Douglas Emmett Inc - Annual Report: 2018 (Form 10-K)

Number of Interest Rate Swaps

Notional (In thousands)

Consolidated derivatives⁽¹⁾⁽³⁾

Unconsolidated Funds' derivatives⁽²⁾⁽³⁾

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018

Commission file number: 1-33106

Douglas Emmett, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)



MARYLAND	(20-3073047)
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1299 Ocean Avenue, Suite 1000, Santa Monica, California 90401

(310) 255-7700

(Address, including Zip Code and Telephone Number, including Area Code, of Registrant’s principal executive offices)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:



Title of Each Class	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share	New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None



Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.	Yes þ or No 1

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15 (d) of the Act.	Yes 1or No þ

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.	Yes þ or No 1

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).	Yes þ or No 1

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.	þ

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer þ Accelerated filer 1 Non accelerated filer 1 Smaller reporting company 1 Emerging growth company 1

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).	Yes 1 or No þ

The aggregate market value of the common stock, $0.01 par value, held by non-affiliates of the registrant, as of June 29, 2018, was $6.47 billion. (This computation excludes the market value of all shares of Common Stock reported as beneficially owned by executive officers and directors of the registrant. Such exclusion shall not be deemed to constitute an admission that any such person is an affiliate of the Registrant.)

The registrant had 170,222,822 shares of its common stock, $0.01 par value, outstanding as of February 8, 2019.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement to be issued in conjunction with the registrant’s annual meeting of shareholders to be held in 2019 are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Report on Form 10-K. Such proxy statement will be filed by the registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after the end of the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.

DOUGLAS EMMETT, INC.

FORM 10-K



Table of Contents

		Page

	Glossary	3
	Forward Looking Statements	5

	PART I

Item 1	Business Overview	6
Item 1A	Risk Factors	10
Item 1B	Unresolved Staff Comments	24
Item 2	Properties	25
Item 3	Legal Proceedings	29
Item 4	Mine Safety Disclosures	29

	PART II

Item 5	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	30
Item 6	Selected Financial Data	32
Item 7	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	33
Item 7A	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	50
Item 8	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	50
Item 9	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	50
Item 9A	Controls and Procedures	51
Item 9B	Other Information	51

	PART III

Item 10	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	52
Item 11	Executive Compensation	52
Item 12	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	52
Item 13	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	52
Item 14	Principal Accounting Fees and Services	52

	PART IV

Item 15	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedule	53
Item 16	10-K Summary	55
	Signatures	56

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Glossary

Abbreviations used in this Report:



ADA	Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
AOCI	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
ASC	Accounting Standards Codification
ASU	Accounting Standards Update
ATM	At-the-Market
BOMA	Building Owners and Managers Association
CEO	Chief Executive Officer
CFO	Chief Financial Officer
Code	Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended
COO	Chief Operating Officer
DEI	Douglas Emmett, Inc.
EPA	United States Environmental Protection Agency
EPS	Earnings Per Share
Exchange Act	Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
FASB	Financial Accounting Standards Board
FDIC	Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
FFO	Funds from Operations
Fund X	Douglas Emmett Fund X, LLC
FIRPTA	Foreign Investment Real Property Tax Act
Funds	Unconsolidated institutional real estate funds (Fund X, Partnership X and Opportunity Fund)
GAAP	Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (United States)
IRS	Internal Revenue Service
IPO	Initial Public Offering
IT	Information Technology
JV	Joint Venture
LIBOR	London Interbank Offered Rate
LTIP Units	Long-Term Incentive Plan Units
MGCL	Maryland General Corporation Law
NAREIT	National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts
NYSE	New York Stock Exchange
OCI	Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
OP Units	Operating Partnership Units
Operating Partnership	Douglas Emmett Properties, LP
Opportunity Fund	Fund X Opportunity Fund, LLC
OFAC	Office of Foreign Assets Control
Partnership X	Douglas Emmett Partnership X, LP
PCAOB	Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States)
QRS	Qualified REIT subsidiary(ies)
REIT	Real Estate Investment Trust
Report	Annual Report on Form 10-K
SEC	Securities and Exchange Commission
Securities Act	Securities Act of 1933, as amended
S&P 500	Standard & Poor's 500 Index
TRS	Taxable REIT subsidiary(ies)
US	United States
USD	United States Dollar
VIE	Variable Interest Entity(ies)

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Glossary

Defined terms used in this Report:



Annualized Rent	Annualized cash base rent (excluding tenant reimbursements, parking and other income) before abatements under leases commenced as of the reporting date. Annualized rent for our triple net office leases is calculated by adding expense reimbursements and estimates of normal building expenses paid by tenants to base rent. Annualized rent does not include lost rent recovered from insurance and rent for building management use.
Consolidated Portfolio	Includes the properties in our consolidated results, which includes the properties owned by our consolidated JVs.
Funds From Operations (FFO)	We calculate FFO in accordance with the standards established by NAREIT by excluding gains (or losses) on sales of investments in real estate, excluding gains (or losses) from changes in control of investments in real estate, real estate depreciation and amortization (other than amortization of right-of-use assets for which we are the lessee and amortization of deferred loan costs) from our net income (including adjusting for the effect of such items attributable to consolidated joint ventures and unconsolidated real estate funds, but not for noncontrolling interests included in our Operating Partnership). FFO is a non-GAAP supplemental financial measure that we report because it is useful to our investors. See Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Item 7 for a discussion of FFO.
Net Operating Income (NOI)	We calculate NOI, a Non-GAAP measure, as revenue less operating expenses attributable to the properties that we own and operate. NOI is calculated by excluding the following from our net income: general and administrative expense, depreciation and amortization expense, other income, other expense, income, including depreciation, from unconsolidated real estate funds, interest expense, gains (or losses) on sales of investments in real estate and net income attributable to noncontrolling interests. NOI is a non-GAAP supplemental financial measure that we report because it is useful to our investors. See Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Item 7 for a discussion of our Same Property NOI.
Occupancy Rate	The percentage leased, excluding signed leases not yet commenced, as of the reporting date. Management space is considered leased and occupied, while space taken out of service during a repositioning is excluded from both the numerator and denominator for calculating percentage leased and occupied.
Recurring Capital Expenditures	Building improvements required to maintain revenues once a property has been stabilized, and excludes capital expenditures for (i) acquired buildings being stabilized, (ii) newly developed space, (iii) upgrades to improve revenues or operating expenses, (iv) casualty damage or (v) bringing the property into compliance with governmental requirements.
Rentable Square Feet	Based on the BOMA remeasurement and consists of leased square feet (including square feet with respect to signed leases not commenced as of the reporting date), available square feet, building management use square feet and square feet of the BOMA adjustment on leased space.
Same Properties	Our wholly-owned properties that have been owned and operated by us in a consistent manner, and reported in our consolidated results during the entire span of both periods being compared. We exclude from our same property subset any properties (i) acquired during the comparative periods; (ii) sold, held for sale, contributed or otherwise removed from our consolidated financial statements during the comparative periods; or (iii) that underwent a major repositioning project that we believed significantly affected its results during the comparative periods.
Short-Term Leases	Represents leases that expired on or before the reporting date or had a term of less than one year, including hold over tenancies, month to month leases and other short term occupancies.
Total Portfolio	Includes our Consolidated Portfolio plus the properties owned by our Funds.

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Forward Looking Statements

This Report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. You can find many (but not all) of these statements by looking for words such as “believe”, “expect”, “anticipate”, “estimate”, “approximate”, “intend”, “plan”, “would”, “could”, “may”, “future” or other similar expressions in this Report. We claim the protection of the safe harbor contained in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. We caution investors that any forward-looking statements used in this Report, or those that we make orally or in writing from time to time, are based on our beliefs and assumptions, as well as information currently available to us. Actual outcomes will be affected by known and unknown risks, trends, uncertainties and factors beyond our control or ability to predict. Although we believe that our assumptions are reasonable, they are not guarantees of future performance and some will inevitably prove to be incorrect. As a result, our future results can be expected to differ from our expectations, and those differences may be material. Accordingly, investors should use caution when relying on previously reported forward-looking statements, which were based on results and trends at the time they were made, to anticipate future results or trends. Some of the risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied by forward-looking statements include the following:


•	adverse economic or real estate developments affecting Southern California or Honolulu, Hawaii;


•	competition from other real estate investors in our markets;


•	decreasing rental rates or increasing tenant incentive and vacancy rates;


•	defaults on, early terminations of, or non-renewal of leases by tenants;


•	increases in interest rates or operating costs;


•	insufficient cash flows to service our outstanding debt or pay rent on ground leases;


•	difficulties in raising capital;


•	inability to liquidate real estate or other investments quickly;


•	adverse changes to rent control laws and regulations;


•	environmental uncertainties;


•	natural disasters;


•	insufficient insurance, or increases in insurance costs;


•	inability to successfully expand into new markets and submarkets;


•	difficulties in identifying properties to acquire and failure to complete acquisitions successfully;


•	failure to successfully operate acquired properties;


•	risks associated with property development;


•	risks associated with JVs;


•	conflicts of interest with our officers and reliance on key personnel;


•	changes in zoning and other land use laws;


•	adverse results of litigation or governmental proceedings;


•	failure to comply with laws, regulations and covenants that are applicable to our properties;


•	possible terrorist attacks or wars;


•	possible cyber attacks or intrusions;


•	adverse changes to accounting rules;


•	weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting;


•	failure to maintain our REIT status under federal tax laws; and


•	adverse changes to tax laws, including those related to property taxes.

For further discussion of these and other risk factors see Item 1A. "Risk Factors” in this Report. This Report and all subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or any person acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referred to in this section. We do not undertake any obligation to release publicly any revisions to our forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this Report.

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PART I

Item 1. Business Overview

Business description

Douglas Emmett, Inc. is a fully integrated, self-administered and self-managed REIT. We are one of the largest owners and operators of high-quality office and multifamily properties located in premier coastal submarkets in Los Angeles and Honolulu. Through our interest in our Operating Partnership and its subsidiaries, our consolidated JVs, and our unconsolidated Funds, we focus on owning, acquiring, developing and managing a significant market share of top-tier office properties and premier multifamily communities in neighborhoods with significant supply constraints, high-end executive housing and key lifestyle amenities. Our properties are located in the Beverly Hills, Brentwood, Burbank, Century City, Olympic Corridor, Santa Monica, Sherman Oaks/Encino, Warner Center/Woodland Hills and Westwood submarkets of Los Angeles County, California, and in Honolulu, Hawaii. We intend to increase our market share in our existing submarkets and may enter into other submarkets with similar characteristics where we believe we can gain significant market share. The terms "us," "we" and "our" as used in this Report refer to Douglas Emmett, Inc. and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis.

At December 31, 2018, we owned a Consolidated Portfolio consisting of (i) a 16.6 million square foot office portfolio, (ii) 3,595 multifamily apartment units and (iii) fee interests in two parcels of land from which we receive rent under ground leases. We also manage and own equity interests in our unconsolidated Funds which, at December 31, 2018, owned an additional 1.8 million square feet of office space. We manage our unconsolidated Funds alongside our Consolidated Portfolio, and we therefore present the statistics for our office portfolio on a Total Portfolio basis. For more information, see Item 2 “Properties” of this Report. As of December 31, 2018, our portfolio consisted of the following (not including the two parcels of land from which we receive rent under ground leases):



	Consolidated Portfolio	Total Portfolio
Office (includes ancillary retail space)
Wholly-owned properties	53	53
Consolidated JV properties	10	10
Unconsolidated Fund properties	—	8
	63	71

Rentable square feet (in thousands)	16,617	18,455

Multifamily
Wholly-owned properties	10	10

Units	3,595	3,595

Business Strategy

We employ a focused business strategy that we have developed and implemented over the past four decades:


•	Concentration of High Quality Office and Multifamily Properties in Premier Submarkets.

First we select submarkets that are supply constrained, with high barriers to entry, key lifestyle amenities, proximity to high-end executive housing and a strong, diverse economic base. Virtually no entitled Class A office space is currently under construction in any of our targeted submarkets. Our submarkets are dominated by small, affluent tenants, whose rents are very small relative to their revenues and often not the paramount factor in their leasing decisions. At December 31, 2018, our office portfolio median size tenant was approximately 2,600 square feet. Our office tenants operate in diverse industries, including among others legal, financial services, entertainment, real estate, accounting and consulting, health services, retail, technology and insurance, reducing our dependence on any one industry. In 2016, 2017 and 2018, no tenant accounted for more than 10% of our total revenues.

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•	Disciplined Strategy of Acquiring Substantial Market Share.

Once we select a submarket, we follow a disciplined strategy of gaining substantial market share to provide us with extensive local transactional market information, pricing power in lease and vendor negotiations and an enhanced ability to identify and negotiate investment opportunities. As a result, we average approximately a 39% share of the Class A office space in our submarkets based on the square feet of exposure in our total portfolio to each submarket. See "Office Portfolio Summary" in Item 2 “Properties” of this Report.


•	Proactive Asset and Property Management.

Our fully integrated and focused operating platform provides the unsurpassed tenant service demanded in our submarkets, with in-house leasing, proactive asset and property management and internal design and construction services, which we believe provides us with a competitive advantage in managing our property portfolio. Our in-house leasing agents and legal specialists allow us to lease a large property portfolio with a diverse group of smaller tenants, closing an average of approximately three office leases each business day, and our in-house construction company allows us to compress the time required for building out many smaller spaces, resulting in reduced vacancy periods. Our property management group oversees day-to-day property management of both our office and multifamily portfolios, allowing us to benefit from the operational efficiencies permitted by our submarket concentration.

Corporate Structure

Douglas Emmett, Inc. was formed as a Maryland corporation on June 28, 2005 to continue and expand the operations of Douglas Emmett Realty Advisors and its 9 institutional funds. All of our assets are directly or indirectly held by our Operating Partnership, which was formed as a Delaware limited partnership on July 25, 2005. As the sole stockholder of the general partner of our Operating Partnership, we generally have the exclusive power under the partnership agreement to manage and conduct the business of our Operating Partnership, subject to certain limited approval and voting rights of the other limited partners. Our interest in our Operating Partnership entitles us to share in the profits and losses and cash distributions in proportion to our percentage ownership.

Funds and JVs

In addition to fifty-three office properties and ten residential properties wholly owned by our Operating Partnership, we manage and own equity interests in:

•

three unconsolidated Funds through which we and institutional investors own eight office properties in our core markets totaling 1.8 million square feet and in which we own a weighted average of 62% at December 31, 2018 based on square footage. We are entitled to (i) priority distributions, (ii) distributions based on invested capital, (iii) a carried interest if the investors’ distributions exceed a hurdle rate, (iv) fees for property management and other services and (v) reimbursement of certain costs.

•

three consolidated JVs through which we and institutional investors own ten office properties in our core markets totaling 2.8 million square feet and in which we own a weighted average of 28% at December 31, 2018 based on square footage. We are entitled to (i) distributions based on invested capital as well as (in the case of two of the JVs) additional distributions based on cash net operating income, (ii) fees for property management and other services and (iii) reimbursement of certain acquisition-related expenses and certain other costs.

The financial data in this Report presents our Funds on an unconsolidated basis and our JVs on a consolidated basis in accordance with GAAP. Most of the property data in this Report is presented for our Total Portfolio, which includes the properties owned by our JVs and our Funds, as we believe this presentation assists in understanding our business.

Taxation

We believe that we qualify, and we intend to continue to qualify, for taxation as a REIT under the Code, although we cannot assure that this has happened or will happen. See Item 1A "Risk Factors" of this Report for the risks we face regarding taxation as a REIT. The following summary is qualified in its entirety by the applicable Code provisions and related rules, and administrative and judicial interpretations. If we qualify for taxation as a REIT, we will generally not be required to pay federal corporate income taxes on the portion of our net income that is currently distributed to stockholders. This treatment substantially eliminates the “double taxation” (i.e., at the corporate and stockholder levels) that generally results from investment in a corporation. However, we will be required to pay federal income tax under certain circumstances.

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The Code defines a REIT as a corporation, trust or association (i) which is managed by one or more trustees or directors; (ii) the beneficial ownership of which is evidenced by transferable shares or certificates of beneficial interest; (iii) which would be taxable but for Sections 856 through 860 of the Code as a domestic corporation; (iv) which is neither a financial institution nor an insurance company subject to certain provisions of the Code; (v) the beneficial ownership of which is held by 100 or more persons; (vi) of which, during the last half of each taxable year, not more than 50% in value of the outstanding stock is owned, actually or constructively, by five or fewer individuals; and (vii) which meets certain other tests, described below, regarding the amount of its distributions and the nature of its income and assets. The Code requires that conditions (i) to (iv) be met during the entire taxable year and that condition (v) be met during at least 335 days of a taxable year of 12 months, or during a proportionate part of a taxable year of less than 12 months.

There are two gross income requirements:


i.	at least 75% of our gross income (excluding gross income from “prohibited transactions” as defined below and qualifying hedges) for each taxable year must be derived directly or indirectly from investments relating to real property or mortgages on real property or from certain types of temporary investment income, and

ii.

at least 95% of our gross income (excluding gross income from “prohibited transactions” and qualifying hedges) for each taxable year must be derived from income that qualifies under the 75% test or from other dividends, interest or gain from the sale or other disposition of stock or securities. In general, a “prohibited transaction” is a sale or other disposition of property (other than foreclosure property) held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business.

We must satisfy five asset tests at the close of each quarter of our taxable year:

at least 75% of the value of our total assets must be represented by real estate assets including shares of stock of other REITs, debt instruments of publicly offered REITs, certain other stock or debt instruments purchased with the proceeds of a stock offering or long-term public debt offering by us (but only for the one-year period after such offering), cash, cash items and government securities,


ii.	not more than 25% of our total assets may be represented by securities other than those in the 75% asset class,

iii.

of the assets included in the 25% asset class, the value of any one issuer’s securities owned by us may not exceed 5% of the value of our total assets and we may not own more than 10% of the vote or value of the securities of any one issuer, in each case other than securities included under the 75% asset test above and interests in TRS or QRS, each as defined below, and in the case of the 10% value test, subject to certain other exceptions,


iv.	not more than 20% of the value of our total assets may be represented by securities of one or more TRS, and


v.	not more than 25% of the value of our total assets may be represented by nonqualified publicly offered REIT debt instruments.

In order to qualify as a REIT, we are required to distribute dividends (other than capital gains dividends) to our stockholders equal to at least (A) the sum of (i) 90% of our “REIT taxable income” (computed without regard to the dividends paid deduction and our net capital gain) and (ii) 90% of the net income, if any (after tax), from foreclosure property, less (B) the sum of certain items of non-cash income. The distributions must be paid in the taxable year to which they relate, or in the following taxable year if declared before we timely file our tax return for such year, if paid on or before the first regular dividend payment date after such declaration and if we so elect and specify the dollar amount in our tax return. To the extent that we do not distribute all of our net long-term capital gains or distribute at least 90%, but less than 100%, of our REIT taxable income, we will be required to pay tax thereon at regular corporate tax rates. Furthermore, if we fail to distribute during each calendar year the sum of at least (i) 85% of our ordinary income for such year, (ii) 95% of our capital gains income for such year, and (iii) any undistributed taxable income from prior periods, we would be required to pay a 4% excise tax on the excess of such required distributions over the amounts actually distributed.

We own interests in various partnerships and limited liability companies. In the case of a REIT that is a partner in a partnership or a member of a limited liability company that is treated as a partnership under the Code, Treasury Regulations provide that for purposes of the REIT income and asset tests, the REIT will be deemed to own its proportionate share of the assets of the partnership or limited liability company (determined in accordance with its capital interest in the entity), subject to special rules related to the 10% asset test, and will be deemed to be entitled to the income of the partnership or limited liability company attributable to such share.

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We own an interest in a subsidiary which is intended to be treated as a QRS. The Code provides that a QRS will be ignored for federal income tax purposes and all assets, liabilities and items of income, deduction and credit of the QRS will be treated as our assets, liabilities and items of income. We hold certain of our properties through subsidiaries that have elected to be taxed as REITs. We also own interests in certain corporations which have elected to be treated as TRSs. A REIT may own more than 10% of the voting stock and value of the securities of a corporation which jointly elects with the REIT to be a TRS, provided certain requirements are met. A TRS generally may engage in any business, including the provision of customary or non-customary services to tenants of its parent REIT and of others, except a TRS may not manage or operate a hotel or healthcare facility. A TRS is treated as a regular corporation and is subject to federal income tax and applicable state income and franchise taxes at regular corporate rates. In addition, a 100% tax may be imposed on a REIT if its rental, service or other agreements with its TRS, or the TRS agreements with the REIT’s tenants, are not on arm’s-length terms.

We may be required to pay state or local tax in various state or local jurisdictions, including those in which we own properties or otherwise transact business or reside. The state and local tax treatment of us and our stockholders may not conform to the federal income tax consequences discussed above. We may also be subject to certain taxes applicable to REITs, including taxes in lieu of disqualification as a REIT, on undistributed income, and on income from prohibited transactions.

In addition, if we acquire any asset from a corporation that is or has been a C corporation in a transaction in which our tax basis in the asset is less than the fair market value of the asset, in each case determined as of the date on which we acquired the asset, and we subsequently recognize gain on the disposition of the asset during the five year period beginning on the date on which we acquired the asset, then we generally will be required to pay tax at the highest regular corporate tax rate on this gain to the extent of the excess of (i) the fair market value of the asset over (ii) our adjusted tax basis in the asset, in each case determined as of the date on which we acquired the asset.

Insurance

We carry comprehensive liability, fire, extended coverage, business interruption and rental loss insurance covering all of the properties in our portfolio under a blanket insurance policy. We believe the policy specifications and insured limits are appropriate and adequate given the relative risk of loss and the cost of the coverage and industry practice. See Item 1A “Risk Factors” of this Report for the risks we face regarding insurance.

Competition

Regulation

Our properties are subject to various covenants, laws, ordinances and regulations, including regulations relating to common areas, fire and safety requirements, various environmental laws, the ADA and rent control laws. See Item 1A “Risk Factors” of this Report for the risks we face regarding laws and regulations.

Sustainability

In operating our buildings and running our business, we actively work to promote our operations in a sustainable and responsible manner. Our sustainability initiatives include items such as lighting, retrofitting, energy management systems, variable frequency drives in our motors, electricity co-generation, energy efficiency, recycling and water conservation. As a result of our efforts, over 95% of our eligible office space is ENERGY STAR certified by the EPA as having energy efficiency in the top 25% of buildings nationwide. As of the date of this Report, the EPA is evaluating a new scoring system for the ENERGY STAR certification.

Segments

We operate two business segments: the acquisition, development, ownership and management of office real estate, and the acquisition, development, ownership and management of multifamily real estate. The services for our office segment include primarily rental of office space and other tenant services, including parking and storage space rental. The services for our multifamily segment include primarily rental of apartments and other tenant services, including parking and storage space rental. See Note 14 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 of this Report for more information regarding our segments.

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Employees

As of December 31, 2018, we employed approximately 670 people.

Principal Executive Offices

Our principal executive offices are located in the building we own at 1299 Ocean Avenue, Suite 1000, Santa Monica, California 90401 (telephone 310-255-7700).

Available Information

All reports that we file with the SEC will be available on the SEC website at www.sec.gov. We make available on our website at www.douglasemmett.com our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments thereto, free of charge, as soon as reasonably practicable after we file such reports with, or furnish them to, the SEC. None of the information on or hyperlinked from our website is incorporated into this Report.

For more information, please contact:

Stuart McElhinney

Vice President, Investor Relations

310-255-7751

smcelhinney@douglasemmett.com

Item 1A. Risk Factors

The following risk factors are what we believe to be the most significant risk factors that could adversely affect our business and operations, including, without limitation, our financial condition, REIT status, results of operations and cash flows, our ability to service our debt and pay dividends to our stockholders, our ability to capitalize on business opportunities as they arise, our ability to raise capital, and the market price of our common stock. This is not an exhaustive list, and additional risk factors could adversely affect our business and financial performance. We operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment and new risk factors emerge from time to time. It is therefore not possible for us to predict all such risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all such risk factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. This discussion of risk factors includes many forward-looking statements. For cautions about relying on forward-looking statements see “Forward Looking Statements” at the beginning of this Report.

Risks Related to Our Properties and Our Business

All of our properties are located in Los Angeles County, California and Honolulu, Hawaii, and we are therefore exposed to greater risk than if we owned a more geographically diverse portfolio. Our properties in Los Angeles County are concentrated in certain submarkets, exposing us to risks associated with those specific areas.

Because of the geographic concentration of our properties, we are susceptible to adverse economic and regulatory developments, as well as natural disasters, in the markets and submarkets where we operate, including, for example, economic slowdowns, industry slowdowns, business downsizing, business relocations, increases in real estate and other taxes, changes in regulation, earthquakes, floods, droughts and wildfires. California is also regarded as being more litigious, regulated and taxed than many other states.

Our operating performance is subject to risks associated with the real estate industry.

Real estate investments are subject to various risks, fluctuations and cycles in value and demand, many of which are beyond our control. These events include, but are not limited to:


•	adverse changes in international, national or local economic conditions;


•	inability to rent space on favorable terms, including possible market pressures to offer tenants rent abatements, tenant improvements, early termination rights or below-market renewal options;


•	adverse changes in financial conditions of actual or potential investors, buyers, sellers or tenants;


•	inability to collect rent from tenants;

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•	competition from other real estate investors, including other real estate operating companies, publicly-traded REITs and institutional investment funds;


•	reduced tenant demand for office space and residential units from matters such as (i) changes in space utilization, (ii) changes in the relative popularity of our properties, (iii) the type of space we provide or (iv) purchasing versus leasing;


•	reduced demand for parking space due to the impact of technology such as self driving cars, and the increasing popularity of car ride sharing services;


•	increases in the supply of office space and residential units;


•	fluctuations in interest rates and the availability of credit, which could adversely affect our ability to obtain financing on favorable terms or at all;


•	increases in expenses (or our reduced ability to recover expenses from our tenants), including insurance costs, labor costs (such as the unionization of our employees or the employees of any parties with whom we contract for services to our buildings), energy prices, real estate assessments and other taxes, as well as costs of compliance with laws, regulations and governmental policies;


•	utility disruptions;


•	the effects of rent controls, stabilization laws and other laws or covenants regulating rental rates;


•	changes in, and changes in enforcement of, laws, regulations and governmental policies, including, without limitation, health, safety, environmental, zoning and tax laws, governmental fiscal policies and the ADA;


•	legislative uncertainty related to federal and state spending and tax policy;


•	difficulty in operating properties effectively;


•	acquiring undesirable properties; and


•	inability to dispose of properties at appropriate times or at favorable prices.

We have a substantial amount of debt, which exposes us to interest rate fluctuation risk and the risk of not being able to refinance our debt, which in turn could expose us to the risk of default under our debt obligations.

We have a substantial amount of debt and we may incur significant additional debt for various purposes, including, without limitation, to fund future property acquisitions and development activities, reposition properties and to fund our operations. See Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 of this Report for more detail regarding our consolidated debt. See "Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements" in Item 7 of this Report for more detail regarding our unconsolidated debt.

Our substantial indebtedness, and the limitations and other constraints imposed on us by our debt agreements, especially during economic downturns when credit is harder to obtain, could adversely affect us, including the following:


•	our cash flows may be insufficient to meet our required principal and interest payments;


•	servicing our borrowings may leave us with insufficient cash to operate our properties or to pay the distributions necessary to maintain our REIT qualification;


•	we may be unable to borrow additional funds as needed or on favorable terms, which could, among other things, adversely affect our ability to capitalize upon acquisition opportunities;


•	we may be unable to refinance our indebtedness at maturity or the refinancing terms may be less favorable than the terms of our existing indebtedness;


•	we may be forced to dispose of one or more of our properties, possibly on disadvantageous terms;


•	we may violate any restrictive covenants in our loan documents, which could entitle the lenders to accelerate our debt obligations;

•

we may be unable to hedge floating rate debt, counterparties may fail to honor their obligations under our hedge agreements, the hedge agreements may not effectively hedge the interest rate fluctuation risk, and, upon the expiration of any hedge agreements we do have, we will be exposed to the then-existing market rates of interest and future interest rate volatility with respect to debt that is currently hedged; we could also be declared in default on our hedge agreements if we default on the underlying debt that we are hedging;


•	we may default on our obligations and the lenders or mortgagees may foreclose on our properties that secure their loans and receive an assignment of rents and leases;

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•	our default under any of our indebtedness with cross default provisions could result in a default on other indebtedness; and


•	any foreclosure on our properties could also create taxable income without accompanying cash proceeds, which could adversely affect our ability to meet the REIT distribution requirements imposed by the Code.


•	our floating rate debt and related hedges are indexed to USD-LIBOR, any regulatory changes which impact the USD-LIBOR benchmark could impact our borrowing costs or the effectiveness of our hedges.

The rents we receive from new leases may be less than our asking rents, and we may experience rent roll-down from time to time.

As a result of various factors, such as competitive pricing pressure in our submarkets, adverse conditions in the Los Angeles County or Honolulu real estate market, general economic downturns, or the desirability of our properties compared to other properties in our submarkets, the rents we receive on new leases could be less than our in-place rents.

In order to successfully compete against other properties, we must spend money to maintain, repair, and renovate our properties, which reduces our cash flows.

If our properties are not as attractive to current and prospective tenants in terms of rent, services, condition, or location as properties owned by our competitors, we could lose tenants or suffer lower rental rates. As a result, we may from time to time be required to incur significant capital expenditures to maintain the competitiveness of our properties. There can be no assurances that any such expenditures would result in higher occupancy or rental rates, or deter existing tenants from relocating to properties owned by our competitors.

We face intense competition, which could adversely impact the occupancy and rental rates of our properties.

We compete with a number of developers, owners and operators of office and multifamily real estate, many of which own properties similar to ours in the same markets in which our properties are located. If our competitors offer space at rental rates below current market rates, or below the rental rates that we currently charge our tenants, or if they offer tenants significant rent or other concessions, we may lose existing or potential tenants and may not be able to replace them, and we may be pressured to reduce our rental rates below those we currently charge or offer more substantial rent abatements, tenant improvements, early termination rights or below-market renewal options in order to retain tenants when our tenants’ leases expire.

Potential losses, including from adverse weather conditions, natural disasters and title claims, may not be covered by insurance.

Our business operations in Los Angeles County, California and Honolulu, Hawaii are susceptible to, and could be significantly affected by, adverse weather conditions and natural disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, volcanoes, drought, wind, floods, landslides and fires. The likelihood of such disasters may be increased as a result of climate changes. Adverse weather conditions and natural disasters could cause significant damage to our properties or to the economies of the regions in which they are located, the risk of which is enhanced by the concentration of our properties’ locations. Our insurance coverage may not be adequate to cover business interruption or losses resulting from adverse weather or natural disasters. In addition, our insurance policies include substantial self-insurance portions and significant deductibles and co-payments for such events, and we are subject to the availability of insurance in the US and the pricing thereof. As a result, we may incur significant costs in the event of adverse weather conditions and natural disasters.

Most of our properties are located in Southern California, an area subject to an increased risk of earthquakes. While we presently carry earthquake insurance on our properties, the amount of our earthquake insurance coverage may not be sufficient to fully cover losses from earthquakes. We may reduce or discontinue earthquake or any other insurance coverage on some or all of our properties in the future if the cost of premiums for any of these policies in our judgment exceeds the value of the coverage discounted for the risk of loss.

We do not carry insurance for certain losses, such as losses caused by certain environmental conditions, asbestos, riots or war. In addition, our title insurance policies generally only insure the value of a property at the time of purchase, and we have not and do not intend to increase our title insurance coverage as the market value of our portfolio increases. As a result, we may not have sufficient coverage against all losses that we may experience, including from adverse title claims.

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If we experience a loss that is uninsured or which exceeds policy limits, we could incur significant costs and lose the capital invested in the damaged properties as well as the anticipated future cash flows from those properties. If the damaged properties are encumbered, we may continue to be liable for the indebtedness, even if these properties were irreparably damaged.

If any of our properties were destroyed or damaged, then we might not be permitted to rebuild many of those properties to their existing height or size at their existing location under current zoning and land use regulations. In the event that we experience a substantial or comprehensive loss of one of our properties, we may not be able to rebuild such property to its existing specifications and otherwise may have to upgrade such property to meet current code requirements.

New regulations in the submarkets in which we operate could require us to make safety improvements to our buildings, for example requiring us to retrofit our buildings to better withstand earthquakes, and we could incur significant costs complying with those regulations.

Terrorism and war could harm our business and operating results.

The possibility of future terrorist attacks or war could have a negative impact on our operations, even if they are not directed at our properties and even if they never actually occur. Terrorist attacks can also substantially affect the availability and price of insurance coverage for certain types of damages or occurrences, and our insurance policies for terrorism include large deductibles and co-payments. The lack of sufficient insurance for these types of acts could expose us to significant losses.

Security breaches through cyber attacks, cyber intrusions or otherwise, as well as other significant disruptions of our IT networks and related systems could harm our business.

We face risks associated with security breaches, whether through cyber attacks or cyber intrusions over the Internet, malware, computer viruses, attachments to e-mails, persons inside our organization or persons with access to systems inside our organization and other significant disruptions of our IT networks and related systems. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber attack or cyber intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. Our IT networks and related systems are essential to the operation of our business and our ability to perform day-to-day operations (including managing our building systems) and, in some cases, may be critical to the operations of certain of our tenants. Although we make efforts to maintain the security and integrity of these types of IT networks and related systems, and have implemented various measures to manage the risk of a security breach or disruption, there can be no assurance that our efforts will be effective in preventing attempted security breaches or disruptions. Even the most well protected information, networks, systems and facilities remain potentially vulnerable because the techniques used in such attempted security breaches evolve and generally are not recognized until launched against a target, and in some cases are designed not be detected and, in fact, may not be detected. Accordingly, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate security barriers or other preventative measures, and thus it is impossible for us to entirely mitigate this risk. A security breach or other significant disruption involving our IT networks and related systems could have an adverse effect on our business, for example:


•	Disruption to our networks and systems and thus our operations and/or those of our tenants or vendors;


•	Misstated financial reports, violations of loan covenants, missed reporting deadlines and missed permitting deadlines;


•	Inability to comply with laws and regulations;


•	Unauthorized access to, destruction, loss, theft, misappropriation or release of proprietary, confidential, sensitive or otherwise valuable information of ours or others, which others could be used to compete against us or for disruptive, destructive or otherwise harmful purposes;


•	Rendering us unable to maintain the building systems relied upon by our tenants;


•	The requirement of significant management attention and resources to remedy any damages that result;


•	Claims for breach of contract, damages, credits, penalties or termination of leases or other agreements; and


•	Damage to our reputation among our tenants, investors, or others.

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We may be unable to renew leases or lease vacant space.

We may be unable to renew our tenants' leases, in which case we must find new tenants. To attract new tenants or retain existing tenants, particularly in periods of recession, we may have to accept rental rates below our existing rental rates or offer substantial rent abatements, tenant improvements, early termination rights or below-market renewal options. Accordingly, portions of our office and multifamily properties may remain vacant for extended periods of time. In addition, some existing leases currently provide tenants with options to renew the terms of their leases at rates that are below the current market rates or to terminate their leases prior to the expiration date thereof. We actively pursue opportunities for what we believe to be well-located and high quality buildings that may be in a transitional phase due to current or impending vacancies. We cannot assure that any such vacancies will be filled following a property acquisition, or that new tenant leases will be executed at or above market rates. As of December 31, 2018, 8.3% of the square footage in our total office portfolio was available for lease and 9.3% was scheduled to expire in 2019. As of December 31, 2018, 1.0% of the units in our multifamily portfolio were available for lease, and substantially all of the leases in our multifamily portfolio must be renewed within the next year. For more information see Item 2 “Properties” of this Report.

Our business strategy for our office portfolio focuses on leasing to smaller-sized tenants which may present greater credit risks.

Our business strategy for our office portfolio focuses on leasing to smaller-sized tenants, which may present greater credit risks because they are more susceptible to economic downturns than larger tenants, and may be more likely to cancel or not renew their leases.

Real estate investments are generally illiquid.

Our real estate investments are relatively difficult to sell quickly. Return of capital and realization of gains, if any, from an investment will generally occur upon disposition or refinancing of the underlying property. We may not be able to realize our investment objectives by sale or be able to refinance at attractive prices within any given period of time. We may also not be able to complete any exit strategy. Any number of factors could increase these risks, such as (i) weak market conditions, (ii) the lack of an established market for a property, (iii) changes in the financial condition or prospects of prospective buyers, (iv) changes in local, national or international economic conditions, and (v) changes in laws, regulations or fiscal policies. Furthermore, certain properties may be adversely affected by contractual rights, such as rights of first offer or ground leases.

We may incur significant costs complying with laws, regulations and covenants that are applicable to our properties.

The properties in our portfolio are subject to various covenants, federal, state and local laws, ordinances, regulatory requirements, including permitting and licensing requirements, various environmental laws, the ADA and rent control laws. Such laws and regulations, including municipal or local ordinances, zoning restrictions and restrictive covenants imposed by community developers may restrict our use of our properties and may require us to obtain approval from local officials or community standards organizations at any time with respect to our properties, including prior to acquiring a property or when undertaking renovations of any of our existing properties. Among other things, these restrictions may relate to fire and safety, seismic, asbestos-cleanup or hazardous material abatement requirements. There can be no assurance that existing laws and regulations will not adversely affect us or the timing or cost of any future acquisitions, developments or renovations, or that additional regulations that increase such delays or result in additional costs will not be adopted. Under the ADA, our properties must meet federal requirements related to access and use by disabled persons to the extent that such properties are “public accommodations”. The costs of our on-going efforts to comply with these laws and regulations are substantial. Moreover, as we have not conducted a comprehensive audit or investigation of all of our properties to determine our compliance with applicable laws and regulations, we may be liable for investigation and remediation costs, penalties, and/or damages, which could be substantial and could adversely affect our ability to sell or rent our property or to borrow using such property as collateral.

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Because we own real property, we are subject to extensive environmental regulations, which create uncertainty regarding future environmental expenditures and liabilities.

Environmental laws regulate, and impose liability for, releases of hazardous or toxic substances into the environment. Under various provisions of these laws, an owner or operator of real estate may be liable for costs related to soil or groundwater contamination on, in, or migrating to or from its property. Persons who arrange for the disposal or treatment of hazardous or toxic substances may be liable for the costs of cleaning up contamination at the disposal site. Such laws often impose liability regardless of whether the person knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of the hazardous or toxic substances that caused the contamination. The presence of, or contamination resulting from, any of these substances, or the failure to properly remediate them, may adversely affect our ability to sell or rent our property or to borrow using the property as collateral. Persons exposed to hazardous or toxic substances may sue for personal injury damages, for example, some laws impose liability for release of or exposure to asbestos-containing materials, a substance known to be present in a number of our buildings. In other cases, some of our properties have been (or may have been) impacted by contamination from past operations or from off-site sources. As a result, in connection with our current or former ownership, operation, management and development of real properties, we may be potentially liable for investigation and cleanup costs, penalties, and damages under environmental laws.

Although most of our properties have been subjected to preliminary environmental assessments, known as Phase I assessments, by independent environmental consultants that identify certain liabilities, Phase I assessments are limited in scope, and may not include or identify all potential environmental liabilities or risks associated with the property. Unless required by applicable laws or regulations, we may not further investigate, remedy or ameliorate the liabilities disclosed in the Phase I assessments. We cannot assure that these or other environmental studies identified all potential environmental liabilities, or that we will not incur material environmental liabilities in the future. If we do incur material environmental liabilities in the future, we may face significant remediation costs and may find it difficult to sell any affected properties. See Note 17 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 of this Report for more detail regarding our buildings that contain asbestos.

Rent control or rent stabilization legislation and other regulatory restrictions may limit our ability to increase rents and pass through new or increased operating costs to our tenants.

We presently expect to continue operating and acquiring properties in areas that have adopted laws and regulations imposing restrictions on the timing or amount of rent increases or have imposed regulations relating to low- and moderate-income housing. Currently, neither California nor Hawaii have state mandated rent control, but various municipalities within Southern California, including the cities of Los Angeles and Santa Monica where our properties are located, have enacted rent control legislation. Additionally, portions of the Honolulu multifamily market are subject to low- and moderate-income housing regulations and all but one of the properties in our Los Angeles County multifamily portfolio are affected by these laws and regulations. Under current California law we are able to increase rents to market rates once a tenant vacates a rent-controlled unit, however increases in rental rates for renewing tenants are limited by Los Angeles and Santa Monica rent control regulations. We have agreed to rent specified percentages of the units at some of our Honolulu multifamily properties to persons with income below specified levels in exchange for certain tax benefits. These laws and regulations can (i) limit our ability to charge market rents, increase rents, evict tenants or recover increases in our operating expenses, (ii) negatively impact our ability to attract higher-paying tenants, (iii) require us to incur costs for reporting and compliance, and (iv) make it more difficult for us to dispose of properties in certain circumstances. Any failure to comply with these regulations could result in fines, penalties and/or the loss of certain tax benefits and the forfeiture of rents.

We may be unable to complete acquisitions that would grow our business, or successfully integrate and operate acquired properties.

Our planned growth strategy includes the disciplined acquisition of properties as opportunities arise. Our ability to acquire properties on favorable terms and to successfully integrate and operate them is subject to significant risks, including the following:


•	we may be unable to acquire desired properties because of competition from other real estate investors, including other real estate operating companies, publicly-traded REITs and investment funds;


•	competition from other potential acquirers may significantly increase the purchase price of a desired property;


•	we may acquire properties that are not accretive to our results upon acquisition or we may not successfully manage and lease them up to meet our expectations;


•	we may be unable to generate sufficient cash from operations, or obtain the necessary debt or equity financing to consummate an acquisition or, if obtained, the financing may not be on favorable terms;


•	cash flows from the acquired properties may be insufficient to service the related debt financing;

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•	we may need to spend more than we budgeted to make necessary improvements or renovations to acquired properties;


•	we may spend significant time and money on potential acquisitions that we do not close;


•	the process of acquiring or pursuing the acquisition of a property may divert the attention of our senior management team from our existing business operations;


•	we may be unable to quickly and efficiently integrate new acquisitions, particularly acquisitions of portfolios of properties, into our existing operations;


•	occupancy and rental rates of acquired properties may be less than expected; and


•	we may acquire properties without recourse, or with limited recourse, for liabilities, whether known or unknown, such as clean-up of environmental contamination, claims by tenants, vendors or other persons against the former owners of the properties and claims for indemnification by general partners, directors, officers and others indemnified by the former owners of the properties.

We may be unable to successfully expand our operations into new markets and submarkets.

If the opportunity arises, we may explore acquisitions of properties in new markets. The risks applicable to our ability to acquire, integrate and operate properties in our current markets are also applicable to our ability to acquire, integrate and operate properties in new markets. In addition to these risks, we will not possess the same level of familiarity with the dynamics and market conditions of any new markets that we may enter, which could adversely affect our ability to expand into those markets. We may be unable to build a significant market share or achieve a desired return on our investments in new markets.

We are exposed to risks associated with property development.

We engage in development and redevelopment activities with respect to certain of our properties. To the extent that we do so, we are subject to certain risks, including the following:


•	We may not complete a development or redevelopment project on schedule or within budgeted amounts (as a result of risks beyond our control, such as weather, labor conditions, material shortages and price increases);


•	We may be unable to lease the developed or redeveloped properties at budgeted rental rates or lease up the property within budgeted time frames;


•	We may devote time and expend funds on development or redevelopment of properties that we may not complete;


•	We may encounter delays or refusals in obtaining all necessary zoning, land use, and other required entitlements, and building, occupancy and other required governmental permits and authorizations;


•	We may encounter delays, refusals and unforeseen cost increases resulting from third-party litigation or objections;


•	We may fail to obtain the financial results expected from properties we develop or redevelop; and


•	We have developed and redeveloped properties in the past, however only in a limited manner in recent years, which could adversely affect our ability to develop or redevelop properties or to achieve our expected returns.

We are exposed to certain risks when we enter into JVs or issue securities of our subsidiaries, including our Operating Partnership.

We have and may in the future develop or acquire properties with, or raise capital from, third parties through partnerships, JVs or other entities, or through acquiring or disposing of non-controlling interests in, or sharing responsibility for managing the affairs of, a property, partnership, JV or other entity. This may subject us to risks that may not be present with other methods of ownership, including for example the following:


•	We may not be able to exercise sole decision-making authority regarding the properties, partnership, JV or other entity, which would allow for impasses on decisions that could restrict our ability to sell or transfer our interests in such entity or such entity’s ability to transfer or sell its assets;


•	Partners or co-venturers may default on their obligations including those related to capital contributions, debt financing or interest rate swaps, which could delay acquisition, construction or development of a property or increase our financial commitment to the partnership or JV;

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•	Conflicts of interests with our partners or co-venturers as result of matters such as different needs for liquidity, assessments of the market or tax objectives; ownership of competing interests in other properties; and other business interests, policies or objectives that are competitive or inconsistent with ours;


•	If any such jointly owned or managed entity takes or expects to take actions that could jeopardize our status as a REIT or require us to pay tax, we may suffer significantly, including having to dispose of our interest in such entity (if that is possible) or even losing our status as a REIT;


•	Our assumptions regarding the tax impact of any structure or transaction could prove to be incorrect, and we could be exposed to significant taxable income, property tax reassessments or other liabilities, including any liability to third parties that we may assume as part of such transaction or otherwise;


•	Disputes between us and partners or co-venturers may result in litigation or arbitration that would increase our expenses, affect our ability to develop or operate a property and/or prevent our officers and/or directors from focusing their time and effort on our business;


•	We may, in certain circumstances, be liable for the actions of our third-party partners or co-venturers; and


•	We may not be able to raise capital as needed from institutional investors or sovereign wealth funds, or on terms that are favorable.

If we default on the ground lease to which one of our properties is subject, our business could be adversely affected.

Some of our properties may be subject to a ground lease. If we default under the terms of such a lease, we may be liable for damages and could lose our ownership interest in the property.

We may not have sufficient cash available for distribution to stockholders at expected levels in the future.

Our distributions could exceed our cash generated from operations. If necessary, we may fund the difference from our existing cash balances or additional borrowings. If our available cash were to decline significantly below our taxable income, we could lose our REIT status unless we could borrow to make such distributions or make any required distributions in common stock.

Our property taxes could increase due to property tax rate changes, reassessments or changes in property tax laws, which would adversely impact our cash flows.

We are required to pay property taxes for our properties, which could increase as property tax rates increase or as our properties are assessed or reassessed by taxing authorities. In California, under current law, reassessment occurs primarily as a result of a “change in ownership”. A potential reassessment may take a considerable amount of time, during which the property taxing authorities make a determination of the occurrence of a “change of ownership”, as well as the actual reassessed value. In addition, from time to time, there have been proposals to base property taxes on commercial properties on their current market value, without any limit based on purchase price. If any similar proposal were adopted, the property taxes we pay could increase substantially. In California, pursuant to an existing state law commonly referred to as Proposition 13, properties are reassessed to market value only at the time of change in ownership or completion of construction, and thereafter, annual property reassessments are limited to 2% of previously assessed values. As a result, Proposition 13 generally results in significant below-market assessed values over time. From time to time, including recently, lawmakers and political coalitions have initiated efforts to repeal or amend Proposition 13 to eliminate its application to commercial and industrial properties. If successful, a repeal of Proposition 13 could substantially increase the assessed values and property taxes for our properties in California.

If a transaction intended to qualify as a Section 1031 Exchange is later determined to be taxable or if we are unable to identify and complete the acquisition of a suitable replacement property to effect a Section 1031 Exchange, we may face adverse consequences, and if the laws applicable to such transactions are amended or repealed, we may not be able to dispose of properties on a tax deferred basis.

From time to time we may dispose of properties in transactions that are intended to qualify as tax deferred exchanges under Section 1031 of the Code (Section 1031 Exchanges). It is possible that the qualification of a transaction as a Section 1031 Exchange could be successfully challenged and determined to be currently taxable. In such cases, our taxable income would increase as would the amount of distributions we are required to make to satisfy our REIT distribution requirements. This could increase the dividend income to our stockholders by reducing any return of capital they receive. In some circumstances, we may be required to pay additional dividends or, in lieu of that, corporate income tax, possibly including interest and penalties. As a result, we may be required to borrow in order to pay additional dividends or taxes, and the payment of such taxes could cause us to have less cash available to distribute to our stockholders. If a Section 1031 Exchange were later to be determined to be taxable, we may be

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required to amend our tax returns for the applicable year in question, including any reports we distributed to our stockholders. It is possible that legislation could be enacted that could modify or repeal the laws with respect to Section 1031 Exchanges, which could make it more difficult or not possible for us to dispose of properties on a tax deferred basis.

We face risks associated with contractual counterparties being designated “Prohibited Persons” by the Office of Foreign Assets Control.

The OFAC of the US Department of the Treasury maintains a list of persons designated as terrorists or who are otherwise blocked or banned (“Prohibited Persons”). The OFAC regulations and other laws prohibit conducting business or engaging in transactions with Prohibited Persons. Some of our agreements require us and the other party to comply with the OFAC requirements. If a party with whom we contract is placed on the OFAC list we may be required by the OFAC regulations to terminate the agreement, which could result in a losses or a damage claim by the other party that the termination was wrongful.

Risks Related to Our Organization and Structure

Tax consequences to holders of OP Units upon a sale or refinancing of our properties may cause the interests of our executive officers to differ from the interests of our stockholders.

Some of our properties were contributed to us in exchange for units of our Operating Partnership. As a result of the unrealized built-in gain attributable to such properties at the time of their contribution, some holders of OP Units, including our executive officers, may suffer different and more adverse tax consequences than holders of our common stock upon the sale or refinancing of the properties owned by our Operating Partnership, including disproportionately greater allocations of items of taxable income and gain upon a realization event. As a result, those holders may have different objectives regarding the appropriate pricing, timing and other material terms of any sale or refinancing of certain properties, or whether to sell or refinance such properties at all.

Our executive officers have significant influence over our affairs.

At December 31, 2018, our executive officers owned 5% of our outstanding common stock, but they would own 14% if they converted all of their OP Units into common stock. As a result, our executive officers, to the extent that they vote their shares in a similar manner, will have significant influence over our affairs and could exercise such influence in a manner that is not in the best interests of our other stockholders, including by attempting to delay, defer or prevent a change of control transaction that might otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders.

Our growth depends on external sources of capital which are outside of our control.

In order to qualify as a REIT, we are required under the Code to distribute annually at least 90% of our “REIT taxable income", determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and by excluding any net capital gain. To the extent that we do not distribute all of our net long-term capital gains or at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, we will be required to pay tax thereon at regular corporate tax rates. Because of these distribution requirements, we may not be able to fund future capital needs from our operating cash flows, including acquisitions, development and debt refinancing. Consequently, we expect to rely on third-party sources to fund some of our capital needs and we may not be able to obtain financing on favorable terms or at all. Any additional borrowings will increase our leverage, and any additional equity that we issue will dilute our common stock. Our access to third-party sources of capital depends on many factors, some of which include:


•	general market conditions;


•	the market’s perception of our growth potential;


•	our current debt levels;


•	our current and expected future earnings;


•	our cash flows and cash dividends; and


•	the market price per share of our common stock.

We face risks associated with short-term liquid investments.

From time to time, we have significant cash balances that we invest in a variety of short-term money market fund investments that are intended to preserve principal value and maintain a high degree of liquidity while providing current income. These investments are not insured against loss of principal and there is no guarantee that our investments in these funds will be redeemable at par value. If we cannot liquidate our investments or redeem them at par we could incur losses and experience liquidity issues.

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Our charter, the partnership agreement of our Operating Partnership, and Maryland law contain provisions that may delay or prevent a change of control transaction.

(i) Our charter contains a five percent ownership limit.

Our charter, subject to certain exceptions, contains restrictions on ownership that limit, and authorizes our directors to take such actions as are necessary and desirable to limit, any person to actual or constructive ownership of not more than five percent of the value or number, whichever is more restrictive, of the outstanding shares of our common stock. Our board of directors, in its sole discretion, may exempt a proposed transferee from the ownership limit. The ownership limit contained in our charter may delay or prevent a transaction or a change of control that might involve a premium price for our common stock or otherwise be in the best interest of our stockholders.

(ii) Our board of directors may create and issue a class or series of preferred stock without stockholder approval.

Our board of directors is empowered under our charter to amend our charter to increase or decrease the aggregate number of shares of our common stock or the number of shares of stock of any class or series that we have authority to issue, to designate and issue from time to time one or more classes or series of preferred stock and to classify or reclassify any unissued shares of our common stock or preferred stock without stockholder approval. Our board of directors may determine the relative rights, preferences and privileges of any class or series of preferred stock issued. As a result, we may issue series or classes of preferred stock with preferences, dividends, powers and rights, voting or otherwise, senior to the rights of our common stock holders. The issuance of preferred stock could also have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control transaction that might otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders.

(iii) Certain provisions in the partnership agreement of our Operating Partnership may delay or prevent an unsolicited acquisition of us.

Provisions in our Operating Partnership agreement may delay or make more difficult unsolicited acquisitions of us or changes in our control. These provisions could discourage third parties from making proposals involving an unsolicited acquisition of us or change of our control, although some stockholders might consider such proposals, if made, desirable. These provisions include, among others:


•	redemption rights of qualifying parties;


•	transfer restrictions on our OP Units;


•	the ability of the general partner in some cases to amend the partnership agreement without the consent of the limited partners; and


•	the right of the limited partners to consent to transfers of the general partnership interest and mergers under specified circumstances.

Any potential change of control transaction may be further limited as a result of provisions of the partnership unit designation for certain LTIP Units, which require us to preserve the rights of LTIP unit holders and may restrict us from amending the partnership agreement for our Operating Partnership in a manner that would have an adverse effect on the rights of LTIP unit holders.

(iv) Certain provisions of Maryland law could inhibit changes in control.

Certain provisions of the MGCL may have the effect of inhibiting a third party from making a proposal to acquire us or impeding a change of control under circumstances that otherwise could provide our stockholders with the opportunity to realize a premium over the market price of our common stock, including:

•

“business combination” provisions that, subject to limitations, prohibit certain business combinations between us and an “interested stockholder” (defined generally as any person who beneficially owns 10% or more of the voting power of our shares or an affiliate thereof) for five years after the most recent date on which the stockholder becomes an interested stockholder, and thereafter impose special appraisal rights and special stockholder voting requirements on these combinations; and

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•

“control share” provisions that provide that “control shares” of our company (defined as shares which, when aggregated with other shares controlled by the stockholder, entitle the stockholder to exercise one of three increasing ranges of voting power in electing directors) acquired in a “control share acquisition” (defined as the direct or indirect acquisition of ownership or control of “control shares”) have no voting rights except to the extent approved by our stockholders by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of all the votes entitled to be cast on the matter, excluding all interested shares.

We have elected to opt out of these provisions of the MGCL, in the case of the business combination provisions of the MGCL, by resolution of our board of directors, and in the case of the control share provisions of the MGCL, pursuant to a provision in our bylaws. However, our board of directors may by resolution elect to repeal the foregoing opt-outs from the business combination provisions of the MGCL and we may, by amendment to our bylaws, opt in to the control share provisions of the MGCL in the future.

Our charter, bylaws, our Operating Partnership agreement and Maryland law also contain other provisions that may delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change of control that might involve a premium price for our common stock or otherwise be in the best interest of our stockholders.

Under their employment agreements, certain of our executive officers will receive severance if they are terminated without cause or resign for good reason.

We have employment agreements with Jordan L. Kaplan, Kenneth M. Panzer and Kevin A. Crummy, which provide each executive with severance if they are terminated without cause or resign for good reason (including following a change of control), based on two or three times (depending on the officer) his annual total of salary, bonus and incentive compensation such as LTIP Units, options or outperformance grants. In addition, these executive officers would not be restricted from competing with us after their departure.

Our fiduciary duties as the sole stockholder of the general partner of our Operating Partnership could create conflicts of interest.

As the sole stockholder of the general partner of our Operating Partnership, we have fiduciary duties to the other limited partners in our Operating Partnership, the discharge of which may conflict with the interests of our stockholders. The limited partners of our Operating Partnership have agreed that, in the event of a conflict in the fiduciary duties owed by us to our stockholders and, in our capacity as general partner of our Operating Partnership, to such limited partners, we are under no obligation to give priority to the interests of such limited partners. The limited partners have the right to vote on certain amendments to the Operating Partnership agreement (which require approval by a majority in interest of the limited partners, including us) and individually to approve certain amendments that would adversely affect their rights. These voting rights may be exercised in a manner that conflicts with the interests of our stockholders. For example, we are unable to modify the rights of limited partners to receive distributions as set forth in the Operating Partnership agreement in a manner that adversely affects their rights without their consent, even though such modification might be in the best interest of our stockholders.

The loss of any of our executive officers or key senior personnel could significantly harm our business.

Our ability to maintain our competitive position is largely dependent on the skill and effort of our executive officers and key senior personnel, who have strong industry reputations, assist us in identifying acquisition and borrowing opportunities, having such opportunities brought to us, and negotiating with tenants and sellers of properties. If we lose the services of any of our executive officers or key senior personnel our business could be adversely affected.

Our board of directors may change significant corporate policies without stockholder approval.

Our investment, financing, borrowing, dividend, operating and other policies are determined by our board of directors. These policies may be amended or revised at any time and from time to time at the discretion of our board of directors without a vote of our stockholders. Our board of directors may change our policies with respect to conflicts of interest provided that such changes are consistent with applicable legal requirements.

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Compensation awards to our management may not be tied to or correspond with improved financial results or the market price of our common stock.

The compensation committee of our board of directors is responsible for overseeing our compensation and incentive compensation plans. Our compensation committee has significant discretion in structuring compensation packages and may make compensation decisions based on any number of factors. Compensation awards may not be tied to or correspond with improved financial results or the market price of our common stock. See Note 12 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 of this Report for more information regarding our stock-based compensation.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results.

An effective system of internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports, prevent fraud and operate successfully as a public company. There can be no guarantee that our internal controls over financial reporting will be effective in accomplishing all control objectives all of the time. Deficiencies, including material weaknesses, in our internal control over financial reporting that may occur in the future could result in material misstatements in our financial reporting, which could result in restatements of our financial statements. Failure to maintain effective internal controls could cause us to not meet our reporting obligations, which could affect our ability to remain listed with the NYSE or result in SEC enforcement actions, and could cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information.

Litigation could have an adverse effect on our business.

From time to time, we are party to various lawsuits, claims and other legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of our business. An unfavorable resolution of litigation could adversely affect us. Even when there is a favorable outcome, litigation may result in substantial expenses and significantly divert the attention of our management with a similar adverse effect on us.

New accounting pronouncements could adversely affect our operating results or the reported financial performance of our tenants.

Accounting policies and methods are fundamental to how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. Uncertainties posed by various initiatives of accounting standard-setting by the FASB and the SEC, which create and interpret applicable accounting standards for U.S. companies, may change the financial accounting and reporting standards or their interpretation and application of these standards that govern the preparation of our financial statements. Similarly, these changes could have a material impact on our tenants’ reported financial condition or results of operations, credit ratings and preferences regarding leasing real estate. See "New Accounting Pronouncements" in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 of this Report.

Risks Related to Taxes and Our Status as a REIT

Prospective investors should consult with their tax advisors regarding the effects of recently enacted tax legislation and other legislative, regulatory and administrative developments.

On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “TCJA”) was signed into law. The TCJA makes major changes to the Code, including a number of provisions of the Code that affect the taxation of REITs and their stockholders. Among the changes made by the TCJA are permanently reducing the generally applicable corporate tax rate, generally reducing the tax rate applicable to individuals and other non-corporate taxpayers for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026, eliminating or modifying certain previously allowed deductions (including substantially limiting interest deductibility and, for individuals, the deduction for non-business state and local taxes), and, for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026, providing for preferential rates of taxation through a deduction of up to 20% (subject to certain limitations) on most ordinary REIT dividends and certain trade or business income of non-corporate taxpayers. The TCJA also imposes new limitations on the deduction of net operating losses, which may result in us having to make additional taxable distributions to our stockholders in order to comply with REIT distribution requirements or avoid taxes on retained income and gains. The effect of the significant changes made by the TCJA are uncertain, and the IRS has issued only limited guidance to date, additional administrative guidance will be required in order to fully evaluate the effect of many provisions. The effect of any technical corrections with respect to the TCJA could have an adverse effect on us or our stockholders. Investors should consult their tax advisors regarding the implications of the TCJA on their investment in our common stock.

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Failure to qualify as a REIT would result in higher taxes and reduced cash available for distributions.

We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code, commencing with our initial taxable year ended December 31, 2006. To qualify as a REIT, we must satisfy on a continuing basis certain technical and complex income, asset, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership and other requirements. See Item 1 "Business Overview" of this Report for more information regarding these tests. Our ability to satisfy these tests depends upon our analysis of and compliance with numerous factors, many of which are not subject to a precise determination and have only limited judicial and administrative interpretations, and which are not entirely within our control. Holding most of our assets through our Operating Partnership further complicates the application of the REIT requirements and a technical or inadvertent mistake could jeopardize our REIT status. Legislation, new regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions could significantly change the tax laws with respect to the requirements for qualification as a REIT or the federal income tax consequences of qualification as a REIT. Although we believe that we will continue to qualify as a REIT, we can give no assurance that we have qualified or will continue to qualify as a REIT.

If we were to fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, and certain relief provisions did not apply, we would be subject to federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates, and distributions to stockholders would not be deductible by us in computing our taxable income. Any such corporate tax liability could be substantial and would reduce the amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders. Unless entitled to relief under certain Code provisions, we would also be disqualified from taxation as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which we ceased to qualify as a REIT. In addition, if we fail to qualify as a REIT, we would not be required to make distributions to stockholders, and all distributions to stockholders will be subject to tax as dividend income to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits. If we fail to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes and are able to avail ourselves of one or more of the relief provisions under the Code in order to maintain our REIT status, we would nevertheless be required to pay penalty taxes of $50,000 or more for each such failure.

As a result of the above factors, our failure to qualify as a REIT could impair our ability to raise capital and expand our business, substantially reduce distributions to stockholders, result in us incurring substantial indebtedness (to the extent borrowings are feasible) or liquidating substantial investments in order to pay the resulting taxes, and adversely affect the market price of our common stock. One of our Funds, and two of our consolidated JVs, also own properties through one or more entities which are intended to qualify as REITs, and we may in the future use other structures that include REITs. The failure of any such entities to qualify as a REIT could have similar consequences to the REIT subsidiary and could also cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT.

If the Operating Partnership, or any of its subsidiaries, were treated as a regular corporation for federal income tax purposes, we could cease to qualify as a REIT.

Although we believe that the Operating Partnership and other subsidiary partnerships, limited liability companies, REIT subsidiaries, QRS and other subsidiaries (other than the TRS) in which we own a direct or indirect interest will be treated for tax purposes as a partnership, disregarded entity (e.g., in the case of a 100% owned limited liability company), REIT or QRS, as applicable, no assurance can be given that the IRS will not successfully challenge the tax classification of any such entity, or that a court would not sustain such a challenge. If the IRS were successful in treating the Operating Partnership or other subsidiaries as entities taxable as a corporation (including a “publicly traded partnership” taxed as a corporation) for federal income tax purposes, we would likely fail to qualify as a REIT and it would significantly reduce the amount of cash available for distribution by such subsidiaries to us.

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Even if we qualify as a REIT, we will be required to pay some taxes which would reduce cash available for distributions.

Even if we qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we will be required to pay certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and property. For example, we will be subject to income tax to the extent that we distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income (including capital gains). In addition, any net taxable income earned directly by our TRS, or through entities that are disregarded for federal income tax purposes as entities separate from our TRS, will be subject to federal and possibly state corporate income tax. We have elected to treat several subsidiaries as TRSs, and we may elect to treat other subsidiaries as TRSs in the future. In this regard, several provisions of the laws applicable to REITs and their subsidiaries ensure that a TRS will be subject to an appropriate level of federal income taxation. For example, for taxable years prior to 2018, a TRS is limited in its ability to deduct interest payments made to an affiliated REIT. In addition, the REIT has to pay a 100% tax on some payments that it receives or on some deductions taken by its TRS if the economic arrangements between the REIT, the REIT’s tenants, and the TRS are not comparable to similar arrangements between unrelated parties. In addition, some state and local jurisdictions may tax some of our income even though as a REIT we are not subject to federal income tax on that income because not all states and localities treat REITs the same as they are treated for federal income tax purposes. Moreover, if we have net income from “prohibited transactions,” that income will be subject to a 100% tax. In general, prohibited transactions are sales or other dispositions of property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. Although we do not intend to hold any properties that would be characterized as held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of our business, such characterization is a factual determination and we cannot guarantee that the IRS would agree with our characterization of our properties. To the extent that we are required to pay federal, state and local taxes, we will have less cash available for distributions to our stockholders.

REIT distribution requirements could adversely affect our liquidity and cause us to forego otherwise attractive opportunities.

To qualify as a REIT, we generally must distribute annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, excluding any net capital gains. To the extent that we do not distribute all of our net long-term capital gains or at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, we will be required to pay tax thereon at regular corporate tax rates. We intend to make distributions to our stockholders to comply with the Code requirements for REITs and to minimize or eliminate our corporate income tax obligation. Certain types of assets generate substantial mismatches between taxable income and available cash. Such assets include rental real estate that has been financed through financing structures which require some or all of available cash flows to be used to service borrowings. As a result, the requirement to distribute a substantial portion of our taxable income could cause us to sell assets in adverse market conditions, borrow on unfavorable terms, distribute amounts that could otherwise be used to fund our operations, capital expenditures, acquisitions or repayment of debt, or cause us to forego otherwise attractive opportunities.

Dividends payable by REITs do not qualify for the reduced tax rates available for some dividends.

The maximum federal tax rate (not including the Medicare Contribution Tax on unearned income) applicable to income from “qualified dividends” payable to U.S. stockholders that are individuals, trusts and estates is 20%. Dividends payable by REITs, however, generally are not eligible for the 20% rate. However, under the TCJA, for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026, individuals, trusts, and estates generally may deduct up to 20% of ordinary REIT dividends. Although these rules do not adversely affect the taxation of REITs or dividends payable by REITs, investors who are individuals, trusts and estates may perceive investments in REITs to be relatively less attractive than investments in the stocks of non-REIT corporations that pay dividends.

REIT stockholders can receive taxable income without cash distributions.

Under certain circumstances, REITs are permitted to pay required dividends in shares of their stock rather than in cash. If we were to avail ourselves of that option, our stockholders could be required to pay taxes on such stock distributions without the benefit of cash distributions to pay the resulting taxes.

Legislative or other actions affecting REITs could have a negative effect on our investors or us, including our ability to maintain our qualification as a REIT or the federal income tax consequences of such qualification.

Federal income tax laws are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process, the IRS and the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Changes to the laws could adversely affect us and our investors. New legislation, Treasury Regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions could significantly and negatively affect our ability to qualify as a REIT, the federal income tax consequences of such qualification, or the federal income tax consequences of an investment in us. Changes to laws relating to the tax treatment of other entities, or an investment in other entities, could make an investment in such other entities more attractive relative to an investment in a REIT.

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Non-U.S. investors may be subject to FIRPTA, which would impose tax on certain distributions and on the sale of common stock if we are unable to qualify as a “domestically controlled” REIT or if our stock is not considered to be regularly traded on an established securities market.

A non-U.S. investor disposing of a U.S. real property interest, including shares of a U.S. corporation whose assets consist principally of U.S. real property interests or USRPIs is generally subject to a tax, known as FIRPTA tax, on the gain recognized on the disposition. Such FIRPTA tax does not apply, however, to the disposition of stock in a REIT if the REIT is a “domestically controlled qualified investment entity.” A domestically controlled qualified investment entity includes a REIT in which, at all times during a specified testing period, less than 50% of the value of its shares is held directly or indirectly by non-U.S. holders. In the event that we do not constitute a domestically controlled qualified investment entity, a non-U.S. investor’s sale of our common stock nonetheless will generally not be subject to tax under FIRPTA as a sale of a USRPI, provided that (1) the stock owned is of a class that is “regularly traded” as defined by applicable Treasury regulations, on an established securities market, and (2) the selling non-U.S. investor held 10% or less of our outstanding common stock at all times during a specified testing period. If we were to fail to so qualify as a domestically controlled qualified investment entity and our common stock were to fail to be “regularly traded,” a gain realized by a non-U.S. investor on a sale of our common stock would be subject to FIRPTA tax and applicable withholding. No assurance can be given that we will be a domestically controlled qualified investment entity. Additionally, any distributions we make to our non-U.S. stockholders that are attributable to gain from the sale of any USRPI will also generally be subject to FIRPTA tax and applicable withholdings, unless the recipient non-U.S. stockholder has not owned more than 10% of our common stock at any time during the year preceding the distribution and our common stock is treated as being “regularly traded”.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

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Item 2. Properties

We present property level data for our Total Portfolio, except that we present historical capital expenditures for our Consolidated Portfolio.

Office Portfolio Summary as of December 31, 2018



Submarket	Number of Properties	Rentable Square Feet	Submarket Rentable Square Feet⁽¹⁾	Our Market Share in Submarket⁽²⁾

Brentwood	15	2,068,190	3,328,102	62.1	%
Sherman Oaks/Encino	12	3,486,941	6,528,253	53.4
Westwood	6	2,133,881	4,211,981	50.7
Warner Center/Woodland Hills	3	2,830,996	7,667,855	36.9
Honolulu	4	1,763,845	5,088,599	34.7
Olympic Corridor	5	1,141,560	3,458,794	33.0
Beverly Hills⁽³⁾	11	2,194,631	7,089,250	27.9
Santa Monica	11	1,427,671	9,861,775	14.5
Century City	3	951,534	10,148,454	9.4
Burbank	1	456,205	7,060,975	6.5
Total / Weighted Average⁽⁴⁾	71	18,455,454	64,444,038	39.1	%

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(1)	Source is the 2018 fourth quarter CBRE Marketview report.


(2)	Calculated by dividing Rentable Square Feet by the applicable Submarket Rentable Square Feet.


(3)	Includes a 216,000 square foot property located just outside the Beverly Hills city limits. To calculate our percentage of the submarket, the property is not included in the numerator or the denominator for consistency with third party data.


(4)	The average of our market share in all submarkets is weighted based on the square feet of exposure in our total portfolio to each submarket.

Office Portfolio Percentage Leased and In-place Rents as of December 31, 2018



Submarket	Percent Leased⁽¹⁾		Annualized Rent⁽²⁾		Annualized Rent Per Leased Square Foot⁽²⁾

Beverly Hills	96.0	%	$	103,654,116	$	51.00
Brentwood	91.0		79,619,517		44.20
Burbank	100.0		22,515,408		49.35
Century City	93.3		39,841,715		47.88
Honolulu	87.9		49,535,063		33.70
Olympic Corridor	91.5		38,478,427		38.62
Santa Monica	93.4		90,462,372		71.22
Sherman Oaks/Encino	92.4		114,073,086		36.70
Warner Center/Woodland Hills	87.2		69,732,752		29.22
Westwood	92.5		92,882,126		49.02
Total / Weighted Average	91.7	%	$	700,794,582	$	43.13

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(1) Includes 258,614 square feet with respect to signed leases not yet commenced at December 31, 2018.

(2) Excludes signed leases not yet commenced at December 31, 2018.

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Office Lease Diversification as of December 31, 2018



Portfolio Tenant Size
	Median	Average

Square feet	2,600	5,500



	Office Leases			Rentable Square Feet			Annualized Rent
Square Feet Under Lease	Number	Percent		Amount	Percent		Amount		Percent

2,500 or less	1,451	49.2	%	1,996,030	12.3	%	$	84,709,765	12.1	%
2,501-10,000	1,123	38.1		5,492,073	33.8		232,835,025		33.2
10,001-20,000	237	8.0		3,267,485	20.1		137,477,094		19.6
20,001-40,000	103	3.5		2,820,838	17.4		118,613,578		16.9
40,001-100,000	32	1.1		1,770,591	10.9		85,517,687		12.2
Greater than 100,000	4	0.1		901,051	5.5		41,641,433		6.0
Total for all leases	2,950	100.0	%	16,248,068	100.0	%	$	700,794,582	100.0	%

Largest Office Tenants as of December 31, 2018

The table below presents tenants paying 1% or more of our aggregate Annualized Rent:



Tenant	Number of Leases	Number of Properties	Lease Expiration⁽¹⁾	Total Leased Square Feet	Percent of Rentable Square Feet		Annualized Rent		Percent of Annualized Rent

Time Warner⁽²⁾	3	3	2020-2024	468,775	2.5	%	$	22,953,657	3.2	%
UCLA⁽³⁾	25	10	2019-2027	319,161	1.7		15,691,388		2.2
William Morris Endeavor⁽⁴⁾	2	1	2027	205,313	1.1		11,671,698		1.7
Morgan Stanley⁽⁵⁾	5	5	2022-2027	145,488	0.8		9,007,837		1.3
Equinox Fitness⁽⁶⁾	5	5	2020-2033	180,087	1.0		7,426,266		1.1
Total	40	24		1,318,824	7.1	%	$	66,750,846	9.5	%

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(1)	Expiration dates are per lease (expiration dates do not reflect storage and similar leases).


(2)	Square footage expires as follows: 2,000 square feet in 2020, 11,000 square feet in 2021, and 456,000 square feet in 2024.


(3)	Square footage expires as follows: 6,400 square feet in 2019, 46,000 square feet in 2020, 68,000 square feet in 2021, 55,000 square feet in 2022, 40,000 square feet in 2023, 36,000 square feet in and 2024, 67,000 square feet in 2027. Tenant has options to terminate 31,000 square feet in 2020, 15,000 square feet in 2023, and 51,000 square feet in 2025.


(4)	Tenant has an option to terminate 2,000 square feet in 2020 and 202,000 square feet in 2022.


(5)	Square footage expires as follows: 15,000 square feet in 2022, 30,000 square feet in 2023, 26,000 square feet in 2025, and 74,000 square feet in 2027. Tenant has options to terminate 30,000 square feet in 2021, and 26,000 square feet in 2022.


(6)	Square footage expires as follows: 42,000 square feet in 2020, 33,000 square feet in 2024, 31,000 square feet in 2027, 44,000 square feet in 2028, and 30,000 square feet in 2033.

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Office Industry Diversification as of December 31, 2018



Industry	Number of Leases	Annualized Rent as a Percent of Total

Legal	577	18.0	%
Financial Services	393	14.9
Entertainment	212	13.1
Real Estate	293	11.2
Accounting & Consulting	363	10.2
Health Services	374	7.6
Retail	194	5.9
Technology	130	5.1
Insurance	103	4.1
Educational Services	57	3.7
Public Administration	93	2.3
Advertising	59	1.6
Manufacturing & Distribution	55	1.2
Other	47	1.1
Total	2,950	100.0	%

Office Lease Expirations as of December 31, 2018 (assuming non-exercise of renewal options and early termination rights)



Year of Lease Expiration	Number of Leases	Rentable Square Feet	Expiring Square Feet as a Percent of Total		Annualized Rent at December 31, 2018		Annualized Rent as a Percent of Total		Annualized Rent Per Leased Square Foot⁽¹⁾		Annualized Rent Per Leased Square Foot at Expiration⁽²⁾

Short Term Leases	79	366,917	2.0	%	$	13,869,946	2.0	%	$	37.80	$	37.91
2019	520	1,708,218	9.3		67,811,719		9.7		39.70		40.28
2020	644	2,758,179	14.9		113,778,026		16.2		41.25		42.98
2021	552	2,627,560	14.2		110,020,206		15.7		41.87		45.00
2022	394	2,051,850	11.1		86,049,872		12.3		41.94		46.79
2023	324	2,183,740	11.8		97,933,949		14.0		44.85		51.77
2024	178	1,786,529	9.7		79,835,721		11.4		44.69		54.86
2025	108	868,826	4.7		40,122,752		5.7		46.18		57.40
2026	47	530,434	2.9		24,766,078		3.5		46.69		59.14
2027	56	874,683	4.7		41,912,643		6.0		47.92		61.92
2028	37	346,330	1.9		18,312,269		2.6		52.88		71.11
Thereafter	11	144,802	0.8		6,381,401		0.9		44.07		64.72
Subtotal	2,950	16,248,068	88.0	%	$	700,794,582	100.0	%	43.13		48.99
Signed leases not commenced		258,614	1.4
Available		1,530,903	8.3
Building management use		129,323	0.7
BOMA adjustment⁽³⁾		288,546	1.6
Total/Weighted Average	2,950	18,455,454	100.0	%	$	700,794,582	100.0	%	$	43.13	$	48.99

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(1)	Represents annualized rent at December 31, 2018 divided by leased square feet.


(2)	Represents annualized rent at expiration divided by leased square feet.


(3)	Represents the square footage adjustments for leases that do not reflect BOMA remeasurement.

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Historical Office Tenant Improvements and Leasing Commissions



	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Renewals
Number of leases	467		482		419
Square feet	2,420,185		2,213,716		1,687,430
Tenant improvement costs per square foot ⁽¹⁾	$	9.22	$	11.47	$	13.49
Leasing commission costs per square foot ⁽¹⁾	10.15		7.77		7.75
Total costs per square foot ⁽¹⁾	$	19.37	$	19.24	$	21.24

New leases
Number of leases	332		337		307
Square feet	1,195,118		1,189,808		1,100,800
Tenant improvement costs per square foot ⁽¹⁾	$	24.63	$	28.22	$	26.52
Leasing commission costs per square foot ⁽¹⁾	9.30		12.26		10.34
Total costs per square foot ⁽¹⁾	$	33.93	$	40.48	$	36.86

Total
Number of leases	799		819		726
Square feet	3,615,303		3,403,524		2,788,230
Tenant improvement costs per square foot ⁽¹⁾	$	14.31	$	17.32	$	18.63
Leasing commission costs per square foot ⁽¹⁾	9.87		9.34		8.77
Total costs per square foot ⁽¹⁾	$	24.18	$	26.66	$	27.41

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(1)	Tenant improvements and leasing commissions are reported in the period in which the lease is signed. Tenant improvements are based on signed leases, or, for leases in which a tenant improvement allowance was not specified, the amount budgeted at the time the lease commenced.

Multifamily Portfolio as of December 31, 2018



Submarket	Number of Properties	Number of Units	Units as a Percent of Total

Brentwood	5	950	26	%
Honolulu⁽¹⁾	3	1,825	51
Santa Monica	2	820	23
Total	10	3,595	100	%



Submarket	Percent Leased		Annualized Rent⁽²⁾		Monthly Rent per Leased Unit

Brentwood	99.6	%	$	31,529,304	$	2,777
Honolulu⁽¹⁾	98.5		39,729,672		1,849
Santa Monica	99.3		29,582,376		3,032
Total / Weighted Average	99.0	%	$	100,841,352	$	2,367

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(1)	Includes newly developed units just made available for rent.


(2)	The multifamily portfolio also includes 10,495 square feet of ancillary retail space generating annualized rent of $397,190, which is not included in multifamily annualized rent.

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Historical Office Recurring Capital Expenditures (consolidated office portfolio)



	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016

Recurring capital expenditures⁽¹⁾	$	3,684,483	$	3,537,175	$	3,061,304
Total square feet⁽¹⁾	13,784,509		13,700,370		13,011,771
Recurring capital expenditures per square foot⁽¹⁾	$	0.27	$	0.26	$	0.24

____________________________________________________


(1)	For 2018 and 2017, we excluded ten properties with an aggregate 2.8 million square feet, and for 2016, we excluded nine properties with an aggregate 2.9 million square feet.

Historical Multifamily Recurring Capital Expenditures



	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016

Recurring capital expenditures⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾	$	2,564,003	$	1,693,466	$	1,563,445
Total units⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾	3,324		3,380		3,320
Recurring capital expenditures per unit⁽¹⁾	$	772	$	507	$	469

____________________________________________________

(1)

Recurring capital expenditures are costs associated with the turnover of units. Our multifamily portfolio includes a large number of units that, due to Santa Monica rent control laws, have had only modest rent increases since 1979. During 2018, when a tenant vacated one of these units, we incurred on average $44 thousand per unit to bring the unit up to our standards. We classify these capital expenditures as non-recurring.


(2)	Excludes new development units.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we are party to various lawsuits, claims and other legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of our business. Excluding ordinary, routine litigation incidental to our business, we are not currently a party to any legal proceedings that we believe would reasonably be expected to have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

None.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market for Common Stock; Dividends

Our common stock is traded on the NYSE under the symbol “DEI”. On December 31, 2018, the closing price of our common stock was $34.13. The table below presents the dividends declared for our common stock as reported by the NYSE:



	First Quarter		Second Quarter		Third Quarter		Fourth Quarter
2018

Dividend declared	$	0.25	$	0.25	$	0.25	$	0.26


2017

Dividend declared	$	0.23	$	0.23	$	0.23	$	0.25

Holders of Record

We had 15 holders of record of our common stock on February 8, 2019. Many of the shares of our common stock are held in “street” name and accordingly, the number of beneficial owners of such shares is not known or included in the foregoing number.

Sales of Unregistered Securities

On December 20, 2017, in connection with the purchase of an office property located at 9401 Wilshire Boulevard, Beverly Hills, California, our Operating Partnership issued $2.6 million OP Units valued at $105.7 million to the seller of the office property, as partial consideration for the purchase. Each OP Unit can be exchanged into one share of our common stock (or its cash equivalent at our option). This issuance did not involve underwriters, underwriter discounts or commissions or any public offering. We believe that the issuance of OP Units is exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act under Rule 506 of Regulation D promulgated under the Securities Act and Section 4(2) of the Securities Act as a transaction by an issuer not involving any public offering. There was no advertising, general promotion or other marketing undertaken in connection with the issuance. The investor represented and warranted that (i) it acquired the OP Units for investment purposes only and not for the purpose of further distribution; (ii) it had sufficient knowledge and experience in financial and business matters and the ability to bear the economic risk of its investment, and (iii) that the OP Units were taken for investment purposes and not with a view to resale in violation of applicable securities laws.

Repurchases of Equity Securities

None.

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Performance Graph

The information below shall not be deemed to be “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC or subject to Regulation 14A or 14C, other than as provided in Item 201 of Regulation S-K, or to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, except to the extent we specifically request that such information be treated as soliciting material or specifically incorporate it by reference into a filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.

The graph below compares the cumulative total return on our common stock from December 31, 2013 to December 31, 2018 to the cumulative total return of the S&P 500, NAREIT Equity and an appropriate “peer group” index (assuming a $100 investment in our common stock and in each of the indexes on December 31, 2013, and that all dividends were reinvested into additional shares of common stock at the frequency with which dividends are paid on the common stock during the applicable fiscal year). The total return performance presented in this graph is not necessarily indicative of, and is not intended to suggest, the total future return performance.




	Period Ending
Index	12/31/13	12/31/14	12/31/15	12/31/16	12/31/17	12/31/18

DEI	100.00	125.59	141.97	170.85	196.54	167.91
S&P 500	100.00	113.69	115.26	129.05	157.22	150.33
NAREIT Equity⁽¹⁾	100.00	130.14	134.30	145.74	153.36	146.27
Peer group⁽²⁾	100.00	135.67	133.05	140.31	140.49	120.04


(1)	FTSE NAREIT Equity REITs index.


(2)	Consists of Boston Properties, Inc. (BXP), Kilroy Realty Corporation (KRC), SL Green Realty Corp. (SLG), Vornado Trust (VNO) and Hudson Pacific Properties, Inc (HPP).

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Item 6. Selected Financial Data

The table below presents selected consolidated financial and operating data and should be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our financial statements included in Items 7 and 15 in this Report, respectively.



	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016		2015		2014
Consolidated Statements of Operations Data (In thousands):
Total office revenues	$	777,931	$	715,546	$	645,633	$	540,975	$	519,405
Total multifamily revenues	$	103,385	$	96,506	$	96,918	$	94,799	$	80,117
Total revenues	$	881,316	$	812,052	$	742,551	$	635,774	$	599,522
Operating income	$	251,944	$	241,023	$	220,817	$	189,527	$	167,854
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	116,086	$	94,443	$	85,397	$	58,384	$	44,621
Per Share Data:
Net income attributable to common stockholders per share - basic	$	0.68	$	0.58	$	0.57	$	0.40	$	0.31
Net income attributable to common stockholders per share - diluted	$	0.68	$	0.58	$	0.55	$	0.39	$	0.30
Weighted average common shares outstanding (in thousands):
Basic	169,893		160,905		149,299		146,089		144,013
Diluted	169,902		161,230		153,190		150,604		148,121
Dividends declared per common share	$	1.01	$	0.94	$	0.89	$	0.85	$	0.81


	As of December 31,
	2018		2017		2016		2015		2014
Balance Sheet Data (In thousands):
Total assets	$	8,261,709	$	8,292,641	$	7,613,705	$	6,066,161	$	5,938,973
Secured notes payable and revolving credit facility, net	$	4,134,030	$	4,117,390	$	4,369,537	$	3,611,276	$	3,419,667
Property Data:
Number of consolidated properties⁽¹⁾	73		73		69		64		63

_________________________________________________________


(1)	All properties are wholly-owned by our Operating Partnership, except for ten office properties owned by our consolidated JVs. The consolidated properties do not include the eight properties owned by our unconsolidated Funds.

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes in Part IV, Item 15 of this Report. Our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were affected by property acquisitions and dispositions - see Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 of this Report.

Business Description

Douglas Emmett, Inc. is a fully integrated, self-administered and self-managed REIT. Through our interest in our Operating Partnership and its subsidiaries, our consolidated JVs and our unconsolidated Funds, we are one of the largest owners and operators of high-quality office and multifamily properties in Los Angeles County, California and in Honolulu, Hawaii. We focus on owning, acquiring, developing and managing a substantial share of top-tier office properties and premier multifamily communities in neighborhoods that possess significant supply constraints, high-end executive housing and key lifestyle amenities. As of December 31, 2018, our portfolio consisted of the following:




	Consolidated Portfolio⁽¹⁾	Total Portfolio⁽²⁾
Office
Class A Properties⁽³⁾	63	71
Rentable Square Feet (in thousands)	16,617	18,455
Leased rate	91.9%	91.7%
Occupied rate	90.4%	90.3%

Multifamily
Properties⁽³⁾	10	10
Units	3,595	3,595
Leased rate	99.0%	99.0%
Occupied rate	97.0%	97.0%

__________________________________________________

(1)

Our Consolidated Portfolio includes the properties in our consolidated results. Through our subsidiaries, we own 100% of these properties except for ten office properties totaling 2.8 million square feet, which we own through three consolidated JVs. Our Consolidated Portfolio also includes two parcels of land from which we receive ground rent from ground leases to the owners of a Class A office building and a hotel.


(2)	Our Total Portfolio includes our Consolidated Portfolio as well as eight properties totaling 1.8 million square feet owned by our unconsolidated Funds. See Note 5 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 of this Report for more information about our unconsolidated Funds.


(3)	Our office and multifamily portfolios include ancillary retail space.

Annualized rent

As of December 31, 2018, annualized rent from our Consolidated Portfolio was derived as follows:

______

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Financings, Developments and Repositionings

Financings

In February 2018, we borrowed 335 million under a secured, non-recourse interest-only loan maturing in March 2025. The loan bears interest at LIBOR + 1.30%, which was effectively fixed at 3.84% for five years through interest rate swaps. The loan is secured by a wholly-owned office property. We used the proceeds from the loan and our credit line to pay off two loans totaling $426 million which were scheduled to mature in 2019. See Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 of this Report for more information regarding our debt.

Developments

•

In West Los Angeles, we are building a 34 story high-rise apartment building with 376 apartments. The tower is being built on a site that is directly adjacent to our existing office building and a 712 unit residential property that we own. We expect the cost of the development to be approximately $180.0 million to $200.0 million, which does not include the cost of the land which we have owned since 1997. As part of the project, we are investing additional capital to build a one acre park on Wilshire Boulevard that will be available to the public and provide a valuable amenity to our surrounding properties and community. We expect construction to take about 3 years.


•	At our Moanalua Hillside Apartments in Honolulu, as of the date of this Report, we completed the construction of an additional 491 new apartments in addition to our existing 680 apartments. We also invested additional capital to upgrade the existing buildings, improve the parking and landscaping, built a new leasing and management office, and constructed a new fitness center and two pools.

•

In downtown Honolulu, we are converting a 25 story, 490 thousand square foot office tower into approximately 500 rental apartments. We expect the conversion to occur in phases over a number of years as the office space is vacated. We currently estimate the construction costs to be approximately $80.0 million to $110.0 million, although the inherent uncertainties of development are compounded by the multi-year and phased nature of the conversion. Assuming timely approvals, we expect the first units to be delivered in 2020. This project will help address the severe shortage of rental housing in Honolulu and revitalize the central business district.

Repositionings

We often strategically purchase properties with large vacancies or expected near-term lease roll-over and use our knowledge of the property and submarket to reposition the property for the optimal use and tenant mix. The work we undertake to reposition a building typically takes months or even years, and could involve a range of improvements from a complete structural renovation to a targeted remodeling of selected spaces. We generally select a property for repositioning at the time we purchase it, although repositioning efforts can also occur at properties that we already own. During the repositioning, the affected property may display depressed rental revenue and occupancy levels which impacts our results and, therefore, comparisons of our performance from period to period.

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Rental Rate Trends - Total Portfolio

Office Rental Rates

The table below presents the average annual rental rate per leased square foot and the annualized lease transaction costs per leased square foot for leases executed in our total office portfolio:




	Year Ended December 31,
	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014

Average straight-line rental rate⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾	$48.77	$44.48	$43.21	$42.65	$35.93
Annualized lease transaction costs⁽³⁾	$5.80	$5.68	$5.74	$4.77	$4.66

___________________________________________________

(1)

Because straight-line rent takes into account the full economic value of each lease, including rent concessions and escalations, we believe that it may provide a better comparison than ending cash rents, which include the impact of the annual escalations over the entire term of the lease. However, care should be taken in any comparison, as the averages are often significantly affected from period to period by factors such as the buildings, submarkets, and types of space and terms involved in the leases executed during the respective reporting period.


(2)	Reflects the weighted average straight-line Annualized Rent.


(3)	Reflects the weighted average leasing commissions and tenant improvement allowances divided by the weighted average number of years for the leases. Excludes leases substantially negotiated by the seller in the case of acquired properties and leases for tenants relocated due to repositioning projects.

Office Rent Roll

The table below presents the rent roll for new and renewed leases per leased square foot executed in our total office portfolio during the year ended December 31, 2018:




Rent Roll ⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾	Starting Cash Rent	Straight-line Rent	Expiring Cash Rent

Leases signed during the period	$46.44	$48.77	N/A
Prior leases for the same space	$35.19	$37.11	$40.87
Percentage change	32.0%	31.4%	13.6%	⁽³⁾

___________________________________________________

(1)

Represents the average initial stabilized cash and straight-line rents on new and renewal leases signed during the quarter compared to the prior lease on the same space, excluding Short-Term Leases, leases where the prior lease was terminated more than a year before signing of the new lease, and leases in acquired buildings where we believe the information about the prior agreement is incomplete or where we believe base rent reflects other off-market inducements to the tenant that are not reflected in the prior lease document.


(2)	Our office rent roll can fluctuate from period to period as a result of changes in our submarkets, buildings and term of the expiring leases, making these metrics difficult to predict.


(3)	The percentage change for expiring cash rent represents the comparison between the starting cash rent on leases executed during the respective period and the expiring cash rent on the prior leases for the same space.

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Multifamily Rental Rates

The table below presents the average annual rental rate per leased unit for new tenants:




	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016		2015		2014

Average annual rental rate - new tenants⁽¹⁾	$	27,542	$	28,501	$	28,435	$	27,936	$	28,870

_____________________________________________________


(1)	These average rental rates are not directly comparable from year to year because of changes in the properties and units included. In particular, in each of 2018 and 2016, we significantly expanded the number of units in our portfolio in Honolulu, where the rental rates are lower than the average in our portfolio.

Multifamily Rent Roll

During 2018, average rent on leases to new tenants was 0.5% lower for the same unit at the time it became vacant.

Occupancy Rates - Total Portfolio

The tables below present the occupancy rates for our total office portfolio and multifamily portfolio:




	December 31,
Occupancy Rates⁽¹⁾as of:	2018		2017		2016		2015		2014

Office portfolio	90.3	%	89.8	%	90.4	%	91.2	%	90.5	%
Multifamily portfolio⁽²⁾	97.0	%	96.4	%	97.9	%	98.0	%	98.2	%




	Year Ended December 31,
Average Occupancy Rates⁽¹⁾⁽³⁾:	2018		2017		2016		2015		2014

Office portfolio	89.4	%	89.5	%	90.6	%	90.9	%	90.0	%
Multifamily portfolio⁽²⁾	96.6	%	97.2	%	97.6	%	98.2	%	98.5	%

___________________________________________________


(1)	Occupancy rates include the impact of property acquisitions, most of whose occupancy rates at the time of acquisition were below that of our existing portfolio.


(2)	The occupancy rate for our multifamily portfolio was impacted during 2018 by the new units that we are leasing at our Moanalua Hillside Apartments development in Honolulu - see "Financings, Developments and Repositionings".


(3)	Average occupancy rates are calculated by averaging the occupancy rates at the end of each of the quarters in the period and at the end of the quarter immediately prior to the start of the period.

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Office Lease Expirations

As of December 31, 2018, assuming non-exercise of renewal options and early termination rights, we expect to see expiring square footage in our total office portfolio as follows:

______________________________________________________

(1) Average of the percentage of leases at December 31, 2015, 2016, and 2017 with the same remaining duration as the leases for the labeled year had at December 31, 2018. Acquisitions are included in the prior year average commencing in the quarter after the acquisition.

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Results of Operations

Comparison of 2018 to 2017




	2018		2017		Favorable (Unfavorable)			Percentage		Commentary

	(In thousands)
Revenues

Office rental revenue and tenant recoveries	$	661,147	$	606,852	$	54,295		8.9	%	The increase was due to increase in rental revenues and tenant recoveries of $27.2 million from properties that we acquired in 2017 and an increase in rental revenues and tenant recoveries of $27.1 million from properties that we owned throughout both periods. The increase from properties that we owned throughout both periods was primarily due to (i) an increase in rental rates, partially offset by a decrease in occupancy and (ii) an increase in tenant recoveries due to an increase in recoverable operating costs.
Office parking and other income	$	116,784	$	108,694	$	8,090		7.4	%	The increase was due to parking and other income of $5.8 million from properties that we owned throughout both periods and an increase of $2.3 million from properties that we acquired in 2017. The increase in parking and other income from properties that we owned throughout both periods primarily reflects an increase in parking rates, partially offset by a decrease in occupancy and an increase in ground rent income.
Multifamily revenue	$	103,385	$	96,506	$	6,879		7.1	%	The increase was primarily due to an increase in rental revenues of $6.4 million, of which $3.4 million was due to an increase in revenues from new apartments at our Moanalua development and $3.0 million was due to increases in revenues from properties that we owned throughout both periods. The increase from the properties that we owned throughout both periods was due to an increase in rental rates for in-place leases, partially offset by a decrease in occupancy.

Operating expenses

Office rental expenses	$	252,751	$	233,633	$	(19,118	)	(8.2	)%	The increase was due to rental expenses of $10.9 million from properties that we owned throughout both periods and an increase of $8.2 million from properties that we acquired during 2017. The increase from properties that we owned throughout both periods was primarily due to an increase in scheduled services expenses, utility expenses, personnel expenses, repairs and maintenance and real estate taxes.
Multifamily rental expenses	$	28,116	$	24,401	$	(3,715	)	(15.2	)%	The increase was primarily due to an increase of $2.9 million from properties that we owned throughout both periods and an increase of $0.8 million from new apartments at our Moanalua development. The increase from the properties that we owned throughout both periods was primarily due to personnel expenses, utility expenses, real estate taxes and scheduled services expenses.

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	2018			2017			Favorable (Unfavorable)			Percentage		Commentary

	(In thousands)
General and administrative	$	38,641		$	36,234		$	(2,407	)	(6.6	)%	The increase was primarily due to an increase in personnel expenses, partially offset by a decrease in payroll tax expense due to options that were exercised in the comparable period.
Depreciation and amortization	$	309,864		$	276,761		$	(33,103	)	(12.0	)%	The increase was due to an increase in depreciation and amortization of $18.4 million from properties that we acquired during 2017, an increase of $1.2 million from new apartments at our Moanalua development, and an increase of $13.5 million from properties that we owned throughout both periods. The increase from properties that we owned throughout both periods was primarily due to accelerated depreciation related to our office property repositionings.

Non-Operating Income and Expenses

Other income	$	11,414		$	9,712		$	1,702		17.5	%	The increase was primarily due to an increase in interest income due to higher money market interest rates.
Other expenses	$	(7,472	)	$	(7,037	)	$	(435	)	(6.2	)%	The increase was primarily due an increase in expenses from the health club that we own and operate, and an increase in acquisition-related expenses related to properties that we did not acquire.
Income, including depreciation, from unconsolidated real estate funds	$	6,400		$	5,905		$	495		8.4	%	The increase was primarily due to an increase in net income for our unconsolidated Funds, which was primarily due to (i) an increase in revenues due to an increase in rental rates and (ii) higher interest income due to higher money market interest rates, partially offset by an increase in interest expense due to higher debt balances and higher interest rates.
Interest expense	$	(133,402	)	$	(145,176	)	$	11,774		8.1	%	The decrease was primarily due to lower debt balances.
Demolition expenses	$	(272	)	$	—		$	(272	)	100.0	%	The increase reflects expenses to demolish an existing structure to allow our high-rise apartment development in Brentwood, California.

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Comparison of 2017 to 2016




	2017		2016		Favorable (Unfavorable)			Percentage		Commentary

	(In thousands)
Revenues

Office rental revenues and tenant recoveries.	$	606,852	$	545,061	$	61,791		11.3	%	The increase was due to rental revenues and tenant recoveries of $49.0 million from properties that we acquired in 2016 and 2017 and an increase in rental revenues and tenant recoveries of $15.9 million from the properties that we owned throughout both periods, partially offset by a decrease of $3.1 million in rental revenues from a property that we sold during 2016. The increase from properties that we owned throughout both periods was primarily due to (i) an increase in rental rates, partially offset by a decrease in occupancy and a decrease of $1.5 million in the accretion from below-market leases and (ii) an increase in tenant recoveries due to an increase in recoverable operating costs .
Office parking and other income	$	108,694	$	100,572	$	8,122		8.1	%	The increase was due to parking and other income of $5.1 million from properties that we acquired in 2016 and 2017 and an increase of $3.5 million in parking and other income from properties that we owned throughout both periods, partially offset by a decrease of $0.5 million in parking and other income from a property that we sold during 2016. The increase in parking and other income from properties that we owned throughout both periods primarily reflects increases in rates, partially offset by a decrease in occupancy.
Multifamily revenue	$	96,506	$	96,918	$	(412	)	(0.4	)%	The decrease was due to a decrease of $2.8 million in the accretion from below-market leases, partially offset by an increase of $2.4 million in rental revenues and parking income. The decrease in the accretion from below-market leases was due to the completion in the fourth quarter 2016 of the amortization of below-market lease intangibles recorded at the time of our IPO. The increase in rental revenues and parking income was primarily due to an increase in rental rates.

Operating expenses

Office rental expenses	$	233,633	$	214,546	$	(19,087	)	(8.9	)%	The increase was due to rental expenses of $17.3 million from properties that we acquired during 2016 and 2017 and an increase of $3.2 million from properties that we owned throughout both periods, partially offset by a decrease of $1.4 million from a property that we sold during 2016. The increase from properties that we owned throughout both periods was primarily due to an increase in personnel expenses, utilities and real estate taxes, partially offset by a decrease in parking expenses.
Multifamily rental expenses	$	24,401	$	23,317	$	(1,084	)	(4.6	)%	The increase was due to a prior year excise tax refund of $0.5 million in 2016 which offset expenses in that year and increases in scheduled services, personnel expenses and utilities in 2017.

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	2017			2016			Favorable (Unfavorable)			Percentage		Commentary
	(In thousands)
General and administrative	$	36,234		$	34,957		$	(1,277	)	(3.7	)%	The increase was primarily due to an increase in personnel expenses.
Depreciation and amortization	$	276,761		$	248,914		$	(27,847	)	(11.2	)%	The increase was primarily due to depreciation and amortization of $24.6 million from properties that we acquired during 2016 and 2017 and an increase of $3.7 million from properties that we owned throughout both periods, partially offset by a decrease of $0.5 million from a property that we sold during 2016. The increase from the properties that we owned throughout both periods was primarily due to an increase in building improvements, tenant improvements and leasing commissions.

Non-Operating Income and Expenses

Other income	$	9,712		$	8,759		$	953		10.9	%	The increase was primarily due to an increase in interest income and revenue from the health club that we own and operate.
Other expenses	$	(7,037	)	$	(9,477	)	$	2,440		25.7	%	The decrease was primarily due to $2.8 million of acquisition-related expenses incurred in connection with the acquisition of properties by our consolidated JVs in 2016. We commenced capitalizing acquisition-related expenses in 2017 as a result of a change in accounting policy - see Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 of this Report.
Income, including depreciation, from unconsolidated real estate funds	$	5,905		$	7,812		$	(1,907	)	(24.4	)%	The decrease was primarily due to an increase in interest expense and loan costs for one of our unconsolidated Funds related to a 2017 loan refinancing.
Interest expense	$	(145,176	)	$	(146,148	)	$	972		0.7	%	The decrease was due to a decrease in our Operating Partnership interest expense of $13.3 million as a result of lower debt balances, partially offset by interest expense of $12.3 million from debt related to our consolidated JV property acquisitions in 2016 and 2017.
Gains on sales of investments in real estate	$	—		$	14,327		$	(14,327	)	(100.0	)%	In 2016 we sold (i) a thirty-percent ownership interest in one of our consolidated JVs to a third party investor and recognized a gain of $1.1 million, (ii) a thirty-five percent ownership interest in one of our consolidated JVs to a third party investor and recognized a gain of $0.6 million and (iii) a wholly-owned office property and recognized a gain of $12.7 million.

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Non-GAAP Supplemental Financial Measure: FFO

Usefulness to Investors

We report FFO because it is a widely reported measure of the performance of equity REITs, and is also used by some investors to identify trends in occupancy rates, rental rates and operating costs from year to year, and to compare our performance with other REITs. FFO is a non-GAAP financial measure for which we believe that net income is the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure. FFO has limitations as a measure of our performance because it excludes depreciation and amortization of real estate, and captures neither the changes in the value of our properties that result from use or market conditions, nor the level of capital expenditures, tenant improvements and leasing commissions necessary to maintain the operating performance of our properties, all of which have real economic effect and could materially impact our results from operations. FFO should be considered only as a supplement to net income as a measure of our performance and should not be used as a measure of our liquidity or cash flow, nor is it indicative of funds available to fund our cash needs, including our ability to pay dividends. Other REITs may not calculate FFO in accordance with the NAREIT definition and, accordingly, our FFO may not be comparable to the FFO of other REITs. See "Results of Operations" above for a discussion of the items that impacted our net income.

Comparison of 2018 to 2017

Our FFO increased by 45.0 million, or 12.7%, to $399.7 million for 2018 compared to $354.7 million for 2017, which was primarily due to (i) an increase in operating income from our office portfolio due to acquisitions in 2017 and higher rental rates, (ii) an increase in operating income from our multifamily portfolio due to rent from new apartments at our Moanalua development and higher rental rates in existing units in our portfolio, and (iii) a decrease in interest expense due to lower debt balances, partially offset by an increase in general and administrative expenses due to an increase in personnel costs.

Comparison of 2017 to 2016

Our FFO increased by $29.0 million, or 8.9%, to $354.7 million for 2017 compared to $325.7 million for 2016, which was primarily due to (i) an increase in operating income from our office portfolio due to property acquisitions in 2016 and 2017 and increasing rental rates, (ii) a decrease in other expenses as a result of acquisition-related costs we expensed in 2016, while similar costs were capitalized in 2017 as a result of the adoption of an ASU in 2017, and (iii) a decrease in interest expense due to lower debt balances, partially offset by (a) a decrease in the operating income from our multifamily portfolio due to a decrease in the accretion from below-market leases due to the completion in 2016 of the amortization of below-market lease intangibles recorded at the time of our IPO, and an excise tax refund of $0.5 million that reduced our multifamily operating expenses in 2016, (b) an increase in general and administrative expenses due an increase in personnel costs, and (c) a decrease in the FFO of our Funds due to an increase in interest expense and loan costs related to the refinancing of a loan for one of our Funds during 2017.

Reconciliation to GAAP

The table below reconciles our FFO (the FFO attributable to our common stockholders and noncontrolling interests in our Operating Partnership - which includes our share of our consolidated JVs and our unconsolidated Funds FFO) to net income attributable to common stockholders computed in accordance with GAAP:




	Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2018			2017			2016

Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	116,086		$	94,443		$	85,397
Depreciation and amortization of real estate assets	309,864			276,761			248,914
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	12,526			9,984			10,693
Adjustments attributable to unconsolidated funds ⁽¹⁾	16,702			16,220			16,016
Adjustments attributable to consolidated JVs ⁽²⁾	(55,448		)	(42,674		)	(20,961		)
Gain on sale of investment in real estate	—			—			(14,327		)
FFO	$	399,730		$	354,734		$	325,732

___________________________________________________


(1)	Adjusts for our share of our unconsolidated Funds depreciation and amortization of real estate assets.


(2)	Adjusts for the net income and depreciation and amortization of real estate assets that is attributable to the noncontrolling interests in our consolidated JVs.

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Non-GAAP Supplemental Financial Measure: Same Property NOI

Usefulness to Investors

We report Same Property NOI to facilitate a comparison of our operations between reported periods. Many investors use Same Property NOI to evaluate our operating performance and to compare our operating performance with other REITs, because it can reduce the impact of investing transactions on operating trends. NOI is a non-GAAP financial measure for which we believe that net income is the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure. We report NOI because it is a widely recognized measure of the performance of equity REITs, and is used by some investors to identify trends in occupancy rates, rental rates and operating costs and to compare our operating performance with that of other REITs. NOI has limitations as a measure of our performance because it excludes depreciation and amortization expense, and captures neither the changes in the value of our properties that result from use or market conditions, nor the level of capital expenditures, tenant improvements and leasing commissions necessary to maintain the operating performance of our properties, all of which have real economic effect and could materially impact our results from operations. Other REITs may not calculate Same Property NOI in the same manner. As a result, our Same Property NOI may not be comparable to the Same Property NOI of other REITs. Same Property NOI should be considered only as a supplement to net income as a measure of our performance and should not be used as a measure of our liquidity or cash flow, nor is it indicative of funds available to fund our cash needs, including our ability to pay dividends.

Comparison of 2018 to 2017:

Our 2018 same properties included 47 office properties, aggregating 11.8 million Rentable Square Feet, and 9 multifamily properties with an aggregate 2,640 units:



(In thousands)	2018			2017			Favorable (Unfavorable)			Percentage		Commentary

Office revenues	$	502,912		$	480,101		$	22,811		4.8	%	The increase was primarily due to an increase in rental and parking rates, an increase in tenant recovery revenues reflecting an increase in recoverable operating costs and an increase in ground rent income.
Office expenses	(166,541		)	(158,262		)	(8,279		)	(5.2	)%	The increase was primarily due to an increase in scheduled services expenses, utility expenses, personnel expenses, repairs and maintenance and real estate taxes.
Office NOI	336,371			321,839			14,532			4.5	%

Multifamily revenues	84,587			81,927			2,660			3.2	%	The increase was primarily due to an increase in rental revenues due to an increase in occupancy and rental rates.
Multifamily expenses	(21,508		)	(19,969		)	(1,539		)	(7.7	)%	The increase was primarily due to an increase in personnel expenses, scheduled services expenses, utility expenses, repairs and maintenance and real estate taxes.
Multifamily NOI	63,079			61,958			1,121			1.8	%

Total NOI	$	399,450		$	383,797		$	15,653		4.1	%

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Reconciliation to GAAP

The table below presents a reconciliation of our Same Property NOI to net income attributable to common stockholders:



(In thousands)	2018			2017

Same Property NOI	$	399,450		$	383,797
Non-comparable office revenues	275,019			235,445
Non-comparable office expenses	(86,210		)	(75,371		)
Non-comparable multifamily revenues	18,770			14,579
Non-comparable multifamily expenses	(6,580		)	(4,432		)
NOI	600,449			554,018
General and administrative	(38,641		)	(36,234		)
Depreciation and amortization	(309,864		)	(276,761		)
Operating income	251,944			241,023
Other income	11,414			9,712
Other expenses	(7,472		)	(7,037		)
Income, including depreciation, from unconsolidated real estate funds	6,400			5,905
Interest expense	(133,402		)	(145,176		)
Demolition expenses	(272		)	—
Net income	128,612			104,427
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	(12,526		)	(9,984		)
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	116,086		$	94,443

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Comparison of 2017 to 2016

Our 2017 same properties included 51 office properties, aggregating 13.0 million rentable square feet, and 9 multifamily properties with an aggregate 2,640 units:



(In thousands)	2017			2016			Favorable (Unfavorable)			Percentage		Commentary

Office revenues	$	551,651		$	531,734		$	19,917		3.7	%	The increase was primarily due to an increase in rental and parking rates, as well as higher tenant recovery revenues reflecting increased recoverable operating costs.
Office expenses	(176,916		)	(173,977		)	(2,939		)	(1.7	)%	The increase was primarily due to an increase in personnel expenses, utilities and real estate taxes, partially offset by a decrease in parking expenses.
Office NOI	374,735			357,757			16,978			4.7	%

Multifamily revenues	81,927			82,328			(401		)	(0.5	)%	The decrease was primarily due to a decrease of $2.8 million in the accretion from below-market leases, partially offset by an increase in rental revenues and parking and other income. The decrease in the accretion from below-market leases was due to the completion in 2016 of the amortization of below-market lease intangibles recorded at the time of our IPO. The increase in rental revenues and parking and other income was primarily due to an increase in rental rates.
Multifamily expenses	(19,969		)	(19,229		)	(740		)	(3.8	)%	The increase was primarily due to an excise tax refund of $0.5 million in 2016 which offset other operating expenses.
Multifamily NOI	61,958			63,099			(1,141		)	(1.8	)%

Total NOI	$	436,693		$	420,856		$	15,837		3.8	%

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Reconciliation to GAAP

The table below presents a reconciliation of our Same Property NOI to net income attributable to common stockholders:



(In thousands)	2017			2016

Same Property NOI	$	436,693		$	420,856
Non-comparable office revenues	163,895			113,899
Non-comparable office expenses	(56,717		)	(40,569		)
Non-comparable multifamily revenues	14,579			14,590
Non-comparable multifamily expenses	(4,432		)	(4,088		)
NOI	554,018			504,688
General and administrative	(36,234		)	(34,957		)
Depreciation and amortization	(276,761		)	(248,914		)
Operating income	241,023			220,817
Other income	9,712			8,759
Other expenses	(7,037		)	(9,477		)
Income, including depreciation, from unconsolidated real estate funds	5,905			7,812
Interest expense	(145,176		)	(146,148		)
Income before gains	104,427			81,763
Gains on sales of investments in real estate	—			14,327
Net income	104,427			96,090
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	(9,984		)	(10,693		)
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	94,443		$	85,397

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Short-term liquidity

Excluding acquisitions, development projects and debt refinancings, we expect to meet our short-term liquidity requirements through cash on hand, cash generated by operations, and our revolving credit facility. See Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 of this Report for more information regarding our revolving credit facility.

Long-term liquidity

Our long-term liquidity needs consist primarily of funds necessary to pay for acquisitions, development projects and debt refinancings. We do not expect to have sufficient funds on hand to cover these long-term cash requirements due to the requirement to distribute a substantial majority of our income on an annual basis imposed by REIT federal tax rules. We plan to meet our long-term liquidity needs through long-term secured non-recourse indebtedness, the issuance of equity securities, including common stock and OP Units, as well as property dispositions and JV transactions. We have an ATM program which would allow us, subject to market conditions, to sell up to $400 million of shares of common stock as of the date of this Report.

To mitigate the impact of changing interest rates on our cash flows from operations, most of our long-term secured loans carry fixed interest rates, and we generally enter into interest rate swap agreements with respect to our loans with floating interest rates. These swap agreements generally expire between one to two years before the maturity date of the related loan, during which time we can refinance the loan without any interest penalty. See Notes 7 and 9 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 of this Report for more information regarding our debt and derivative contracts, respectively.

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Contractual obligations as of December 31, 2018




	Payment due by period
(In thousands)	Total		Less than 1 year		2-3 years		4-5 years		Thereafter

Term loan principal payments⁽¹⁾	$	4,163,982	$	145,718	$	401,539	$	2,536,685	$	1,080,040
Ground lease payments⁽²⁾	49,843		733		1,466		1,466		46,178
Development commitments⁽³⁾	202,865		89,381		113,484		—		—
Capital expenditures and tenant improvements commitments⁽⁴⁾	55,340		55,340		—		—		—
Total	$	4,472,030	$	291,172	$	516,489	$	2,538,151	$	1,126,218

____________________________________________________


(1)	Reflects the future principal payments due on our secured notes payable and revolving credit facility, excluding any maturity extension options. For more information regarding our debt and the interest rates that determine our periodic interest payments see Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 of this Report.


(2)	Reflects the future minimum ground lease payments. See Note 16 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 of this Report.


(3)	See "Financings, Developments and Repositionings" for a discussion of our developments.


(4)	Reflects the aggregate remaining contractual commitment for capital expenditure projects and repositionings, as well as tenant improvements. See "Financings, Developments and Repositionings" for a discussion of our repositionings.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Unconsolidated Funds Debt

Our unconsolidated Funds have their own secured non-recourse debt, and we have made certain environmental and other limited indemnities and guarantees covering customary non-recourse carve-outs related to those loans. We have also guaranteed the related swaps. Our Funds have agreed to indemnify us for any amounts that we would be required to pay under these agreements. As of December 31, 2018, all of the obligations under the respective loans and swap agreements have been performed in accordance with the terms of those agreements. For information regarding our Funds and Funds' debt, see Notes 5 and 17, respectively, to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 of this Report.

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Cash Flows

Comparison of 2018 to 2017




	2018			2017			Increase (Decrease)			Percentage
	(In thousands)

Cash flows provided by operating activities⁽¹⁾	$	432,982		$	402,697		$	30,285		7.5	%
Cash flows used in investing activities⁽²⁾	$	(249,551	)	$	(669,595	)	$	(420,044	)	(62.7	)%
Cash flows (used in) provided by financing activities⁽³⁾	$	(213,849	)	$	330,616		$	(544,465	)	(164.7	)%

___________________________________________________

(1)

Our cash flows provided by operating activities are primarily dependent upon the occupancy and rental rates of our portfolio, the collectability of rent and recoveries from our tenants, and the level of our operating expenses and general and administrative costs, and interest expense. The increase was primarily due to (i) an increase in operating income from our office portfolio due to acquisitions in 2017 and higher rental rates, (ii) an increase in operating income from our multifamily portfolio due to rents from new apartments at our Moanalua development and higher rental rates from existing units, and (iii) a decrease in interest expense due to lower debt balances.

(2)

Our cash flows used in investing activities is generally used to fund property acquisitions, developments and redevelopment projects, and Recurring and non-Recurring Capital Expenditures. The decrease is primarily due to $537.7 million paid for properties acquired in 2017, partially offset by (i) an increase of $70.7 million for capital expenditures for improvements to real estate and (ii) a decrease of $36.2 million in capital distributions received from our Funds.

(3)

Our cash flows used in financing activities are generally impacted by our borrowings and capital activities, as well as dividends and distributions paid to common stockholders and noncontrolling interests, respectively. The decrease is primarily due to (i) $593.2 million in proceeds from the issuance of common stock in 2017, (ii) $284.2 million in contributions from non-controlling interests in 2017, partially offset by (a) an increase of $299.7 million in net borrowings and (b) a decrease of $52.6 million in payroll taxes paid related to the exercise of stock options.

Critical Accounting Policies

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP, which requires us to make estimates of certain items which affect the reported amounts of our assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. While we believe that our estimates are based upon reasonable assumptions and judgments at the time that they are made, some of our estimates could prove to be incorrect, and those differences could be material. Below is a discussion of our critical accounting policies, which are the policies we believe require the most estimate and judgment. See Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 15 of this Report for the summary of our significant accounting policies.

Investment in Real Estate

Acquisitions

We allocate the purchase price, which includes the capitalized transaction costs, of acquired properties to: (i) land, (ii) buildings and improvements, (iii) tenant improvements and identifiable intangible assets such as in-place at-market leases, (iv) acquired above- and below-market ground and tenant leases, and if applicable (v) assumed debt, based upon our estimates of expected future cash flows and other valuation techniques. We estimate the relative fair values of the tangible assets on an ‘‘as-if-vacant’’ basis. The estimated relative fair value of acquired in-place at-market leases are the estimated costs to lease the property to the occupancy level at the date of acquisition, including the fair value of leasing commissions and legal costs. We evaluate the time period over which we expect such occupancy level to be achieved and include an estimate of the net operating costs (primarily real estate taxes, insurance and utilities) incurred during the lease-up period. Above and below-market ground and tenant leases are recorded as an asset or liability based upon the present value (using an interest rate which reflects the risks associated with the leases acquired) of the difference between the contractual amounts to be paid or received pursuant to the in-place ground or tenant leases, respectively, and our estimate of fair market rental rates for the corresponding in-place leases, over the remaining non-cancelable term of the leases. Assumed debt is recorded at fair value based upon the present value of the expected future payments.

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These estimates require judgment, involve complex calculations, and the allocations have a direct and material impact on our results of operations because, for example, (i) there would be less depreciation if we allocate more value to land (which is not depreciated), or (ii) if we allocate more value to buildings than to tenant improvements, the depreciation would be recognized over a much longer time period, because buildings are depreciated over a longer time period than tenant improvements.

Cost capitalization

We capitalize development costs, including predevelopment costs, interest, property taxes, insurance and other costs directly related to the development of real estate. Indirect development costs, including salaries and benefits, office rent, and associated costs for those individuals directly responsible for and who spend their time on development activities are also capitalized and allocated to the projects to which they relate. Development costs are capitalized while substantial activities are ongoing to prepare an asset for its intended use. We consider a development project to be substantially complete when the residential units or office space is available for occupancy but no later than one year after cessation of major construction activity. Costs incurred after a project is substantially complete and ready for its intended use, or after development activities have ceased, are expensed as incurred. Costs previously capitalized related to abandoned developments are charged to earnings. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. The capitalization of development costs requires judgment, and can directly and materially impact our results of operations because, for example, (i) if we don't capitalize costs that should be capitalized, then our operating expenses would be overstated during the development period, and the subsequent depreciation of the developed real estate would be understated, or (ii) if we capitalize costs that should not be capitalized, then our operating expenses would be understated during the development period, and the subsequent depreciation of the real estate would be overstated. We capitalized development costs of $78.7 million, $66.0 million and $31.6 million during 2018, 2017 or 2016, respectively.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

We assess our investment in real estate and our investment in our Funds for impairment on a periodic basis, and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of our investments may not be recoverable. If the undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset are less than the carrying value of the asset, and our evaluation indicates that we may be unable to recover the carrying value, then we would record an impairment loss to the extent that the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value of the asset. Our estimates of future cash flows are based in part upon assumptions regarding future occupancy, rental rates and operating costs, and could differ materially from actual results. We record real estate held for sale at the lower of carrying value or estimated fair value, less costs to sell, and similarly recognize impairment losses if we believe that we cannot recover the carrying value. Our evaluation of market conditions for assets held for sale requires judgment, and our expectations could differ materially from actual results. Impairment losses would reduce our net income and could be material. We did not record any impairment losses for our long-lived assets during 2018, 2017 or 2016.

Revenue Recognition for Tenant Recoveries

Our tenant recovery revenues for recoverable operating expenses are recognized as revenue in the period that the recoverable expenses are incurred. Subsequent to year-end, we perform reconciliations on a lease-by-lease basis and bill or credit each tenant for any differences between the estimated expenses we billed to the tenant and the actual expenses incurred. Estimating tenant recovery revenues requires an in-depth analysis of the complex terms of each underlying lease. Examples of estimates and judgments made when determining the amounts recoverable include:


•	estimating the recoverable expenses;


•	estimating the impact of changes to expense and occupancy during the year;


•	estimating the fixed and variable components of operating expenses for each building;


•	conforming recoverable expense pools to those used in the base year for the underlying lease; and


•	judging whether an expense or capital expenditure is recoverable pursuant to the terms of the underlying lease.

These estimates require judgment and involve complex calculations. If our estimates prove to be incorrect, then our tenant recovery revenues and net income could be materially and adversely affected in future periods when we perform our reconciliations. The impact of changing our current year tenant recovery billings by 5% would result in a change to our tenant recovery revenues and net income of $2.4 million, $2.1 million and $2.0 million during 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

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Allowances for Tenant and Deferred Rent Receivables

Our estimates regarding the adequacy of our allowances for uncollectible tenant and deferred rent receivables requires judgment, including the creditworthiness of specific tenants and general economic trends and conditions. For most of our tenants, our only security is their security deposits or letters of credit, and in some cases we do not require any security deposit or letter of credit. If our allowances are not sufficient to cover the unsecured losses from our tenants who fail to make contractual payments, our revenues and net income could be materially and adversely affected in future periods. As of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the total of our allowances was $8.1 million, $6.5 million and $7.8 million, respectively. The impact of changing the allowances by 5% would result in a change to our revenues and net income of $403 thousand, $323 thousand and $390 thousand during 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Stock-Based Compensation

We award stock-based compensation to certain employees and non-employee directors in the form of LTIP Units. We recognize the fair value of the awards over the requisite vesting period, which is based upon service. The fair value of the awards is based upon the market value of our common stock on the grant date and a discount for post-vesting restrictions. Our estimate of the discount for post-vesting restrictions requires judgment. If our estimate of the discount is too high or too low it would result in the fair value of the awards that we make being too low or too high, respectively, which would result in an under- or over-expense of stock-based compensation, respectively, and this under- or over-expensing of stock-based compensation could be material to our net income. Stock-based compensation expense was $22.3 million, $18.5 million and $17.4 million for 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The impact of changing the discount rate by 5% would result in a change to our stock-based compensation expense and net income of $1.1 million, $0.9 million and $0.9 million during 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

We use derivative instruments to hedge interest rate risk related to our floating rate borrowings. However, our use of these instruments exposes us to credit risk from the potential inability of our counterparties to perform under the terms of those agreements. We attempt to minimize this credit risk by contracting with a variety of high-quality financial counterparties. See Notes 7 and 9 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 of this Report for more information regarding our debt and derivatives. At December 31, 2018, 6.0% of our debt was unhedged floating rate debt. A fifty-basis point change in the one month USD LIBOR interest rate would result in an annual impact to our earnings (through interest expense) of $1.3 million. We calculate interest sensitivity by multiplying the amount of unhedged floating rate debt by fifty-basis points.

In July 2017, the Financial Conduct Authority (the authority that regulates LIBOR) announced it intends to stop compelling banks to submit rates for the calculation of LIBOR after 2021. The Alternative Reference Rates Committee ("ARRC") has proposed that the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") is the rate that represents best practice as the alternative to USD-LIBOR for use in derivatives and other financial contracts that are currently indexed to USD-LIBOR. ARRC has proposed a paced market transition plan to SOFR from USD-LIBOR and organizations are currently working on industry wide and company specific transition plans as it relates to derivatives and cash markets exposed to USD-LIBOR. Our floating rate borrowings and derivative instruments are indexed to USD-LIBOR and we are monitoring this activity and evaluating the related risks.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

See the Index to our Financial Statements in Part IV, Item 15.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

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Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

As of December 31, 2018, the end of the period covered by this Report, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our CEO and CFO, regarding the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) at the end of the period covered by this Report. Based on the foregoing, our CEO and CFO concluded, as of that time, that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective in ensuring that information required to be disclosed by us in reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act (i) is processed, recorded, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and (ii) is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and our CFO, as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

There have not been any changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2018, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting and the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm thereon appear at pages F-1 and F-3, respectively, and are incorporated herein by reference.

Item 9B. Other Information

None.

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PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

Information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information set forth under the captions “Election of Directors (Proposal 1) – Information Concerning Current Directors and Nominees”, “Executive Officers”, “Corporate Governance”, “Board Meetings and Committees” and “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance”, in our Proxy Statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after December 31, 2018.

Item 11. Executive Compensation

Information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information set forth under the captions “Executive Compensation”, “Compensation Committee Report”, “Director Compensation”, and “Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation”, in our Proxy Statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after December 31, 2018.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Stock-Based Compensation Plan

The following table presents information with respect to shares of our common stock that may be issued under our existing stock incentive plan as of December 31, 2018:



Plan Category		Number of shares of common stock to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights (In thousands)		Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights		Number of shares of common stock remaining available for future issuance under stock-based compensation plans (excluding shares reflected in column (a)) (In thousands)
		(a)		(b)		(c)
Stock-based compensation plans approved by stockholders	(1)	2,780	(2)	$—	(3)	659

___________________________________________________________


(1)	For a description of our 2016 Omnibus Stock Incentive Plan, see Note 12 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 of this Report. We did not have any other stock-based compensation plans as of December 31, 2018.


(2)	Consists of 1.8 million vested and 0.9 million unvested LTIP Units.


(3)	We have no outstanding options. There are no exercise prices for LTIP Units.

The remaining information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information set forth under the caption “Voting Securities and Principal Stockholders—Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management”, in our Proxy Statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after December 31, 2018.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

Information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information set forth under the captions “Election of Directors (Proposal 1) – Information Concerning Current Directors and Nominees”, “Corporate Governance” and “Transactions With Related Persons”, in our Proxy Statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after December 31, 2018.

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services

Information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information set forth under the caption “Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” in our Proxy Statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after December 31, 2018.

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PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedule

(a)(1) and (2) Financial Statements and Schedules



Index

		Page

Exhibits		54
Signatures		56
Report of Management on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting		F- 1
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm		F- 2
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting		F- 3
Consolidated Balance Sheets		F- 4
Consolidated Statements of Operations		F- 5
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income		F- 6
Consolidated Statements of Equity		F- 7
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows		F- 8
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements		F- 9
Overview		F- 9
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies		F- 10
Investment in Real Estate		F- 17
Acquired Lease Intangibles		F- 21
Investment in Unconsolidated Real Estate Funds		F- 22
Other Assets		F- 22
Secured Notes Payable & Revolving Credit Facility, Net		F- 23
Interest Payable, Accounts Payable and Deferred Revenue		F- 25
Derivative Contracts		F- 25
Equity		F- 27
EPS		F- 29
Stock-Based Compensation		F- 30
Fair Value of Financial Instruments		F- 32
Segment Reporting		F- 33
Future Minimum Lease Receipts		F- 34
Future Minimum Lease Payments		F- 34
Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees		F- 35
Quarterly Financial Information (unaudited)		F- 37
Schedule III - Consolidated Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation		F- 38

Note: All other schedules have been omitted because the required information is not present, or not present in amounts sufficient to require submission of the schedule, or because the information required is included in the financial statements or notes thereto.

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Douglas Emmett, Inc.

Exhibits

(a)(3) exhibits



Number	Description	Footnote

1.1	Equity Distribution Agreement, dated August 4, 2017, by and among Douglas Emmett, Inc., Douglas Emmett Management, Inc., Douglas Emmett Properties, LP, Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated and J.P. Morgan Securities LLC.	(1)
1.2	Supplement No. 1 to Equity Distribution Agreement, dated November 20, 2017, by and among Douglas Emmett, Inc., Douglas Emmett Management, Inc., Douglas Emmett Properties, LP, Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner, & Smith Incorporated and J.P. Morgan Securities LLC.	(2)
3.1	Articles of Amendment and Restatement of Douglas Emmett, Inc.	(3)
3.2	Bylaws of Douglas Emmett, Inc.	(4)
3.3	Certificate of Correction to Articles of Amendment and Restatement of Douglas Emmett, Inc.	(5)
3.4	Bylaws Amendment	(6)
4.1	Form of Certificate of Common Stock of Douglas Emmett, Inc.	(7)
10.1	Form of Agreement of Limited Partnership of Douglas Emmett Properties, LP.	(7)
10.2	Registration Rights Agreement among Douglas Emmett, Inc. and the Initial Holders named therein. +	(8)
10.3	Form of Indemnification Agreement between Douglas Emmett, Inc. and its directors and officers. +	(9)
10.4	Douglas Emmett, Inc. 2016 Omnibus Stock Incentive Plan. +	(10)
10.5	Form of Douglas Emmett Properties, LP Partnership Unit Designation – 2016 LTIP Units. +	(11)
10.6	Form of Douglas Emmett, Inc. 2016 Omnibus Stock Incentive Plan 2016 LTIP Unit Award Agreement. +	(11)
10.7	Employment agreement dated January 1, 2019 between Douglas Emmett, Inc., Douglas Emmett Properties, LP and Jordan L. Kaplan. +	(12)
10.8	Employment agreement dated January 1, 2019 between Douglas Emmett, Inc., Douglas Emmett Properties, LP and Kenneth Panzer. +	(12)
10.9	Employment agreement dated January 1, 2019 between Douglas Emmett, Inc., Douglas Emmett Properties, LP and Kevin A. Crummy. +	(12)
21.1	List of Subsidiaries of the Registrant. *
23.1	Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. *
31.1	Certificate of CEO pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. *
31.2	Certificate of CFO pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. *
32.1	Certificate of CEO pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. *	(13)
32.2	Certificate of CFO pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. *	(13)
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document.*
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.*
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.*
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.*
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.*
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.*

*	Filed with this 10-K .
+	Denotes management contract or compensatory plan, contract or arrangement.
(1)	Filed with Form 8-K on August 7, 2017 and incorporated herein by this reference. (File number 001-33106)
(2)	Filed with Form 8-K on November 22, 2017 and incorporated herein by this reference. (File number 001-33106)
(3)	Filed with Amendment No. 6 to Form S-11 on October 19, 2006 and incorporated herein by this reference. (File number 333-135082)

Table of Contents

Douglas Emmett, Inc.

Exhibits (continued)



(4)	Filed with Form 8-K on September 6, 2013 and incorporated herein by this reference. (File number 001-33106)
(5)	Filed with Form 8-K on October 30, 2006 and incorporated herein by this reference. (File number 001-33106)
(6)	Filed with Form 8-K on April 9, 2018 and incorporated herein by this reference. (File number 001-33106)
(7)	Filed with Amendment No. 3 to Form S-11 on October 3, 2006 and incorporated herein by this reference. (File number 333-135082)
(8)	Filed with Form S-11 on June 16, 2006 and incorporated herein by this reference. (File number 333-135082)
(9)	Filed with Amendment No. 2 to Form S-11 on September 20, 2006 and incorporated herein by this reference. (File number 333-135082)
(10)	Filed with Form 8-K on June 3, 2016 and incorporated herein by this reference. (File number 001-33106)
(11)	Filed with Form 8-K on December 12, 2016 and incorporated herein by this reference. (File number 001-33106)
(12)	Filed with Form 8-K on December 21, 2018 and incorporated herein by this reference. (File number 001-33106)
(13)	In accordance with SEC Release No. 33-8212, these exhibits are being furnished, and are not being filed as part of this Report on Form 10-K or as a separate disclosure document, and are not being incorporated by reference into any Securities Act registration statement.

Item 16. 10-K Summary

None.

Table of Contents

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.



	DOUGLAS EMMETT, INC.

Dated:	By:	/s/ JORDAN L. KAPLAN
February 15, 2019		Jordan L. Kaplan
		President and CEO

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed by the persons below, in their respective capacities, on behalf of the registrant as of February 15, 2019.



Signature		Title

/s/ JORDAN L. KAPLAN
Jordan L. Kaplan		President, CEO and Director (Principal Executive Officer)

/s/ MONA M. GISLER
Mona M. Gisler		CFO (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

/s/ DAN A. EMMETT
Dan A. Emmett		Chairman of the Board

/s/ KENNETH M. PANZER
Kenneth M. Panzer		COO and Director

/s/ CHRISTOPHER H. ANDERSON
Christopher H. Anderson		Director

/s/ LESLIE E. BIDER
Leslie E. Bider		Director

/s/ DR. DAVID T. FEINBERG
Dr. David T. Feinberg		Director

/s/ VIRGINIA A. MCFERRAN
Virginia A. McFerran		Director

/s/ THOMAS E. O’HERN
Thomas E. O’Hern		Director

/s/ WILLIAM E. SIMON, JR.
William E. Simon, Jr.		Director

Table of Contents

Report of Management on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

The management of Douglas Emmett, Inc. is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Our system of internal control is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and preparation of our financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with US GAAP. Our management, including the undersigned CEO and CFO, assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. In conducting its assessment, management used the criteria issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission on Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013 Framework). Based on this assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2018, our internal control over financial reporting was effective based on those criteria.

Management, including our CEO and CFO, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures, or our internal controls will prevent all error and fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and the benefit of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected.

The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the consolidated financial statements included in this annual report, as stated in their report appearing on page F-3, which expresses an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018.

/s/ JORDAN L. KAPLAN

Jordan L. Kaplan

President and CEO

/s/ MONA M. GISLER

Mona M. Gisler

CFO

February 15, 2019

F- 1

Table of Contents

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Douglas Emmett, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Douglas Emmett, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018 and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 Framework), and our report dated February 15, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company's auditor since 1995.

Los Angeles, California

February 15, 2019

F- 2

Table of Contents

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Douglas Emmett, Inc.

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited Douglas Emmett, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Douglas Emmett, Inc. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of Douglas Emmett, Inc. as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a), and our report dated February 15, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Report of Management on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Los Angeles, California

February 15, 2019

F- 3

Table of Contents

Douglas Emmett, Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands, except share data)



	December 31, 2018			December 31, 2017
Assets
Investment in real estate:
Land	$	1,065,099		$	1,062,345
Buildings and improvements	7,995,203			7,886,201
Tenant improvements and lease intangibles	840,653			756,190
Property under development	129,753			124,472
Investment in real estate, gross	10,030,708			9,829,208
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization	(2,246,887		)	(2,012,752		)
Investment in real estate, net	7,783,821			7,816,456
Cash and cash equivalents	146,227			176,645
Tenant receivables, net	4,371			2,980
Deferred rent receivables, net	124,834			106,021
Acquired lease intangible assets, net	3,251			4,293
Interest rate contract assets	73,414			60,069
Investment in unconsolidated real estate funds	111,032			107,735
Other assets	14,759			18,442
Total Assets	$	8,261,709		$	8,292,641

Liabilities
Secured notes payable and revolving credit facility, net	$	4,134,030		$	4,117,390
Interest payable, accounts payable and deferred revenue	130,154			103,947
Security deposits	50,733			50,414
Acquired lease intangible liabilities, net	52,569			75,635
Interest rate contract liabilities	1,530			807
Dividends payable	44,263			42,399
Total liabilities	4,413,279			4,390,592

Equity
Douglas Emmett, Inc. stockholders' equity:
Common Stock, $0.01 par value, 750,000,000 authorized, 170,214,809 and 169,564,927 outstanding at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively	1,702			1,696
Additional paid-in capital	3,282,316			3,272,539
Accumulated other comprehensive income	53,944			43,099
Accumulated deficit	(935,630		)	(879,810		)
Total Douglas Emmett, Inc. stockholders' equity	2,402,332			2,437,524
Noncontrolling interests	1,446,098			1,464,525
Total equity	3,848,430			3,902,049
Total Liabilities and Equity	$	8,261,709		$	8,292,641

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

F- 4

Table of Contents

Douglas Emmett, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Operations

(In thousands, except per share data)



	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Revenues
Office rental
Rental revenues and tenant recoveries	$	661,147		$	606,852		$	545,061
Parking and other income	116,784			108,694			100,572
Total office revenues	777,931			715,546			645,633

Multifamily rental
Rental revenues	95,423			89,039			89,996
Parking and other income	7,962			7,467			6,922
Total multifamily revenues	103,385			96,506			96,918

Total revenues	881,316			812,052			742,551

Operating Expenses
Office expenses	252,751			233,633			214,546
Multifamily expenses	28,116			24,401			23,317
General and administrative	38,641			36,234			34,957
Depreciation and amortization	309,864			276,761			248,914
Total operating expenses	629,372			571,029			521,734

Operating income	251,944			241,023			220,817

Other income	11,414			9,712			8,759
Other expenses	(7,472		)	(7,037		)	(9,477		)
Income, including depreciation, from unconsolidated real estate funds	6,400			5,905			7,812
Interest expense	(133,402		)	(145,176		)	(146,148		)
Demolition expenses	(272		)	—			—
Income before gains	128,612			104,427			81,763
Gains on sales of investments in real estate	—			—			14,327
Net income	128,612			104,427			96,090
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	(12,526		)	(9,984		)	(10,693		)
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	116,086		$	94,443		$	85,397

Net income attributable to common stockholders per share – basic	$	0.68		$	0.58		$	0.57
Net income attributable to common stockholders per share – diluted	$	0.68		$	0.58		$	0.55

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

F- 5

Table of Contents

Douglas Emmett, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(In thousands)



	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016

Net income	$	128,612		$	104,427		$	96,090
Other comprehensive income: cash flow hedges	15,070			34,290			40,474
Comprehensive income	143,682			138,717			136,564
Less: Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests	(16,751		)	(16,331		)	(26,726		)
Comprehensive income attributable to common stockholders	$	126,931		$	122,386		$	109,838

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

F- 6

Table of Contents

Douglas Emmett, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Equity

(In thousands, except per share data)



		Year Ended December 31,
		2018			2017			2016

Shares of Common Stock	Beginning balance	169,565			151,530			146,919
	Conversion of OP Units	629			1,059			1,753
	Issuance of common stock	—			15,687			1,400
	Exercise of stock options	21			1,289			1,458
	Ending balance	170,215			169,565			151,530

Common Stock	Beginning balance	$	1,696		$	1,515		$	1,469
	Conversion of OP Units	6			11			17
	Issuance of common stock	—			157			14
	Exercise of stock options	—			13			15
	Ending balance	$	1,702		$	1,696		$	1,515

Additional Paid-in Capital	Beginning balance	$	3,272,539		$	2,725,157		$	2,706,753
	Conversion of OP Units	10,286			14,231			23,043
	Repurchase of OP Units	(59		)	(6,763		)	(498		)
	Issuance of common stock	—			593,011			49,365
	Taxes paid on exercise of stock options	(450		)	(53,097		)	(53,506		)
	Ending balance	$	3,282,316		$	3,272,539		$	2,725,157

AOCI	Beginning balance	$	43,099		$	15,156		$	(9,285	)
	Beginning balance adjustment - ASU 2017-12 adoption	211			—			—
	Cash flow hedge fair value adjustments	10,634			27,943			24,441
	Ending balance	$	53,944		$	43,099		$	15,156

Accumulated Deficit	Beginning balance	$	(879,810	)	$	(820,685	)	$	(772,726	)
	Beginning balance adjustment - ASU 2017-12 adoption	(211		)	—			—
	Net income attributable to common stockholders	116,086			94,443			85,397
	Dividends	(171,695		)	(153,568		)	(133,356		)
	Ending balance	$	(935,630	)	$	(879,810	)	$	(820,685	)

Noncontrolling Interests	Beginning balance	$	1,464,525		$	1,092,928		$	355,337
	Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	12,526			9,984			10,693
	Cash flow hedge fair value adjustments	4,225			6,347			16,033
	Contributions	—			284,248			459,752
	Sales of equity interests in consolidated JVs	—			—			291,028
	Distributions	(52,142		)	(38,101		)	(35,478		)
	Issuance of OP Units for acquisition of real estate	—			105,687
	Conversion of OP Units	(10,292		)	(14,242		)	(23,060		)
	Repurchase of OP Units with cash	(49		)	(3,341		)	(328		)
	Stock-based compensation	27,305			21,015			18,951
	Ending balance	$	1,446,098		$	1,464,525		$	1,092,928

Total Equity	Beginning balance	$	3,902,049		$	3,014,071		$	2,281,548
	Net income	128,612			104,427			96,090
	Cash flow hedge fair value adjustments	14,859			34,290			40,474
	Issuance of common stock, net	—			593,168			49,379
	Issuance of OP Units for acquisition of real estate	—			105,687			—
	Repurchase of OP Units with cash	(108		)	(10,104		)	(826		)
	Taxes paid on exercise of stock options	(450		)	(53,084		)	(53,491		)
	Contributions	—			284,248			459,752
	Sales of equity interests in consolidated JVs	—			—			291,028
	Dividends	(171,695		)	(153,568		)	(133,356		)
	Distributions	(52,142		)	(38,101		)	(35,478		)
	Stock-based compensation	27,305			21,015			18,951
	Ending balance	$	3,848,430		$	3,902,049		$	3,014,071

	Dividends declared per common share	$	1.01		$	0.94		$	0.89

F- 7

Table of Contents

Douglas Emmett, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(In thousands)



	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Operating Activities
Net income	$	128,612		$	104,427		$	96,090
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Income, including depreciation, from unconsolidated real estate funds	(6,400		)	(5,905		)	(7,812		)
Gains on sales of investments in real estate	—			—			(14,327		)
Depreciation and amortization	309,864			276,761			248,914
Net accretion of acquired lease intangibles	(22,025		)	(18,006		)	(18,198		)
Straight-line rent	(18,813		)	(12,855		)	(13,599		)
Increase in the allowance for doubtful accounts	2,154			406			422
Deferred loan costs amortized and written off	8,292			10,834			8,927
Amortization of loan premium	(205		)	—			—
Non-cash market value adjustments on interest rate contracts	—			51			(196		)
Amortization of stock-based compensation	22,299			18,478			17,448
Operating distributions from unconsolidated real estate funds	6,400			5,905			2,668
Change in working capital components:
Tenant receivables	(3,545		)	(1,221		)	(680		)
Interest payable, accounts payable and deferred revenue	1,376			24,942			10,712
Security deposits	319			4,424			7,307
Other assets	4,654			(5,544		)	1,773
Net cash provided by operating activities	432,982			402,697			339,449

Investing Activities
Capital expenditures for improvements to real estate	(179,062		)	(108,326		)	(91,826		)
Capital expenditures for developments	(68,459		)	(63,018		)	(27,720		)
Property acquisitions	—			(537,669		)	(1,619,759		)
Proceeds from sale of investments in real estate, net	—			—			348,203
Loan payments received from related parties	—			—			763
Acquisition of additional interests in unconsolidated real estate funds	(9,379		)	(4,142		)	—
Capital distributions from unconsolidated real estate funds	7,349			43,560			24,170
Net cash used in investing activities	(249,551		)	(669,595		)	(1,366,169		)

Financing Activities
Proceeds from borrowings	667,000			1,410,500			2,109,500
Repayment of borrowings	(655,326		)	(1,698,544		)	(1,335,580		)
Loan cost payments	(2,992		)	(11,442		)	(24,586		)
Contributions from noncontrolling interests in consolidated JVs	—			284,248			459,752
Distributions paid to noncontrolling interests	(52,142		)	(38,101		)	(35,478		)
Dividends paid to common stockholders	(169,831		)	(146,026		)	(130,821		)
Taxes paid on exercise of stock options	(450		)	(53,084		)	(53,491		)
Repurchase of OP Units	(108		)	(10,104		)	(826		)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net	—			593,169			49,379
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities and restricted cash	(213,849		)	330,616			1,037,849

(Decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents	(30,418		)	63,718			11,129
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash - beginning balance	176,766			113,048			101,919
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash - ending balance	$	146,348		$	176,766		$	113,048

Supplemental Cash Flows Information



	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Operating Activities
Cash paid for interest, net of capitalized interest	$	124,487	$	135,824	$	137,884
Capitalized interest paid	$	3,520	$	2,745	$	1,193

Non-cash Investing Transactions
Accrual for real estate and development capital expenditures	$	24,702	$	3,776	$	7,182
Capitalized stock-based compensation for improvements to real estate and developments	$	5,006	$	2,537	$	1,503
Removal of fully depreciated and amortized tenant improvements and lease intangibles	$	75,729	$	53,687	$	146,739
Removal of fully amortized acquired lease intangible assets	$	1,582	$	414	$	1,306
Removal of fully accreted acquired lease intangible liabilities	$	15,431	$	5,057	$	56,278
Issuance of OP Units for acquisition of real estate	$	—	$	105,687	$	—
Application of deposit to acquisition of real estate	$	—	$	—	$	75,000

Non-cash Financing Transactions
Gain recorded in AOCI - Adoption of ASU 2017-12 - consolidated derivatives	$	211	$	—	$	—
Gain recorded in AOCI - consolidated derivatives	$	22,723	$	16,512	$	14,192
Gain recorded in AOCI - unconsolidated Funds' derivatives (our share)	$	3,052	$	3,275	$	8
Assumption of term loan for acquisition of real estate	$	—	$	36,460	$	—
Dividends declared	$	171,695	$	153,568	$	133,356
Common stock issued in exchange for OP Units	$	10,292	$	14,242	$	23,060

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

1. Overview

Organization and Business Description

At December 31, 2018, our Consolidated Portfolio consisted of (i) a 16.6 million square foot office portfolio, (ii) 3,595 multifamily apartment units and (iii) fee interests in two parcels of land from which we receive rent under ground leases. We also manage and own equity interests in unconsolidated Funds which, at December 31, 2018, owned an additional 1.8 million square feet of office space. We manage our unconsolidated Funds alongside our Consolidated Portfolio, and we therefore present the statistics for our office portfolio on a Total Portfolio basis. As of December 31, 2018, our portfolio (not including two parcels of land from which we receive rent under ground leases), consisted of the following office and multifamily properties (both of which include ancillary retail space):



	Consolidated Portfolio	Total Portfolio
Office
Wholly-owned properties	53	53
Consolidated JV properties	10	10
Unconsolidated Fund properties	—	8
	63	71

Multifamily
Wholly-owned properties	10	10

Total	73	81

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying financial statements are the consolidated financial statements of Douglas Emmett, Inc. and its subsidiaries, including our Operating Partnership and our consolidated JVs. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in our consolidated financial statements. Our Operating Partnership and consolidated JVs are VIEs of which we are the primary beneficiary. As of December 31, 2018, the total consolidated assets, liabilities and equity of the VIEs was $8.26 billion (of which $7.78 billion related to investment in real estate), $4.41 billion and $3.85 billion (of which $1.45 billion related to noncontrolling interests), respectively.

During the current reporting period, we reported our office rental revenues and tenant recoveries on a combined basis as Rental revenues and tenant recoveries in our consolidated statements of operations and we reclassified the comparable periods to conform to the current period presentation.

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC in conformity with US GAAP as established by the FASB in the ASC. The accompanying financial statements include, in our opinion, all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, necessary to present fairly the financial information set forth therein. Any reference to the number or class of properties, square footage, per square footage amounts, apartment units and geography, are unaudited and outside the scope of our independent registered public accounting firm’s audit of our financial statements in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates that affect the reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

Investment in Real Estate

Acquisitions

We account for property acquisitions as asset acquisitions, and include the acquired properties results of operations in our results of operations from the respective acquisition date. We allocate the purchase price, which includes the capitalized transaction costs, to: (i) land, (ii) buildings and improvements, (iii) tenant improvements and identifiable intangible assets such as in-place at-market leases, (iv) acquired above- and below-market ground and tenant leases (including for renewal options), and if applicable (v) assumed debt, based upon our estimates of expected future cash flows and other valuation techniques. Our estimates are based upon expected future cash flows and other valuation techniques. We estimate the relative fair values of the tangible assets on an ‘‘as-if-vacant’’ basis. The estimated relative fair value of acquired in-place at-market leases are the estimated costs to lease the property to the occupancy level at the date of acquisition, including the fair value of leasing commissions and legal costs. We evaluate the time period over which we expect such occupancy level to be achieved and include an estimate of the net operating costs (primarily real estate taxes, insurance and utilities) incurred during the lease-up period. Above- and below-market ground and tenant leases are recorded as an asset or liability based on the present value (using an interest rate which reflects the risks associated with the leases acquired) of the difference between the contractual amounts to be paid or received pursuant to the in-place ground or tenant leases, respectively, and our estimate of the fair market rental rates for the corresponding in-place leases, over the remaining non-cancelable term of the lease. Assumed debt is recorded at fair value based upon the present value of the expected future payments. See Note 3 for our property acquisition disclosures.

Depreciation

Buildings and improvements are depreciated on a straight-line basis using an estimated life of forty years for buildings and fifteen years for improvements, and are carried on our balance sheet, offset by the related accumulated depreciation and any impairment charges, until they are sold. Tenant improvements are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the life of the related lease, with any remaining balance depreciated in the period of any early lease termination. Acquired in-place leases are amortized on a straight line basis over the weighted average remaining term of the acquired in-place leases, and are carried on our balance sheet, offset by the related accumulated amortization, until the related building is either sold or impaired. Lease intangibles are amortized on a straight-line basis over the related lease term, with any remaining balance amortized in the period of any early lease termination. Acquired above- and below-market tenant leases are amortized/accreted on a straight line basis over the life of the related lease and recorded as either an increase (for below-market leases) or a decrease (for above-market leases) to rental revenue. Acquired above- and below-market ground leases, from which we earn ground rent income, are amortized/accreted on a straight line basis over the life of the related lease and recorded either as an increase (for below-market leases) or a decrease (for above-market leases) to rental revenue. Acquired above- and below-market ground leases, for which we incur ground rent expense, are accreted/ amortized over the life of the related lease and recorded either as an increase (for below-market leases) or a decrease (for above-market leases) to expense. We accelerate depreciation for affected assets when we renovate our buildings or existing buildings are impacted by new developments. When assets are sold or retired, their cost and related accumulated depreciation or amortization are removed from our balance sheet with the resulting gains or losses, if any, reflected in our results of operations for the respective period.

Real Estate Held for Sale

Properties are classified as held for sale in our consolidated balance sheets when they meet certain requirements, including the approval of the sale of the property, the marketing of the property for sale, and our expectation that the sale will likely occur within the next 12 months. Properties classified as held for sale are carried at the lower of their carrying value or fair value less costs to sell, and we also cease to depreciate the property. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we did not have any properties held for sale.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

Dispositions

Recognition of gains or losses from sales of investments in real estate requires that we meet certain revenue recognition criteria and transfer control of the real estate to the buyer. The gain or loss recorded is measured as the difference between the sales price, less costs to sell, and the carrying value of the real estate when we sell it. See Note 3 for our property disposition disclosures.

Cost capitalization

Costs incurred during the period of construction of real estate are capitalized. Cost capitalization of development and redevelopment activities begins during the predevelopment period, which we define as the activities that are necessary to begin the development of the property. We cease capitalization upon substantial completion of the project, but no later than one year from cessation of major construction activity. We also cease capitalization when activities necessary to prepare the property for its intended use have been suspended. Capitalized costs are included in Property under development in our consolidated balance sheets. Once major construction activity has ceased and the development or redevelopment property is in the lease-up phase, the capitalized costs are transferred to (i) Land, (ii) Building and improvements and (iii) Tenant improvements and lease intangibles on our consolidated balance sheets as the historical cost of the property. Demolition expenses and repairs and maintenance are recorded as expense when incurred. During 2018, 2017 and 2016, we capitalized $78.7 million, $66.0 million and $31.6 million of costs related to our developments, respectively, which included $3.5 million, $2.7 million and $1.2 million of capitalized interest, respectively.

Investment in Unconsolidated Real Estate Funds

We manage and hold equity interests in three Funds: Fund X, Partnership X and the Opportunity Fund. As of December 31, 2018, we held direct and indirect equity interests of 71.3% of Fund X, 24.5% of Partnership X and 6.2% of the Opportunity Fund. We account for our investments in the Funds using the equity method because we have significant influence but not control over the Funds, and our Funds do not qualify as VIEs. Our investment balance includes our share of the net assets of the combined Funds, acquisition basis difference, additional basis for capital raising costs, our share of our Funds' accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) related to our Funds' derivatives, and notes receivable from our Funds. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the total basis difference was $2.2 million and $2.9 million, respectively. See Note 5 for our Fund disclosures.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

We periodically assess whether there has been any impairment in the carrying value of our properties and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of a property may not be recoverable. An impairment charge would be recorded if events or changes in circumstances indicate that a decline in the fair value below the carrying value has occurred and the decline is other-than-temporary. Recoverability of the carrying value of our properties is measured by a comparison of the carrying value to the undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the property. If the carrying value exceeds the estimated undiscounted future cash flows, an impairment loss is recorded equal to the difference between the property's carrying value and its fair value based on the estimated discounted future cash flows. We also perform a similar periodic assessment for our investments in our Funds. Based upon such periodic assessments, no impairments occurred during 2018, 2017 or 2016.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

We consider short-term investments with maturities of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents.

Revenue Recognition

Rental revenues and tenant recoveries from tenant leases are included in Rental revenues and tenant recoveries in the consolidated statements of operations. All of our tenant leases are classified as operating leases. For lease terms exceeding one year, rental income is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Deferred rent receivables represent rental revenue recognized on a straight-line basis in excess of billed rents. If a lease is canceled then the deferred rent is recognized over the new remaining lease term. We recognized straight line rent of $18.8 million, $12.9 million and $13.6 million during 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Rental revenue from month-to-month leases or leases with no scheduled rent increases or other adjustments is recognized on a monthly basis when earned.

Lease termination fees, which are included in Rental revenues and tenant recoveries in the consolidated statements of operations, are recognized on a straight line basis over the new remaining lease term when the related lease is canceled. We recognized lease termination revenue of $1.6 million, $2.1 million and $2.4 million during 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

Tenant improvements constructed, and owned by us, and reimbursed by tenants are recorded as our assets, and the related revenue, which are included in Rental revenues and tenant recoveries in the consolidated statements of operations, is recognized over the related lease term. We recognized revenue for leasehold improvements of $3.5 million, $2.6 million and $2.6 million during 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Estimated tenant recoveries for real estate taxes, common area maintenance and other recoverable operating expenses, which are included in Rental revenues and tenant recoveries in the consolidated statements of operations, are recognized as revenue on a gross basis in the period that the recoverable expenses are incurred. Subsequent to year-end, we perform reconciliations on a lease-by-lease basis and bill or credit each tenant for any differences between the estimated expenses we billed to the tenant and the actual expenses incurred.

Office parking revenues, which are included in office Parking and other income in our consolidated statements of operations, are within the scope of Topic 606 (Revenue from Contracts with Customers), which we adopted in the first quarter of 2018 on a prospective basis. See "Adopted ASUs" further below. The lease contracts generally make a specified number of parking spaces available to the tenant, and we bill and recognize parking revenues on a monthly basis in accordance with the lease agreements generally using the monthly parking rates in effect at the time of billing. Office parking revenues were $102.5 million, $96.2 million and $88.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Office parking receivables were $1.1 million and $1.0 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and are included in Tenant receivables in our consolidated balance sheets.

Allowances for Tenant Receivables and Deferred Rent Receivables

We present our tenant receivables and deferred rent receivables net of allowances on our consolidated balance sheets. Tenant receivables consist primarily of amounts due for contractual lease payments and reimbursements of common area maintenance expenses, property taxes, and other costs recoverable from tenants. Deferred rent receivables represent the amount by which the cumulative straight-line rental revenue recorded to date exceeds the cumulative cash rents billed to date under the lease agreement. We consider many factors when evaluating the level of allowances necessary, including evaluations of individual tenant receivables, historical loss activity, current economic conditions and other relevant factors. We generally obtain letters of credit or security deposits from our tenants. The table below presents our allowances and security obtained from our tenants:



(In thousands)	December 31, 2018		December 31, 2017

Allowance for tenant receivables	$	5,215	$	3,062
Allowance for deferred rent receivables	$	2,849	$	3,405
Letters of credit from our tenants	$	27,749	$	25,212
Cash security deposits from our tenants	$	50,733	$	50,414

The table below presents the impact of the changes in our allowances on our results of operations:



	Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2018			2017			2016

Tenant receivables allowance - decrease in net income	$	(2,154	)	$	(406	)	$	(422	)
Deferred rent receivables allowance - increase in net income	$	556		$	1,739		$	898

Insurance Recoveries

Insurance recoveries related to property damage are recorded as other income when payment is either received or receipt is determined to be probable.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

Interest Income

Interest income from our short-term money market fund investments is recognized on an accrual basis. Interest income is included in other income in the consolidated statements of operations.

Loan Costs

Loan costs incurred directly with the issuance of secured notes payable and revolving credit facilities are deferred and amortized to interest expense over the respective loan or credit facility term. Any unamortized amounts are written off upon early repayment of the secured notes payable, and the related cost and accumulated amortization are removed from our balance sheet.

To the extent that a refinancing is considered an exchange of debt with the same lender, we account for loan costs based upon whether the old debt is determined to be modified or extinguished for accounting purposes. If the old debt is determined to be modified then we (i) continue to defer and amortize any unamortized deferred loan costs associated with the old debt at the time of the modification over the new term of the modified debt, (ii) defer and amortize the lender costs incurred in connection with the modification over the new term of the modified debt, and (iii) expense all other costs associated with the modification. If the old debt is determined to be extinguished then we (i) write off any unamortized deferred loan costs associated with the extinguished debt at the time of the extinguishment and remove the related cost and accumulated amortization from our balance sheet, (ii) expense all lender costs associated with the extinguishment, and (iii) defer and amortize all other costs incurred directly in connection with the extinguishment over the term of the new debt.

In circumstances where we modify or exchange our revolving credit facility with the same lender, we account for the loan costs based upon whether the borrowing capacity of the new arrangement is (a) equal to or greater than the borrowing capacity of the old arrangement, or (b) less than the borrowing capacity of the old arrangement (borrowing capacity is defined as the product of the remaining term and the maximum available credit). If the borrowing capacity of the new arrangement is greater than or equal to the borrowing capacity of the old arrangement, then we (i) continue to defer and amortize the unamortized deferred loan costs from the old arrangement over the term of the new arrangement and (ii) defer all lender and other costs incurred directly in connection with the new arrangement over the term of the new arrangement. If the borrowing capacity of the new arrangement is less than the borrowing capacity of the old arrangement, then we (i) write off any unamortized deferred loan costs at the time of the transaction related to the old arrangement in proportion to the decrease in the borrowing capacity of the old arrangement and (ii) defer all lender and other costs incurred directly in connection with the new arrangement over the term of the new arrangement.

Deferred loan costs are presented on the balance sheet as a deduction from the carrying amount of our secured notes payable and revolving credit facility. All loan costs expensed and deferred loan costs amortized are included in interest expense in our consolidated statements of operations. See Note 7 for our loan cost disclosures.

Debt Discounts and Premiums

Debt discounts and premiums related to recording debt assumed in connection with property acquisitions at fair value are generally amortized and accreted, respectively, on a straight-line basis over the remaining term of the related loan, which approximates the effective interest method. The amortization/accretion is included in interest expense in our consolidated statements of operations.

Derivative Contracts

We make use of interest rate swap and cap contracts to manage the risk associated with changes in interest rates on our floating-rate debt. When we enter into a floating-rate term loan, we generally enter into an interest rate swap agreement for the equivalent principal amount, for a period covering the majority of the loan term, which effectively converts our floating-rate debt to a fixed-rate basis during that time. In limited instances, we also make use of interest rate caps to limit our exposure to interest rate increases on our floating-rate debt. We do not speculate in derivatives and we do not make use of any other derivative instruments.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

We adopted ASU No. 2017-12 on a prospective basis in the first quarter of 2018 - see "Adopted ASUs" further below. When entering into derivative agreements, we generally elect to designate them as cash flow hedges for accounting purposes. Changes in fair value of hedging instruments designated as cash flow hedges are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI), which is a component of equity outside of earnings. For our Funds' hedging instruments designated as cash flow hedges, we record our share of the changes in fair value of the hedging instrument in AOCI. Amounts recorded in AOCI related to our designated hedges are reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on the hedged floating rate debt. Amounts reported in AOCI related to our Funds' hedges are reclassified to income, including depreciation, from unconsolidated real estate funds, as interest payments are made by our Funds on their hedged floating rate debt. Changes in fair value of hedging instruments not designated as cash flow hedges are recorded as interest expense.

We present our derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value on a gross basis. Our share of the fair value of our Funds' derivatives is included in our investment in unconsolidated real estate funds on our consolidated balance sheet. See Note 9 for our derivative disclosures.

Stock-Based Compensation

We account for stock-based compensation, including stock options and LTIP Units, using the fair value method of accounting. The estimated fair value of stock options and LTIP Units is amortized over the vesting period, which is based upon service. See Note 12 for our stock-based compensation disclosures.

EPS

We calculate basic EPS by dividing the net income attributable to common stockholders for the period by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the respective period. We calculate diluted EPS by dividing the net income attributable to common stockholders for the period by the weighted average number of common shares and dilutive instruments outstanding during the respective period using the treasury stock method. Unvested LTIP Units contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends and we account for them as participating securities and include them in the computation of basic and diluted EPS using the two-class method. See Note 11 for our EPS disclosures.

Segment Information

Segment information is prepared on the same basis that our management reviews information for operational decision-making purposes. We operate two business segments: the acquisition, development, ownership and management of office real estate, and the acquisition, development, ownership and management of multifamily real estate. The services for our office segment include primarily rental of office space and other tenant services, including parking and storage space rental. The services for our multifamily segment include primarily rental of apartments and other tenant services, including parking and storage space rental. See Note 14 for our segment disclosures.

Income Taxes

We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code, commencing with our initial taxable year ended December 31, 2006. To qualify as a REIT, we are required (among other things) to distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income to our stockholders and meet various other requirements imposed by the Code relating to matters such as operating results, asset holdings, distribution levels and diversity of stock ownership. Provided that we qualify for taxation as a REIT, we are generally not subject to corporate-level income tax on the earnings distributed currently to our stockholders that we derive from our REIT qualifying activities. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, and are unable to avail ourselves of certain savings provisions set forth in the Code, all of our taxable income would be subject to federal income tax at regular corporate rates, including any applicable alternative minimum tax for taxable years prior to 2018. We have elected to treat several of our subsidiaries as TRSs, which generally may engage in any business, including the provision of customary or non-customary services to our tenants. A TRS is treated as a regular corporation and is subject to federal income tax and applicable state income and franchise taxes at regular corporate rates. Our TRSs did not have significant tax provisions or deferred income tax items for 2018, 2017 or 2016. Our subsidiaries (other than our TRS), including our Operating Partnership, are partnerships, disregarded entities, QRSs or REITs, as applicable, for federal income tax purposes. Under applicable federal and state income tax rules, the allocated share of net income or loss from disregarded entities or flow-through entities is reportable in the income tax returns of the respective owners. Accordingly, no income tax provision is included in our consolidated financial statements for these entities.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

New Accounting Pronouncements

Changes to GAAP are implemented by the FASB in the form of ASUs. We consider the applicability and impact of all ASUs. Other than the ASUs discussed below, the FASB has not issued any other ASUs during 2018 that we expect to be applicable and have a material impact on our financial statements.

Adopted ASUs

During 2018 we adopted the ASUs listed below:

Revenue from Contracts with Customers

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers" (Topic 606), which provides guidance for the accounting of revenue from contracts with customers, and supersedes Topic 605, "Revenue Recognition", and most industry-specific guidance throughout the industry topics of the Codification. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-08, "Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net)", which amends Topic 606 and clarifies the guidance for principal versus agent considerations. In April 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-10, "Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing" which amends Topic 606 and provides guidance for identifying performance obligations and licensing. In May 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-12, "Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients" which amends Topic 606 and provides guidance for a variety of revenue recognition related topics. In February 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-05 "Other Income - Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets" (Subtopic 610-20), which provides guidance for recognizing gains and losses from the transfer of nonfinancial assets in contracts with non-customers. Sales of real estate are now accounted for under Subtopic 610-20 which focuses on a transfer of control. The amendments in these ASUs were effective in the first quarter of 2018 and were required to be applied on a retrospective basis. We adopted the ASU in the first quarter of 2018 and it did not have a material impact on our financial statements. Most of our revenues are derived from lease contracts with tenants and are not within the scope of the respective ASUs. Although our office parking revenues are within the scope of the respective ASUs, the timing and pattern of revenue recognition was not impacted.

Derivatives and Hedging

In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-12, "Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities". The ASU requires the entire change in the fair value of the hedging instrument included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness be recorded in other comprehensive income. GAAP historically provided special hedge accounting only for the portion of the hedge deemed to be “highly effective” and requires an entity to separately reflect the amount by which the hedging instrument does not offset the hedged item, which is referred to as the “ineffective” amount. The amendments are effective in the first quarter of 2019 and are required to be applied on a prospective basis. We early adopted the ASU in the first quarter of 2018 and it did not have a material impact on our financial statements. The ASU requires the cumulative effect of initially applying the ASU as an adjustment to AOCI with a corresponding adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings as of the beginning of the fiscal year in which the ASU is adopted. On January 1, 2018, we recorded such an adjustment to AOCI and accumulated deficit of $211 thousand. See Note 10.

ASUs Not Yet Adopted

Leases

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, "Leases" (Topic 842). The primary difference between Topic 842 and current GAAP is the recognition of lease assets and liabilities on the balance sheet by lessees for leases classified as operating leases under current GAAP. The accounting applied by lessors is largely unchanged from current GAAP, for example, the vast majority of operating leases will remain classified as operating leases, and lessors will continue to recognize lease income for those leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Topic 842 requires separation of the lease from the non-lease components (for example, maintenance services or other activities that transfer a good or service to the customer) in a contract. Only the lease components should be accounted for in accordance with Topic 842. The consideration in the contract is allocated to the lease and non-lease components on a relative standalone selling price basis and the non-lease component would be accounted for in accordance with ASC 606 ("Revenue from Contracts with Customers"). In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-11 which includes an optional practical expedient for lessors to elect, by class of underlying asset, to not separate the lease from the non-lease components if certain criteria are met. Based on our preliminary assessment, we expect that operating leases for which we are the lessor will qualify for the single component presentation, and we therefore expect to elect adoption of this practical expedient.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

Topic 842 defines initial direct costs of a lease (which we have historically capitalized) as costs that would not have been incurred had the lease not been executed. Costs to negotiate a lease that would have been incurred regardless of whether the lease was executed, such as employee salaries, are not considered to be initial direct costs, and may not be capitalized. We capitalized $7.9 million of leasing costs during the year ended December 31, 2018 that would not qualify as initial direct costs and would be expensed under Topic 842. The expensing of those costs, adjusted for amortization expense, would have reduced net income attributable to common stockholders by $6.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018.

We pay rent under a ground lease which expires on December 31, 2086. See Note 16 for more information regarding this ground lease. We currently account for the lease as an operating lease. We expect to recognize a right-of-use asset and lease liability for this ground lease in the first quarter of 2019 when we adopt the ASU. We do not expect the change in accounting for the ground lease to have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations.

The treatment of our revenues could be impacted by Topic 842, however, we do not expect any impact to be material to our financial statements.

In December 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-20, an update to ASC Topic 842, Leases, which provides guidance on accounting for sales and other similar taxes collected from lessees, certain lessor costs, and recognition of variable payments for contracts with lease and nonlease components. We do not expect the ASU to have a material impact on our financial statements.

The ASUs are effective in the first quarter of 2019 and are required to be adopted using either a) a modified retrospective approach which results in a cumulative adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings (accumulated deficit) on January 1, 2017, and restatement of the amounts presented prior to January 1, 2019 for leases that existed or were entered into after January 1, 2017, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the 2019 consolidated financial statements, or b) a modified retrospective transition method which results in a cumulative adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings (accumulated deficit) on January 1, 2019 for leases that existed or were entered into prior to January 1, 2019, the effective date of the ASU. All leases entered into on or after January 1, 2019 would be accounted for as prescribed by ASC 842. ASC 842 provides a practical expedient package that allows entities to not (a) reassess whether any expired or existing contracts are considered or contain leases; (b) reassess the lease classification for any expired or existing leases; and (c) reassess initial direct costs for any existing leases. The Company plans to elect the modified retrospective transition method for adoption on January 1, 2019 and expects to elect the use of the practical expedient package described above. We plan to adopt the ASUs in the first quarter of 2019.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

3. Investment in Real Estate

We account for our property acquisitions as asset acquisitions. Prior to January 1, 2017, we accounted for our property acquisitions as business combinations. The acquired properties results of operations are included in our results of operations from the respective acquisition dates.

2018 Acquisitions

During 2018, we did not purchase any properties.

2017 Acquisitions

During 2017, (i) a consolidated JV that we manage and in which we own an equity interest acquired three Class A office properties (1299 Ocean Avenue, 429 Santa Monica Boulevard and 9665 Wilshire Boulevard), for which investors contributed $284.0 million directly to the JV, and (ii) we acquired one wholly-owned Class A office property (9401 Wilshire Boulevard). The table below summarizes the purchase price allocations for the acquisitions. The contract and purchase prices differ due to prorations and similar matters.



(In thousands)	1299 Ocean			429 Santa Monica			9665 Wilshire			9401 Wilshire⁽¹⁾

Submarket	Santa Monica			Santa Monica			Beverly Hills			Beverly Hills
Acquisition date	April 25			April 25			July 20			December 20
Contract price	$	275,800		$	77,000		$	177,000		$	143,647
Building square footage	206			87			171			146

Investment in real estate:
Land	$	22,748		$	4,949		$	5,568		$	6,740
Buildings and improvements	260,188			69,286			175,960			144,467
Tenant improvements and lease intangibles	5,010			3,248			1,112			7,843
Acquired above- and below-market leases, net	(10,683		)	(722		)	(4,339		)	(11,559		)
Assumed debt⁽²⁾	—			—			—			(36,460		)
Net assets and liabilities acquired	$	277,263		$	76,761		$	178,301		$	111,031

_____________________________________________________


(1)	We issued OP Units to the seller in connection with the acquisition of 9401 Wilshire. See Note 10 for more information.


(2)	We assumed a loan from the seller in connection with the acquisition of 9401 Wilshire. At the date of acquisition, the loan had a fair value of $36.5 million and a principal balance of $32.3 million. See Note 7 for more information.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

2016 Acquisitions

Westwood Portfolio Acquisition

On February 29, 2016 (Acquisition Date), a consolidated JV which we manage and in which we own an equity interest acquired four Class A office properties located in Westwood, California (Westwood Portfolio) for a contract price of $1.34 billion. As of the Acquisition Date, we had contributed sixty-percent of the equity to the JV, which was subsequently reduced to thirty-percent on May 31, 2016 (Sell Down Date) when we sold half of our ownership interest to a third party investor. The table below summarizes our purchase accounting and funding sources for the acquisition. The contract and purchase price differ due to prorations and similar matters.



(in thousands)	Actual at Closing⁽¹⁾			Pro Forma Sell Down Adjustments ⁽²⁾			Pro Forma

Building square footage	1,725						1,725

Use of funds:
Land	$	94,996					$	94,996
Buildings and improvements	1,236,786						1,236,786
Tenant improvements and lease intangibles	50,439						50,439
Acquired above- and below-market leases, net⁽³⁾	(49,708		)				(49,708		)
Net assets and liabilities acquired	$	1,332,513					$	1,332,513

Source of funds:
Cash on hand⁽⁴⁾	$	153,745		$	—		$	153,745
Credit facility⁽⁵⁾	290,000			(240,000		)	50,000
Non-recourse term loan, net⁽⁶⁾	568,768			—			568,768
Noncontrolling interests	320,000			240,000			560,000
Total source of funds	$	1,332,513		$	—		$	1,332,513

________________________________________________


(1)	Reflects the purchase of the Westwood Portfolio on the Acquisition Date when we contributed sixty-percent of the equity to the consolidated JV.

(2)

Reflects our sale of thirty-percent of the equity in the JV on the Sell Down Date, presented as of the Acquisition Date, treated as in-substance real estate, which reduced our ownership interest in the JV to thirty-percent. We sold the interest for the $240.0 million we contributed plus an additional $1.1 million to compensate us for the cost of holding the investment. We recognized a gain on the sale of $1.1 million. We used the proceeds from the sale to pay down the balance owed on our revolving credit facility.


(3)	As of the Acquisition Date, the weighted average remaining life of the acquired above- and below-market leases was approximately 4.4 years.


(4)	Cash paid included a $75.0 million deposit, $67.5 million paid at closing, and $11.2 million spent on loan costs in connection with securing the $580.0 million term loan.


(5)	Reflects borrowings using our credit facility, which bears interest at LIBOR + 1.40%. See Note 7 for information regarding our credit facility.

(6)

Reflects 100% (not our pro rata share) of a $580.0 million interest-only non-recourse loan, net of deferred loan costs of $11.2 million incurred to secure the loan. The loan has a seven-year term and is secured by the Westwood Portfolio. Interest on the loan is floating at LIBOR + 1.40%, which has been effectively fixed at 2.37% per annum for five years through interest rate swaps. See Note 7 for information regarding this loan.

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Douglas Emmett, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

The table below presents the revenues and net income attributable to common stockholders from the Westwood Portfolio included in the consolidated statement of operations from the Acquisition Date:



	Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2018		2017		2016

Total office revenues	$	102,398	$	96,106	$	80,464
Net income attributable to common stockholders⁽¹⁾	$	6,163	$	6,346	$	2,998

______________________________________________________


(1)	Excluding transaction costs, net income attributable to common stockholders was $6.2 million, $6.3 million and $5.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

The table below presents the historical results of Douglas Emmett, Inc. and the Westwood Portfolio on a combined basis as if the acquisition was completed on January 1, 2016, based on our thirty-percent ownership interest and includes adjustments that give effect to events that are (i) directly attributable to the acquisition, (ii) expected to have a continuing impact on us, and (iii) are factually supportable. The pro forma reflects the hypothetical impact of the acquisition on us and does not purport to represent what our results of operations would have been had the acquisition occurred on January 1, 2016, or project the results of operations for any future period. The information does not reflect cost savings or operating synergies that may result from the acquisition or the costs to achieve any such potential cost savings or operating synergies. Transaction costs related to the acquisition have been excluded.



	Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands, except per share information)	2016

Pro forma revenues	$	755,878
Pro forma net income attributable to common stockholders	$	84,319
Pro forma net income attributable to common stockholders per share – basic	$	0.56
Pro forma net income attributable to common stockholders per share – diluted	$	0.55

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Douglas Emmett, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

Other 2016 Acquisitions

During 2016, a consolidated JV which we manage and in which we own an equity interest acquired two Class A office properties. As of July 21, 2016, we had contributed fifty-five percent of the equity to the JV, which was reduced to twenty-percent when we sold thirty-five percent to a third party investor for $51.6 million, which included $194 thousand to compensate us for the cost of holding the investment. We recognized a gain of $587 thousand on the sale, which is included in Gains on sales of investments in real estate in our consolidated statements of operations. In addition to purchasing a thirty-five percent interest from us, investors contributed $139.8 million to the JV. Including the effect of the sale of our interest, investors now hold an aggregate of eighty-percent of the capital interests in the JV. As part of the acquisitions, the JV borrowed a $146.0 million under a three year, interest only, non-recourse loan bearing interest at LIBOR + 1.55%. The loan was secured by the acquired properties. The loan was refinanced in 2017. See Note 7. The table below summarizes the purchase accounting for the acquisitions. The contract and purchase prices differ due to prorations and similar matters.



(in thousands)	12100 Wilshire			233 Wilshire

Submarket	Brentwood			Santa Monica
Acquisition date	July 21			September 27
Contract price	$	225,000		$	139,500
Building square footage	365			129

Investment in real estate:
Land	$	20,164		$	9,263
Buildings and improvements	199,698			126,938
Tenant improvements and lease intangibles	9,057			3,488
Acquired above- and below-market leases, net	(4,523		)	(1,838		)
Net assets and liabilities acquired	$	224,396		$	137,851

2016 Disposition

During 2016, we sold a 168,000 square foot Class A office property located in Sherman Oaks, California with a carrying value of $42.8 million for a contract price of $56.7 million, and we incurred transaction costs of $1.2 million resulting in a net gain of $12.7 million. The gain is included in Gains on sales of investments in real estate in our consolidated statements of operations.

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Douglas Emmett, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

4. Acquired Lease Intangibles

Summary of our Acquired Lease Intangibles



(In thousands)	December 31, 2018			December 31, 2017

Above-market tenant leases	$	5,595		$	7,177
Above-market tenant leases - accumulated amortization	(3,289		)	(3,846		)
Above-market ground lease where we are the lessor	1,152			1,152
Above-market ground lease - accumulated amortization	(207		)	(190		)
Acquired lease intangible assets, net	$	3,251		$	4,293

Below-market tenant leases	$	112,175		$	127,606
Below-market tenant leases - accumulated accretion	(63,013		)	(55,428		)
Above-market ground lease where we are the tenant	4,017			4,017
Above-market ground lease - accumulated accretion	(610		)	(560		)
Acquired lease intangible liabilities, net	$	52,569		$	75,635

Impact on the Consolidated Statements of Operations

The table below summarizes the net amortization/accretion related to our above- and below-market leases:



	Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2018			2017			2016

Net accretion of above- and below-market tenant lease assets and liabilities⁽¹⁾	$	21,992		$	17,973		$	18,165
Amortization of an above-market ground lease⁽²⁾	(17		)	(17		)	(17		)
Accretion of an above-market ground lease liability⁽³⁾	50			50			50
Total	$	22,025		$	18,006		$	18,198

_______________________________________________________________________________________

(1) Recorded as a net increase to office and multifamily rental revenues.

(2) Recorded as a decrease to office parking and other income.

(3) Recorded as a decrease to office expense.

The table below presents the future net accretion related to our above- and below-market leases at December 31, 2018. The above-market ground lease liability presented in the tables above will be offset against a right of use ground lease asset on January 1, 2019 when we adopt ASU No. 2016-02 - see Note 2, and there is therefore no future accretion for that lease reflected in the table below.



Year ending December 31:	Net increase to revenues

	(In thousands)
2019	$	15,521
2020	12,516
2021	6,813
2022	4,157
2023	2,542
Thereafter	4,362
Total	$	45,911

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Douglas Emmett, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

5. Investments in Unconsolidated Real Estate Funds

Description of our Funds

We manage and own equity interests in three unconsolidated Funds, the Opportunity Fund, Fund X and Partnership X, through which we and investors own eight office properties totaling 1.8 million square feet. During the third quarter of 2018 we purchased an additional 1.9% interest in Fund X. We purchased a 3.7% interest in the Opportunity Fund during the second quarter of 2017 and 2.5% during the fourth quarter of 2017. The Opportunity Fund's only investment is a 13.1% interest in Fund X. At December 31, 2018, we held direct and indirect equity interests of 6.2% in the Opportunity Fund, 71.3% of Fund X and 24.5% of Partnership X. Our Funds pay us fees and reimburse us for certain expenses related to property management and other services we provide. We also receive distributions based on invested capital and on any profits that exceed certain specified cash returns to the investors. The table below presents cash distributions received from our Funds:



	Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2018		2017		2016

Operating distributions received	$	6,400	$	5,905	$	2,668
Capital distributions received	7,349		43,560		24,170
Total distributions received	$	13,749	$	49,465	$	26,838

Summarized Financial Information for our Funds

The tables below present selected financial information for the Funds on a combined basis. The amounts presented reflect 100% (not our pro-rata share) of amounts related to the Funds, and are based upon historical acquired book value:



(In thousands)	December 31, 2018		December 31, 2017

Total assets	$	694,713	$	704,186
Total liabilities	$	525,483	$	523,767
Total equity	$	169,230	$	180,419



	Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2018		2017		2016

Total revenues	$	79,590	$	75,896	$	73,171
Operating income	$	22,959	$	20,640	$	19,477
Net income	$	6,260	$	5,085	$	8,213

6. Other Assets



(In thousands)	December 31, 2018		December 31, 2017

Restricted cash	$	121	$	121
Prepaid expenses	7,830		9,235
Other indefinite-lived intangibles	1,988		1,988
Furniture, fixtures and equipment, net	1,101		1,155
Other	3,719		5,943
Total other assets	$	14,759	$	18,442

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Douglas Emmett, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

7. Secured Notes Payable and Revolving Credit Facility, Net



Description	Maturity Date ⁽¹⁾	Principal Balance as of December 31, 2018			Principal Balance as of December 31, 2017			Variable Interest Rate	Fixed Interest Rate ⁽²⁾	Swap Maturity Date

		(In thousands)

Wholly Owned Subsidiaries
Term loan⁽³⁾	—	$	—		$	146,974		—	—	—
Term loan⁽³⁾	—	—			280,721			—	—	—
Fannie Mae loan	10/1/2019	145,000			145,000			LIBOR + 1.25%	N/A	N/A
Term loan⁽⁴⁾	4/15/2022	340,000			340,000			LIBOR + 1.40%	2.77%	4/1/2020
Term loan⁽⁴⁾	7/27/2022	180,000			180,000			LIBOR + 1.45%	3.06%	7/1/2020
Term loan⁽⁴⁾	11/1/2022	400,000			400,000			LIBOR + 1.35%	2.64%	11/1/2020
Term loan⁽⁴⁾	6/23/2023	360,000			360,000			LIBOR + 1.55%	2.57%	7/1/2021
Term loan⁽⁴⁾	12/23/2023	220,000			220,000			LIBOR + 1.70%	3.62%	12/23/2021
Term loan⁽⁴⁾	1/1/2024	300,000			300,000			LIBOR + 1.55%	3.46%	1/1/2022
Term loan⁽⁴⁾	3/3/2025	335,000			—			LIBOR + 1.30%	3.84%	3/1/2023
Fannie Mae loan⁽⁴⁾	4/1/2025	102,400			102,400			LIBOR + 1.25%	2.84%	3/1/2020
Fannie Mae loan⁽⁴⁾	12/1/2025	115,000			115,000			LIBOR + 1.25%	2.76%	12/1/2020
Fannie Mae loan⁽⁴⁾	6/1/2027	550,000			550,000			LIBOR + 1.37%	3.16%	6/1/2022
Term loan⁽⁵⁾	6/1/2038	31,582			32,213			N/A	4.55%	N/A
Revolving credit facility⁽⁶⁾	8/21/2020	105,000			—			LIBOR + 1.40%	N/A	N/A
Total Wholly Owned Subsidiary Debt		3,183,982			3,172,308

Consolidated JVs
Term loan⁽⁴⁾	2/28/2023	580,000			580,000			LIBOR + 1.40%	2.37%	3/1/2021
Term loan⁽⁴⁾	12/19/2024	400,000			400,000			LIBOR + 1.30%	3.47%	1/1/2023
Total Consolidated Debt⁽⁷⁾		4,163,982			4,152,308
Unamortized loan premium, net		3,986			4,191
Unamortized deferred loan costs, net		(33,938		)	(39,109		)
Total Consolidated Debt, net		$	4,134,030		$	4,117,390

_____________________________________________________

Except as noted below, each loan (including our revolving credit facility) is non-recourse and secured by one or more separate collateral pools consisting of one or more properties, and requires monthly payments of interest only with the outstanding principal due upon maturity.


(1)	Maturity dates include the effect of extension options.


(2)	Includes the effect of interest rate swaps and excludes the effect of prepaid loan fees. See Note 9 for details of our interest rate swaps. See below for details of our loan costs.


(3)	At December 31, 2018, these loans have been paid off.


(4)	Loan agreement includes a zero-percent LIBOR floor. The corresponding swaps do not include such a floor.


(5)	Requires monthly payments of principal and interest. Principal amortization is based upon a 30-year amortization schedule.


(6)	$400.0 million revolving credit facility. Unused commitment fees range from 0.15% to 0.20%.


(7)	See Note 13 for our fair value disclosures.

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Douglas Emmett, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

Debt Statistics

The following table summarizes our fixed and floating rate debt:



(In thousands)	Principal Balance as of December 31, 2018		Principal Balance as of December 31, 2017

Aggregate swapped to fixed rate loans	$	3,882,400	$	3,547,400
Aggregate fixed rate loans	31,582		459,908
Aggregate floating rate loans	250,000		145,000
Total Debt	$	4,163,982	$	4,152,308

The following table summarizes certain debt statistics:



Statistics for consolidated loans with interest fixed under the terms of the loan or a swap

Principal balance (in billions)	$3.91
Weighted average remaining life (including extension options)	5.4 years
Weighted average remaining fixed interest period	2.6 years
Weighted average annual interest rate	3.07%

Future Principal Payments

At December 31, 2018, the minimum future principal payments due on our secured notes payable and revolving credit facility were as follows:



Year ending December 31:	Excluding Maturity Extension Options		Including Maturity Extension Options⁽¹⁾

	(In thousands)
2019	$	145,718	$	145,718
2020	400,752		105,752
2021	787		787
2022	1,040,823		920,823
2023	1,495,862		1,160,862
Thereafter	1,080,040		1,830,040
Total future principal payments	$	4,163,982	$	4,163,982

____________________________________________


(1)	Our loan agreements generally require that we meet certain minimum financial thresholds to be able to extend the loan maturity.

Loan Costs

Deferred loan costs are net of accumulated amortization of $24.2 million and $18.0 million at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The table below presents loan costs, which are included in interest expense in our consolidated statements of operations:



	Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2018		2017		2016

Loan costs expensed	$	418	$	2,359	$	1,441
Deferred loan cost amortization	7,874		9,033		7,608
Total	$	8,292	$	11,392	$	9,049

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8. Interest Payable, Accounts Payable and Deferred Revenue



(In thousands)	December 31, 2018		December 31, 2017

Interest payable	$	10,657	$	9,829
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	75,111		62,741
Deferred revenue	44,386		31,377
Total interest payable, accounts payable and deferred revenue	$	130,154	$	103,947

9. Derivative Contracts

Derivative Summary

As of December 31, 2018, all of our interest rate swaps, which include the interest rate swaps of our consolidated JVs and our unconsolidated Funds, were designated as cash flow hedges:

___________________________________________________


(1)	The notional amount reflects 100%, not our pro-rata share, of our consolidated JVs' derivatives.


(2)	The notional amount reflects 100%, not our pro-rata share, of our unconsolidated Funds' derivatives.


(3)	See Note 13 for our derivative fair value disclosures.

Credit-risk-related Contingent Features

We have agreements with each of our interest rate swap counterparties that contain a provision under which we could also be declared in default on our derivative obligations if we default on the underlying indebtedness that we are hedging. As of December 31, 2018, there have been no events of default with respect to our interest rate swaps or our consolidated JVs' or unconsolidated Funds' interest rate swaps. We do not post collateral for our interest rate swap contract liabilities. The fair value of our interest rate swap contract liabilities, including accrued interest and excluding credit risk adjustments, were as follows:



(In thousands)	December 31, 2018		December 31, 2017

Consolidated derivatives⁽¹⁾	$	1,681	$	915
Unconsolidated Funds' derivatives⁽²⁾	$	—	$	—

___________________________________________________


(1)	Includes 100%, not our pro-rata share, of our consolidated JVs' derivatives.


(2)	Our unconsolidated Funds' did not have any derivatives in a liability position.

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Douglas Emmett, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

Counterparty Credit Risk

We are subject to credit risk from the counterparties on our interest rate swap contract assets because we do not receive collateral. We seek to minimize that risk by entering into agreements with a variety of high quality counterparties with investment grade ratings. The fair value of our interest rate swap contract assets, including accrued interest and excluding credit risk adjustments , were as follows:



(In thousands)	December 31, 2018		December 31, 2017

Consolidated derivatives⁽¹⁾	$	76,021	$	60,093
Unconsolidated Funds' derivatives⁽²⁾	$	12,576	$	9,350

___________________________________________________


(1)	Includes 100%, not our pro-rata share, of our consolidated JVs' derivatives.


(2)	The amounts reflect 100%, not our pro-rata share, of our unconsolidated Funds' derivatives.

Impact of Hedges on AOCI and the Consolidated Statements of Operations

The table below presents the effect of our derivatives on our AOCI and the consolidated statements of operations:



(In thousands)	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Derivatives Designated as Cash Flow Hedges:

Consolidated derivatives:
Gain recorded in AOCI - adoption of ASU 2017-12⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾	$	211		$	—		$	—
Gain recorded in AOCI before reclassifications⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾	$	22,723		$	16,512		$	14,192
(Gain) loss reclassified from AOCI to Interest Expense⁽¹⁾	$	(10,103	)	$	13,976		$	25,917
Interest Expense presented in the consolidated statements of operations	$	(133,402	)	$	(145,176	)	$	(146,148	)
(Gain) loss related to ineffectiveness recorded in Interest Expense	$	—		$	51		$	(196	)
Unconsolidated Funds' derivatives (our share)⁽³⁾:
Gain recorded in AOCI before reclassifications⁽¹⁾	$	3,052		$	3,275		$	8
(Gain) loss reclassified from AOCI to Income, including depreciation, from unconsolidated real estate funds⁽¹⁾	$	(813	)	$	527		$	357
Income, including depreciation, from unconsolidated real estate funds presented in the consolidated statements of operations	$	6,400		$	5,905		$	7,812

__________________________________________________


(1)	See Note 10 for our AOCI reconciliation.


(2)	See Note 2 regarding the ASU adoption.


(3)	We calculate our share by multiplying the total amount for each Fund by our equity interest in the respective Fund.

Future Reclassifications from AOCI

At December 31, 2018, our estimate of the AOCI related to derivatives designated as cash flow hedges, that will be reclassified to earnings during the next year as interest rate swap payments are made, is as follows:



	(In thousands)

Consolidated derivatives:
Gains to be reclassified from AOCI to Interest Expense	$	36,161
Unconsolidated Funds' derivatives (our share):
Gains to be reclassified from AOCI to Income, including depreciation, from unconsolidated real estate funds	$	2,565

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Douglas Emmett, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

10. Equity

Transactions

2018 Transactions

During 2018, we (i) acquired 629 thousand OP Units in exchange for issuing an equal number of shares of our common stock to the holders of the OP Units, (ii) acquired 3 thousand OP Units for $108 thousand in cash and (iii) issued 21 thousand shares of our common stock for the exercise of 49 thousand stock options on a net settlement basis (net of the exercise price and related taxes).

2017 Transactions

During 2017, we or our Operating Partnership, (i) acquired 1.1 million OP Units in exchange for issuing an equal number of shares of our common stock to the holders of the OP Units, (ii) issued 1.3 million shares of our common stock for the exercise of 3.9 million stock options on a net settlement basis (net of the exercise price and related taxes), (iii) issued 15.7 million shares of our common stock under our ATM program for net proceeds of $593.3 million, and (iv) issued 2.6 million OP Units valued at $105.7 million in connection with the acquisition of the 9401 Wilshire office property, of which we subsequently acquired 248 thousand OP Units for $10.1 million in cash. One of our JVs acquired three office properties, 1299 Ocean Avenue, 429 Santa Monica and 9665 Wilshire, for which investors contributed $284.0 million directly to the JV.

2016 Transactions

During 2016 we (i) acquired 1.8 million OP Units in exchange for issuing an equal number of shares of our common stock to the holders of OP Units, (ii) acquired 25 thousand OP Units for $826 thousand in cash, (iii) issued 1.5 million shares of our common stock for the exercise of 7.6 million stock options on a net settlement basis (net of the exercise price and related taxes), (iv) issued 1.4 million shares of our common stock under our ATM program for net proceeds of 49.4 million.

We also created two JVs to acquire various properties: (i) in the JV which acquired the Westwood Portfolio, investors acquired an aggregate of seventy-percent of the capital interests, as a result of contributing $320 million directly to the JV for a forty-percent interest and acquiring a thirty-percent interest from us for $241.1 million, (resulting in a gain of $1.1 million), and (ii) in the second JV, which acquired two office properties, 12100 Wilshire and 233 Wilshire, investors acquired an aggregate of eighty-percent of the capital interests, as a result of contributing $139.8 million directly to the JV and acquiring a thirty-five-percent interest from us for $51.6 million (resulting in a gain of $587 thousand).

Noncontrolling Interests

Our noncontrolling interests consist of interests in our Operating Partnership and consolidated JVs which are not owned by us. Noncontrolling interests in our Operating Partnership consist of OP Units and fully-vested LTIP Units, and represented approximately 14% of our Operating Partnership's total interests as of December 31, 2018 when we and our Operating Partnership had 170.2 million shares of common stock and 28.2 million OP Units and fully-vested LTIP Units outstanding. A share of our common stock, an OP Unit and an LTIP Unit (once vested and booked up) have essentially the same economic characteristics, sharing equally in the distributions from our Operating Partnership. Investors who own OP Units have the right to cause our Operating Partnership to acquire their OP Units for an amount of cash per unit equal to the market value of one share of our common stock at the date of acquisition, or, at our election, exchange their OP Units for shares of our common stock on a one-for-one basis. LTIP Units have been granted to our key employees and non-employee directors as part of their compensation, see Note 12.

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Douglas Emmett, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

Changes in our Ownership Interest in our Operating Partnership

The table below presents the effect on our equity from net income attributable to common stockholders and changes in our ownership interest in our Operating Partnership:



	Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2018			2017			2016

Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	116,086		$	94,443		$	85,397

Transfers from noncontrolling interests:
Exchange of OP Units with noncontrolling interests	10,292			14,242			23,060
Repurchase of OP Units from noncontrolling interests	(59		)	(6,764		)	(498		)
Net transfers from noncontrolling interests	10,233			7,478			22,562

Change from net income attributable to common stockholders and transfers from noncontrolling interests	$	126,319		$	101,921		$	107,959

AOCI Reconciliation⁽¹⁾

The table below presents a reconciliation of our AOCI, which consists solely of adjustments related to derivatives designated as cash flow hedges:



	Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2018			2017			2016

Beginning balance	$	43,099		$	15,156		$	(9,285	)
Adoption of ASU 2017-12 - cumulative opening balance adjustment⁽²⁾	211			—			—
Consolidated derivatives:
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications	22,723			16,512			14,192
Reclassification of (gains) losses from AOCI to Interest Expense	(10,103		)	13,976			25,917
Unconsolidated Funds' derivatives (our share):
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications	3,052			3,275			8
Reclassification of (gains) losses from AOCI to Income, including depreciation, from unconsolidated real estate funds	(813		)	527			357
Net current period OCI	15,070			34,290			40,474
OCI attributable to noncontrolling interests	(4,225		)	(6,347		)	(16,033		)
OCI attributable to common stockholders	10,845			27,943			24,441

Ending balance	$	53,944		$	43,099		$	15,156

__________________________________________________


(1)	See Note 9 for the details of our derivatives and Note 13 for our derivative fair value disclosures.


(2)	See Note 2 regarding our adoption of the ASU on January 1, 2018.

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Douglas Emmett, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

Dividends (unaudited)

Our common stock dividends paid during 2018 are classified for federal income tax purposes as follows:



Record Date	Paid Date	Dividend Per Share		Ordinary Income Percentage		Capital Gain Percentage		Return of Capital Percentage		Amount Qualifying as a Section 199A Dividend

12/29/2017	1/15/2018	$	0.25	32.5	%	—	%	67.5	%	32.5	%
3/29/2018	4/17/2018	0.25		32.5	%	—	%	67.5	%	32.5	%
6/29/2018	7/13/2018	0.25		32.5	%	—	%	67.5	%	32.5	%
9/28/2018	10/16/2018	0.25		32.5	%	—	%	67.5	%	32.5	%
Total / Weighted Average		$	1.00	32.5	%	—	%	67.5	%	32.5	%

11. EPS

The table below presents the calculation of basic and diluted EPS:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Numerator (In thousands):
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	116,086		$	94,443		$	85,397
Allocation to participating securities: Unvested LTIP Units	(546		)	(626		)	(468		)
Numerator for basic and diluted net income attributable to common stockholders	$	115,540		$	93,817		$	84,929

Denominator (In thousands):
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding - basic	169,893			160,905			149,299
Effect of dilutive securities: Stock options⁽¹⁾	9			325			3,891
Weighted average shares of common stock and common stock equivalents outstanding - diluted	169,902			161,230			153,190

Basic EPS:
Net income attributable to common stockholders per share	$	0.68		$	0.58		$	0.57

Diluted EPS:
Net income attributable to common stockholders per share	$	0.68		$	0.58		$	0.55

____________________________________________________


(1)	The following securities were excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS because including them would be anti-dilutive to the calculation:



	Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2018	2017	2016

OP Units	26,661	24,810	25,110
Vested LTIP Units	813	274	578

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

12. Stock-Based Compensation

2016 Omnibus Stock Incentive Plan

The Douglas Emmett, Inc. 2016 Omnibus Stock Incentive Plan, our stock incentive plan (our "2016 Plan"), permits us to make grants of incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, deferred stock awards, restricted stock awards, dividend equivalent rights and other stock-based awards. We had an aggregate of 3.4 million shares available for grant as of December 31, 2018. Awards such as LTIP Units, deferred stock and restricted stock, which deliver the full value of the underlying shares, are counted against the Plan limits as two shares. Awards such as stock options and stock appreciation rights are counted as one share. The number of shares reserved under our 2016 Plan is also subject to adjustment in the event of a stock split, stock dividend or other change in our capitalization. Shares of stock underlying any awards that are forfeited, canceled or otherwise terminated (other than by exercise) are added back to the shares of stock available for future issuance under the 2016 Plan. For options exercised, our policy is to issue common stock on a net settlement basis - net of the exercise price and related taxes.

Until it expired in 2016, we made grants under our 2006 Omnibus Stock Incentive Plan (our "2006 Plan"), which was substantially similar to our 2016 Plan. No further awards may be granted under our 2006 Plan, although awards granted under the 2006 Plan in the past and which are still outstanding will continue to be governed by the terms of our 2006 Plan.

Our 2016 and 2006 Plans (the "Plans") are administered by the compensation committee of our board of directors. The compensation committee may interpret our Plans and make all determinations necessary or desirable for the administration of our Plans. The committee has full power and authority to select the participants to whom awards will be granted, to make any combination of awards to participants, to accelerate the exercisability or vesting of any award and to determine the specific terms and conditions of each award, subject to the provisions of our 2016 Plan. All officers, employees, directors and other key personnel (including consultants and prospective employees) are eligible to participate in our 2016 Plan.

We have made certain awards in the form of a separate series of units of limited partnership interests in our Operating Partnership called LTIP Units, which can be granted either as free-standing awards or in tandem with other awards under our 2016 Plan. Our LTIP Units are valued by reference to the value of our common stock at the time of grant, and are subject to such conditions and restrictions as the compensation committee may determine, including continued employment or service, and/or achievement of pre-established performance goals, financial metrics and other objectives. Once vested, LTIP Units can generally be converted to OP Units on a one for one basis, provided our stock price increases by more than a specified hurdle.

Employee Awards

We grant stock-based compensation in the form of LTIP Units as a part of our annual incentive compensation to various employees each year, a portion which vests at the date of grant, and the remainder which vests in three equal annual installments over the three calendar years following the grant date. Compensation expense for LTIP Units which are not vested at the grant date is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each separately vesting portion of the award. We have also made long-term grants in the form of LTIP Units to certain employees, which generally vest in equal annual installments over four to five calendar years following the grant date, and some of these grants include a portion which vests at the date of grant. In aggregate, we granted 898 thousand, 800 thousand and 704 thousand LTIP Units to employees during 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Non-Employee Director Awards

As annual fees for their services, each of our non-employee directors receives a grant of LTIP Units that vests on a quarterly basis during the year the services are rendered, which is the calendar year following the grant date. We granted 37 thousand, 28 thousand and 35 thousand LTIP Units to our non-employee directors during 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Compensation Expense

Total stock-based compensation expense, net of capitalized amounts, was $22.3 million, $18.5 million and $17.4 million during 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Certain amounts of stock-based compensation expense are capitalized for employees who provide leasing and construction services. We capitalized $5.0 million, $2.5 million, and $1.5 million during 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. At December 31, 2018, the total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense for unvested LTIP Unit awards was $19.4 million, which will be recognized over a weighted-average term of two years.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

Stock-Based Award Activity

The table below presents our outstanding stock options activity:



Fully Vested Stock Options:	Number of Stock Options (Thousands)		Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contract Life (Months)	Total Intrinsic Value (Thousands)		Intrinsic Value of Options Exercised (Thousands)

Outstanding at December 31, 2015	11,535		$	18.04	23	$	151,569
Exercised	(7,566	)	$	20.98				$	104,108
Outstanding at December 31, 2016	3,969		$	12.43	27	$	95,770
Exercised	(3,920	)	$	12.43				$	102,963
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	49		$	12.66	16	$	1,375
Exercised	(49	)	$	12.66				$	1,196
Outstanding at December 31, 2018	—

The table below presents our unvested LTIP Units activity:



Unvested LTIP Units:	Number of Units (Thousands)		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Grant Date Fair Value (Thousands)

Outstanding at December 31, 2015	1,096		$	19.85
Granted	739		$	27.62	$	20,420
Vested	(778	)	$	22.23	$	17,293
Forfeited	(17	)	$	27.77	$	473
Outstanding at December 31, 2016	1,040		$	23.46
Granted	828		$	29.89	$	24,745
Vested	(807	)	$	25.40	$	20,497
Forfeited	(5	)	$	31.36	$	172
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	1,056		$	26.98
Granted	935		$	27.01	$	25,247
Vested	(1,036	)	$	25.82	$	26,740
Forfeited	(10	)	$	34.18	$	333
Outstanding at December 31, 2018	945		$	28.20

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

13. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Our estimates of the fair value of financial instruments were determined using available market information and widely used valuation methods. Considerable judgment is necessary to interpret market data and determine an estimated fair value. The use of different market assumptions or valuation methods may have a material effect on the estimated fair values. The FASB fair value framework hierarchy distinguishes between assumptions based on market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity, and the reporting entity’s own assumptions about market-based inputs. The hierarchy is as follows:

Level 1 - inputs utilize unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 - inputs are observable either directly or indirectly for similar assets and liabilities in active markets.

Level 3 - inputs are unobservable assumptions generated by the reporting entity

As of December 31, 2018, we did not have any fair value estimates of financial instruments using Level 3 inputs.

Financial instruments disclosed at fair value

Short term financial instruments: The carrying amounts for cash and cash equivalents, tenant receivables, revolving credit line, interest payable, accounts payable, security deposits and dividends payable approximate fair value because of the short-term nature of these instruments.

Secured notes payable: See Note 7 for the details of our secured notes payable. We estimate the fair value of our consolidated secured notes payable by calculating the credit-adjusted present value of the principal and interest payments for each secured note payable. The calculation incorporates observable market interest rates which we consider to be Level 2 inputs, assumes that the loans will be outstanding through maturity, and excludes any maturity extension options. The table below presents the estimated fair value and carrying value of our secured notes payable (excluding our, revolving credit facility), the carrying value includes unamortized loan premium and excludes unamortized deferred loan fees:



(In thousands)	December 31, 2018		December 31, 2017

Fair value	$	4,087,979	$	4,195,489
Carrying value	$	4,062,968	$	4,156,499

Financial instruments measured at fair value

Derivative instruments: See Note 9 for the details of our derivatives. We present our derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value, on a gross basis, excluding accrued interest. We estimate the fair value of our derivative instruments by calculating the credit-adjusted present value of the expected future cash flows of each derivative. The calculation incorporates the contractual terms of the derivatives, observable market interest rates which we consider to be Level 2 inputs, and credit risk adjustments to reflect the counterparty's as well as our own nonperformance risk. Our derivatives are not subject to master netting arrangements. The table below presents the estimated fair value of our derivatives:



(In thousands)	December 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Derivative Assets:
Fair value - consolidated derivatives⁽¹⁾	$	73,414	$	60,069
Fair value - unconsolidated Funds' derivatives⁽²⁾	$	12,228	$	9,437

Derivative Liabilities:
Fair value - consolidated derivatives⁽¹⁾	$	1,530	$	807
Fair value - unconsolidated Funds' derivatives⁽²⁾	$	—	$	—

___________________________________________________________________________________


(1)	Consolidated derivatives, which include 100%, not our pro-rata share, of our consolidated JVs' derivatives, are included in interest rate contracts in our consolidated balance sheets. The fair values exclude accrued interest which is included in interest payable in the consolidated balance sheet.


(2)	Reflects 100%, not our pro-rata share, of our unconsolidated Funds' derivatives. Our pro-rata share of the amounts related to the unconsolidated Funds' derivatives is included in our Investment in unconsolidated real estate funds in our consolidated balance sheets. See Note 17 regarding our unconsolidated Funds debt and derivatives.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

14. Segment Reporting

Segment information is prepared on the same basis that our management reviews information for operational decision-making purposes. We operate in two business segments: (i) the acquisition, development, ownership and management of office real estate and (ii) the acquisition, development, ownership and management of multifamily real estate. The services for our office segment primarily include rental of office space and other tenant services, including parking and storage space rental. The services for our multifamily segment include rental of apartments and other tenant services, including parking and storage space rental. Asset information by segment is not reported because we do not use this measure to assess performance or make decisions to allocate resources. Therefore, depreciation and amortization expense is not allocated among segments. General and administrative expenses and interest expense are not included in segment profit as our internal reporting addresses these items on a corporate level. The table below presents the operating activity of our reportable segments:



(In thousands)	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Office Segment
Total office revenues	$	777,931		$	715,546		$	645,633
Office expenses	(252,751		)	(233,633		)	(214,546		)
Office segment profit	525,180			481,913			431,087

Multifamily Segment
Total multifamily revenues	103,385			96,506			96,918
Multifamily expenses	(28,116		)	(24,401		)	(23,317		)
Multifamily segment profit	75,269			72,105			73,601

Total profit from all segments	$	600,449		$	554,018		$	504,688

The table below presents a reconciliation of the total profit from all segments to net income attributable to common stockholders:



(In thousands)	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016

Total profit from all segments	$	600,449		$	554,018		$	504,688
General and administrative	(38,641		)	(36,234		)	(34,957		)
Depreciation and amortization	(309,864		)	(276,761		)	(248,914		)
Other income	11,414			9,712			8,759
Other expenses	(7,472		)	(7,037		)	(9,477		)
Income, including depreciation, from unconsolidated real estate funds	6,400			5,905			7,812
Interest expense	(133,402		)	(145,176		)	(146,148		)
Demolition expenses	(272		)	—			—
Income before gains	128,612			104,427			81,763
Gains on sales of investments in real estate	—			—			14,327
Net income	128,612			104,427			96,090
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	(12,526		)	(9,984		)	(10,693		)
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	116,086		$	94,443		$	85,397

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

15. Future Minimum Lease Rental Receipts

We lease space to tenants primarily under non-cancelable operating leases that generally contain provisions for a base rent plus reimbursement of certain operating expenses, and we own fee interests in two parcels of land from which we receive rent under ground leases. The table below presents the future minimum base rentals on our non-cancelable office tenant and ground leases at December 31, 2018:



Year Ending December 31,	(In thousands)

2019	$	578,162
2020	531,875
2021	437,528
2022	353,395
2023	269,535
Thereafter	656,926
Total future minimum base rentals⁽¹⁾	$	2,827,421

_____________________________________________________

(1)

Does not include (i) residential leases, which typically have a term of one year or less, (ii) holdover rent, (ii) other types of rent such as storage and antenna rent, (iv) tenant reimbursements, (v) straight line rent, (vi) amortization/accretion of acquired above/below-market lease intangibles and (vii) percentage rents. The amounts assume that early termination options held by tenants are not exercised.

16. Future Minimum Lease Rental Payments

We pay rent under a ground lease which expires on December 31, 2086. The rent is fixed at $733 thousand per year until February 28, 2029, and will then reset to the greater of the existing ground rent or market. We incurred ground rent expense of $733 thousand during 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The table below, which assumes that the ground rent payments will continue to be $733 thousand per year after February 28, 2029, presents the future minimum ground lease payments as of December 31, 2018:



Year ending December 31:	(In thousands)

2019	$	733
2020	733
2021	733
2022	733
2023	733
Thereafter	46,178
Total future minimum lease payments	$	49,843

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

17. Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees

Legal Proceedings

Concentration of Risk

We are subject to credit risk with respect to our tenant receivables and deferred rent receivables related to our tenant leases. Our tenants' ability to honor the terms of their respective leases remains dependent upon economic, regulatory and social factors. We seek to minimize our credit risk from our tenant leases by (i) targeting smaller, more affluent tenants, from a diverse mix of industries, (ii) performing credit evaluations of prospective tenants, and (iii) obtaining security deposits or letters of credit from our tenants. In 2018, 2017 and 2016, no tenant accounted for more than 10% of our total revenues. See Note 2 for the details of our allowances for tenant receivables and deferred rent receivables.

All of our properties, including the properties of our consolidated JVs and unconsolidated Funds, are located in Los Angeles County, California and Honolulu, Hawaii, and we are therefore susceptible to adverse economic and regulatory developments, as well as natural disasters, in those markets.

We are subject to credit risk with respect to our interest rate swap counterparties that we use to manage the risk associated with our floating rate debt. We do not post or receive collateral with respect to our swap transactions. See Note 9 for the details of our interest rate contracts. We seek to minimize our credit risk by entering into agreements with a variety of high quality counterparties with investment grade ratings.

We have significant cash balances invested in a variety of short-term money market funds that are intended to preserve principal value and maintain a high degree of liquidity while providing current income. These investments are not insured against loss of principal and there is no guarantee that our investments in these funds will be redeemable at par value. We also have significant cash balances in bank accounts with high quality financial institutions with investment grade ratings. Interest bearing bank accounts at each U.S. banking institution are insured by the FDIC up to $250 thousand.

Asset Retirement Obligations

Conditional asset retirement obligations represent a legal obligation to perform an asset retirement activity in which the timing and/or method of settlement is conditional on a future event that may or may not be within our control. A liability for a conditional asset retirement obligation must be recorded if the fair value of the obligation can be reasonably estimated. Environmental site assessments have identified twenty-eight buildings in our Consolidated Portfolio, and four buildings owned by our unconsolidated Funds which contain asbestos, and would have to be removed in compliance with applicable environmental regulations if these properties are demolished or undergo major renovations. As of December 31, 2018, the obligations to remove the asbestos from these properties if they were demolished or undergo major renovations have indeterminable settlement dates, and we are unable to reasonably estimate the fair value of the associated conditional asset retirement obligation. As of December 31, 2018, the obligations to remove the asbestos from properties that are currently undergoing major renovations, or that we plan to renovate in the future, are not material to our financial statements.

Development and Other Contracts

During 2016, we commenced building an additional 491 new apartments at our Moanalua Hillside Apartments in Honolulu, Hawaii. We also invested additional capital to upgrade the existing buildings, improve the parking and landscaping, built a new leasing and management office, and constructed a new fitness facility and two pools. In West Los Angeles, we are building a high-rise apartment building with 376 apartments. As of December 31, 2018, we had an aggregate remaining contractual commitment for these development projects of approximately $202.9 million. As of December 31, 2018, we had an aggregate remaining contractual commitment for repositionings, capital expenditure projects and tenant improvements of approximately $55.3 million.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

Guarantees

We have made certain environmental and other limited indemnities and guarantees covering customary non-recourse carve- outs for our unconsolidated Funds' debt. We have also guaranteed the related swaps. Our Funds have agreed to indemnify us for any amounts that we would be required to pay under these agreements. As of December 31, 2018, all of the obligations under the related debt and swap agreements have been performed in accordance with the terms of those agreements. The table below summarizes our Funds' debt as of December 31, 2018. The amounts represent 100% (not our pro-rata share) of the amounts related to our Funds:

Fund⁽¹⁾

Loan Maturity Date

Principal Balance

(In millions)

Variable Interest Rate

Swap Fixed Interest Rate

Swap Maturity Date

Partnership X⁽²⁾⁽⁴⁾

3/1/2023

110.0

LIBOR + 1.40%

2.30%

3/1/2021

Fund X⁽³⁾⁽⁴⁾

7/1/2024

400.0

LIBOR + 1.65%

3.44%

7/1/2022

510.0

___________________________________________________


(1)	See Note 5 for more information regarding our unconsolidated Funds.


(2)	Floating rate term loan, swapped to fixed, which is secured by two properties and requires monthly payments of interest only, with the outstanding principal due upon maturity. As of December 31, 2018, assuming a zero-percent LIBOR interest rate during the remaining life of the swap, the maximum future payments under the swap agreement were $2.2 million.

(3)

Floating rate term loan, swapped to fixed, which is secured by six properties and requires monthly payments of interest only, with the outstanding principal due upon maturity. As of December 31, 2018, assuming a zero-percent LIBOR interest rate during the remaining life of the swap, the maximum future payments under the swap agreement were $25.4 million. Loan agreement includes the requirement to purchase an interest rate cap if one month LIBOR equals or exceeds 3.56% for fourteen consecutive days after the related swap matures.


(4)	Loan agreement includes a zero-percent LIBOR floor. The corresponding swaps do not include such a floor.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

18. Quarterly Financial Information (unaudited)

The tables below present selected quarterly information for 2018 and 2017:



	Three Months Ended
(In thousands, except per share amounts)	March 31, 2018		June 30, 2018		September 30, 2018		December 31, 2018

Total revenue	$	212,247	$	219,469	$	223,308	$	226,292
Net income before noncontrolling interests	$	32,631	$	37,033	$	35,416	$	23,532
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	28,206	$	31,684	$	30,561	$	25,635
Net income per common share - basic	$	0.17	$	0.19	$	0.18	$	0.15
Net income per common share - diluted	$	0.17	$	0.19	$	0.18	$	0.15
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding - basic	169,601		169,916		169,926		170,121
Weighted average shares of common stock and common stock equivalents outstanding - diluted	169,625		169,926		169,931		170,121

	Three Months Ended
(In thousands, except per share amounts)	March 31, 2017		June 30, 2017		September 30, 2017		December 31, 2017

Total revenue	$	194,481	$	199,632	$	208,749	$	209,190
Net income before noncontrolling interests	$	21,780	$	22,153	$	28,508	$	31,986
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	19,049	$	20,244	$	25,614	$	29,536
Net income per common share - basic	$	0.12	$	0.13	$	0.15	$	0.17
Net income per common share - diluted	$	0.12	$	0.13	$	0.15	$	0.17
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding - basic	152,490		155,898		165,471		169,521
Weighted average shares of common stock and common stock equivalents outstanding - diluted	153,655		155,952		165,520		169,562

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Schedule III - Consolidated Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation and Amortization

As of December 31, 2018

(In thousands)



			Initial Cost				Cost Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition		Gross Carrying Amount
Property Name	Encumb-rances		Land		Building & Improve-ments⁽²⁾		Improve- ments⁽²⁾		Land		Building & Improve-ments⁽²⁾		Total⁽³⁾		Accumulated Depreciation & Amortization		Year Built / Renovated	Year Acquired
Office Properties
100 Wilshire	$	—	$	12,769	$	78,447	$	145,881	$	27,108	$	209,989	$	237,097	$	67,476	1968/2002	1999
233 Wilshire	62,962		9,263		130,426		2,572		9,263		132,998		142,261		9,677		1975/2008-2009	2016
401 Wilshire	—		9,989		29,187		121,993		21,787		139,382		161,169		44,421		1981/2000	1996
429 Santa Monica	33,691		4,949		72,534		2,900		4,949		75,434		80,383		4,309		1982/2016	2017
1299 Ocean	124,699		22,748		265,198		8,311		22,748		273,509		296,257		13,325		1980/2006	2017
1901 Avenue of the Stars	—		18,514		131,752		112,641		26,163		236,744		262,907		79,484		1968/2001	2001
8484 Wilshire⁽¹⁾	16,132		8,846		77,780		16,070		8,846		93,850		102,696		17,804		1972/2013	2013
9401 Wilshire	31,582		6,740		152,310		1,071		6,740		153,381		160,121		5,281		1971	2017
9601 Wilshire	145,845		16,597		54,774		107,741		17,658		161,454		179,112		56,579		1962/2004	2001
9665 Wilshire	77,445		5,568		177,072		12,946		5,568		190,018		195,586		7,489		1971	2017
10880 Wilshire	198,794		29,995		437,514		9,072		29,988		446,593		476,581		38,643		1970/2009	2016
10960 Wilshire	201,893		45,844		429,769		20,484		45,852		450,245		496,097		38,549		1971/2006	2016
11777 San Vicente	—		5,032		15,768		29,640		6,714		43,726		50,440		14,937		1974/1998	1999
12100 Wilshire	101,203		20,164		208,755		6,040		20,164		214,795		234,959		18,348		1985	2016
12400 Wilshire	—		5,013		34,283		76,716		8,828		107,184		116,012		36,034		1985	1996
16501 Ventura	39,803		6,759		53,112		10,937		6,759		64,049		70,808		13,314		1986/2012	2013
Beverly Hills Medical Center	—		4,955		27,766		28,476		6,435		54,762		61,197		18,559		1964/2004	2004
Bishop Place	—		8,317		105,651		58,572		8,833		163,707		172,540		57,295		1992	2004
Bishop Square	180,000		16,273		213,793		25,831		16,273		239,624		255,897		62,676		1972/1983	2010
Brentwood Court	—		2,564		8,872		506		2,563		9,379		11,942		3,332		1984	2006
Brentwood Executive Plaza	39,169		3,255		9,654		32,249		5,921		39,237		45,158		13,349		1983/1996	1995
Brentwood Medical Plaza	35,905		5,934		27,836		1,427		5,933		29,264		35,197		10,572		1975	2006
Brentwood San Vicente Medical	—		5,557		16,457		1,039		5,557		17,496		23,053		6,266		1957/1985	2006
Brentwood/Saltair	—		4,468		11,615		11,625		4,775		22,933		27,708		8,131		1986	2000
Bundy/Olympic	34,273		4,201		11,860		29,416		6,030		39,447		45,477		13,909		1991/1998	1994
Camden Medical Arts	38,021		3,102		12,221		27,789		5,298		37,814		43,112		13,057		1972/1992	1995
Carthay Campus	48,007		6,595		70,454		5,036		6,594		75,491		82,085		12,275		1965/2008	2014
Century Park Plaza	128,311		10,275		70,761		123,949		16,153		188,832		204,985		56,516		1972/1987	1999
Century Park West⁽¹⁾	5,618		3,717		29,099		1,033		3,667		30,182		33,849		11,273		1971	2007
Columbus Center	14,362		2,096		10,396		9,758		2,333		19,917		22,250		7,041		1987	2001
Coral Plaza	25,831		4,028		15,019		18,426		5,366		32,107		37,473		11,236		1981	1998
Cornerstone Plaza⁽¹⁾	10,630		8,245		80,633		6,231		8,263		86,846		95,109		26,906		1986	2007
Encino Gateway	—		8,475		48,525		55,755		15,653		97,102		112,755		33,083		1974/1998	2000
Encino Plaza	—		5,293		23,125		48,919		6,165		71,172		77,337		25,121		1971/1992	2000
Encino Terrace	91,133		12,535		59,554		96,475		15,533		153,031		168,564		51,989		1986	1999
Executive Tower⁽¹⁾	15,098		6,660		32,045		60,003		9,471		89,237		98,708		32,313		1989	1995
First Financial Plaza	54,084		12,092		81,104		3,655		12,092		84,759		96,851		10,691		1986	2015
Gateway Los Angeles	46,785		2,376		15,302		48,207		5,119		60,766		65,885		21,250		1987	1994
Harbor Court	30,992		51		41,001		47,131		12,060		76,123		88,183		22,257		1994	2004
Honolulu Club	—		1,863		16,766		5,766		1,863		22,532		24,395		8,147		1980	2008
Landmark II	—		6,086		109,259		66,476		13,070		168,751		181,821		56,261		1989	1997
Lincoln/Wilshire	38,021		3,833		12,484		23,012		7,475		31,854		39,329		10,872		1996	2000
MB Plaza	32,090		4,533		22,024		32,047		7,503		51,101		58,604		16,949		1971/1996	1998
Olympic Center	41,313		5,473		22,850		32,894		8,247		52,970		61,217		17,828		1985/1996	1997
One Westwood⁽¹⁾	15,994		10,350		29,784		62,621		9,194		93,561		102,755		31,359		1987/2004	1999
Palisades Promenade	—		5,253		15,547		54,537		9,664		65,673		75,337		21,362		1990	1995

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Douglas Emmett, Inc.

Schedule III - Consolidated Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation and Amortization

As of December 31, 2018

(In thousands)



			Initial Cost				Cost Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition		Gross Carrying Amount
Property Name	Encumb-rances		Land		Building & Improve-ments⁽²⁾		Improve-ments⁽²⁾		Land		Building & Improve-ments⁽²⁾		Total⁽³⁾		Accumulated Depreciation & Amortization		Year Built / Renovated	Year Acquired
Office Properties (continued)
Saltair/San Vicente	21,269		5,075		6,946		16,813		7,557		21,277		28,834		7,643		1964/1992	1997
San Vicente Plaza	—		7,055		12,035		51		7,055		12,086		19,141		4,621		1985	2006
Santa Monica Square⁽¹⁾	9,169		5,366		18,025		21,310		6,863		37,838		44,701		13,611		1983/2004	2001
Second Street Plaza	49,505		4,377		15,277		35,680		7,421		47,913		55,334		16,450		1991	1997
Sherman Oaks Galleria	300,000		33,213		17,820		402,194		48,328		404,899		453,227		139,046		1981/2002	1997
Studio Plaza	—		9,347		73,358		139,850		15,015		207,540		222,555		79,664		1988/2004	1995
The Tower	65,969		9,643		160,602		3,146		9,643		163,748		173,391		15,289		1988/1998	2016
The Trillium⁽¹⁾	26,472		20,688		143,263		87,532		21,989		229,494		251,483		75,904		1988	2005
Valley Executive Tower	92,618		8,446		67,672		103,059		11,737		167,440		179,177		56,133		1984	1998
Valley Office Plaza	41,271		5,731		24,329		47,813		8,957		68,916		77,873		24,998		1966/2002	1998
Verona	—		2,574		7,111		14,729		5,111		19,303		24,414		6,686		1991	1997
Village on Canon	58,337		5,933		11,389		49,556		13,303		53,575		66,878		17,903		1989/1995	1994
Warner Center Towers	335,000		43,110		292,147		417,365		59,419		693,203		752,622		233,979		1982-1993/2004	2002
Westside Towers	107,386		8,506		79,532		80,586		14,568		154,056		168,624		51,893		1985	1998
Westwood Center	113,344		9,512		259,341		9,508		9,513		268,848		278,361		24,383		1965/2000	2016
Westwood Place	65,669		8,542		44,419		51,718		11,448		93,231		104,679		31,580		1987	1999

Multifamily Properties
555 Barrington	50,000		6,461		27,639		40,247		14,903		59,444		74,347		20,360		1989	1999
Barrington Plaza	210,000		28,568		81,485		153,090		58,208		204,935		263,143		69,633		1963/1998	1998
Barrington/Kiowa	11,345		5,720		10,052		580		5,720		10,632		16,352		3,656		1974	2006
Barry	9,000		6,426		8,179		460		6,426		8,639		15,065		3,086		1973	2006
Kiowa	4,535		2,605		3,263		372		2,605		3,635		6,240		1,274		1972	2006
Moanalua Hillside Apartments	145,000		22,252		157,353		40,280		32,826		186,987		219,813		41,344		1968/2004/2018	2005
Pacific Plaza	78,000		10,091		16,159		73,520		27,816		71,954		99,770		23,839		1963/1998	1999
The Shores	212,000		20,809		74,191		198,955		60,555		233,400		293,955		76,519		1965-67/2002	1999
Villas at Royal Kunia	90,120		42,887		71,376		14,463		35,163		93,563		128,726		36,210		1990/1995	2006
Waena Apartments	102,400		26,864		119,272		1,006		26,864		120,279		147,143		13,638		1970/2009-2014	2014

Ground Lease
Owensmouth/Warner⁽¹⁾	5,887		23,848		—		—		23,848		—		23,848		—		N/A	2006
Total Operating Properties	$	4,163,982	$	790,894	$	5,402,373	$	3,707,759	$	1,065,099	$	8,835,856	$	9,900,955	$	2,246,887

Property Under Development
Landmark II Development	$	—	$	13,070	$	—	$	34,766	$	13,070	$	34,766	$	47,836	$	—	N/A	N/A
Moanalua Hillside Apartments - Development	—		2,468		—		76,045		2,468		78,871		81,339		—		N/A	N/A
Other Developments	—		—		—		578		—		578		578		—		N/A	N/A
Total Property Under Development	$	—	$	15,538	$	—	$	111,389	$	15,538	$	114,215	$	129,753	$	—

Total	$	4,163,982	$	806,432	$	5,402,373	$	3,819,148	$	1,080,637	$	8,950,071	$	10,030,708	$	2,246,887

_____________________________________________________


(1)	These properties are encumbered by our revolving credit facility, which had a $105.0 million balance as of December 31, 2018.


(2)	Includes tenant improvements and lease intangibles.


(3)	At December 31, 2018, the aggregate federal income tax cost basis for consolidated real estate was $6.90 billion (unaudited).

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Table of Contents

Douglas Emmett, Inc.

Schedule III - Consolidated Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation and Amortization

As of December 31, 2018

(In thousands)

The table below presents a reconciliation of our investment in real estate:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Investment in real estate, gross
Beginning balance	$	9,829,208		$	8,998,120		$	7,266,009
Property acquisitions	—			707,120			1,750,828
Improvements	271,948			111,642			96,649
Developments	5,281			66,013			31,559
Properties held for sale	—			—			(186		)
Removal of fully depreciated and amortized tenant improvements and lease intangibles	(75,729		)	(53,687		)	(146,739		)
Ending balance	$	10,030,708		$	9,829,208		$	8,998,120

Accumulated depreciation and amortization
Beginning balance	$	(2,012,752	)	$	(1,789,678	)	$	(1,687,998	)
Depreciation and amortization	(309,864		)	(276,761		)	(248,914		)
Properties held for sale	—			—			495
Removal of fully depreciated and amortized tenant improvements and lease intangibles	75,729			53,687			146,739
Ending balance	$	(2,246,887	)	$	(2,012,752	)	$	(1,789,678	)

Investment in real estate, net	$	7,783,821		$	7,816,456		$	7,208,442

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