Apple Hospitality REIT, Inc. - Quarter Report: 2018 September (Form 10-Q)

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2018

Commission File Number 001-37389

APPLE HOSPITALITY REIT, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

(804) 344-8121

(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes ☐    No ☒

Number of registrant’s common shares outstanding as of October 31, 2018: 228,773,774

Apple Hospitality REIT, Inc.

Form 10-Q

Index

This Form 10-Q includes references to certain trademarks or service marks. The Courtyard by Marriott®, Fairfield Inn by Marriott®, Fairfield Inn & Suites by Marriott®, Marriott® Hotels, Renaissance® Hotels, Residence Inn by Marriott®, SpringHill Suites by Marriott® and TownePlace Suites by Marriott® trademarks are the property of Marriott International, Inc. or one of its affiliates. The Embassy Suites by Hilton®, Hampton by Hilton®, Hampton Inn & Suites by Hilton®, Hilton® Hotels & Resorts, Hilton Garden Inn®, Home2 Suites by Hilton® and Homewood Suites by Hilton® trademarks are the property of Hilton Worldwide Holdings Inc. or one or more of its affiliates. The Hyatt House® and Hyatt Place® trademarks are the property of Hyatt Hotels Corporation or one or more of its affiliates. For convenience, the applicable trademark or service mark symbol has been omitted but will be deemed to be included wherever the above referenced terms are used.

PART I.  FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.  Financial Statements

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

Apple Hospitality REIT, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

1.  Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Organization          

Apple Hospitality REIT, Inc., together with its wholly-owned subsidiaries (the “Company”), is a Virginia corporation that has elected to be treated as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) for federal income tax purposes. The Company is a self-advised REIT that invests in income-producing real estate, primarily in the lodging sector, in the United States. The Company’s fiscal year end is December 31. The Company has no foreign operations or assets and its operating structure includes only one reportable segment. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Although the Company has interests in potential variable interest entities through its purchase commitments, it is not the primary beneficiary as the Company does not have any elements of power in the decision making process of these entities, and therefore does not consolidate the entities. As of September 30, 2018, the Company owned 241 hotels with an aggregate of 30,754 rooms located in 34 states. The Company’s common shares are listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the ticker symbol “APLE.”

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations for reporting on Form 10-Q. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information required by United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. These unaudited financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements included in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 (the “2017 Form 10-K”). Operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the twelve month period ending December 31, 2018.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Net Income Per Common Share

Basic net income per common share is computed based upon the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per common share is calculated after giving effect to all potential common shares that were dilutive and outstanding for the period. Basic and diluted net income per common share were the same for each of the periods presented.

Reclassifications

Certain prior period amounts in the consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation with no effect on previously reported net income or shareholders’ equity.

Effective November 5, 2018, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) eliminated Rule 3-15(a)(1) of Regulation S-X which had required REITs to present gains and losses on the sale of real estate outside of operating income in the consolidated statements of operations. As a result, the Company has included gain (loss) on sale of real estate that is not a discontinued operation as a component of operating income in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 360, Property, Plant and Equipment.

Accounting Standards Recently Adopted

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). The core principle of the new standard is that revenue should be recognized to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The standard became effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company adopted this standard as of January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective approach. The Company evaluated each of its revenue streams under the new standard and concluded that the adoption of this standard did not impact the amount or timing of revenue recognition in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company also considered and determined that presenting revenue disaggregated by rooms, food and beverage, and other in its consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income reflects the nature and timing of its significant revenue streams and has reclassified prior period amounts to conform to the current period presentation.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230), Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, which is intended to reduce diversity in practice in how certain transactions are classified in the statement of cash flows. The standard was effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company adopted this standard as of January 1, 2018, and the adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230), Restricted Cash, which is intended to reduce diversity in practice in the classification and presentation of changes in restricted cash in the statement of cash flows. The standard was effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Under this standard, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents are included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning of period and end of period total amounts shown in the statements of cash flows. The Company adopted this standard as of January 1, 2018. Amounts included in restricted cash on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets are now included with cash and cash equivalents in the Company’s consolidated statements of cash flows for all periods presented. The adoption of this standard required retrospective revision to the statement of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Other than the reclassification of restricted cash balances and activity in the statements of cash flows, the adoption of the standard did not have an impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In February 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-05, Other Income—Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (Subtopic 610-20), Clarifying the Scope of Asset Derecognition Guidance and Accounting for Partial Sales of Nonfinancial Assets, which clarifies the scope of ASC Subtopic 610-20 and adds guidance for the derecognition of nonfinancial assets, including partial sales. The provisions of this standard must be applied at the same time as the adoption of ASU No. 2014-09. The Company adopted this standard as of January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective approach. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815), Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities, which amends the hedge accounting model to enable entities to better portray their risk management activities in their financial statements and enhance the transparency and understandability of hedging activity. The standard simplifies the application of hedge accounting and reduces the administrative burden of hedge documentation requirements and assessing hedge effectiveness. The standard is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective approach. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Accounting Standards Recently Issued

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which amends the existing accounting standards for lease accounting, including requiring lessees to recognize most leases on their balance sheets as right-of-use assets and lease liabilities, as well as making targeted changes to lessor accounting. Leases will be classified as either finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the income statement. Leases with a term of 12 months or less will be accounted for similar to the existing guidance today for operating leases. The standard requires a modified retrospective transition approach for all leases existing at, or entered into after, the date of initial application, with an option to use certain transition relief. In January 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-01, Leases (Topic 842), Land Easement Practical Expedient for Transition to Topic 842, which provides further transition relief by including an option to not evaluate land easements that exist or have expired prior to the date of adoption of Topic 842 and that were not previously accounted for as leases under Topic 840. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases, which includes amendments that affect narrow aspects of the guidance issued in ASU No. 2016-02, and ASU No. 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842), Targeted Improvements, which gives entities another option for transition and provides lessors with a practical expedient. Under ASU No. 2018-11, entities are provided an additional (and optional) transition method to adopt Topic 842 by recognizing a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings for the effects of initially applying Topic 842 in the period of adoption. Consequently, an entity’s reporting for comparative periods presented in the consolidated financial statements in which the entity adopts the new lease requirements would continue in accordance with current GAAP, Leases (Topic 840), including disclosures. The standard is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018 with early adoption permitted. The Company expects to adopt this standard as of January 1, 2019. The Company is the lessee on certain ground leases and hotel equipment leases, which represents a majority of the Company’s current operating lease payments, and expects to record right of use assets and lease liabilities for these leases under the new standard. The Company is also a lessor in certain retail lease agreements related to its real estate, however, it does not anticipate any material change to the accounting for these leasing arrangements. The Company is continuing to evaluate the impact this standard will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

2.  Investment in Real Estate

The Company’s investment in real estate consisted of the following (in thousands):

As of September 30, 2018, the Company owned 241 hotels with an aggregate of 30,754 rooms located in 34 states.

The Company leases all of its hotels to its wholly-owned taxable REIT subsidiary (or a subsidiary thereof) under master hotel lease agreements.

Acquisitions

The Company acquired four hotels during the first nine months of 2018. The following table sets forth the location, brand, manager, date acquired, number of rooms and gross purchase price for each hotel. All dollar amounts are in thousands.

During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company acquired six hotels including three hotels in the first nine months of 2017. The following table sets forth the location, brand, manager, date acquired, number of rooms and gross purchase price for each hotel. All dollar amounts are in thousands.

The Company used borrowings under its revolving credit facility to purchase each of these hotels.  The acquisitions of these hotel properties were accounted for as an acquisition of a group of assets, with costs incurred to effect the acquisition, which were not significant, capitalized as part of the cost of the assets acquired. For the four hotels acquired during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the amount of revenue and operating income included in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations from the date of acquisition through September 30, 2018 was approximately $13.2 million and $3.5 million, respectively. For the three hotels acquired during the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the amount of revenue and operating income included in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations from the date of acquisition through September 30, 2017 was approximately $3.3 million and $0.5 million, respectively.

Hotel Purchase Contract Commitments

As of September 30, 2018, the Company had outstanding contracts for the potential purchase of five hotels for a total purchase price of approximately $130.8 million. All five hotels are under development and are planned to be completed and opened for business over the next six to 27 months from September 30, 2018, at which time closings on these hotels are expected to occur. Although the Company is working towards acquiring these hotels, there are many conditions to closing that have not yet been satisfied and there can be no assurance that closing on these hotels will occur under the outstanding purchase contracts. The following table summarizes the location, brand, date of purchase contract, expected number of rooms, refundable (if the seller does not meet its obligations under the contract) contract deposits paid, and gross purchase price for each of the contracts outstanding at September 30, 2018. All dollar amounts are in thousands.

The Company intends to use borrowings under its credit facilities to purchase the hotels under contract if a closing occurs.

Loss on Impairment of Depreciable Real Estate Assets

During the second quarter of 2018, the Company identified three properties for potential sale: the Columbus, Georgia SpringHill Suites and TownePlace Suites (the “two Columbus hotels”) and the Springdale, Arkansas Residence Inn. In May 2018, the Company entered into separate contracts with the same unrelated party for the sale of the two Columbus hotels. As a result, the Company recognized an impairment loss of approximately $0.5 million in the second quarter of 2018, representing the difference between the carrying values of the two Columbus hotels and the contracted sales prices, net of estimated selling costs, which are Level 1 inputs under the fair value hierarchy. As further discussed in Note 3, the Company completed the sale of the two Columbus hotels in July 2018. As of June 30, 2018, the Company had committed to sell the Springdale, Arkansas Residence Inn and received offers from unrelated parties that it was pursuing at that time. Due to the change in the anticipated hold period for this hotel, the Company reviewed the estimated undiscounted cash flows to be generated by the property and determined that the undiscounted cash flows were less than its carrying value. As a result, the Company recognized an impairment loss of approximately $2.6 million in the second quarter of 2018 to adjust the basis of this property to its estimated fair value, which was based on the previous offers received, net of estimated selling costs, which is a Level 2 input under the fair value hierarchy. As further discussed in Note 3, during the third quarter of 2018, the Company entered into a contract with an unrelated party for the sale of the Springdale, Arkansas Residence Inn.

The two Columbus hotels were previously identified for potential sale during the first quarter of 2017, at which time the Company recognized an impairment loss of approximately $7.9 million to adjust the bases of these properties to their estimated fair values, which were based on the then contracted sales prices, which were terminated in May 2017, net of estimated selling costs, a Level 1 input under the fair value hierarchy.

3.  Dispositions and Hotel Sale Contracts

Dispositions

In May 2018, the Company entered into separate purchase and sale agreements with the same unrelated party for the sale of its 89-room SpringHill Suites and its 86-room TownePlace Suites hotels in Columbus, Georgia for a total combined gross sales price of $10.0 million. As discussed in Note 2, during the second quarter of 2018, the Company recognized an impairment loss of approximately $0.5 million to adjust the bases of these properties to their estimated fair values, which were based on the contracted sales prices, net of estimated selling costs. On July 13, 2018, the Company completed the sale of the hotels.

In December 2016, the Company entered into a purchase and sale agreement with an unrelated party for the sale of its 224-room Hilton hotel in Dallas, Texas for a gross sales price of approximately $56.1 million, as amended. On April 20, 2017, the Company completed the sale resulting in a gain of approximately $16.0 million, which is included in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The hotel had a carrying value totaling approximately $39.0 million at the date of sale. Under the contract, at closing, the mortgage loan secured by the Dallas, Texas Hilton hotel was assumed by the buyer with the buyer receiving a credit for the amount assumed, which was approximately $27.1 million at the date of sale.

The Company’s consolidated statements of operations include operating income (loss), excluding gain (loss) on sale of real estate, of approximately $(0.01) million and $0.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and approximately $(0.4) million and $(6.4) million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, relating to the results of operations of the three hotels sold as noted above (the two Columbus hotels sold in July 2018, and the Dallas, Texas Hilton sold in April 2017). The sale of these properties does not represent a strategic shift that has, or will have, a major effect on the Company’s operations and financial results, and therefore the operating results for the period of ownership of these properties are included in income from continuing operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017. The net proceeds from the sales were used to pay down borrowings on the Company’s revolving credit facility. 

Hotel Sale Contracts

In August 2018, the Company entered into a purchase and sale agreement with an unrelated party for the sale of 16 properties for a gross sales price of $175 million, which, net of estimated selling costs, exceeds the carrying value of the properties, totaling approximately $162 million, as of September 30, 2018. The following table lists the 16 hotels under the purchase and sale agreement:

In September 2018, the Company entered into a purchase and sale agreement with an unrelated party for the sale of the 72-room Springdale, Arkansas Residence Inn for a gross sales price of approximately $5.8 million, which, net of estimated selling costs, exceeds its carrying value, totaling approximately $5.5 million, as of September 30, 2018. As discussed in Note 2, during the second quarter of 2018, the Company recognized an impairment loss of approximately $2.6 million to adjust the basis of this property to its estimated fair value, which was based on the offers received at that time, net of estimated selling costs.

The sale contracts noted above are subject to a number of conditions to closing and therefore there can be no assurance that a closing on these hotels will occur. If the closings occur, these sales are expected to be completed within the next three to six months from September 30, 2018. Since the due diligence period under these contracts has not passed and the deposits made by the buyers are refundable as of September 30, 2018, the assets and liabilities related to these properties have not been classified as held for sale in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet at September 30, 2018. The Company plans to use the net proceeds from the sales to pay down borrowings on its revolving credit facility.

4.  Debt

Summary

As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company’s debt consisted of the following (in thousands):

The aggregate amounts of principal payable under the Company’s total debt obligations as of September 30, 2018 (including the revolving credit facility, term loans and mortgage debt), for the five years subsequent to September 30, 2018 and thereafter are as follows (in thousands):

The Company uses interest rate swaps to manage its interest rate risks on a portion of its variable-rate debt. Throughout the terms of these interest rate swaps, the Company pays a fixed rate of interest and receives a floating rate of interest equal to the London Inter-Bank Offered Rate for a one-month term (“one-month LIBOR”).  The swaps are designed to effectively fix the interest payments on variable-rate debt instruments. See Note 5 for more information on the interest rate swap agreements. The Company’s total fixed-rate and variable-rate debt, after giving effect to its interest rate swaps, is set forth below. All dollar amounts are in thousands.

Revolving Credit Facility and Term Loans

$850 Million Credit Facility

Prior to the Company’s refinancing of the facility in July 2018, the Company utilized an unsecured “$965 million credit facility” comprised of (i) a $540 million revolving credit facility with a maturity date of May 18, 2019 and (ii) a $425 million term loan facility with a maturity date of May 18, 2020, consisting of three term loans, all funded during 2015 (the “$425 million term loans”).  On July 27, 2018, the Company entered into an amendment and restatement of its $965 million credit facility, reducing the borrowing capacity to $850 million and extending the maturity dates (the “$850 million credit facility”). The $850 million credit facility is comprised of (i) a $425 million revolving credit facility with an initial maturity date of July 27, 2022 and (ii) a $425 million term loan facility consisting of two term loans: a $200 million term loan with a maturity date of July 27, 2023, and a $225 million term loan with a maturity date of January 31, 2024, both funded at closing (the “$425 million term loan facility”).  At closing, the Company repaid the outstanding $425 million term loans under the $965 million credit facility with the proceeds from the $425 million term loan facility under the $850 million credit facility and borrowed approximately $196 million under the $425 million revolving credit facility to repay the outstanding balance on the $540 million revolving credit facility and to pay closing costs. Subject to certain conditions including covenant compliance and additional fees, the $425 million revolving credit facility maturity date may be extended up to one year. The Company may make voluntary prepayments in whole or in part, at any time.  Interest payments on the $850 million credit facility are due monthly and the interest rate, subject to certain exceptions, is equal to an annual rate of the one-month LIBOR plus a margin ranging from 1.35% to 2.25%, depending upon the Company’s leverage ratio, as calculated under the terms of the credit agreement.  The Company is also required to pay quarterly an unused facility fee at an annual rate of 0.20% or 0.25% on the unused portion of the $425 million revolving credit facility, based on the amount of borrowings outstanding during the quarter.

$225 Million Term Loan Facility

Prior to the Company’s refinancing of the facility in August 2018, the Company utilized an unsecured $150 million term loan facility (the “$150 million term loan facility”), consisting of a $50 million term loan with a maturity date of April 8, 2021 and a $100 million term loan with a maturity date of April 8, 2023 (the “$150 million term loans”).  On August 2, 2018, the Company entered into an amendment and restatement of its $150 million term loan facility, increasing the borrowing capacity to $225 million and extending the maturity dates (the “$225 million term loan facility”). The $225 million term loan facility is comprised of (i) a $50 million term loan with a maturity date of August 2, 2023, which was funded at closing, and (ii) a $175 million term loan with a maturity date of August 2, 2025, of which $100 million was drawn at closing and the remaining $75 million may be drawn by the Company no later than January 31, 2019. At closing, the Company repaid the $150 million term loans under the $150 million term loan facility. The credit agreement contains requirements and covenants similar to the Company’s $850 million credit facility. The Company may make voluntary prepayments in whole or in part, at any time, subject to certain conditions. Interest payments on the $225 million term loan facility are due monthly and the interest rate, subject to certain exceptions, is equal to an annual rate of the one-month LIBOR plus a margin ranging from 1.35% to 2.50%, depending upon the Company’s leverage ratio, as calculated under the terms of the credit agreement.  

$85 Million Term Loan

On July 25, 2017, the Company entered into an unsecured $85 million term loan with a syndicate of commercial banks, with a maturity date of July 25, 2024 (the “$85 million term loan” and, together with the $850 million credit facility and the $225 million term loan facility, the “credit facilities”). Although no material terms were changed, the credit agreement was amended and restated in August 2018 as a result of the refinancings noted above. The amended and restated credit agreement contains requirements and covenants similar to the Company’s $850 million credit facility. The Company may make voluntary prepayments in whole or in part, at any time, subject to certain conditions. Interest payments on the $85 million term loan are due monthly and the interest rate is equal to an annual rate of the one-month LIBOR plus a margin ranging from 1.80% to 2.60%, depending upon the Company’s leverage ratio, as calculated under the terms of the credit agreement.

As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the details of the Company’s revolving credit facility and term loans were as set forth below.  All dollar amounts are in thousands.

The credit agreements governing the credit facilities contain mandatory prepayment requirements, customary affirmative covenants, negative covenants and events of default.  The credit agreements require that the Company comply with various covenants, which include, among others, a minimum tangible net worth, maximum debt limits, minimum interest and fixed charge coverage ratios and restrictions on certain investments.  The Company was in compliance with the applicable covenants at September 30, 2018.

Mortgage Debt

As of September 30, 2018, the Company had approximately $492.1 million in outstanding mortgage debt secured by 31 properties, with maturity dates ranging from June 2020 to January 2038, stated interest rates ranging from 3.55% to 6.25% and effective interest rates ranging from 3.55% to 4.97%. The loans generally provide for monthly payments of principal and interest on an amortized basis and defeasance or prepayment penalties if prepaid. The following table sets forth the hotel properties securing each loan, the interest rate, loan assumption or origination date, maturity date, the principal amount assumed or originated, and the outstanding balance prior to any fair value adjustments or debt issuance costs as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 for each of the Company’s mortgage debt obligations. All dollar amounts are in thousands.

5.  Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Except as described below, the carrying value of the Company’s financial instruments approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of these financial instruments.

Debt

The Company estimates the fair value of its debt by discounting the future cash flows of each instrument at estimated market rates consistent with the maturity of a debt obligation with similar credit terms and credit characteristics, which are Level 3 inputs under the fair value hierarchy. Market rates take into consideration general market conditions and maturity. As of September 30, 2018, both the carrying value and estimated fair value of the Company’s debt were approximately $1.3 billion. As of December 31, 2017, both the carrying value and estimated fair value of the Company’s debt were approximately $1.2 billion. Both the carrying value and estimated fair value of the Company’s debt (as discussed above) is net of unamortized debt issuance costs related to term loans and mortgage debt for each specific year.

Derivative Instruments

Currently, the Company uses interest rate swaps to manage its interest rate risks on variable-rate debt.  Throughout the terms of these interest rate swaps, the Company pays a fixed rate of interest and receives a floating rate of interest equal to the one-month LIBOR.  The swaps are designed to effectively fix the interest payments on variable-rate debt instruments. These swap instruments are recorded at fair value and are included in other assets, net in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.  The fair values of the Company’s interest rate swap agreements are determined using the market standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash payments and the discounted expected variable cash receipts, which is considered a Level 2 measurement under the fair value hierarchy.  The variable cash receipts are based on an expectation of future interest rates (forward curves) derived from observable market interest rate curves.  The following table sets forth information for each of the Company’s interest rate swap agreements outstanding as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. All dollar amounts are in thousands.

The Company assesses, both at inception and on an ongoing basis, the effectiveness of its qualifying cash flow hedges. The Company elected to early adopt ASU No. 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815), Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities, on January 1, 2018, using the modified retrospective approach for all of its hedging relationships that existed as of that date. As a result, effective January 1, 2018, the entire change in the fair value of the Company’s designated cash flow hedges is recorded to accumulated other comprehensive income, a component of shareholders’ equity in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Prior to January 1, 2018, changes in fair value on the effective portion of all designated cash flow hedges were recorded to accumulated other comprehensive income, while changes in fair value on the ineffective portion of all designated cash flow hedges were recorded to interest and other expense, net in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.  Since prior to January 1, 2018 there was no material ineffectiveness related to the Company’s outstanding designated cash flow hedges, the adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

The following tables present the effect of derivative instruments in cash flow hedging relationships in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):

Amounts reported in accumulated other comprehensive income will be reclassified to interest and other expense, net as interest payments are made or received on the Company’s variable-rate derivatives. The Company estimates that approximately $5.8 million of net unrealized gains included in accumulated other comprehensive income at September 30, 2018 will be reclassified as a decrease to interest and other expense, net within the next 12 months.

6.  Related Parties

The Company has, and is expected to continue to engage in, transactions with related parties. These transactions cannot be construed to be at arm’s length and the results of the Company’s operations may be different if these transactions were conducted with non-related parties. There have been no changes to the contracts and relationships discussed in the 2017 Form 10-K. Below is a summary of the significant related party relationships in effect during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017.

Glade M. Knight, Executive Chairman of the Company, owns Apple Realty Group, Inc. (“ARG”), which receives support services from the Company and reimburses the Company for the cost of these services as discussed below. Mr. Knight is also currently a partner and Chief Executive Officer of Energy 11 GP, LLC and Energy Resources 12 GP, LLC, which are the respective general partners of Energy 11, L.P. and Energy Resources 12, L.P., each of which receive support services from ARG.

The Company provides support services, including the use of the Company’s employees and corporate office, to ARG and is reimbursed by ARG for the cost of these services. The amounts reimbursed to the Company are based on the actual costs of the services and a good faith estimate of the proportionate amount of time incurred by the Company’s employees on behalf of ARG. Total reimbursed costs allocated by the Company to ARG for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 totaled approximately $0.7 million and $0.5 million, respectively, and are recorded as a reduction to general and administrative expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. 

As part of the cost sharing arrangement, certain day-to-day transactions may result in amounts due to or from the Company and ARG. To efficiently manage cash disbursements, the Company or ARG may make payments for the other company. Under this cash management process, each company may advance or defer up to $1 million at any time. Each quarter, any outstanding amounts are settled between the companies. This process allows each company to minimize its cash on hand and reduces the cost for each company. The amounts outstanding at any point in time are not significant to either of the companies. As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, total amounts due from ARG for reimbursements under the cost sharing structure each totaled approximately $0.3 million, and are included in other assets, net in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

The Company, through a wholly-owned subsidiary, Apple Air Holding, LLC, owns a Learjet used primarily for acquisition, asset management, renovation and public relations purposes. The aircraft is also leased to affiliates of the Company based on third party rates. Leasing activity to affiliates was not significant during the reporting periods. The Company also utilizes aircraft, owned through two entities, one of which is owned by the Company’s Executive Chairman, and the other, by its President and Chief Executive Officer, for acquisition, asset management, renovation and public relations purposes, and reimburses these entities at third party rates. Total costs incurred for the use of these aircraft during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 were approximately $0.1 million for each respective period, and are included in general and administrative expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

7.  Shareholders’ Equity

Distributions 

The Company’s current annual distribution rate, payable monthly, is $1.20 per common share. For the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company paid distributions of $0.30 per common share for a total of $69.1 million and $66.9 million, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company paid distributions of $0.90 per common share for a total of $207.3 million and $200.7 million, respectively. Additionally, in September 2018, the Company declared a monthly distribution of $0.10 per common share, totaling $23.0 million, which was recorded as a payable as of September 30, 2018 and paid in October 2018. As of December 31, 2017, a monthly distribution of $0.10 per common share, totaling $23.0 million, was recorded as a payable and paid in January 2018. These accrued distributions were included in accounts payable and other liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

Issuance of Shares

In February 2017, the Company executed an equity distribution agreement that allows the Company to sell, from time to time, up to an aggregate of $300 million of its common shares through sales agents under an at-the-market offering program (the “ATM Program”). Since inception of the ATM Program in February 2017 through September 30, 2018, the Company has sold approximately 7.2 million common shares at a weighted-average market sales price of approximately $19.56 per common share and received aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $139.8 million before commission and issuance costs, including the sale of approximately 0.2 million common shares during the first quarter of 2018 at a weighted-average market sales price of approximately $19.73 per common share and receipt of aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $4.8 million. The Company used the proceeds from the sale of these shares to pay down borrowings on its revolving credit facility. No shares were issued under the ATM Program during the nine months ended September 30, 2017. As of September 30, 2018, approximately $160.2 million remained available for issuance under the ATM Program.

Share Repurchases

In May 2018, the Board of Directors approved an extension of the Company’s existing share repurchase program (the “Share Repurchase Program”), authorizing share repurchases up to an aggregate of $464 million. The Share Repurchase Program may be suspended or terminated at any time by the Company and will end in July 2019 if not terminated earlier. In March 2018, the Company established a written trading plan as part of the Share Repurchase Program that provides for share repurchases in open market transactions that is intended to comply with Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. During the first nine months of 2018, the Company purchased, under its Share Repurchase Program, approximately 0.3 million of its common shares at a weighted-average market purchase price of approximately $16.89 per common share for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $4.3 million. The Company did not purchase any common shares under its Share Repurchase Program during the first nine months of 2017. Repurchases under the Share Repurchase Program have been funded, and the Company intends to fund future repurchases, with availability under its credit facilities.

8.  Compensation Plans

The Company annually establishes an incentive plan for its executive management.  Under the incentive plan for 2018 (the “2018 Incentive Plan”), participants are eligible to receive a bonus based on the achievement of certain 2018 performance measures, consisting of operational performance metrics (including targeted Modified Funds from Operations per share, Comparable Hotels revenue per available room growth and Adjusted Hotel EBITDA Margin growth) and shareholder return metrics (including shareholder return relative to a peer group and total shareholder return, over one-year, two-year and three-year periods).  The components of the operational performance metrics and shareholder return metrics are equally weighted and the two metrics each account for 50% of the total target incentive compensation.  The range of potential aggregate payouts under the 2018 Incentive Plan is $0 - $20 million.  Based on performance through September 30, 2018, the Company has accrued approximately $2.5 million as a liability for potential executive bonus payments under the 2018 Incentive Plan, which is included in accounts payable and other liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2018 and in general and administrative expense in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. As a result of lower anticipated 2018 performance, during the three months ended September 30, 2018, the Company reduced the previously recorded accrual by approximately $1.2 million, resulting in a reduction to general and administrative expense for the period. Approximately 25% of awards under the 2018 Incentive Plan, if any, will be paid in cash, and 75% will be issued in stock under the Company’s 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan, approximately two-thirds of which will vest at the end of 2018 and one-third of which will vest in December 2019. Under the incentive plan for 2017 (the “2017 Incentive Plan”), the Company recorded approximately $1.2 million and $4.7 million in general and administrative expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. 

Share-Based Compensation Awards

During the first quarters of 2018 and 2017, the Company issued 367,333 and 101,305 common shares earned under the 2017 Incentive Plan and the incentive plan for 2016 (the “2016 Incentive Plan”) (net of 48,533 and 19,667 common shares surrendered to satisfy tax withholding obligations) at $16.92 and $19.10 per share, or approximately $7.0 million and $2.3 million in share-based compensation, including the surrendered shares, respectively. Of the total shares issued under the 2017 Incentive Plan, 223,421 shares were unrestricted at the time of issuance, and the remaining 143,912 restricted shares will vest on December 14, 2018. Of the total shares issued under the 2016 Incentive Plan, 60,028 shares were unrestricted at the time of issuance, and the remaining 41,277 restricted shares vested on December 15, 2017, of which 13,129 common shares were surrendered to satisfy tax withholding obligations. Of the total 2017 share-based compensation, approximately $5.8 million was recorded as a liability as of December 31, 2017, which was included in accounts payable and other liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet and the remaining $1.2 million, which is subject to vesting on December 14, 2018, will be recognized as compensation expense proportionately throughout 2018. Of the total 2016 share-based compensation, approximately $0.4 million, which vested on December 15, 2017, was recognized as compensation expense proportionately throughout 2017. For the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company recognized approximately $0.3 million and $0.1 million, respectively, and for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company recognized approximately $0.9 million and $0.3 million, respectively, of share-based compensation expense related to the unvested restricted share awards.

9.  Subsequent Events           

In October 2018, the Company paid approximately $23.0 million, or $0.10 per outstanding common share, in distributions to its common shareholders.

In October 2018, the Company declared a regular monthly cash distribution of $0.10 per common share for the month of November 2018. The distribution is payable on November 15, 2018.

In October 2018, the Company entered into a contract to purchase an existing 127-room Hyatt Place in Jacksonville, Florida, for a gross purchase price of $15.5 million. Although the Company is working towards acquiring this hotel, there are many conditions to closing that have not yet been satisfied, and there can be no assurance that a closing on this hotel will occur.

During the month of October 2018, the Company purchased, under its Share Repurchase Program, approximately 1.6 million of its common shares, at a weighted-average market purchase price of approximately $16.35 per common share, for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $25.8 million.

Item 2.  Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Forward-looking statements are typically identified by use of statements that include phrases such as “may,” “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “estimate,” “project,” “target,” “goal,” “plan,” “should,” “will,” “predict,” “potential,” “outlook,” “strategy,” and similar expressions that convey the uncertainty of future events or outcomes. Such statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors which may cause the actual results, performance, or achievements of the Company to be materially different from future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Such factors include, but are not limited to, the ability of the Company to effectively acquire and dispose of properties; the ability of the Company to successfully integrate pending transactions and implement its operating strategy; changes in general political, economic and competitive conditions and specific market conditions; adverse changes in the real estate and real estate capital markets; financing risks; litigation risks; regulatory proceedings or inquiries; and changes in laws or regulations or interpretations of current laws and regulations that impact the Company’s business, assets or classification as a REIT. Although the Company believes that the assumptions underlying the forward-looking statements contained herein are reasonable, any of the assumptions could be inaccurate, and therefore there can be no assurance that such statements included in this Quarterly Report will prove to be accurate. In light of the significant uncertainties inherent in the forward-looking statements included herein, the inclusion of such information should not be regarded as a representation by the Company or any other person that the results or conditions described in such statements or the objectives and plans of the Company will be achieved. In addition, the Company’s qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex provisions of the Internal Revenue Code. Readers should carefully review the risk factors described in the Company’s filings with the SEC, including but not limited to those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” in the 2017 Form 10-K. Any forward-looking statement that the Company makes speaks only as of the date of this Quarterly Report. The Company undertakes no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements or cautionary factors, as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as required by law.

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the Company’s Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto, appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as well as the information contained in the 2017 Form 10-K.

Overview

The Company is a Virginia corporation that has elected to be treated as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. The Company is self-advised and invests in income-producing real estate, primarily in the lodging sector, in the United States.  As of September 30, 2018, the Company owned 241 hotels with an aggregate of 30,754 rooms located in urban, high-end suburban and developing markets throughout 34 states. All of the Company’s hotels operate under Marriott or Hilton brands. The hotels are operated and managed under separate management agreements with 23 hotel management companies, none of which are affiliated with the Company. The Company’s common shares are listed on the NYSE under the ticker symbol “APLE.”

2018 Hotel Portfolio Activities

The Company continually monitors market conditions and attempts to maximize shareholder value by investing in properties that it believes provide superior value over the long term. Consistent with this strategy and the Company’s focus on investing in select-service hotels, the Company acquired four hotels for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $136.8 million during the first nine months of 2018: a 119-room Hampton Inn & Suites in downtown Atlanta, Georgia; a 144-room Hampton Inn & Suites in Memphis, Tennessee; a 210-room Hampton Inn & Suites in downtown Phoenix, Arizona; and a 132-room Hampton Inn & Suites in Atlanta Perimeter Dunwoody, Georgia. Also, as of September 30, 2018, the Company had outstanding contracts for the potential purchase of five hotels that are under development for a total purchase price of approximately $130.8 million, which are planned to be completed and opened for business over the next six to 27 months from September 30, 2018, at which time closings on these hotels are expected to occur. The Company utilized its revolving credit facility to fund the completed acquisitions and plans to utilize its credit facilities for any additional acquisitions.

For its existing portfolio, the Company monitors each property’s profitability, market conditions and capital requirements and attempts to maximize shareholder value by disposing of properties when it believes that superior value can be provided by the proceeds from the sale of the property.  As a result, in July 2018, the Company sold its two Columbus hotels for a total combined gross sales price of $10.0 million. Additionally, as of September 30, 2018, the Company had outstanding contracts to sell 17 of its hotels for a combined gross sales price of approximately $180.8 million. Although the Company is working towards the sale of these hotels, there are many conditions to closing that have not yet been satisfied and there can be no assurance that a closing on these hotels will occur under the outstanding sale contracts. If the closings occur, these sales are expected to be completed within the next three to six months from September 30, 2018. The net proceeds from the sales were or will be used to pay down borrowings on the Company’s revolving credit facility.

See Note 2 titled “Investment in Real Estate” and Note 3 titled “Dispositions and Hotel Sale Contracts” in the Company’s Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto, appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, for additional information concerning these transactions.

Hotel Operations          

Although hotel performance can be influenced by many factors including local competition, local and general economic conditions in the United States and the performance of individual managers assigned to each hotel, performance of the Company’s hotels as compared to other hotels within their respective local markets, in general, has met the Company’s expectations for the period owned. Over the past several years, the lodging industry and the Company have experienced modest revenue growth. Improvements in the general U.S. economy have been offset by increased supply in many markets, offsetting increases in demand. With flat growth in revenue per available room (“RevPAR”), the Company has produced stable operating results during the first nine months of 2018 on a comparable basis (as defined below).  There is no way to predict future economic conditions, and there continue to be additional factors that could negatively affect the lodging industry and the Company, including but not limited to, increased hotel supply in certain markets, labor uncertainty both for the economy as a whole and the lodging industry in particular, global volatility and government fiscal policies. The Company, on a comparable basis, and industry are forecasting flat to negative RevPAR growth for the full year of 2018 as compared to 2017. The anticipated forecast is primarily due to inconsistent demand in certain markets and increased hotel supply meeting demand growth in others, limiting the Company’s ability to increase rates, as well as the nonrecurring impact of restoration and recovery efforts related to hurricanes in Texas and Florida in 2017 that provided increased demand in the second half of 2017.

As of September 30, 2018, the Company owned 241 hotels with a total of 30,754 rooms as compared to 237 hotels with a total of 30,188 rooms as of September 30, 2017, however, results of operations are included only for the period of ownership for hotels acquired or disposed of during the current reporting period and prior year. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company acquired one newly constructed hotel on May 2, 2018 and three existing hotels (two on February 5, 2018 and one on June 28, 2018), and sold two hotels on July 13, 2018. During 2017, the Company acquired three newly constructed hotels (one on February 2, 2017 and two on September 12, 2017) and three existing hotels (one on October 13, 2017, one on October 20, 2017 and one on December 1, 2017), and sold two hotels (one on April 20, 2017 and one on October 5, 2017). As a result, the comparability of results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 as discussed below is impacted by these transactions.

In evaluating financial condition and operating performance, the most important indicators on which the Company focuses are revenue measurements, such as average occupancy, average daily rate (“ADR”) and RevPAR, and expenses, such as hotel operating expenses, general and administrative expenses and other expenses described below.

The following is a summary of the results from operations of the Company’s hotels for their respective periods of ownership by the Company.

Comparable Hotels Operating Results

The following table reflects certain operating statistics for the Company’s 241 hotels owned as of September 30, 2018 (“Comparable Hotels”). The Company defines metrics from Comparable Hotels as results generated by the 241 hotels owned as of the end of the reporting period. For the hotels acquired during the current reporting period and prior year, the Company has included, as applicable, results of those hotels for periods prior to the Company’s ownership using information provided by the properties’ prior owners at the time of acquisition and not adjusted by the Company. This information has not been audited, either for the periods owned or prior to ownership by the Company. For dispositions, results have been excluded for the Company’s period of ownership.

Same Store Operating Results

The following table reflects certain operating statistics for the 231 hotels owned by the Company as of January 1, 2017 and during the entirety of the reporting periods being compared (“Same Store Hotels”). This information has not been audited.

As discussed above, hotel performance is impacted by many factors, including the economic conditions in the United States as well as each individual locality. Economic indicators in the United States have generally been favorable, which has been offset by increased supply in many of the Company’s markets. As a result, the Company’s revenue and operating results for its Comparable Hotels and Same Store Hotels were generally unchanged during the first nine months of 2018 as compared to 2017. Due to the increase in demand from restoration and recovery efforts in Houston, Austin and Florida resulting from hurricanes Harvey and Irma in the second half of 2017, revenue and operating results for Comparable Hotels were lower in the third quarter of 2018 as compared to the same period in 2017, and the Company expects continued flat to negative growth in RevPAR and operating results for its Comparable Hotels for the fourth quarter of 2018 as compared to the same period in 2017. The Company had five hotels directly impacted by Hurricane Florence in September 2018. Other than the additional losses from insurance deductibles discussed below, these hotels did not experience a net material impact from the hurricane in the third quarter. In addition to the impact to these five hotels, certain hotels in the originally projected path of Hurricane Florence experienced cancellations and below average revenue in the latter half of September 2018. The Company anticipates a negative impact on operating results in the fourth quarter of 2018 from Hurricane Michael which caused the closure of its two hotels in Panama City, Florida in October 2018. The hotels are not expected to be fully operational until December of this year. In addition to the remediation costs before deductibles discussed below, the Company will experience a reduction in operating income in the fourth quarter of 2018 as business interruption proceeds will not likely be recognized until 2019.

Revenues

The Company’s principal source of revenue is hotel revenue consisting of room, food and beverage, and other related revenue. For the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company had total revenue of $332.2 million and $324.9 million, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company had total revenue of $975.3 million and $949.6 million, respectively. For the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, Comparable Hotels achieved combined average occupancy of 78.9% and 80.4%, ADR of $137.79 and $138.27 and RevPAR of $108.75 and $111.20. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, Comparable Hotels achieved combined average occupancy of 78.5% and 78.9%, ADR of $137.53 and $136.75 and RevPAR of $107.93 and $107.96. ADR is calculated as room revenue divided by the number of rooms sold, and RevPAR is calculated as occupancy multiplied by ADR.

Compared to the same period in 2017, during the third quarter of 2018, the Company experienced slight declines in ADR and occupancy for Comparable Hotels, resulting in a 2.2% decrease in RevPAR for Comparable Hotels. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, ADR increased and occupancy decreased slightly, leaving RevPAR for Comparable Hotels virtually unchanged as compared to the same period in 2017. Markets/areas with above average growth in the third quarter of 2018 and first nine months of 2018 for the Company and industry included Fort Worth, Texas, Knoxville, Tennessee, Tucson, Arizona, Chicago, Illinois and Atlanta, Georgia. Markets that were below average for the Company and industry included Kansas City, Missouri, Dallas, Texas and Washington, D.C. Additionally, as a result of the increase in demand in the third quarter of 2017 from restoration and recovery efforts in Austin, Houston and South Florida related to hurricanes Harvey and Irma, these markets were below average for the third quarter of 2018 as compared to the third quarter of 2017.

Hotel Operating Expense

Hotel operating expense consists of direct room operating expense, hotel administrative expense, sales and marketing expense, utilities expense, repair and maintenance expense, franchise fees and management fees.  For the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, hotel operating expense totaled $185.2 million and $179.8 million or 55.8% and 55.3% of total revenue for each respective period.  For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, hotel operating expense totaled $544.1 million and $528.3 million or 55.8% and 55.6% of total revenue for each respective period.  For the Company’s Comparable Hotels, hotel operating expense as a percentage of revenue increased approximately 90 and 50 basis points, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same periods in 2017. Increases in labor costs as a percentage of revenue during the first nine months of 2018 as compared to the same period in 2017 were the primary cause of the increased Comparable Hotels operating expense. The Company anticipates continued increases in labor costs due to government regulations surrounding wages, healthcare and other benefits, other wage-related initiatives and lower unemployment rates. The Company will continue to work with its management companies to reduce costs as a percentage of revenue where possible while maintaining quality and service levels at each property.

Property Taxes, Insurance and Other Expense 

Property taxes, insurance, and other expense for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 totaled $19.2 million and $17.6 million, respectively, or 5.8% and 5.4% of total revenue for each respective period, and for Comparable Hotels, 5.8% and 5.3% of total revenue for each respective period. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, property taxes, insurance, and other expense totaled $55.1 million and $52.3 million, respectively, or 5.7% and 5.5% of total revenue for each respective period, and for Comparable Hotels, 5.6% and 5.5% of total revenue for each respective period. For the Company’s Comparable Hotels, real estate taxes increased slightly during the first nine months of 2018 compared to the first nine months of 2017, with tax increases at certain locations due to the reassessment of property values by localities related to the improved economy, partially offset by decreases at other locations due to successful appeals of tax assessments. With the economy continuing to improve, the Company anticipates continued increases in property tax assessments during the remainder of 2018. The Company will continue to appeal tax assessments in certain jurisdictions to attempt to minimize tax increases as warranted. Additionally, due to increased losses in 2017 for property insurance carriers, the Company’s property insurance costs have increased slightly as a percentage of revenue for the first nine months of 2018 as compared to the first nine months of 2017 and are anticipated to increase for the remainder of 2018. The Company incurred approximately $0.6 million in uninsured losses in the third quarter of 2018 related to wind and water damage at certain of its North Carolina properties as a result of Hurricane Florence, and anticipates recording uninsured losses totaling approximately $1 million in the fourth quarter of 2018 related to Hurricane Michael.

Ground Lease Expense 

Ground lease expense for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 was $2.8 million for each respective period. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, ground lease expense was $8.6 million and $8.5 million, respectively. Ground lease expense primarily represents the expense incurred by the Company to lease land for 14 of its hotel properties. One of the ground leases was assumed by the buyer of the Columbus, Georgia TownePlace Suites in July 2018.

General and Administrative Expense 

General and administrative expense for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 was $3.4 million and $5.4 million, respectively, or 1.0% and 1.6% of total revenue for each respective period. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, general and administrative expense was $17.0 million and $18.3 million, respectively, or 1.7% and 1.9% of total revenue for each respective period.  The principal components of general and administrative expense are payroll and related benefit costs, legal fees, accounting fees and reporting expenses. The decrease in general and administrative expense for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the prior year was due primarily to a decrease in compensation expense.  Based on the Company’s performance through September 30, 2018 in relation to the operational performance and shareholder return metrics of the 2018 Incentive Plan, the accrual for potential executive bonus payments was reduced during the third quarter of 2018 by approximately $1.2 million, resulting in a decrease in executive compensation expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 of approximately $2.4 million and $2.2 million, respectively, as compared to the same periods in 2017.  The decrease in compensation expense was partially offset by an increase in share-based compensation expense.

Transaction and Litigation Costs (Reimbursements)

During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, transaction and litigation costs (reimbursements) totaled $(2.6) million which primarily related to additional proceeds received in May 2017 from the Company’s directors and officers insurance carriers in connection with a legal settlement that occurred in 2017 related to the Company’s merger with Apple REIT Ten, Inc. in 2016.

Loss on Impairment of Depreciable Real Estate Assets 

Loss on impairment of depreciable real estate assets was $3.1 million and $7.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and consisted of impairment charges for the two Columbus, Georgia hotels (in 2018 and 2017) and the Springdale, Arkansas Residence Inn (in 2018). See Note 2 titled “Investment in Real Estate” in the Company’s Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto, appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, for additional information concerning these impairment losses.

Depreciation Expense 

Depreciation expense for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 was $46.2 million and $44.1 million, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, depreciation expense was $136.8 million and $131.8 million, respectively.  Depreciation expense primarily represents expense of the Company’s hotel buildings and related improvements, and associated personal property (furniture, fixtures, and equipment) for their respective periods owned. The increase was primarily due to the increase in the number of properties owned as a result of the acquisition of four hotels in the first nine months of 2018 and six hotels in 2017 and renovations completed throughout 2018 and 2017.

Interest and Other Expense, net 

Interest and other expense, net for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 was $13.1 million and $12.0 million, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, interest and other expense, net was $38.3 million and $35.6 million, respectively, and is net of $0.5 million and $0.7 million, respectively, of interest capitalized associated with renovation projects.  Although average outstanding debt was slightly less in the first nine months of 2018 as compared to the first nine months of 2017, interest expense increased as a result of an increase in the Company’s effective interest rate during the first nine months of 2018 as compared to 2017, due to (a) the issuance of longer term fixed-rate debt subsequent to September 30, 2017, which was used to reduce the Company’s revolving credit facility, resulting in a higher average interest rate than the variable-rate borrowings repaid, and (b) an increase in interest rates on the Company’s variable-rate debt, with the one-month LIBOR increasing from 1.23% at September 30, 2017 to 2.26% at September 30, 2018. While approximately 79% of the Company’s outstanding debt was effectively fixed-rate debt at September 30, 2018, the Company does expect interest costs for its remaining variable-rate debt to continue to increase for the remainder of 2018 due to expected increased interest rates and increased borrowings as compared to the prior year. The impact from higher interest rates will be partially mitigated by the Company’s 2018 debt refinancing, resulting in lower spreads charged on outstanding borrowings under its revolving credit facility and $575 million of its outstanding term loans by 10 to 15 basis points, depending on the Company’s leverage ratio. See Note 4 titled “Debt” in the Company’s Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto, appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, for additional information concerning the Company’s debt refinancing.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

The Company considers the following non-GAAP financial measures useful to investors as key supplemental measures of its operating performance: Funds from Operations (“FFO”), Modified FFO (“MFFO”), Earnings before Interest, Income Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization (“EBITDA”), and Adjusted EBITDA (“Adjusted EBITDA”). These non-GAAP financial measures should be considered along with, but not as alternatives to, net income, cash flow from operations or any other operating GAAP measure. FFO, MFFO, EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are not necessarily indicative of funds available to fund the Company’s cash needs, including its ability to make cash distributions. Although FFO, MFFO, EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA, as calculated by the Company, may not be comparable to FFO, MFFO, EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA as reported by other companies that do not define such terms exactly as the Company defines such terms, the Company believes these supplemental measures are useful to investors when comparing the Company’s results between periods and with other REITs.

FFO and MFFO

The Company calculates and presents FFO in accordance with standards established by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“Nareit”), which defines FFO as net income (computed in accordance with GAAP), excluding gains or losses from sales of real estate, extraordinary items as defined by GAAP, and the cumulative effect of changes in accounting principles, plus real estate related depreciation, amortization and impairments, and adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures. Historical cost accounting for real estate assets implicitly assumes that the value of real estate assets diminishes predictably over time. Since real estate values instead have historically risen or fallen with market conditions, most real estate industry investors consider FFO to be helpful in evaluating a real estate company’s operations. The Company further believes that by excluding the effects of these items, FFO is useful to investors in comparing its operating performance between periods and between REITs that report FFO using the Nareit definition. FFO as presented by the Company is applicable only to its common shareholders, but does not represent an amount that accrues directly to common shareholders.

The Company further adjusts FFO for certain additional items including (i) the exclusion of transaction and litigation costs (reimbursements), as these costs do not represent ongoing operations, and (ii) the exclusion of non-cash straight-line ground lease expense, as this expense does not reflect the underlying performance of the related hotels.  The Company presents MFFO when evaluating its performance because it believes that it provides further useful supplemental information to investors regarding its ongoing operating performance.

The following table reconciles the Company’s GAAP net income to FFO and MFFO for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands).

EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA

EBITDA is a commonly used measure of performance in many industries and is defined as net income excluding interest, income taxes, depreciation and amortization. The Company believes EBITDA is useful to investors because it helps the Company and its investors evaluate the ongoing operating performance of the Company by removing the impact of its capital structure (primarily interest expense) and its asset base (primarily depreciation and amortization). In addition, certain covenants included in the agreements governing the Company’s indebtedness use EBITDA, as defined in the specific credit agreement, as a measure of financial compliance.

The Company considers the exclusion of certain additional items from EBITDA useful, including (i) the exclusion of transaction and litigation costs (reimbursements), gains or losses from sales of real estate, and the loss on impairment of depreciable real estate assets, as these items do not represent ongoing operations, and (ii) the exclusion of non-cash straight-line ground lease expense, as this expense does not reflect the underlying performance of the related hotels.

The following table reconciles the Company’s GAAP net income to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands).

Hotels Owned

As of September 30, 2018, the Company owned 241 hotels with an aggregate of 30,754 rooms located in 34 states. The following tables summarize the number of hotels and rooms by brand and by state: