CBIZ, Inc. - Annual Report: 2018 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018

OR

For the transition period from                  to                 

Commission file number 1-32961

CBIZ, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

(216) 447-9000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes   ☐     No   ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    Yes   ☐     No   ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes   ☒     No   ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes   ☒     No   ☐

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.     ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).    Yes   ☐     No   ☒

The aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, computed by reference to the last sales price of such common stock as of the closing of trading on June 29, 2018, was approximately $1.2 billion.

The number of outstanding shares of the registrant’s common stock is 54,848,225 as of January 31, 2019.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

The registrant incorporates by reference in Part III hereof portions of its definitive Proxy Statement for its 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

CBIZ, INC.

ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018

Table of Contents

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Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 (the “Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“the Exchange Act”). All statements other than statements of historical fact included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K including, without limitation, “Business” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” regarding our financial position, business strategy and plans and objectives for future performance are forward-looking statements. You can identify these statements by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. Forward-looking statements are commonly identified by the use of such terms and phrases as “will,” “could,” “can,” “may,” “strive,” “hope,” “intend,” “believe,” “estimate,” “continue,” “plan,” “expect,” “project,” “anticipate,” “outlook,” “foreseeable future,” “seek” and words or phrases of similar import in connection with any discussion of future operating or financial performance. In particular, these include statements relating to future actions, future performance or results of current and anticipated services, sales efforts, expenses, and financial results.

From time to time, we may also provide oral or written forward-looking statements in other materials we release to the public. Any or all of our forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and in any other public statements that we make, are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected. Such forward-looking statements can be affected by inaccurate assumptions we might make or by known or unknown risks and uncertainties. Many factors mentioned in “Item 1A. Risk Factors” will be important in determining future results. Should one or more of these risks or assumptions materialize, or should the underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those anticipated, estimated or projected.

Consequently, no forward-looking statement can be guaranteed. Our actual future results may vary materially, and we undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. You are advised, however, to consult any further disclosures we make on related subjects in the quarterly, periodic and annual reports we file with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Also note that we provide cautionary discussion of risks, uncertainties and possibly inaccurate assumptions relevant to our businesses as discussed in Item 1 and Item 1A. These are factors that we think could cause our actual results to differ materially from expected and historical results. Other factors besides those described here could also adversely affect operating or financial performance.

The following text is qualified in its entirety by reference to the more detailed information and consolidated financial statements (including the notes thereto) appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this Annual Report to “we,” “our,” “us,” “CBIZ” or the “Company” shall mean CBIZ, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All references to years, unless otherwise noted, refer to our fiscal year which ends on December 31.

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PART I

Item 1. Business.

Introduction - We have been operating as a professional services business since 1996. We built our professional services business organically and through acquiring and integrating accounting and financial service providers, group health benefits consulting firms, property and casualty brokerage firms, retirement plan services firms, payroll service providers, and valuation and other service firms throughout the United States. We are listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “CBZ.”

We provide professional business services, products and solutions that help our clients grow and succeed by better managing their finances and employees. These services are provided to primarily small and midsized businesses (“SMB”), as well as individuals, governmental entities and not-for-profit enterprises throughout the United States. We also provide limited information technology services through our National Practices segment in the United States and parts of Canada. We deliver our integrated services through the following three practice groups: Financial Services, Benefits and Insurance Services, and National Practices.

We believe that our diverse and integrated service offerings result in advantages for both the client and for us. By providing custom solutions that help clients manage their finances and employees, we enable our clients to focus their resources on their own core business and operational competencies. Additionally, working with one provider for several solutions enables our clients to utilize their resources more efficiently by eliminating the need to coordinate with multiple service providers. The ability to combine several services and offer them through one trusted provider distinguishes us from other service providers.

Business Strategy - We strive to maximize shareholder value and believe this is accomplished through growth in revenue and earnings per share, as well as the strategic allocation and deployment of free cash-flow and capital resources.

Revenue - We believe revenue growth will be achieved through internal organic growth, cross-serving additional services to our existing clients, and targeted acquisitions. We expect to grow earnings per share by increasing revenue and achieving operating leverage through improved productivity and cost management. Each of these components is critical to the long-term growth strategy, and we expect each component to contribute to our long-term revenue growth.

Cash Flows and Capital Resources - Our strategy is to utilize capital resources for strategic initiatives that will optimize shareholder return. The highest priority for the utilization of capital is focused on strategic acquisitions. We also believe that repurchasing shares of our common stock is a use of cash that provides stockholder value. We may repurchase shares of our common stock when, after assessing capital needed to fund acquisitions and seasonal working capital needs, capital resources are available and such repurchases are accretive to stockholders.

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Business Services - We deliver our integrated services through three operating practice groups. A general description of services provided by each practice group is provided in the table below.

Practice Groups

Revenue by practice group for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 is provided in the table below (in thousands) along with a discussion of certain external relationships and regulatory factors that currently impact those practice groups.

Financial Services

The Financial Services practice group is divided into a Financial Services division, which represents the various accounting units spread geographically throughout the United States that provide core accounting services regionally, and a National Services division consisting of those units that provide their specialty services nationwide. Core accounting services consist mainly of accounting and tax compliance and consulting, while National Services consist primarily of federal and state governmental healthcare compliance, valuation services, real estate consulting and internal audit outsourcing. Both the Financial Services and National Services divisions report to the President of Financial Services.

Restrictions imposed by independence requirements and state accountancy laws and regulations preclude us from rendering audit and attest services (other than internal audit services). As such, we maintain joint-referral relationships and administrative service agreements (“ASAs”) with independent licensed Certified Public Accounting (“CPA”) firms (the “CPA firms”) under which audit and attest services may be provided to our clients by such CPA firms. These firms are owned by licensed CPAs, a vast majority of whom are also employed by our subsidiaries. Under these ASAs, we provide a range of services to the CPA firms, including (but not limited to): administrative functions such as office management, bookkeeping and accounting; preparing marketing and promotional materials; providing office space, computer equipment, systems support and administrative and professional staff. Services are performed in exchange for a fee.

Fees earned by us under the ASAs are recorded as revenue in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income and totaled approximately $154.0 million, $156.4 million and $144.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, a majority of which is related to services rendered to privately-held clients and governmental agencies. In the event that accounts receivable and unbilled work in process become uncollectible by the CPA firms, the service fee due to us is typically reduced on a proportional basis. The ASAs have terms ranging up to fifteen years, are renewable upon agreement by both parties, and have certain rights of extension and termination.

At December 31, 2018, we maintained ASAs with five CPA firms. Most of the members and/or stockholders of those CPA firms are also our employees, and we render services to the CPA firms as an independent contractor. One of our ASAs is with Mayer Hoffman McCann, P.C. (“Mayer Hoffman”), an independent national CPA firm headquartered in Kansas City, Missouri. Mayer Hoffman has 170 stockholders, the vast majority of whom are also our employees. Mayer Hoffman maintains an eight member board of directors. There are no board members of Mayer Hoffman who hold senior officer positions at CBIZ. Our association with Mayer Hoffman offers clients access to the multi-state resources and expertise of a national CPA firm. We also have an ASA with Myers and Stauffer LC (“MSLC”), an independent national governmental healthcare consulting firm headquartered in Kansas City, Missouri. MSLC has eleven equity members, all of whom are also our employees. MSLC maintains a five member executive committee, none of whom hold senior officer positions at CBIZ. Although the ASAs do not constitute control, we are one of the beneficiaries of the agreements and may bear certain economic risks. As such, the CPA firms with which we maintain ASAs qualify as variable interest entities. Refer to Note 1, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies, to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for further discussion.

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Benefits and Insurance Services

The Benefits and Insurance Services practice group operates under the President of Benefits and Insurance Services, who oversees the practice group, along with a senior management team aligned along functional, product, and unit management lines. The Benefits and Insurance Services group is organized along lines of services such as group health benefits consulting and brokerage, property and casualty brokerage, retirement plan advisory services, payroll services, human capital advisory services, actuarial services, life insurance and other services that serve local and regional clients with national resources.

The Benefits and Insurance Services practice group maintains relationships with many different insurance carriers. Some of these carriers have compensation arrangements with us whereby some portion of payments due may be contingent upon meeting certain performance goals, or upon our providing client services that would otherwise be provided by the carriers. These compensation arrangements are provided to us as a result of our performance and expertise, and may result in enhancing our ability to access certain insurance markets and services on behalf of our clients. The aggregate compensation related to these arrangements received during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was less than 2% of consolidated CBIZ revenue for the respective periods.

National Practices

Our National Practices group consists of two services; healthcare consulting and information technology. The healthcare consulting group serves hospitals and other healthcare providers, specializing in revenue management, reimbursement optimization and managed care contracting. The information technology service group has been serving one client in the United States and Canada for more than fifteen years.

Sales and Marketing - In 2018, CBIZ launched a major branding campaign targeted to business decision makers in order to increase awareness of CBIZ in the marketplace. The campaign utilized national cable television networks including CNN, FOX and MSNBC geographically focused on the markets we serve. The TV commercials were also promoted online through a multichannel digital advertising campaign.  Quantitative pre- and post- campaign research will be used to evaluate the success of the branding campaign.  

Overall, CBIZ marketing goals are focused on providing us with a consistent image while at the same time providing support, tools and resources for each practice and market to utilize within each of our distinct geographic and industry markets. Three key strategies are employed to accomplish these goals: (i) thought leadership, (ii) market segmentation, and (iii) sales/sales management process development. 

Our focus has been on developing marketing strategies that specifically support each of our major practice areas: Financial Services and Benefits and Insurance Services. In each of these segments, emphasis has been put on marketing technology that has the highest and most measurable return on investment, including enhanced targeted email campaigns, webinars, web lead generation, and an evolving web presence.

In order to capitalize on marketing technology, we have developed a robust initiative to engage our professionals in building online relationships and reputation through social media. We have also launched multiple targeted digital lead generation programs which help manage an online relationship from first touch through conversion.

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Clients - We provide professional services to over 90,000 clients, including over 50,000 business clients. By providing various professional services and administrative functions, we enable our clients to focus their resources on their own operational competencies. Reducing administrative functions allows clients to enhance productivity, reduce costs and improve service quality and efficiency by focusing on their core business. Depending on a client's size and capabilities, it may choose to utilize one, some or many of the diverse and integrated services offered by us.

Our clients represent a large variety of industries and markets, including many government agencies. We target SMB companies that have between 50 and 2,000 employees and annual revenues between $5.0 million and $200.0 million. Our largest client comprised less than 3% of our consolidated revenue in 2018 and is included in the National Practices operating practice group. Management believes that our client diversity helps insulate us from a downturn in a particular industry or geographic market. Nevertheless, economic conditions among select clients and groups of clients may have an impact on the demand for services provided by us.

Competition - The professional business services industry is highly fragmented and competitive, with a majority of industry participants, such as accounting, group health and welfare benefits consultants, payroll providers or professional service organizations, offering only a limited number of services. Competition is based primarily on client relationships, quality of professional advice, range and quality of services or product offerings, customer service, timeliness, geographic proximity, and competitive rates. We compete with a number of multi-location regional or national professional services firms and a large number of relatively small independent firms in local markets. Our competitors in the professional business services industry include, but are not limited to, independent consulting services companies, independent accounting and tax firms, payroll service providers, independent insurance brokers and divisions of diversified services companies.

Acquisitions and Divestitures - We seek to strengthen our operations and customer service capabilities by selectively acquiring businesses that expand our market position and strengthen our existing service offerings. In 2018, we completed three acquisitions and purchased one client list. We divest (through sale or closure) business operations that do not contribute to our long-term objectives for growth, or that are not complementary to our target service offerings and markets. In 2018, we sold a small office in the Financial Services practice group, as well as two books of business in the Benefits and Insurance practice group. For further discussion regarding acquisitions and divestitures, refer to Note 19, Acquisitions, and Note 20, Discontinued Operations and Divestitures, to the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Regulation - Our operations are subject to regulation by federal, state, local and professional governing bodies. Accordingly, our business services may be impacted by legislative changes by these bodies, particularly with respect to provisions relating to payroll, benefits administration and insurance services, pension plan administration and tax and accounting. We remain abreast of regulatory changes affecting our business, as these changes often affect clients’ activities with respect to employment, taxation, benefits, and accounting. For instance, changes in income, estate, or property tax laws may require additional consultation with clients subject to these changes to ensure their activities comply with revised regulations.

We are subject to industry regulation and changes, including changes in laws, regulations, and codes of ethics governing our accounting, insurance, valuation, registered investment advisory and broker-dealer operations, as well as in other industries, the interpretation of which may impact our operations.

We are subject to certain privacy and information security laws and regulations, including, but not limited to those under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, The Financial Modernization Act of 1999 (the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act), the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, and other provisions of federal and state laws which may restrict our operations and give rise to expenses related to compliance.

As a public company, we are subject to the provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 to reform the oversight of public company auditing, improve the quality and transparency of financial reporting by those companies and strengthen the independence of auditors.

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With respect to CPA firm clients that are required to file audited financial statements with the SEC, the SEC staff views us and the CPA firms with which we have contractual relationships as a single entity in applying independence rules established by the accountancy regulators and the SEC. Accordingly, we do not hold any financial interest in an SEC-reporting attest client of an associated CPA firm, enter into any business relationship with an SEC-reporting attest client that the CPA firm performing an audit could not maintain, or sell any non-audit services to an SEC-reporting attest client that the CPA firm performing an audit could not sell, under the auditor independence limitations set out in the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and other professional accountancy independence standards. Applicable professional standards generally permit us to provide additional services to privately-held companies in addition to those services which may be provided to SEC-reporting attest clients of an associated CPA firm. We and the CPA firms with which we are associated have implemented policies and procedures designed to enable us and the CPA firms to maintain independence and freedom from conflicts of interest in accordance with applicable standards. Given the policies set by us on our relationships with SEC-reporting attest clients of associated CPA firms, and the limited number and size of such clients, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 independence limitations do not, and are not expected to, materially affect our revenues.

The CPA firms with which we maintain ASAs may operate as limited liability companies, limited liability partnerships or professional corporations. The firms are separate legal entities with separate governing bodies and officers. Neither the existence of the ASAs nor the providing of services thereunder constitutes control of the CPA firms by us. The Company and the CPA firms maintain their own respective liability and risk of loss in connection with the performance of their respective services. Attest services are not permitted to be performed by any individual or entity that is not licensed to do so. We are not permitted to perform audits, reviews, compilations, or other attest services, do not contract to perform them and do not provide the associated attest reports. Given this legal prohibition and course of conduct, we do not believe it is likely that we would bear the risk of litigation losses related to attest services provided by the CPA firms. Although the ASAs do not constitute control, we are one of the beneficiaries of the agreements and may bear certain economic risks. As such, the CPA firms with which we maintain ASAs qualify as variable interest entities. Refer to Note 1, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies, to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for further discussion.

As of December 31, 2018, we believe we are in compliance with all governmental and professional organizations regulations relevant to the services we provide.

Liability Insurance - We carry insurance policies, including those for commercial general liability, automobile liability, property, crime, professional liability, directors’ and officers’ liability, fiduciary liability, employment practices liability and workers' compensation, subject to prescribed state mandates. Excess liability coverage is carried over the underlying limits provided by the commercial general liability, directors’ and officers’ liability, professional liability and automobile liability policies.

Employees - At December 31, 2018, we employed approximately 4,800 employees. We believe that we have a good relationship with our employees. A large number of our employees hold professional licenses or degrees. As a professional services company that differentiates itself from competitors through the quality and diversity of our service offerings, we believe that our employees are our most important asset. Accordingly, we strive to remain competitive as an employer while increasing the capabilities and performance of our employees.

Seasonality - A disproportionately large amount of our revenue occurs in the first half of the year. This is due primarily to accounting and tax services provided by our Financial Services practice group, which is subject to seasonality related to heavy volume in the first four months of the year. The Financial Services practice group generated nearly 40% of its revenue in the first four months of each of the past five years. In addition, nearly 50% of our annual earnings per share have been earned during the first quarter of each of the past five years. Like most professional service companies, most of our operating costs are relatively fixed in the short term, which generally results in higher operating margins in the first half of the year.

Available Information - Our principal executive office is located at 6050 Oak Tree Boulevard, South, Suite 500, Cleveland, Ohio 44131, and our telephone number is (216) 447-9000. Our website is located at https://www.cbiz.com. We make available, free of charge on our website, through the investor information page, our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after we file (or furnish) such reports with the SEC. In addition, the SEC maintains an Internet Website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information about us at https://www.sec.gov. Our corporate code of conduct and ethics and the charters of the Audit Committee, the Compensation Committee and the Nominating and Governance Committee of the Board of Directors are available on the investor information page of our website, referenced above, and in print to any shareholder who requests them.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.

The following factors may affect our actual operating and financial results and could cause results to differ materially from those in any forward-looking statements. You should carefully consider the following information.

We may be more sensitive to revenue fluctuations than other companies, which could result in fluctuations in the market price of our common stock. A substantial majority of our operating expenses, such as personnel and related costs and occupancy costs, are relatively fixed in the short term. As a result, we may not be able to quickly reduce costs in response to any decrease in revenue. This factor could cause our quarterly results to be lower than expectations of securities analysts and stockholders, which could result in a decline in the price of our common stock.

Payments on accounts receivable may be slower than expected, or amounts due on receivables or notes may not be fully collectible. Professional services firms often experience higher average accounts receivable days outstanding compared to many other industries, which may be magnified if the general economy worsens. If our collections become slower, our liquidity may be adversely impacted. We monitor the aging of receivables regularly and make assessments of the ability of customers to pay amounts due. We provide for potential bad debts and recognize additional reserves against bad debts as we deem it appropriate. Notwithstanding these measures, our customers may face unexpected circumstances that adversely impact their ability to pay their trade receivables or note obligations to us and we may face unexpected losses as a result.

We are dependent on the services of our executive officers and other key employees, the loss of any of whom may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our success depends in large part upon the abilities and continued services of our executive officers and other key employees, such as our business unit presidents. In the course of business operations, employees may resign and seek employment elsewhere. Certain principal employees, however, are bound in writing to agreements containing non-compete and other restrictive covenants barring competitive employment, client acceptance, and solicitation of employees for a period of between two and ten years following their resignation. We cannot assure you that we will be able to retain the services of our key personnel. If we cannot retain the services of key personnel, there could be a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. While we generally have contractual arrangements with key personnel that contain restrictive covenants, courts are at times reluctant to enforce such covenants. In addition, many of our executive officers and other key personnel are either participants in our 2014 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2014 Plan”), holders of a significant amount of our common stock, or receive other incentive-based compensation. We believe that these interests provide additional incentives for these key employees to remain with us. In order to support our growth, we intend to continue to effectively recruit, hire, train and retain additional qualified management personnel. Our inability to attract and retain necessary personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Restrictions imposed by independence requirements and conflict of interest rules may limit our ability to provide services to clients of the attest firms with which we have contractual relationships and the ability of such attest firms to provide attestation services to our clients. Restrictions imposed by independence requirements and state accountancy laws and regulations preclude us from rendering audit and other attest services (other than internal audit services). As such, we and our subsidiaries maintain joint-referral relationships and ASAs with independent licensed CPA firms under which audit and other attest services may be provided to our clients by such CPA firms. The CPA firms are owned by licensed CPAs, a vast majority of whom are employed by us.

Under these ASAs, we provide a range of services to the CPA firms, including: administrative functions such as office management, bookkeeping, and accounting; preparing marketing and promotion materials; providing office space, computer equipment, systems support and administrative and professional staff. Services are performed in exchange for a fee. Fees earned by us under the ASAs are recorded as revenue in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. In the event that accounts receivable and unbilled work in process become uncollectible by the CPA firms, the service fee due to us is typically reduced on a proportional basis.

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With respect to CPA firm clients that are required to file audited financial statements with the SEC, the SEC staff views us and the CPA firms with which we have contractual relationships as a single entity in applying independence rules established by the accountancy regulators and the SEC. Accordingly, we do not hold any financial interest in, nor do we enter into any business relationship with, an SEC-reporting attest client that the CPA firm performing an audit could not maintain; further, we do not sell any non-audit services to an SEC-reporting attest client that the CPA firm performing an audit could not sell under the auditor independence limitations set out in the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and other professional accountancy independence standards. SEC staff informed us that independence rules that apply to clients that receive attest services under SEC and Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (“PCAOB”) standards from such CPA firms would prohibit such clients from holding any common stock of CBIZ. However, applicable professional standards generally permit us to provide additional services to privately-held companies, in addition to those services which may be provided to SEC-reporting attest clients of a CPA firm. We and the CPA firms have implemented policies and procedures designed to enable us to maintain independence and freedom from conflicts of interest in accordance with applicable standards. Given the pre-existing limits set by us on our relationships with SEC-reporting attest clients of associated CPA firms, and the limited number and size of such clients, the imposition of independence limitations under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, SEC rule or interpretation, or PCAOB standards do not and are not expected to materially affect our revenues.

There can be no assurance that following the policies and procedures implemented by us and the CPA firms will enable us and the CPA firms to avoid circumstances that would cause us and them to lack independence from an SEC-reporting attest client; nor can there be any assurance that state, U.S. Government Accountability Office or U.S. Department Of Labor accountancy authorities will not impose additional restrictions on the profession. To the extent that the CPA firms for whom we provide administrative and other services are affected, we may experience a decline in fee revenue from these businesses as well as expenses related to addressing independence concerns. To date, revenues derived from providing services in connection with attestation engagements of the attest firms performed for SEC-reporting clients have not been material.

Our goodwill and other intangible assets could become impaired, which could lead to material non-cash charges against earnings. At December 31, 2018, the net carrying value of our goodwill and other intangible assets totaled $564.3 million and $72.7 million, respectively. In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other, we assess these assets, including client lists, to determine if there is any indication of impairment. Significant negative industry or economic trends, disruptions to our business, adverse changes resulting from new governmental regulations, divestitures and sustained market capitalization declines may result in recognition of impairments. Any impairment of goodwill or intangible assets would result in a non-cash charge against current earnings, which could lead to a material impact on our results of operations and statements of financial position.

Certain liabilities resulting from acquisitions are estimated and could lead to a material impact on earnings. Through our acquisition activities, we record liabilities for estimated future contingent earnout payments. The fair value of these liabilities is assessed on a quarterly basis and changes in assumptions used to determine the amount of the liability could lead to an adjustment that may have a material impact, favorable or unfavorable, on our results of operations.

Governmental regulations and interpretations are subject to changes, which could have a material adverse effect on revenue. Changes in laws and regulations, or the interpretation and application thereof, could result in changes in the amount or the type of business services required by businesses and individuals, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition. We cannot be sure that future laws and regulations will provide the same or similar opportunities for us to provide business consulting and management services to businesses and individuals. State insurance regulators have conducted inquiries to clarify the nature of compensation arrangements within the insurance brokerage industry. Future regulatory actions or laws, including tax laws and laws and regulations relating to the Affordable Care Act, may limit or eliminate our ability to enhance revenue through all current compensation arrangements and may result in a diminution of future insurance brokerage revenue from these sources. Accordingly, our ability to continue to operate in some states may depend on our flexibility to modify our operational structure in response to these changes in regulations.

Changes in the United States healthcare environment, including new healthcare legislation, may adversely affect the revenue and margins in our healthcare benefit businesses. Our employee benefits business, specifically our group health consulting and brokerage businesses, receives commissions for brokering employer-sponsored healthcare policies with insurance carriers on behalf of the client. In many cases, these commissions consist of a ratable portion of the insurance premiums on those policies, based upon a sliding scale pertaining to the dollar volume of premiums and/or the number of participants in the plan.

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Changes in the healthcare environment, including, but not limited to, any legislated changes in the United States’ national healthcare system, that affect the methods by which insurance carriers remunerate brokers, could adversely impact our revenues and margins in this business. Specifically, legislation or other changes could afford our clients and their employees the ability to seek insurance coverage through other means, including, but not limited to, direct access with insurance carriers or other similar avenues, which could eliminate or adversely alter the remuneration brokers receive from insurance carriers for their services.

Higher rates of unemployment in the United States could result in a general reduction in the number of individuals with employer-sponsored healthcare coverage. This decline in employee participation in healthcare insurance plans at our clients could result in a reduction in the commissions we receive from insurance carriers for our brokerage services, which could have an adverse impact on revenues and margins in this business.

We are subject to risks relating to processing customer transactions for our payroll and other transaction processing businesses. The high volume of client funds and data processed by us, or by our out-sourced resources abroad, in our transaction related businesses entails risks for which we may be held liable if the accuracy or timeliness of the transactions processed is not correct. In addition, related to our payroll and employee benefits businesses, we store personal information about some of our clients and their employees for which we may be liable under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act or other governmental regulations if the security of this information is breached. We could incur significant legal expense to defend any claims against us, even those claims without merit. While we carry insurance against these potential liabilities, we cannot be certain that circumstances surrounding such an error or breach of security would be entirely reimbursed through insurance coverage. We believe we have controls and procedures in place to address our fiduciary responsibility and mitigate these risks. However, if we are not successful in managing these risks, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be harmed.

Cyber-attacks or other security breaches involving our computer systems or the systems of one or more of our vendors could materially and adversely affect our business. Our systems, like others in the industries we serve, are vulnerable to cyber security risks, and we are subject to potential disruption caused by such activities. Corporations such as ours are subject to frequent attacks on their systems. Such attacks may have various goals, from seeking confidential information to causing operational disruption. Although to date such activities have not resulted in material disruptions to our operations or, to our knowledge, a material breach of any security or confidential information, no assurance can be provided that such disruptions or breach will not occur in the future. Any significant violations of data privacy could result in the loss of business, litigation, regulatory investigations, penalties, ongoing expenses related to client credit monitoring and support, and other expenses, any of which could damage our reputation and adversely affect the growth of our business. While we have deployed resources that are responsible for maintaining appropriate levels of cyber security, and while we utilize third-party technology products and services to help identify, protect, and remediate our information technology systems and infrastructure against security breaches and cyber-incidents, our responsive and precautionary measures may not be adequate or effective to prevent, identify, or mitigate attacks by hackers, foreign governments, or other actors or breaches caused by employee error, malfeasance, or other disruptions. We are also dependent on security measures that some of our third-party vendors and customers are taking to protect their own systems and infrastructures. If our third-party vendors do not maintain adequate security measures, do not require their sub-contractors to maintain adequate security measures, do not perform as anticipated and in accordance with contractual requirements, or become targets of cyber-attacks, we may experience operational difficulties and increased costs, which could materially and adversely affect our business.

We are subject to risk as it relates to software that we license from third parties. We license software from third parties, much of which is integral to our systems and our business. The licenses are generally terminable if we breach our obligations under the license agreements. If any of these relationships were terminated or if any of these parties were to cease doing business or cease to support the applications we currently utilize, we may be forced to spend significant time and money to replace the licensed software. However, we cannot assure you that the necessary replacements will be available on reasonable terms, if at all.

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We could be held liable for errors and omissions. All of our business services entail an inherent risk of malpractice and other similar claims resulting from errors and omissions. Therefore, we maintain errors and omissions insurance coverage. Although we believe that our insurance coverage is adequate, we cannot be certain that actual future claims or related legal expenses would not exceed the coverage amounts. In addition, we cannot be certain that the different insurance carriers which provide errors and omissions coverage for different lines of our business will not dispute their obligation to cover a particular claim. If we have a large claim, or a large number of claims, on our insurance, the rates for such insurance may increase, and amounts expended in defense or settlement of these claims prior to exhaustion of deductible or self-retention levels may become significant, but contractual arrangements with clients may constrain our ability to incorporate such increases into service fees. Insurance rate increases, disputes by carriers over coverage questions, payments by us within deductible or self-retention limits, as well as any underlying claims or settlement of such claims, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are not a CPA firm and we do not perform any attest services for clients. We do not maintain any ownership interest in or control over any CPA firm with which one of our subsidiaries may maintain an ASA. All of our administrative and professional staff who are provided to such CPA firms work under the sole direction, supervision and control of the particular CPA firm, and we do not control how attest work is conducted. For these reasons we do not believe we have liability to any party related to their receipt of attest services from such CPA firms. Nevertheless, from time to time we have been sued for attest work that we do not perform but which is performed by such CPA firms. While we have been successful to date in defending against such suits, it is possible that similar claims may be brought in the future. We will be required to defend against such claims, and may incur expenses related to such lawsuits and may not be successful in defending against such lawsuits. In the event that the CPA firms with which we maintain ASAs incur judgments and costs related to such suits that threaten the solvency of the CPA firms, we may incur expenditures related to such proceedings.

The future issuance of additional shares could adversely affect the price of our common stock. Future sales or issuances of common stock, including those related to the uses described below, or the perception that sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock and dilute the percentage ownership held by our stockholders. We have authorized 250 million shares of common stock, and have approximately 54.8 million shares of common stock outstanding at January 31, 2019. A substantial number of these shares have been issued in connection with acquisitions. As part of many acquisition transactions, shares are contractually restricted from sale for a one-year period, and as of January 31, 2019, approximately 0.2 million shares of our common stock were under lock-up contractual restrictions that expire by December 31, 2019. We cannot be sure when sales by holders of our stock will occur, how many shares will be sold or the effect that sales may have on the market price of our common stock.

Our principal stockholders may have substantial control over our operations. Our stockholders that beneficially own (within the meaning of Rule 13d-3 of the Exchange Act) significant percentages of our common stock relative to other individual stockholders may exert substantial influence over actions that require the consent of a majority of our outstanding shares, including the election of directors. Our share repurchase activities may result in increased ownership percentages of these individuals and therefore increase the influence they may exert, if they do not participate in these share repurchase transactions or otherwise dispose of their common stock.

We require a significant amount of cash for interest payments on our debt and to expand our business as planned. At December 31, 2018, our debt consisted primarily of $135.5 million in principal amount outstanding under our $400 million unsecured credit facility (as amended and restated the “2018 credit facility” or the “credit facility”). Our debt requires us to dedicate a portion of our cash flow from operations to pay interest on our indebtedness, thereby reducing the funds available to use for acquisitions, capital expenditures and general corporate purposes. Our ability to make interest payments on our debt, and to fund acquisitions, will depend upon our ability to generate cash in the future. Insufficient cash flow could place us at risk of default under our debt agreements or could prevent us from expanding our business as planned. Our ability to generate cash is subject to general economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory and other factors that are beyond our control. Our business may not generate sufficient cash flow from operations and future borrowings may not be available to us under our credit facility in an amount sufficient to enable us to fund our other liquidity needs. Volatility in interest rates from monetary policy or economic conditions could increase expenses, cause uncertainty and impact our ability to pay interest on our indebtedness. Refer to Item 7A, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk, for further information regarding interest rate risk.

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The interest rates under our 2018 credit facility and related interest rate swaps may be impacted by the phase-out of LIBOR. The London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”), is the basic rate of interest used in lending between banks on the London interbank market and is widely used as a reference for setting the interest rates on loans globally. We generally use LIBOR as a reference rate to calculate interest rates under our credit facility. In 2017, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority, which regulates LIBOR, announced that it intends to phase out LIBOR by the end of 2021. It is unclear if LIBOR will cease to exist at that time or if new methods of calculating LIBOR will be established such that it continues to exist after 2021. The U.S. Federal Reserve, in conjunction with the Alternative Reference Rates Committee, a steering committee comprised of large U.S. financial institutions, is considering replacing U.S. dollar LIBOR with a new index, the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”), calculated using short-term repurchase agreements backed by Treasury securities. SOFR is observed and backward looking, unlike LIBOR under the current methodology, which is an estimated forward-looking rate and relies, to some degree, on the expert judgment of submitting panel members. Given that SOFR is a secured rate backed by government securities, it will be a rate that does not take into account bank credit risk (as is the case with LIBOR). SOFR also may be more volatile than LIBOR. Whether or not SOFR, or another alternative reference rate, attains market traction as a LIBOR replacement tool remains in question. If LIBOR ceases to exist, we may need to amend our 2018 credit facility and related interest rate swaps to replace LIBOR with an agreed upon replacement index, and certain of the interest rates under our 2018 credit facility may change. The new rates may not be as favorable to us as those in effect prior to any LIBOR phase-out. We may also find it desirable to engage in more frequent interest rate hedging transactions.

Terms of our credit facility may adversely affect our ability to run our business and/or reduce stockholder returns. The terms of our credit facility, as well as the guarantees of our subsidiaries, could impair our ability to operate our business effectively and may limit our ability to take advantage of business opportunities. For example, our credit facility may (i) restrict our ability to repurchase or redeem our capital stock or debt, or merge or consolidate with another entity; (ii) limit our ability to borrow additional funds or to obtain other financing in the future for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, investments and general corporate purposes; (iii) limit our ability to dispose of our assets, to create liens on our assets, to extend credit or to issue dividends to our stockholders; and (iv) make us more vulnerable to economic downturns and reduce our flexibility in responding to changing business and economic conditions.

Our failure to satisfy covenants in our debt instruments could cause a default under those instruments. Our debt instruments include a number of covenants relating to financial ratios and tests. Our ability to comply with these covenants may be affected by events beyond our control, including prevailing economic, financial and industry conditions. The breach of any of these covenants could result in a default under these instruments. An event of default would permit our lenders and other debt holders to declare all amounts borrowed from them to be due and payable, together with accrued and unpaid interest. If the lenders accelerate the repayment of borrowings, we may not have sufficient assets to repay our debt.

We are reliant on information processing systems and any failure or disruptions of these systems could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our ability to provide business services depends on our capacity to store, retrieve, process and manage significant databases, and expand and upgrade periodically our information processing capabilities. Interruption or loss of our information processing capabilities through loss of stored data, breakdown or malfunctioning of computer equipment and software systems, telecommunications failure, or damage caused by extreme weather conditions, electrical power outage, geopolitical events, or other disruption could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Although we have disaster recovery procedures in place and insurance to protect against such contingencies, we cannot be sure that insurance or these services will continue to be available, cover all our losses or compensate us for the possible loss of clients occurring during any period that we are unable to provide business services.

We may not be able to acquire and finance additional businesses which may limit our ability to pursue our business strategy. We acquired three businesses and one client list during 2018, and maintain a healthy pipeline of potential businesses for acquisition. Targeted acquisitions are part of our growth strategy, and it is our intention to selectively acquire businesses or client lists that are complementary to existing service offerings in our target markets. However, we cannot be certain that we will be able to continue identifying appropriate acquisition candidates and acquire them on satisfactory terms, and we cannot be assured that such acquisitions, even if completed, will perform as expected or will contribute significant synergies, revenues or profits. In addition, we may also face increased competition for acquisition opportunities, which may inhibit our ability to complete transactions on terms that are favorable to us. As discussed above, there are certain provisions under our credit facility that may limit our ability to acquire additional businesses. In the event that we are not in compliance with certain covenants as specified in our credit facility, we could be restricted from making acquisitions, restricted from borrowing funds from our credit facility for other uses, or required to pay down the outstanding balance on the line of credit. However, management believes that funds available under the credit facility, along with cash generated from operations, will be sufficient to meet our liquidity needs, including planned acquisition activity in the foreseeable future. To the extent we are unable to find suitable acquisition candidates, an important component of our growth strategy may not be realized.

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The business services industry is competitive and fragmented. If we are unable to compete effectively, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be negatively impacted. We face competition from a number of sources in the business services industry. Many of our competitors are large companies that may have greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources. Our principal competitors include financial and management consulting firms, the consulting practices of major accounting firms, local and regional business services companies, independent contractors, the in-house or former in-house resources of our clients, as well as new entrants into our markets. We cannot assure you that, as our industry continues to evolve, additional competitors will not enter the industry or that our clients will not choose to conduct more of their business services internally or through alternative business services providers. Although we intend to monitor industry trends and respond accordingly, we cannot assure you that we will be able to anticipate and successfully respond to such trends in a timely manner. We cannot be certain that we will be able to effectively compete against current and future competitors, or that competitive pressure will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

There is volatility in our stock price. The market for our common stock has, from time to time, experienced price and volume fluctuations. Factors such as announcements of variations in our quarterly financial results and fluctuations in revenue, as well as the expectations of stockholders and securities analysts regarding the ability of our business to grow and achieve certain revenue or profitability targets, could cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate significantly. In addition, the stock market in general has experienced volatility that often has been unrelated to the operating performance of companies such as ours. These broad market and industry fluctuations may adversely affect the price of our stock, regardless of our operating performance.

Given our levels of share-based compensation, our tax rate may vary significantly depending on our stock price. We apply FASB Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718) - Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting under which the tax effects of the accounting for share-based compensation may significantly impact our effective tax rate from period to period. In periods in which our stock price is higher than the grant date fair value of the share-based compensation vesting or exercises in that period, we will recognize excess tax benefits that will decrease our effective tax rate. For example, in 2018 and 2017, the excess tax benefit recognized from share-based compensation decreased our provision for income taxes by $3.3 million and $3.8 million, respectively. In future periods in which our stock price is lower than the grant price of the share-based compensation vesting in that period, our effective tax rate may increase. The amount and value of share-based compensation issued relative to our earnings in a particular period will also affect the magnitude of the impact of share-based compensation on our effective tax rate. These tax effects are dependent on our stock price and exercise activity, which we do not control, and a decline in our stock price could significantly increase our effective tax rate and adversely affect our financial results.

We may be subject to the actions of activist shareholders. Our Board of Directors and management team are committed to acting in the best interest of all of our shareholders. We value constructive input from investors and regularly engage in dialogue with our shareholders regarding strategy and performance. Activist shareholders who disagree with the composition of the Board of Directors, our strategy or the way the Company is managed may seek to effect change through various strategies and channels. Responding to shareholder activism can be costly and time-consuming, disrupt our operations, and divert the attention of management and our employees from our strategic initiatives. Activist campaigns can create perceived uncertainties as to our future direction, strategy, or leadership and may result in the loss of potential business opportunities, harm our ability to attract new employees, investors, and customers, and cause our stock price to experience periods of volatility or stagnation.

Changes in accounting policies, standards, and interpretations could materially affect how we report our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. The FASB, regulatory agencies, and other bodies that establish accounting standards periodically change the financial accounting and reporting standards governing the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. Additionally, those bodies that establish and interpret the accounting standards (such as the FASB and the SEC) may change prior interpretations or positions on how these standards should be applied. These changes can be difficult to predict and can materially affect how we record and report our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. In unusual circumstances, we could be required to retroactively apply a new or revised standard, resulting in changes to previously reported financial results.

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Rapid technological changes could significantly impact our competitive position, client relationships and operating results. The professional business services industry has been and continues to be impacted by significant technological changes, enabling companies to offer services competitive with ours. Many of those technological changes are (i) reducing demand for our services, (ii) enabling the development of competitive products or services, or (iii) enabling our current customers to reduce or bypass the use of our services. Additionally, rapid changes in artificial intelligence and block chain-based technology are increasing the competitiveness landscape. We may not be successful in anticipating or responding to these changes and demand for our services could be further reduced by advanced technologies being deployed by our competitors. The effort to gain technological expertise and develop new technologies in our business may require us to incur significant expenses. In some cases, we depend on key vendors and partners to provide technology and other support. If these third parties fail to perform their obligations or cease to work with us, our ability to execute on our strategic initiatives could be adversely affected.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

None.

Item 2. Properties.

Our corporate headquarters are located at 6050 Oak Tree Boulevard, South, Suite 500, Cleveland, Ohio 44131, in leased premises. We lease more than 100 offices in 32 states and believe that our current facilities are sufficient for our current needs.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

Refer to Note 12, Commitments and Contingencies, to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for information on legal proceedings, which is incorporated by reference herein.  

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Market Information for Common Stock - Our common stock is traded on the NYSE under the trading symbol “CBZ.”

Holders of Record - The approximate number of holders of our common stock based on record ownership as of December 31, 2018 was 2,200 holders.

Dividends - Historically, we have not paid cash dividends on our common stock and do not anticipate paying cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Refer to Note 9, Debt and Financing Arrangements, to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for information relating to restrictions on declaring or making dividend payments under our 2018 credit facility.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities - During the year ended December 31, 2018, we issued approximately 0.2 million shares of our common stock as payment for contingent consideration for acquisitions that occurred prior to 2018. The above referenced shares were issued in transactions not involving a public offering in reliance on the exemption from registration afforded by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act. The persons to whom the shares were issued had access to full information about the Company and represented that they acquired the shares for their own account and not for the purpose of distribution. The certificates for the shares contain a restrictive legend advising that the shares may not be offered for sale, sold, or otherwise transferred without having first been registered under the Securities Act or pursuant to an exemption from the Securities Act.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities - In 2018, we repurchased approximately 0.8 million shares of our common stock at a total cost of approximately $15.6 million, which does not include the purchase of shares withheld for tax purposes under the 2014 Plan. On February 6, 2019, our Board of Directors authorized the continuation of the Share Repurchase Program, which has been renewed annually for the past fifteen years. It is effective beginning April 1, 2019, to which the amount of shares to be purchased will be reset to 5 million, and will expire one year from the effective date. Refer to Note 14, Common Stock, to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for further information relating to the Share Repurchase Program.

Performance Graph - The graph below matches the cumulative five-year total return of holders of CBIZ, Inc.’s common stock with the cumulative total returns of the S&P 500 index, the Russell 2000 index and a customized peer group of five companies that includes: Brown & Brown, Inc., H & R Block, Inc., Paychex, Inc., Resources Connection, Inc. and Willis Towers Watson Plc. The graph assumes that the value of the investment in our common stock, in each index, and in the peer group (including reinvestment of dividends) was $100 on 12/31/2013 and tracks it through 12/31/2018.

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Fiscal year ending December 31.

Copyright© 2019 Standard & Poor's, a division of S&P Global. All rights reserved.

Copyright© 2019 Russell Investment Group. All rights reserved.

The stock price performance included in this graph is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.

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Item 6. Selected Financial Data.

The following table presents our selected historical financial data. The information set forth below should be read in conjunction with Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and the accompanying consolidated financial statements and notes thereto, which are included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations relates to, and should be read in conjunction with, our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report. In addition to historical information, this discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions, which could cause actual results to differ materially from management’s expectations. Please see the sections of this report entitled “Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors.”

Executive Summary

Financial Year in Review - Revenue of $922.0 million in 2018 grew $66.7 million, or 7.8%, from revenue of $855.3 million in 2017. Same-unit revenue improved by $40.2 million, or 4.7%, while acquisitions contributed $26.5 million to revenue, or 3.1%. A detailed discussion of revenue by practice group is included under “Operating Practice Groups.” Income from continuing operations in 2018 increased $10.5 million, or 20.7%, to $61.6 million from $51.0 million in 2016. Refer to “Results of Operations - Continuing Operations” for a detailed discussion of the components of income from continuing operations. Earnings per diluted share from continuing operations were $1.09 in 2018, compared to $0.92 in 2017, with a fully diluted weighted average share count of 56.5 million shares in 2018, compared to 55.7 million shares in 2017.

Strategic Use of Capital - Our first priority for the use of capital is to make strategic acquisitions. We completed three acquisitions in 2018; Laurus Transaction Advisors, LLC (“Laurus”), InR Advisory Services, LLC (“InR”) and Sequoia Institutional Services (“Sequoia”). We also purchased one client list, which was recorded in the Financial Services practice group. Annualized revenue for these acquisitions is estimated to be approximately $11.0 million. Refer to Note 19, Acquisitions, to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for further discussion on acquisitions.

We also have the financing flexibility and the capacity to take an opportunistic approach towards share repurchases. We believe that repurchasing shares of our common stock is a prudent use of our financial resources, and that investing in our stock is an attractive use of capital and an efficient means to provide value to our shareholders. We repurchased 0.8 million shares of our common stock at a total cost of approximately $15.6 million in 2018, 1.2 million shares at a total cost of approximately $18.3 million in 2017 and 0.8 million shares at a total cost of approximately $7.8 million in 2016. Refer to Note 14, Common Stock, to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for further discussion on the Share Repurchase Program.

Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Tax Act”) - The Tax Act permanently reduced the corporate federal income tax rate from 35% to 21% beginning in 2018. Our effective tax rate was 22.9% in 2018, compared to 31.3% in 2017. Refer to Note 8, Income Taxes, for additional information on our provision for income taxes.

Adoption of Revenue from Contracts with Customers - On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” (“Topic 606”) and all of the related amendments. Refer to Note 1, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies, and Note 2, Revenue, to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for further discussion on Topic 606.

Debt and Financing Arrangements - On April 3, 2018, we amended and restated our $400.0 million unsecured credit facility. The 2018 credit facility (i) amends the previous credit facility, (ii) extends the maturity date from 2019 to 2023, (iii) continues to provide for a $400.0 million revolving loan commitment, (iv) improves our borrowing margin and (v) increases the flexibility of certain covenant baskets, as compared to the previous credit facility. On August 16, 2018, we entered into an unsecured $20.0 million line of credit (the “line of credit”). Refer to Note 6, Financial Instruments, and Note 9, Debt and Financing Arrangements, to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for further discussion regarding investments and our debt and financing arrangements.

Accomplishments and Other Events

National Marketing Campaign - We launched a national marketing campaign in the third quarter of 2018 using television, digital and online advertisements in our major markets throughout the United States. It was designed to create brand awareness with prospective clients, as well as with target companies and potential new hires. The campaign concluded at the end of 2018, but will commence again in the Spring and Fall of 2019.

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Workplace Awards - In 2018, we were honored and recognized for 52 various national and local market awards. A sample of the awards won include;

Results of Operations — Continuing Operations

We provide professional business services that help clients manage their finances and employees. We deliver our integrated services through the following three practice groups: Financial Services, Benefits and Insurance Services and National Practices. A description of these groups’ operating results and factors affecting their businesses is provided below.

Same-unit revenue represents total revenue adjusted to reflect comparable periods of activity for acquisitions and divestitures. For example, for a business acquired on July 1, 2017, revenue for the period January 1, 2018 through June 30, 2018 would be reported as revenue from acquired businesses; same-unit revenue would include revenue for the periods July 1 through December 31 of both years. Divested operations represent operations that did not meet the criteria for treatment as discontinued operations. Those businesses that have met the requirements to be treated as a discontinued operation are eliminated from continuing operations for all periods presented below.

Revenue

The following table summarizes total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:

A detailed discussion of same-unit revenue by practice group is included under “Operating Practice Groups.”

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Non-qualified Deferred Compensation Plan - We sponsor a non-qualified deferred compensation plan, under which a CBIZ employee’s compensation deferral is held in a rabbi trust and invested accordingly as directed by the employee. Income and expenses related to the deferred compensation plan are included in “Operating expenses,” “Gross margin” and “Corporate General & Administrative expenses” and are directly offset by deferred compensation gains or losses in “Other (expense) income, net” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The deferred compensation plan has no impact on “Income from continuing operations before income tax expense” or diluted earnings per share from continuing operations.

Operating Expenses

The following table presents our operating expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:

2018 compared to 2017 - The majority of our operating expenses relate to personnel costs, which includes (i) salaries and benefits, (ii) commissions paid to producers (iii) incentive compensation and (iv) share-based compensation. Our operating expenses increased by $34.7 million, but decreased to 85.7% of revenue from 88.3% of revenue for the prior year. Personnel costs increased $44.8 million, or 7.7%, to support our growth in revenue, with acquisitions contributing approximately $15.0 million to personnel costs. Personnel costs and other operating expenses are discussed in further detail under “Operating Practice Groups.”

The deferred compensation plan reduced operating expenses by $4.5 million in 2018, but increased operating expenses by $10.9 million in 2017. Excluding the impact of the deferred compensation plan, operating expenses would have been $794.8 million, or 86.2% of revenue, in 2018 compared to $744.7 million, or 87.1%, in 2017.

2017 compared to 2016 - Our operating expenses increased by $57.9 million, or 8.3%, in 2017 compared to 2016, and increased to 88.3% of revenue from 87.2% of revenue for the prior year. Personnel costs increased $45.2 million, or 8.4%, to support our growth in revenue, with acquisitions contributing approximately $22.3 million to personnel costs. The deferred compensation plan increased operating expenses by $10.9 million and $4.6 million in 2017 and 2016, respectively. Excluding this item, operating expenses would have been $744.7 million, or 87.1% of revenue, in 2017 compared to $693.2 million, or 86.7%, in 2016.

Corporate General & Administrative Expenses

The following table presents our Corporate General & Administrative (“G&A”) expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:

2018 compared to 2017 - Our G&A expenses increased by approximately $5.9 million, or 17.7%, in 2018 compared to 2017, and increased to 4.2% of revenue from 3.9% of revenue for the prior year. Personnel costs increased $3.7 million, or 20.5%, mainly due to an increase in incentive-based compensation. An increase in marketing expenses of approximately $1.6 million, mostly attributable to the national marketing campaign, also contributed to the increase in G&A expenses. The deferred compensation plan reduced G&A expenses by $0.4 million in 2018, but increased G&A expenses by $1.2 million in 2017. Excluding the impact of the deferred compensation plan, G&A expenses would have been $39.6 million, or 4.3% of revenue, in 2018 compared to $32.1 million, or 3.8%, in 2017.

2017 compared to 2016 - Our G&A expenses decreased by approximately $3.0 million, or 8.3%, in 2017 compared to 2016, and decreased to 3.9% of revenue from 4.6% of revenue for the prior year. Personnel costs decreased $2.0 million, or 9.8%, mainly due to a decrease in incentive-based compensation, as well as a decrease of $0.7 million in professional fees related to legal fees incurred. The deferred compensation increased G&A expenses by $1.2 million and $0.7 million in 2017 and 2016, respectively. Excluding these items, G&A expenses would have been $32.1 million, or 3.8% of revenue, in 2017 compared to $35.6 million, or 4.5% of revenue, in 2016.

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Other (Expense) Income, net

The following table present our other (expense) income, net for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:

Interest Expense - Our primary financing arrangement is the 2018 credit facility. Interest expense was $6.6 million in 2018, compared to $6.7 million in 2017. Our average debt balance and interest rate was $182.3 million and 3.08%, respectively, in 2018 compared to $205.3 million and 2.72%, respectively, in 2017. Interest expense was $6.6 million in 2016 with an average debt balance and interest rate of $234.5 million and 2.43%, respectively. Our debt is further discussed in Note 9, Debt and Financing Arrangements, to the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Gain on Sale of Operations, net - In 2018, we sold a small office in the Financial Services practice group, along with two small books of business, both in the Benefits and Insurance practice group. We sold one small book of business in the Financial Services practice group in 2017 and two small books of business in the Benefits and Insurance practice group in 2016.

Other (Expense) Income, net - The majority of “Other (expense) income, net” consists of net gains and losses associated with the value of the deferred compensation plan as discussed above in footnote 1, as well as net adjustments to the fair value of our contingent purchase price liability related to prior acquisitions. Other expense of $7.1 million in 2018 consisted of a $4.9 million net loss related to the deferred compensation plan, as well as a $2.6 million net adjustment increase to the fair value of our contingent purchase price liability. Other income of $14.5 million in 2017 consisted of a net gain of $12.1 million related to the deferred compensation plan and a $1.5 million net adjustment decrease to the fair value of our contingent purchase price liability. Other income of $7.0 million in 2016 consisted of a net gain of $5.3 million related to the deferred compensation plan, as well as a $1.0 million net adjustment decrease to the fair value of our contingent purchase price liability.

Income Tax Expense

The following table presents our income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:

We recorded income tax expense from continuing operations of $18.3 million in 2018, $23.3 million in 2017 and $26.4 million in 2016. Our effective tax rate for those same periods was 22.9%, 31.3% and 39.4%, respectively. We recognized a reduction in our income tax expense from continuing operations of $3.3 million and $3.8 million, respectively, in 2018 and 2017, due to ASU 2016-09, Stock Compensation. We also recognized a reduction in our income tax expense from continuing operations of $9.4 million and $2.5 million, respectively, in 2018 and 2017 due to the Tax Act. Refer to Note 8, Income Taxes, for additional information on our provision for income taxes.

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GAAP RECONCILIATION

Income from Continuing Operations to Non-GAAP Financial Measures (1)

Operating Practice Groups

We deliver our integrated services through three practice groups: Financial Services, Benefits and Insurance Services and National Practices. A description of these groups’ operating results and factors affecting their businesses is provided below.

Financial Services

2018 compared to 2017 - The Financial Services practice group revenue in 2018 grew by 11.2% to $600.9 million from $540.3 million in 2017, reflecting same-unit growth of $38.2 million, or 7.1%, driven by those units that provide traditional accounting and tax-related services, which increased by $19.5 million, or 5.6%, as well as those units that provide national services, which increased by $18.7 million, or 9.2%. Traditional accounting and tax-related services growth was attributable to favorable pricing and an increase in billable hours. National services benefited from both project work and growth in the governmental health care compliance business, as well as growth in the advisory business. The acquisition of CMF Associates, L.L.C. (“CMF”), Laurus, and McKay & Carnahan, Inc. (“McKay”) provided incremental revenue of $22.6 million. We provide a range of services to affiliated CPA firms under ASAs. Fees earned under the ASAs are recorded as revenue in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income and were $154.0 million and $156.4 million in 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Operating expenses increased by $40.6 million in 2018, but decreased to 84.6% of revenue from 86.6% of revenue for the prior year, primarily due to leveraging personnel costs and other operating expenses with the increase in revenue. Personnel costs increased by $35.3 million, or 9.3%, with acquisitions contributing approximately $12.6 million to personnel costs in 2018. Travel costs attributable to the growth in our advisory business also contributed to the increase in operating expenses. Travel-related costs increased by $3.2 million, or 17.7%.  

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2017 compared to 2016 - The Financial Services practice group revenue in 2017 grew by 7.8% to $540.3 million from $501.3 million in 2016. The acquisition of CMF, The Seff Group, P.C. (“Seff”) and, McKay provided incremental revenue of $20.6 million. Same-unit growth of $18.3 million, or 3.6%, was driven by those units that provide traditional accounting and tax-related services, which increased by $9.2 million, or 3.0%, as well as those units that provide national services, which increased by $8.4 million, or 5.1%, due to the same factors as discussed above in the “2018 compared to 2017” section. Operating expenses increased by $35.8 million in 2017, and increased to 86.6% of revenue from 86.2% of revenue for the prior year. To support growth in our revenue in 2017, personnel costs increased by $29.3 million, driven by an increase in headcount. Acquisitions contributed $13.4 million to the increase in personnel costs in 2017.

Benefits and Insurance Services

2018 compared to 2017 - The Benefits and Insurance Services practice group revenue in 2018 grew by 1.6% to $288.4 million from $283.9 million in 2017, primarily driven by $4.1 million of incremental revenue from the acquisition of InR, Slaton Insurance (“Slaton”), Sequoia, and Pacific Coastal Pension and Insurance Services, Inc. (“Pacific Coastal”). Same-unit revenue increased slightly by $0.5 million, or 0.2%, in 2018 driven by growth in our property and casualty group, slightly offset by declines in our employee benefits group and retirement plan services. The property and casualty group also benefited by nearly $1.0 million from the adoption of Topic 606. Revenue within this business unit is recognized on the effective date of the insurance policy under Topic 606, compared to the legacy standard in which revenue was recognized as of (i) the later of the effective date of the insurance policy or the date billed to the customer (agency billing arrangements) and (ii) when the data necessary from the carriers was available (direct billing arrangements). Topic 606 is discussed in further detail in Note 1, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies, and Note 2, Revenue, to the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Operating expenses increased by $3.3 million in 2018 due to personnel costs which increased by $3.3 million, or 1.9%, primarily due to acquisitions, as well as an increase in the hiring of sales production staff.

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2017 compared to 2016 - The Benefits and Insurance Services practice group revenue in 2017 grew by 6.1% to $283.9 million from $267.6 million in 2016, driven by $17.4 million of incremental revenue from the acquisition of Flex-Pay Business Services, Inc. (“Flex-Pay”), The Savitz Organization (“Savitz”), Pacific Coastal, Actuarial Consultants, Inc. (“ACI”) and Slaton. The same-unit revenue decrease of 0.4% in 2017 was primarily attributable to fewer recruiting projects in our human capital services group as well as a decline in non-recurring revenue in our life and wholesale insurance services group, which tends to be transactional. Excluding these service groups, same-unit revenue growth from our core benefits and insurance services would have been 0.3%. Operating expenses increased by $12.8 million in 2017, but decreased as a percentage of revenue to 83.2% of revenue from 83.5% of revenue for the prior year. Personnel costs increased by $11.4 million primarily due to the acquisitions as discussed above. Excluding acquisitions, personnel costs increased $2.4 million.

National Practices

Revenue growth in this practice group was primarily driven by our cost-plus contract with a single client, which has existed since 1999. The cost-plus contract is a five year contract with the most recent renewal through December 31, 2023. Revenues from this single client accounted for nearly 75% of the National Practice group’s revenue. Operating expenses have increased mainly due to an increase in salaries and benefits.

Liquidity AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

The following table is derived from our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (in thousands):

We generate strong cash flows from operations and have access to a $400 million credit facility which enables us to fund investments and operating projects that are designed to optimize shareholder return. Cash flows from operations and available capital resources allow us to make strategic acquisitions, repurchase shares of our common stock when accretive to shareholders, meet working capital needs, and service our debt. Generally we maintain low levels of cash and apply any available cash to pay down our outstanding debt balance. Due to the seasonal nature of the Financial Services practice group’s accounting and tax services in the first four months of the fiscal year, we historically generate much of our cash flows during the last three quarters of the fiscal year.

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Our working capital management primarily relates to trade accounts receivable, accounts payable, incentive-based compensation and other assets which consists of other receivables typically related to tenant improvement allowances within our portfolio of over 100 office leases. At any specific point in time, working capital is subject to many variables, including seasonality and the timing of cash receipts and payments, most notably in the timing of insurance premiums to the carriers within our Benefits and Insurance practice group. We have restricted cash on deposit from clients in connection with the pass-through of insurance premiums to the carrier with the related liability for these funds recorded in “Accounts payable” in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Accounts receivable balances increase in response to the increase in revenue generated by the Financial Services practice group during the first four months of the year. A significant amount of this revenue is billed and collected in subsequent quarters. Days sales outstanding (“DSO”) from continuing operations represent accounts receivable and unbilled revenue (net of realization adjustments) at the end of the period, divided by trailing twelve months daily revenue. We experienced a decrease in DSO to 70 days in 2018 from 73 days in 2017, mainly due to increased management of collection efforts. We provide DSO data because such data is commonly used as a performance measure by analysts and investors and as a measure of our ability to collect on receivables in a timely manner.

Cash Provided by Operating Activities

2018 compared to 2017 - Cash flow from operating activities generated cash of $105.2 million during 2018 and consisted of net income of $61.6 million, adjusted for certain non-cash items, such as depreciation and amortization expense of $23.7 million and share-based compensation expense of $6.9 million, as well as a working capital source of cash of $5.1 million. The $28.2 million increase in cash provided by operating activities in 2018 compared to 2017 was primarily due to an increase in net income of $11.2 million, a net increase in cash from working capital of $11.2 million and a net increase in the adjustment to the contingent earnout liability of $4.1 million.

2017 compared to 2016 - Cash flow from operating activities generated cash of $77.0 million during 2017 and consisted of net income of $50.3 million, adjusted for certain non-cash items, such as depreciation and amortization expense of $23.1 million and share-based compensation expense of $5.1 million, partially offset by a working capital use of cash of $6.1 million. Net cash provided by operating activities increased by $2.9 million in 2017 from 2016. Net income increased by $10.3 million, partially offset by a net decrease in cash from working capital of $4.9 million and a net decrease in excess tax benefits related to share-based payments of $2.7 million. Cash flows from operating activities generated cash of $74.1 million in 2016 and consisted of net income of $40.1 million, adjusted for certain non-cash items, such as depreciation and amortization expense of $22.1 million and share-based compensation expense of $5.7 million.  

Investing Activities

The majority of our investing activities relate to acquisitions, capital expenditures and net activity related to funds held for clients. Refer to Note 1, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies, and Note 19, Acquisitions, to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for further discussion on our acquisitions and a further description of funds held for clients and client fund obligations.

2018 - Net cash used in investing activities in 2018 consisted primarily of $29.1 million related to the acquisitions of Laurus, InR and Sequoia, as well as $14.6 million in capital expenditures. Net activity related to funds held for clients also contributed $6.2 million to cash used in investing activities.

2017 - Net cash used in investing activities in 2017 consisted primarily of $28.1 million related to the acquisition of CMF and Slaton and working capital adjustments related to the Savitz acquisition, as well as $11.9 million of capital expenditures. Net activity related to funds held for clients of $6.8 million also contributed to cash used in investing activities.

2016 - In 2016, net cash used in investing activities consisted primarily of $5.7 million related to the acquisitions of Savitz, Flex-Pay and Ed Jacobs & Associates, Inc. (“Ed Jacobs”), as well as capital expenditures of $4.1 million.

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Financing Activities

The majority of our financing activities relates to our 2018 credit facility, share repurchases, net client fund obligation activity, as well as contingent consideration payments for prior acquisitions. Refer to Note 9, Debt and Financing Arrangements, and Note 14, Common Stock, to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for further discussion on our 2018 credit facility and Share Repurchase Program.

2018 - Net cash used in financing activities in 2018 consisted primarily of net payments on our 2018 credit facility of $43.0 million, a net decrease of $41.5 million in client fund obligations, $17.5 million of share repurchases, and $11.8 million of contingent consideration payments for prior acquisitions.

2017 - Net cash used in financing activities in 2017 consisted primarily of $19.7 million of share repurchases, net payments on our credit facility of $12.9 million, as well as $10.5 million of contingent consideration payments for prior acquisitions.

2016 - In 2016, net cash used in financing activities consisted of net payments on our credit facility of $14.4 million, as well as $9.1 million of share repurchases, partially offset by a net increase in client fund obligations of $5.3 million.

Capital Resources

The following table presents our capital structure (in thousands).

Credit Facility - On April 3, 2018, we amended and restated our $400.0 million unsecured credit facility. The 2018 credit facility (i) amends the previous credit facility, (ii) extends the maturity date from 2019 to 2023, (iii) continues to provide for a $400.0 million revolving loan commitment, (iv) improves our borrowing margin and (v) increases the flexibility of certain covenant baskets, as compared to the previous credit facility. At December 31, 2018, we had $135.5 million outstanding under the credit facility, as well as letters of credit and performance guarantees totaling $4.0 million. Available funds under the credit facility, based on the terms of the commitment, were approximately $255.5 million at December 31, 2018. The weighted average interest rate under the credit facility was 3.08% in 2018 and 2.72% in 2017. The credit facility allows for the allocation of funds for future strategic initiatives, including acquisitions and the repurchase of our common stock, subject to the terms and conditions of the credit facility.

Debt Covenant Compliance - We are required to meet certain financial covenants with respect to (i) total leverage ratio and (ii) a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio. We were in compliance with our covenants as of December 31, 2018. Our ability to service our debt and to fund future strategic initiatives will depend upon our ability to generate cash in the future. For further discussion regarding our credit facility, refer to Note 9, Debt and Financing Arrangements, to the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Use of Capital - Our first priority for the use of capital is to make strategic acquisitions. We completed three acquisitions in 2018: Laurus, InR and Sequoia, as well as one client list. Refer to Note 19, Acquisitions, to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for further discussion on acquisitions. We also have the financing flexibility and the capacity to take an opportunistic approach towards share repurchases. We believe that repurchasing shares of our common stock is a prudent use of our financial resources, and that investing in our stock is an attractive use of capital and an efficient means to provide value to our shareholders. We repurchased 0.8 million shares of our common stock at a total cost of approximately $15.6 million in 2018, 1.2 million shares at a total cost of approximately $18.3 million in 2017 and 0.8 million shares at a total cost of approximately $7.8 million in 2016. Refer to Note 14, Common Stock, to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for further discussion on the Share Repurchase Program.

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Cash Requirements for 2019 - Cash requirements for 2019 will include acquisitions, interest payments on debt, seasonal working capital requirements, contingent earnout payments for previous acquisitions, share repurchases and capital expenditures. We believe that cash provided by operations, as well as available funds under our credit facility will be sufficient to meet cash requirements for the next 12 months.

Obligations and Commitments

Our aggregate amount of future obligations for the next five years and thereafter is set forth below (in thousands):

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements - We maintain ASAs with independent CPA firms (as described more fully under “Business - Financial Services” and in Note 1, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies, to the accompanying consolidated financial statements), which qualify as variable interest entities. The accompanying consolidated financial statements do not reflect the operations or accounts of variable interest entities as the impact is not material to the consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows of CBIZ.

We provide letters of credit for insurance needs as well as to landlords (lessors) of our leased premises in lieu of cash security deposits. Letters of credit totaled $1.1 million and $2.3 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017. In addition, we provide license bonds to various state agencies to meet certain licensing requirements. The amount of license bonds outstanding was $2.9 million and $2.5 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

We have various agreements under which we may be obligated to indemnify the other party with respect to certain matters. Generally, these indemnification clauses are included in contracts arising in the normal course of business under which we customarily agree to hold the other party harmless against losses arising from a breach of representations, warranties, covenants or agreements, related to matters such as title to assets sold and certain tax matters. Payment by us under such indemnification clauses are generally conditioned upon the other party making a claim. Such claims are typically subject to challenge by us and to dispute resolution procedures specified in the particular contract. Further, our obligations under these agreements may be limited in terms of time and/or amount and, in some instances, we may have recourse against third parties for certain payments made by us. It is not possible to predict the maximum potential amount of future payments under these indemnification agreements due to the conditional nature of our obligations and the unique facts of each particular agreement. Historically, we have not made any payments under these agreements that have been material individually or in the aggregate. As of December 31, 2018, we were not aware of any obligations arising under indemnification agreements that would require material payments.

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Interest Rate Risk Management - We do not purchase or hold any derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes. We utilize interest rate swaps to manage interest rate risk exposure associated with our floating-rate debt under the credit facility. Under these interest rate swap contracts, we receive cash flows from counterparties at variable rates based on the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) and pay the counterparties a fixed rate. To mitigate counterparty credit risk, we only enter into contracts with selected major financial institutions with investment grade ratings and continually assess their creditworthiness. There are no credit risk-related contingent features in our interest rate swaps nor do the swaps contain provisions under which we would be required to post collateral.

As of December 31, 2018, the notional value of all of our interest rate swaps was $70.0 million, with maturity dates ranging from October 2020 to June 2023. For further details on our interest rate swaps, refer to Note 6, Financial Instruments, to the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

In connection with payroll services provided to clients, we collect funds from our clients’ accounts in advance of paying these client obligations. These funds held for clients are segregated and invested in accordance with our investment policy, which requires that all investments carry an investment grade rating at the time of initial investment. The interest income on these investments mitigates the interest rate risk for the borrowing costs of our credit facility, as the rates on both the investments and the outstanding borrowings against the credit facility are based on market conditions. Refer to Note 6, Financial Instruments, and Note 9, Debt and Financing Arrangements, to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for further discussion regarding investments and our debt and financing arrangements.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP is based on the selection and application of accounting policies that require us to make significant estimates and assumptions that in certain circumstances affect amounts reported in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. In preparing these financial statements, we have made our best estimates and judgements of certain amounts included in the consolidated financial statements, giving due consideration to materiality. We consider the accounting policies discussed below to be critical to the understanding of our consolidated financial statements. Actual results could differ from our estimates and assumptions, and any such difference could be material to our consolidated financial statements. Significant accounting policies, including Revenue Recognition, are described more fully in Note 1, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies, to the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Accounts Receivable and Notes Receivable - We determine the valuation of accounts receivable (including unbilled accounts receivable) and notes receivable, and the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts based on estimates of losses related to the respective receivable balance. We analyze historical bad debts, client credit-worthiness, the age of accounts receivable and current economic trends and conditions when evaluating the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts and the collectability of notes receivable. Significant management judgments and estimates must be made and used in connection with establishing the allowance for doubtful accounts for each accounting period. Material differences may result if facts and circumstances change in relation to the original estimation.

Business Combinations - We recognize and measure identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date at fair value. Fair value measurements require extensive use of estimates and assumptions, including estimates of future cash flows to be generated by the acquired assets. In addition, we recognize and measure contingent consideration at fair value as of the acquisition date using a probability-weighted discounted cash flow model. The fair value of contingent consideration obligations that are classified as liabilities are reassessed each reporting period. Any change in the fair value estimate is recorded in the earnings of that period.  

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets - Goodwill represents the difference between the purchase price of the acquired business and the related fair value of the net assets acquired. A significant portion of our assets in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets is goodwill. At December 31, 2018, the carrying value of goodwill totaled $564.3 million, compared to total assets of $1.2 billion and total shareholders’ equity of $593.2 million. Intangible assets consist of identifiable intangibles other than goodwill. Identifiable intangible assets other than goodwill include client lists and non-compete agreements which require significant judgements in determining the fair value. We carry client lists and non-compete agreements at cost, less accumulated amortization, in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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Goodwill is not amortized, but rather is tested for impairment annually during the fourth quarter. In addition to our annual goodwill test, on a periodic basis, we are required to consider whether it is more likely than not (defined as a likelihood of more than 50%) that the fair value has fallen below its carrying value, thus requiring us to perform an interim goodwill impairment test. Intangible assets with definite lives, such as client lists and non-compete agreements, are amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives (generally ranging from two to fifteen years). We review these assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate an asset’s carrying value may not be recoverable. Recoverability is assessed based on a comparison of the undiscounted cash flows to the recorded value of the asset. If impairment is indicated, the asset is written down to its estimated fair value based on a discounted cash flow analysis or market comparable method.

The goodwill impairment test is performed at a reporting unit level. A reporting unit is an operating segment of a business or one level below an operating segment. At December 31, 2018, we had five reporting units. We may use either a qualitative or quantitative approach when testing a reporting unit’s goodwill for impairment. Under the qualitative assessment, we are not required to calculate the fair value of a reporting unit unless we determine that it is more likely than not that its fair value is less than its carrying amount. If under the quantitative assessment the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then the amount of the impairment loss, if any, must be measured. Any such impairment charge would reduce earnings and could be material.

After considering changes to assumptions used in our most recent quantitative testing for each reporting unit, including the capital market environment, economic and market conditions, industry competition and trends, our weighted average cost of capital, changes in management and key personnel, the price of our common stock, changes in our results of operations, the magnitude of the excess of fair value over the carrying amount of each reporting unit as determined in our most recent quantitative testing, and other factors, we concluded that it was more likely than not that the fair values of each of our reporting units were more than their respective carrying values and, therefore, did not perform a quantitative impairment analysis. For further information regarding our goodwill balances, refer to Note 5, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, net, to the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Loss Contingencies - Loss contingencies, including litigation claims, are recorded as liabilities when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss is reasonably estimable. Contingent liabilities are often resolved over long time periods. Estimating probable losses requires analysis that often depends on judgment about potential actions by third parties. Refer to Note 12, Commitments and Contingencies, to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for further information.

Other Significant Policies - Other significant accounting policies, not involving the same level of management judgment and uncertainty as those discussed above, are also critical in understanding the consolidated financial statements. Those policies are described in Note 1, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies, to the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements - Refer to Note 1, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies, to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for a description of recent accounting pronouncements, which is incorporated herein by reference.

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Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.

We do not purchase or hold any derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes. We utilize interest rate swaps to manage interest rate risk exposure associated with our floating-rate debt under the credit facility. Under these interest rate swap contracts, we receive cash flows from counterparties at variable rates based on LIBOR and pay the counterparties a fixed rate. To mitigate counterparty credit risk, we only enter into contracts with selected major financial institutions with investment grade ratings and continually assess their creditworthiness. There are no credit risk-related contingent features in our interest rate swaps nor do the swaps contain provisions under which we would be required to post collateral.

The notional value, fixed rate of interest and expiration date of each interest rate swap is i) $25 million – 1.300% - October 2020, (ii) $10 million – 1.120% - February 2021 and (iii) $20 million – 1.770% - May 2022 and (iv) $15 million – 2.640% - June 2023. Refer to Note 6, Financial Instruments, to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for further discussion regarding interest rate swaps.

Interest rate risk results when the maturity or repricing intervals of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities are different. A change in the Federal Funds Rate, or the reference rate set by Bank of America, N.A., would affect the rate at which we could borrow funds under our credit facility. Our balance outstanding under the credit facility at December 31, 2018 was $135.5 million, of which $65.5 million is subject to rate risk. If market rates were to increase or decrease 100 basis points from the levels at December 31, 2018, interest expense would increase or decrease approximately $0.7 million annually.

In connection with our payroll business, funds held for clients are segregated and invested in short-term investments, such as corporate and municipal bonds. In accordance with our investment policy, all investments carry an investment grade rating at the time of the initial investment. At each respective balance sheet date, these investments are adjusted to fair value with fair value adjustments being recorded to other comprehensive income or loss for the respective period. Refer to Notes 6, Financial Instruments, and Note 7, Fair Value Measurements, to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for further discussion regarding these investments and the related fair value assessments.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

The Financial Statements, together with the notes thereto and the reports of KPMG LLP dated February 28, 2019 thereon, and the Supplementary Data required hereunder, are included in this Annual Report as set forth in Item 15(a) hereof and are incorporated herein by reference.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

None.

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Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures - Management has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (“Disclosure Controls”) as of the end of the period covered by this report. This evaluation (“Controls Evaluation”) was done with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”). Disclosure Controls are controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure Controls include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including the CEO and CFO, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls - Management, including the Company’s CEO and CFO, does not expect that its Disclosure Controls or its internal control over financial reporting (“Internal Controls”) will prevent all errors and all fraud. Although our Disclosure Controls are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objective, a control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, but not absolute, assurance that the objectives of a control system are met. Further, any control system reflects limitations on resources, and the benefits of a control system must be considered relative to its costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of a control. A design of a control system is also based upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and may not be detected.

Conclusions - Based upon the Controls Evaluation, our CEO and CFO have concluded that as of the end of the period covered by this report, our Disclosure Controls are effective at the reasonable assurance level described above. There were no changes in our Internal Controls that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our Internal Controls.

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting - Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Under the supervision of management, including our CEO and CFO, we conducted an evaluation of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework provided in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the COSO Framework). Based on this evaluation, management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2018.

Our independent auditor, KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has issued an audit report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting which appears in Item 8 of this Annual Report.

Item 9B. Other Information.

None.

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PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

Information with respect to this item not included below is incorporated by reference from our Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2019 Annual Stockholders’ Meeting to be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after the end of CBIZ’s fiscal year.

We have adopted a Code of Professional Conduct and Ethics Guide that applies to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions. Our Code of Professional Conduct and Ethics Guide is available on the investor information page of our website, located at https://www.cbiz.com, and in print to any shareholder who requests them. Any waiver or amendment to the code will be posted on our website.

Executive Officers, Directors and Key Employees of the Registrant - The following table sets forth certain information regarding the directors, executive officers and certain key employees of CBIZ. Each executive officer and director of CBIZ named in the following table has been elected to serve until his/her successor is duly appointed or elected or until his/her earlier removal or resignation from office. No arrangement or understanding exists between any executive officer of CBIZ and any other person pursuant to which he or she was selected as an officer.

Steven L. Gerard was elected by the Board to serve as its Chairman in October 2002. He was appointed Chief Executive Officer and Director in October 2000, and served as CEO until March 2016. Mr. Gerard continues to serve as non-executive Chairman. Mr. Gerard was Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Great Point Capital, Inc., a provider of operational and advisory services from 1997 to October 2000. From 1991 to 1997, he was Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Triangle Wire & Cable, Inc. and its successor Ocean View Capital, Inc. Mr. Gerard’s prior experience includes 16 years with Citibank, N.A. in various senior corporate finance and banking positions. Further, Mr. Gerard served seven years with the American Stock Exchange, where he last served as Vice President of the Securities Division. Mr. Gerard also serves on the Boards of Directors of Lennar Corporation and Las Vegas Sands Corporation, and was a member of the Board of Directors of Joy Global, Inc. until its acquisition by Komatsu Limited in 2017.

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Jerome P. Grisko, Jr. was appointed to the CBIZ Board in November, 2015. Mr. Grisko was appointed Chief Executive Officer in March 2016, and has served as President since February 2000.  He was also Chief Operating Officer from February 2000 until his appointment as Chief Executive Officer.  Mr. Grisko joined CBIZ as Vice President, Mergers & Acquisitions in September 1998 and was promoted to Senior Vice President, Mergers & Acquisitions and Legal Affairs in December of 1998. Prior to joining CBIZ, Mr. Grisko was associated with the law firm of Baker & Hostetler LLP, where he practiced from September 1987 until September 1998, serving as a partner of such firm from January 1995 to September 1998. While at Baker & Hostetler, Mr. Grisko concentrated his practice in the area of mergers and acquisitions and general corporate law.

Rick L. Burdick has served as a Director of CBIZ since October 1997, when he was elected as an independent director. On May 17, 2007, Mr. Burdick was elected by the Board to be its Lead Director, a non-officer position. Previously, in October 2002, he was elected by the Board as Vice Chairman, a non-officer position. Mr. Burdick has been a partner at the law firm of Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP since April 1988. Mr. Burdick serves as Lead Director on the Board of Directors of AutoNation, Inc.

Michael H. DeGroote, son of CBIZ founder Michael G. DeGroote, was appointed a Director of CBIZ in November 2006. Mr. DeGroote currently serves as President of Westbury International, a full-service real estate development company, specializing in commercial/industrial land, residential development and property management. Prior to joining Westbury, Mr. DeGroote was Vice President of MGD Holdings and previously held a management position with Cooper Corporation, and previously served on the Board of Directors of Progressive Waste Solutions Ltd. He served on the Board of Governors of McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario.

Joseph S. DiMartino has served as a Director of CBIZ since November 1997, when he was elected as an independent director. Mr. DiMartino has been Chairman of the Boards of the funds in The Dreyfus Family of Funds since January 1995. Mr. DiMartino served as President, Chief Operating Officer and Director of The Dreyfus Corporation from October 1982 until December 1994 and also served as a director of Mellon Bank Corporation. He also served as Chairman of the Board of The Noel Group, a public buyout firm. Mr. DiMartino served on the Boards of SunAir Services Corp., LEVCOR International, Inc., The Newark Group and the Muscular Dystrophy Association.

Gina D. France was appointed to the CBIZ Board in February, 2015. Ms. France founded France Strategic Partners, LLC, a strategy and transaction advisory firm, and has served as its President and Chief Executive Officer since 2003. Ms. France has over 35 years of experience in strategy, investment banking and corporate finance. Prior to founding France Strategic Partners, Ms. France was a Managing Director with Ernst & Young, LLP and directed the Firm’s Center for Strategic Transactions. Prior to her work with Ernst & Young, Ms. France was a Senior Vice President with Lehman Brothers, Inc. Ms. France serves on the boards of Huntington Bancshares, Inc. and Cedar Fair, L.P. and has previously served on the boards of FirstMerit Corporation, Dawn Food Products, Inc. and Mack Industries.

Sherrill W. Hudson was appointed to the CBIZ Board in February, 2015.  Until July 2016, upon the sale of the Company, Mr. Hudson was Chairman of the Board of TECO Energy, Inc. and was a member of its board since January 2003. He was executive chairman from August 2010 to December 2012, after having served as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer since July 2004. Mr. Hudson also serves on the boards of Lennar Corporation and United Insurance Holdings Corporation. He served on the Publix Super Markets, Inc. board from January 2003 until April 2015. Mr. Hudson is also Chairman of the Florida Chapter of the National Association of Corporate Directors. Mr. Hudson retired from Deloitte & Touche, LLP in August 2002, after 37 years of service.

Todd J. Slotkin has served as a Director of CBIZ since September 2003, when he was elected as an independent director. Mr. Slotkin has served since 2014 as the Global Business Head of Alvarez & Marsal’s Asset Management Services. Mr. Slotkin is also an independent director of the Apollo Closed End Fund Complex (Apollo Floating Rate Fund, Apollo Tactical Income Fund). In 2011, Mr. Slotkin was appointed the Managing Partner of Newton Pointe LLC, an advisory firm, a position he also held during the period 2007-2008. Mr. Slotkin served on the Board of Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia from 2008 to 2012, and was head of its Audit Committee and Special Committee. Between 2008 and 2010, Mr. Slotkin was a Senior Managing Director of Irving Place Capital. From 2006 to 2007 Mr. Slotkin served as a Managing Director of Natixis Capital Markets. From 1992 to 2006, Mr. Slotkin served as a SVP (1992-1998) and EVP and Chief Financial Officer (1998-2006) of MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings Inc. Additionally, he was the Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of publicly owned M&F Worldwide (1998-2006). Prior to 1992, Mr. Slotkin spent 17 years with Citigroup, ultimately serving as Senior Managing Director and Senior Credit Officer. He was the Global Head of Citigroup’s Leveraged Capital Group. Mr. Slotkin is a co-founder of the Food Allergy Research & Education, Inc., formerly known as the Food Allergy Initiative.

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Donald V. Weir has served as a Director of CBIZ since September 2003, when he was elected as an independent director. Mr. Weir is Vice President of Private Equity for Sanders Morris Harris Group Inc. (“SMHG”) and has been with SMHG for the past fifteen years. Prior to this Mr. Weir was Chief Financial Officer and director of publicly-held Deeptech International Inc. and two of its subsidiaries, Tatham Offshore, Inc. and Leviathan Gas Pipeline Company, both of which were publicly-held companies. Prior to his employment with Deeptech, Mr. Weir worked for eight years with Sugar Bowl Gas Corporation, as Controller and Treasurer and later in a consulting capacity. Mr. Weir was associated with Price Waterhouse, an international accounting firm, from 1966 to 1979.

Benaree Pratt Wiley has served as a Director of CBIZ since May 2008, when she was elected as an independent director. Ms. Wiley is a Principal of The Wiley Group, a firm specializing in personnel strategy, talent management, and leadership development primarily for global insurance and consulting firms. Ms. Wiley served as the President and Chief Executive Officer of The Partnership, Inc., a talent management organization for multicultural professionals in the greater Boston region for fifteen years before retiring in 2005. Ms. Wiley is currently a director on the boards of The Dreyfus Family of Funds and Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Massachusetts. Her civic activities include serving on the boards of the Efficacy Institute, Howard University and Dress for Success Boston.

Ware H. Grove has served as Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of CBIZ since December 2000. Before joining CBIZ, Mr. Grove served as Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Bridgestreet Accommodations, Inc., which he joined in early 2000 to restructure financing, develop strategic operating alternatives, and assist with merger negotiations. Prior to joining Bridgestreet, Mr. Grove served for three years as Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of LESCO, Inc. Since beginning his career in corporate finance in 1972, Mr. Grove has held various financial positions with large companies representing a variety of industries, including Revco D.S., Inc., Computerland/Vanstar, Manville Corporation, The Upjohn Company, and First of America Bank. Mr. Grove served on the Board of Directors for Applica, Inc. (NYSE: APN) from September 2004 through January 2007, at which time the company was sold to a private equity firm.

Chris Spurio was appointed Senior Vice President of CBIZ and President of CBIZ’s Financial Services practice group, effective January 1, 2014. Mr. Spurio joined CBIZ in January 1998 and served as Corporate Controller until July 1999. He then served as Vice President of Finance from July 1999 until September 2008. Mr. Spurio served as Executive Managing Director of the Financial Services Group’s Midwest Region from September 2008 through March 2010, and as the Group’s Chief Operating Officer from March 2010 through December 2013. Mr. Spurio was associated with KPMG LLP, an international accounting firm, from July 1988 to January 1998. Mr. Spurio is a CPA, CGMA and a member of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and the Ohio Society of Certified Public Accountants.

Michael P. Kouzelos joined CBIZ in June 1998 and has held several positions in the Company. He was appointed President of the Benefits & Insurance practice group in May 2015, and was appointed Senior Vice President of Strategic Initiatives in September 2005. Mr. Kouzelos also served as the Chief Operating Officer of the Benefits & Insurance division between April 2007 and May 2015, as Vice President of Strategic Initiatives from April 2001 through August 2005, as Vice President of Shared Services from August 2000 to March 2001, and as Director of Business Integration from June 1998 to July 2000. Mr. Kouzelos was associated with KPMG LLP, an international accounting firm, from 1990 to September 1996 and received his Master of Business Administration degree from The Ohio State University in May of 1998.

Richard E. Mills has served as the Chief Operating Officer of CBIZ’s Financial Services practice group since January 2014. Prior to this appointment, Mr. Mills was President of CBIZ MHM, LLC — Kansas City, and responsible for offices in St. Louis, Topeka, Wichita and Tulsa. His responsibilities at a corporate level include business development, marketing, strategic planning, national training and organizational efficiency. Mr. Mills has also served as the Kansas City and Midwest Regional Attest Leader, and for many years consulted with clients on a variety of topics, including acquisitions, strategic planning, succession planning and improving profitability. His clients included not-for-profit organizations, construction companies, manufacturing and distribution companies. Mr. Mills began his career with Mayer Hoffman McCann in 1978.

Michael W. Gleespen has served as Corporate Secretary since April 2001 and General Counsel since June 2001. Mr. Gleespen is an attorney and has served as CBIZ’s Vice President of Regulatory Compliance and Accountancy Compliance Officer and Technical Director since February 1998. Prior to joining CBIZ, Mr. Gleespen was an Assistant Ohio Attorney General in the Business & Government Regulation Section and the Court of Claims Defense Section from 1988 until 1998, during which time he was counsel to the Ohio Accountancy Board, the Ohio State Teachers Retirement System and represented many other state departments and agencies. Mr. Gleespen also held the post of Associate Attorney General for Pension, Disability and Annuity Plans and was the Co-Chairman of the Public Pension Plan Working Group.

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Other Key Employees:

John A. Fleischer has served as Senior Vice President and Chief Information Officer of CBIZ since August 2014. Prior to joining CBIZ, Mr. Fleischer held CIO roles at TTT Holdings (a Talisman Capital Partners company), Ferro Corporation, The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, and T-Systems.  Prior to these, he held senior IT roles at Volkswagen and Federal-Mogul Corporation.  While at T-Systems, Mr. Fleischer also ran the U.S. consulting practice, which provided IT services to clients in a variety of industries.  He began his career as a commissioned officer in the United States Army and served twelve years on active duty in numerous roles, which included directing large-scale systems development and integration projects in communications and computing.  He is a Distinguished Military Graduate of Princeton University and received his Master of Business Administration degree from The Ohio State University.  Mr. Fleischer serves on the Board of Trustees of the Lakeside Chautauqua Association.  

Mark M. Waxman has served as Chief Marketing Officer since 2001. Mr. Waxman has over thirty years of experience in marketing and branding. Prior to joining CBIZ, he was Chief Executive Officer/Creative Director of one of Silicon Valley’s most well-known advertising agencies, Carter Waxman. He was also a founding partner of SK Consulting (acquired by CBIZ in 1998) providing strategic marketing and branding services to a wide range of companies and industries. Mr. Waxman has been a featured marketing columnist and contributor to many business and trade publications, and currently serves on the Advisory Board of several Silicon Valley start-ups. He is currently the Chairman of the Board of Silicon Valley Creates and serves on the Boards of the Institute of Contemporary Art, the West Valley Mission Foundation, and the Silicon Valley Organization PAC.  He has served as the Chairman of the Board for organizations including the Silicon Valley Chamber of Commerce, Artsopolis.com, the Silicon Valley Ad Club, and The San Jose Repertory Theatre.

Teresa E. Bur has been responsible for the Human Resources function at CBIZ since 1999 when she was appointed Vice President of Human Resources. Her role was elevated in 2006 when she was appointed Senior Vice President and again in 2014 when she was appointed Chief Human Resources Officer. From 1995 to 1999 Ms. Bur served as Director of Human Resources for Robert D. O’Byrne & Associates, Inc. and The Grant Nelson Group, Inc., subsidiaries of CBIZ now known as CBIZ Benefits and Insurance Services, Inc. Ms. Bur served as an Executive Board member of CBIZ Women’s Advantage from 2006-2014 where she chaired the Professional Development committee. Ms. Bur has over 25 years of experience in human resources, is an active member of the Society of Human Resources Management, and is certified as a SPHR and SHRM — SCP.

Bruce J. Kowalski joined CBIZ in December 2003 as Corporate Tax Manager and was appointed Vice President — Tax in April 2008. Mr. Kowalski has more than thirty years of corporate tax experience, beginning his career in 1982 with Price Waterhouse and holding various corporate tax positions with The Scott Fetzer Company and UCAR Carbon Company Inc. Mr. Kowalski is a CPA (inactive) and received his Masters of Taxation degree from the University of Akron.

Cynthia L. Sobe joined CBIZ in August 2016 as Treasurer.  Prior to joining CBIZ, Ms. Sobe served as Vice President, Corporate Treasurer for Crowne Group, LLC from November 2014 through January 2016.  Prior to joining Crowne Group, LLC, Ms. Sobe was Vice President, Chief Financial Officer of AMRESCO, LLC (a division of VWR) from October 2012 to October 2014.  Prior to joining AMRESCO, LLC, Ms. Sobe held various financial and accounting positions with companies representing a variety of industries, including Associated Materials, LLC, Jo-Ann Stores, LLC, Revco D.S., Inc., and Ernst & Young, LLP. Ms. Sobe is a CPA (inactive), and she received a Master of Business Administration from Case Western Reserve University in May 2000. Ms. Sobe is a member of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and the Association for Financial Professionals. 

Andrew K. Dambrosio joined CBIZ in September 2012 as Controller. Prior to joining CBIZ, Mr. Dambrosio served as Controller and Executive Director of Financial Planning and Analysis for American Greetings Corporation’s North American Greeting Card Division from January 2004 through February 2012. Prior to joining American Greetings Corporation, Mr. Dambrosio was Corporate Controller for LESCO, Inc. from December 2000 through January 2004. Since beginning his career in 1979, Mr. Dambrosio has held various financial and accounting positions with companies representing a variety of industries, including American Greetings.COM, Picker International, Inc., Medusa Corporation and NACCO Industries, Inc. Mr. Dambrosio is a CPA and a member of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and the Ohio Society of Certified Public Accountants.

Item 11. Executive Compensation.

Information with respect to this item is incorporated by reference from our Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2019 Annual Stockholders’ Meeting to be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year.

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Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

Information with respect to this item is incorporated by reference from our Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2019 Annual Stockholders’ Meeting to be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

Information with respect to this item is incorporated by reference from our Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2019 Annual Stockholders’ Meeting to be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year.

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services.

Information with respect to this item is incorporated by reference from our Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2019 Annual Stockholders’ Meeting to be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year.

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PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits.

1. Financial Statements.

As to financial statements and supplementary information, reference is made to “Index to Financial Statements” on page F-1 of this Annual Report.

2. Exhibits.

The following documents are filed as exhibits to this Form 10-K pursuant to Item 601 of Regulation S-K. Since its incorporation, CBIZ has operated under various names including: Republic Environmental Systems, Inc.; International Alliance Services, Inc.; Century Business Services, Inc.; and CBIZ, Inc. Exhibits listed below refer to these names collectively as “the Company”.

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39

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Annual Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

KNOW ALL MEN AND WOMEN BY THESE PRESENTS that each person whose signature appears below on this Annual Report hereby constitutes and appoints Jerome P. Grisko, Jr. and Ware H. Grove, and each of them, with full power to act without the other, his true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, with full power of substitution for him and her and his and her name, place and stead, in all capacities (until revoked in writing), to sign any and all amendments to this Annual Report of CBIZ, Inc. and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto each attorney-in-fact and agent, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary fully to all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, thereby ratifying and confirming all that each attorney-in-fact and agent, or their or his substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Annual Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the date indicated above.

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CBIZ, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

F-1

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors

CBIZ, Inc.:

Opinions on the Consolidated Financial Statements and Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of CBIZ, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.  

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

Change in Accounting Principle

As described in Note 1 to the consolidated finance statements, the Company has changed its method of accounting for revenue recognition effective January 1, 2018 due to the adoption of Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers.

Basis for Opinions

The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

F-2

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ KPMG LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1996.

Cleveland, Ohio

February 28, 2019

F-3

CBIZ, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017

(In thousands, except per share data)