently discovered by competitors, could harm us by enabling our competitors, who may have greater experience and financial resources, to copy or use our trade secrets and other proprietary information in the advancement of their products, methods or technologies. Policing unauthorized use of our or our licensors' intellectual property is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and we may be unable to determine the extent of any unauthorized use. Adequate remedies may not exist in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure.

Item 2.  Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

This table provides information about our purchases of shares of Acorda stock during the three-month period ended June 30, 2017.

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Item 6.  Exhibits

*Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

**In accordance with Regulation S-T, the XBRL-related information in Exhibit 101 to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q shall be deemed to be "furnished" and not "filed."

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

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Exhibit Index

*Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

**In accordance with Regulation S-T, the XBRL-related information in Exhibit 101 to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q shall be deemed to be "furnished" and not "filed."