EMCLAIRE FINANCIAL CORP - Annual Report: 2018 (Form 10-K)

Table of Contents

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One):

For the fiscal year ended: December 31, 2018

For the transition period from: ___________ to ___________

Commission File Number: 000-18464

Registrant’s telephone number: (844) 767-2311

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:         None.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. YES ☐ NO ☒.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. YES ☐ NO ☒.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES ☒NO ☐ .

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 month (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). YES ☒ NO ☐.

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company (do not check if a smaller reporting company).

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). YES ☐  NO ☒.

As of June 30, 2018, the aggregate value of the 1,906,620 shares of Common Stock of the Registrant issued and outstanding on such date, which excludes 364,519 shares held by the directors and officers of the Registrant as a group, was approximately $65.4 million. This figure is based on the last sales price of $34.30 per share of the Registrant’s Common Stock on June 30, 2018. The number of outstanding shares of common stock as of March 20, 2019, was 2,698,712.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the Proxy Statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K.

EMCLAIRE FINANCIAL CORP

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Discussions of certain matters in this Form 10-K and other related year end documents may constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act), and as such, may involve risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements, which are based on certain assumptions and describe future plans, strategies, and expectations, are generally identifiable by the use of words or phrases such as “believe”, “plan”, “expect”, “intend”, “anticipate”, “estimate”, “project”, “forecast”, “may increase”, “may fluctuate”, “may improve” and similar expressions of future or conditional verbs such as “will”, “should”, “would”, and “could”. These forward-looking statements relate to, among other things, expectations of the business environment in which Emclaire Financial Corp operates, projections of future performance, potential future credit experience, perceived opportunities in the market and statements regarding the Corporation’s mission and vision. The Corporation’s actual results, performance and achievements may differ materially from the results, performance, and achievements expressed or implied in such forward-looking statements due to a wide range of factors. These factors include, but are not limited to, changes in interest rates, general economic conditions, the local economy, the demand for the Corporation’s products and services, accounting principles or guidelines, legislative and regulatory changes, monetary and fiscal policies of the U.S. Government, U.S. Treasury, and Federal Reserve, real estate markets, competition in the financial services industry, attracting and retaining key personnel, performance of new employees, regulatory actions, changes in and utilization of new technologies and other risks detailed in the Corporation’s reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) from time to time. These factors should be considered in evaluating the forward-looking statements, and undue reliance should not be placed on such statements. The Corporation does not undertake, and specifically disclaims any obligation, to update any forward-looking statements to reflect occurrences or unanticipated events or circumstances after the date of such statements.

PART I

Item 1. Business

General

Emclaire Financial Corp (the Corporation) is a Pennsylvania corporation and financial holding company that provides a full range of retail and commercial financial products and services to customers in western Pennsylvania through its wholly owned subsidiary bank, The Farmers National Bank of Emlenton (the Bank).

The Bank was organized in 1900 as a national banking association and is a financial intermediary whose principal business consists of attracting deposits from the general public and investing such funds in real estate loans secured by liens on residential and commercial properties, consumer loans, commercial business loans, marketable securities and interest-earning deposits. The Bank currently operates through a network of twenty retail branch offices in Venango, Allegheny, Butler, Clarion, Clearfield, Crawford, Elk, Jefferson and Mercer counties, Pennsylvania and Hancock county, West Virginia. The Corporation and the Bank are headquartered in Emlenton, Pennsylvania.

The Bank is subject to examination and comprehensive regulation by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), which is the Bank’s chartering authority, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which insures customer deposits held by the Bank to the full extent provided by law. The Bank is a member of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland (FRB) and the Federal Home Loan Bank of Pittsburgh (FHLB). The Corporation is a registered bank holding company pursuant to the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (BHCA), and a financial holding company under the Gramm-Leach Bliley Act of 1999 (GLBA) and is subject to the regulation and examination by the FRB.

On October 1, 2018, the Corporation completed the acquisition of Community First Bancorp, Inc. (CFB) and its subsidiary, Community First Bank, in accordance with the terms of the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of May 25, 2018, in exchange for 419,173 shares of common stock valued at $15.6 million and $2.4 million in cash.  The Corporation also issued 420,593 shares of preferred stock valued at $4.2 million in exchange for preferred stock of Community First Bank.  In addition, on September 30, 2017, the Corporation completed the acquisition of Northern Hancock Bank and Trust Co. (NHB) in accordance with the terms of the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of May 4, 2017, in exchange for 54,445 shares of common stock valued at $1.7 million and $22,000 in cash. These acquisitions expanded the Corporation's franchise into new markets, strengthened existing markets and increased the Corporation's consolidated total assets, loans and deposits.

At December 31, 2018, the Corporation had $898.9 million in total assets, $80.0 million in stockholders’ equity, $708.7 million in net loans and $761.5 million in total deposits.

Lending Activities

General. The principal lending activities of the Corporation are the origination of residential mortgage, commercial mortgage, commercial business and consumer loans. Nearly all of the Corporation’s loans are originated in and secured by property within the Corporation’s primary market area.

One-to-Four Family Mortgage Loans. The Corporation offers first mortgage loans secured by one-to-four family residences located mainly in the Corporation’s primary lending area. One-to-four family mortgage loans amounted to 41.3% of the total loan portfolio at December 31, 2018. Typically such residences are single-family owner occupied units. The Corporation is an approved, qualified lender for the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC) and the FHLB. As a result, the Corporation may sell loans to and service loans for the FHLMC and FHLB in market conditions and circumstances where this is advantageous in managing interest rate risk.

Home Equity Loans. The Corporation originates home equity loans secured by single-family residences. Home equity loans amounted to 14.5% of the total loan portfolio at December 31, 2018. These loans may be either a single advance fixed-rate loan with a term of up to 20 years or a variable rate revolving line of credit. These loans are made only on owner-occupied single-family residences.

Commercial Business and Commercial Real Estate Loans. Commercial lending constitutes a significant portion of the Corporation’s lending activities. Commercial business and commercial real estate loans amounted to 42.6% of the total loan portfolio at December 31, 2018. Commercial real estate loans generally consist of loans granted for commercial purposes secured by commercial or other nonresidential real estate. Commercial loans consist of secured and unsecured loans for such items as capital assets, inventory, operations and other commercial purposes.

Consumer Loans. Consumer loans generally consist of fixed-rate term loans for automobile purchases, home improvements not secured by real estate, capital and other personal expenditures. The Corporation also offers unsecured revolving personal lines of credit and overdraft protection. Consumer loans amounted to 1.6% of the total loan portfolio at December 31, 2018.

Loans to One Borrower. National banks are subject to limits on the amount of credit that they can extend to one borrower. Under current law, loans to one borrower are limited to an amount equal to 15% of unimpaired capital and surplus on an unsecured basis, and an additional amount equal to 10% of unimpaired capital and surplus if the loan is secured by readily marketable collateral. At December 31, 2018, the Bank’s loans to one borrower limit based upon 15% of unimpaired capital was $11.5 million. The Bank may grant credit to borrowers in excess of the legal lending limit as part of the Legal Lending Limit Pilot Program approved by the OCC which allows the Bank to exceed its legal lending limit within certain parameters. At December 31, 2018, the Bank’s largest single lending relationship had an outstanding balance of $8.6 million.

Loan Portfolio. The following table sets forth the composition and percentage of the Corporation’s loans receivable in dollar amounts and in percentages of the portfolio as of December 31:

The following table sets forth the final maturity of loans in the Corporation’s portfolio as of December 31, 2018. Demand loans having no stated schedule of repayment and no stated maturity are reported as due within one year.

The following table sets forth the dollar amount of the Corporation’s fixed and adjustable rate loans with maturities greater than one year as of December 31, 2018:

Contractual maturities of loans do not reflect the actual term of the Corporation’s loan portfolio. The average life of mortgage loans is substantially less than their contractual terms because of loan prepayments and enforcement of due-on-sale clauses, which give the Corporation the right to declare a loan immediately payable in the event, among other things, that the borrower sells the real property subject to the mortgage. Scheduled principal amortization also reduces the average life of the loan portfolio. The average life of mortgage loans tends to increase when current market mortgage rates substantially exceed rates on existing mortgages and conversely, decrease when rates on existing mortgages substantially exceed current market interest rates.

Delinquencies and Classified Assets

Delinquent Loans and Other Real Estate Acquired Through Foreclosure (OREO). Typically, a loan is considered past due and a late charge is assessed when the borrower has not made a payment within 15 days from the payment due date. When a borrower fails to make a required payment on a loan, the Corporation attempts to cure the deficiency by contacting the borrower. The initial contact with the borrower is made shortly after the 17th day following the due date for which a payment was not received. In most cases, delinquencies are cured promptly.

If the delinquency exceeds 60 days, the Corporation works with the borrower to set up a satisfactory repayment schedule. Typically, loans are considered nonaccruing upon reaching 90 days delinquent unless the credit is well secured and in the process of collection, although the Corporation may be receiving partial payments of interest and partial repayments of principal on such loans. When a loan is placed in nonaccrual status, previously accrued but unpaid interest is deducted from interest income. The Corporation institutes foreclosure action on secured loans only if all other remedies have been exhausted. If an action to foreclose is instituted and the loan is not reinstated or paid in full, the property is sold at a judicial or trustee’s sale at which the Corporation may be the buyer.

Real estate properties acquired through, or in lieu of, foreclosure are to be sold and are initially recorded at fair value at the date of foreclosure less costs to sell, thereby establishing a new cost basis. After foreclosure, management periodically performs valuations and the real estate is carried at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less the cost to sell the property. Changes in the valuation allowance are included in the loss on foreclosed real estate. The Corporation generally attempts to sell its OREO properties as soon as practical upon receipt of clear title.

As of December 31, 2018, the Corporation’s nonperforming assets were $3.7 million, or 0.42% of the Corporation’s total assets, compared to $4.2 million, or 0.56% of the Corporation’s total assets, at December 31, 2017. Nonperforming assets at December 31, 2018 included nonaccrual loans and OREO of $2.3 million and $701,000, respectively. Included in nonaccrual loans at December 31, 2018 were four loans totaling $394,000 considered to be troubled debt restructurings (TDRs).

Classified Assets. Regulations applicable to insured institutions require the classification of problem assets as “substandard,” “doubtful,” or “loss” depending upon the existence of certain characteristics as discussed below. A category designated “special mention” must also be maintained for assets currently not requiring the above classifications but having potential weakness or risk characteristics that could result in future problems. An asset is classified as substandard if not adequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. A substandard asset is characterized by the distinct possibility that the Corporation will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Assets classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard and these weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values, highly questionable or improbable. Assets classified as loss are considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as assets is not warranted.

The Corporation’s classification of assets policy requires the establishment of valuation allowances for loan losses in an amount deemed prudent by management. Valuation allowances represent loss allowances that have been established to recognize the inherent risk associated with lending activities. When the Corporation classifies a problem asset as a loss, the portion of the asset deemed uncollectible is charged off immediately.

The Corporation regularly reviews the problem loans and other assets in its portfolio to determine whether any require classification in accordance with the Corporation’s policy and applicable regulations. As of December 31, 2018, the Corporation’s classified and criticized assets amounted to $22.9 million or 2.5% of total assets, with $6.5 million identified as special mention and $16.4 million classified as substandard.

Included in classified and criticized assets at December 31, 2018 are three large loan relationships exhibiting credit deterioration that may impact the ability of the borrowers to comply with their present loan repayment terms on a timely basis.

The first relationship, with an outstanding balance of $3.2 million at December 31, 2018, consists of two commercial mortgages which primarily refinanced third-party debt obligations.  The debt obligations are secured by a hotel along with all related furniture, fixtures and equipment as well as two undeveloped parcels of land.  The hotel is operational; however, cash flow was adversely impacted by elevated operating expenses.  That said, results continue to evidence improvement in operating performance.  The loans are well supported by guarantors who have significant net worth positions and the ability to support the operations of the hotel, as needed.  At December 31, 2018, the loans were performing and classified as special mention. Ultimately, due to the estimated value of the collateral and the willingness and ability of the guarantors to support the loans, the Corporation does not currently expect to incur a loss on this loan.

The following table sets forth information regarding the Corporation’s nonperforming assets as of December 31:

Allowance for Loan Losses. Management establishes allowances for estimated losses on loans based upon its evaluation of the pertinent factors underlying the types and quality of loans; historical loss experience based on volume and types of loans; trend in portfolio volume and composition; level and trend of nonperforming assets; detailed analysis of individual loans for which full collectability may not be assured; determination of the existence and realizable value of the collateral and guarantees securing such loans and the current economic conditions affecting the collectability of loans in the portfolio. The Corporation analyzes its loan portfolio at least quarterly for valuation purposes and to determine the adequacy of its allowance for loan losses. Based upon the factors discussed above, management believes that the Corporation’s allowance for loan losses as of December 31, 2018 of $6.5 million was adequate to cover probable incurred losses in the portfolio at such time.

The following table sets forth an analysis of the allowance for losses on loans receivable for the years ended December 31: 

The following table provides a breakdown of the allowance for loan losses by major loan category for the years ended December 31:

Investment Activities

General. The Corporation maintains an investment portfolio of securities such as U.S. government agencies, mortgage-backed securities, municipal and equity securities.

Investment decisions are made within policy guidelines as established by the Board of Directors. This policy is aimed at maintaining a diversified investment portfolio, which complements the overall asset/liability and liquidity objectives of the Corporation, while limiting the related credit risk to an acceptable level.

The following table sets forth certain information regarding the fair value, weighted average yields and contractual maturities of the Corporation’s securities as of December 31, 2018:

(1) Taxable equivalent adjustments have been made in calculating yields on state and political subdivision securities.

The following table sets forth the fair value of the Corporation’s investment securities as of December 31:

For additional information regarding the Corporation’s investment portfolio see “Note 2 – Securities” to the consolidated financial statements on page F-14.

Sources of Funds

General. Deposits are the primary source of the Corporation’s funds for lending and investing activities. Secondary sources of funds are derived from loan repayments, investment maturities and borrowed funds. Loan repayments can be considered a relatively stable funding source, while deposit activity is greatly influenced by interest rates and general market conditions. The Corporation also has access to funds through other various sources. For additional information about the Corporation’s sources of funds, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Liquidity” in Item 7.

Deposits. The Corporation offers a wide variety of deposit account products to both consumer and commercial deposit customers, including time deposits, noninterest bearing and interest bearing demand deposit accounts, savings deposits and money market accounts.

Deposit products are promoted in periodic newspaper, radio and other forms of advertisements, along with notices provided in customer account statements. The Corporation’s marketing strategy is based on its reputation as a community bank that provides quality products and personalized customer service.

The Corporation sets interest rates on its interest bearing deposit products that are competitive with rates offered by other financial institutions in its market area. Management reviews interest rates on deposits bi-weekly and considers a number of factors, including: (1) the Corporation’s internal cost of funds; (2) rates offered by competing financial institutions; (3) investing and lending opportunities; and (4) the Corporation’s liquidity position.

The following table summarizes the Corporation’s deposits as of December 31:

The following table sets forth maturities of the Corporation’s time deposits of $100,000 or more at December 31, 2018 by time remaining to maturity:

Borrowings. Borrowings may be used to compensate for reductions in deposit inflows or net deposit outflows, or to support lending and investment activities. These borrowings include FHLB advances, federal funds, repurchase agreements, advances from the Federal Reserve Discount Window and lines of credit at the Bank and the Corporation with other correspondent banks. The following table summarizes information with respect to borrowings at or for the years ending December 31: 

For additional information regarding the Corporation’s deposit base and borrowed funds, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Deposits and Borrowed Funds” in Item 7 and “Note 8 – Deposits” on page F-23 and “Note 9 – Borrowed Funds” on page F-24 to the consolidated financial statements.

Subsidiary Activity

The Corporation has two wholly owned subsidiaries, the Bank and the Title Company. The Title Company provides real estate settlement services to the Bank and other customers. As of December 31, 2018, the Bank and the Title Company had no subsidiaries.

Personnel

At December 31, 2018, the Corporation had 164 full time equivalent employees, compared to 137 at December 31, 2017. There is no collective bargaining agreement between the Corporation and its employees, and the Corporation believes its relationship with its employees is satisfactory.

Competition

The Corporation competes for loans, deposits and customers with other commercial banks, savings and loan associations, securities and brokerage companies, mortgage companies, insurance companies, finance companies, money market funds, credit unions and other nonbank financial service providers.

Supervision and Regulation

General. Bank holding companies and banks are extensively regulated under both federal and state law. Set forth below is a summary description of certain provisions of certain laws that relate to the regulation of the Corporation and the Bank. The description does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the applicable laws and regulations.

The Corporation. The Corporation is a registered bank holding company and subject to regulation and examination by the FRB under the BHCA. The Corporation is required to file periodic reports with the FRB and such additional information as the FRB may require. The Bank Holding Company rating system emphasizes risk management and evaluation of the potential impact of non-depository entities on safety and soundness.

The FRB may require the Corporation to terminate an activity or terminate control of or liquidate or divest certain subsidiaries, affiliates or investments when the FRB believes the activity or the control of the subsidiary or affiliate constitutes a significant risk to the financial safety, soundness or stability of any of its banking subsidiaries. The FRB also has the authority to regulate provisions of certain bank holding company debt, including the authority to impose interest rate ceilings and reserve requirements on such debt. Under certain circumstances, the Corporation must file written notice and obtain FRB approval prior to purchasing or redeeming its equity securities.

The Corporation is required to obtain prior FRB approval for the acquisition of more than 5% of the outstanding shares of any class of voting securities or substantially all of the assets of any bank or bank holding company. Prior FRB approval is also required for the merger or consolidation of the Corporation and another bank holding company.

The BHCA generally prohibits a bank holding company from acquiring direct or indirect ownership or control of more than 5% of the outstanding voting shares of any company that is not a bank or bank holding company and from engaging directly or indirectly in activities other than those of banking, managing or controlling banks, or furnishing services to its subsidiaries. However, subject to the prior FRB approval, a bank holding company may engage in any, or acquire shares of companies engaged in, activities that the FRB deems to be so closely related to banking or managing or controlling banks as to be a proper incident thereto.

The BHCA also authorizes bank holding companies to engage in securities, insurance and other activities that are financial in nature or incidental to a financial activity. In order to undertake these activities, a bank holding company must become a financial holding company by submitting to the appropriate FRB a declaration that the company elects to be a financial holding company and a certification that all of the depository institutions controlled by the company are well capitalized and well managed. The Corporation submitted a declaration of election to become a financial holding company with the FRB which became effective in March 2007. Federal legislation also directed federal regulators to require depository institution holding companies to serve as a source of strength for their depository institution subsidiaries.

Under FRB regulations, the Corporation is required to serve as a source of financial and managerial strength to the Bank and may not conduct operations in an unsafe or unsound manner. In addition, it is the FRB’s policy that a bank holding company should stand ready to use available resources to provide adequate capital funds to its subsidiary banks during periods of financial stress or adversity and should maintain the financial flexibility and capital raising capacity to obtain additional resources for assisting its subsidiary banks. A bank holding company’s failure to meet its obligations to serve as a source of strength to its subsidiary banks will generally be considered by the FRB to be an unsafe and unsound banking practice or a violation of FRB regulations or both.

The Corporation is also a bank holding company within the meaning of the Pennsylvania Banking Code. As such, the Corporation and its subsidiaries are subject to examination by, and may be required to file reports with, the Pennsylvania Department of Banking and Securities.

The Corporation’s securities are registered with the SEC under the Exchange Act. As such, the Corporation is subject to the information, proxy solicitation, insider trading, corporate governance, and other requirements and restrictions of the Exchange Act. The public may obtain all forms and information filed with the SEC through its website http://www.sec.gov.

In December 2013, federal regulators adopted final rules to implement the provisions of the Dodd Frank Act commonly referred to as the Volcker Rule and established July 21, 2015 as the end of the conformance period. The regulations contain prohibitions and restrictions on the ability of financial institutions, holding companies and their affiliates to engage in proprietary trading and to hold certain interests in, or to have certain relationships with, various types of investment funds, including hedge funds and private equity funds. However, legislation enacted in 2018 exempts bank with less than $10 billion in assets from the Volcker Rule.

The Bank. As a national banking association, the Bank is subject to primary supervision, examination and regulation by the OCC. The Bank is also subject to regulations of the FDIC as administrator of the Deposit Insurance Fund (DIF) and the FRB. If, as a result of an examination of the Bank, the OCC should determine that the financial condition, capital resources, asset quality, earnings prospects, management, liquidity or other aspects of the Bank’s operations are unsatisfactory or that the Bank is violating or has violated any law or regulation, various remedies are available to the OCC. Such remedies include the power to enjoin “unsafe or unsound practices,” to require affirmative action to correct any conditions resulting from any violation or practice, to issue an administrative order that can be judicially enforced, to direct an increase in capital, to restrict the Bank’s growth, to assess civil monetary penalties, and to remove officers and directors. The FDIC has similar enforcement authority, in addition to its authority to terminate the Bank’s deposit insurance in the absence of action by the OCC and upon a finding that the Bank is operating in an unsafe or unsound condition, is engaging in unsafe or unsound activities, or that the Bank’s conduct poses a risk to the deposit insurance fund or may prejudice the interest of its depositors.

A national bank may have a financial subsidiary engaged in any activity authorized for national banks directly or certain permissible activities. Generally, a financial subsidiary is permitted to engage in activities that are “financial in nature” or incidental thereto, even though they are not permissible for the national bank itself. The definition of “financial in nature” includes, among other items, underwriting, dealing in or making a market in securities, including, for example, distributing shares of mutual funds. The subsidiary may not, however, engage as principal in underwriting insurance, issue annuities or engage in real estate development or investment or merchant banking.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 established a comprehensive framework to modernize and reform the oversight of public company auditing, improve the quality and transparency of financial reporting by those companies and strengthen the independence of auditors. Among other things, the legislation (i) created a public company accounting oversight board that is empowered to set auditing, quality control and ethics standards, to inspect registered public accounting firms, to conduct investigations and to take disciplinary actions, subject to SEC oversight and review; (ii) strengthened auditor independence from corporate management by limiting the scope of consulting services that auditors can offer their public company audit clients; (iii) heightened the responsibility of public company directors and senior managers for the quality of the financial reporting and disclosure made by their companies; (iv) adopted a number of provisions to deter wrongdoing by corporate management; (v) imposed a number of new corporate disclosure requirements; (vi) adopted provisions which generally seek to limit and expose to public view possible conflicts of interest affecting securities analysis; and (vii) imposed a range of new criminal penalties for fraud and other wrongful acts and extended the period during which certain types of lawsuits can be brought against a company or its insiders.

2010 Regulatory Reform. On July 21, 2010, the Dodd Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 was signed into law. The goals of the Dodd Frank Act included restoring public confidence in the financial system following the financial crisis, preventing another financial crisis and permitting regulators to identify shortfalls in the system before another financial crisis can occur. The Dodd Frank Act is also intended to promote a fundamental restructuring of federal banking regulation by taking a systemic view of regulation rather than focusing on regulation of individual financial institutions.

Many of the provisions in the Dodd Frank Act require that regulatory agencies draft implementing regulations. Implementation of the Dodd Frank Act has had and will continue to have a broad impact on the financial services industry by introducing significant regulatory and compliance changes including, among other things: (i) changing the assessment base for federal deposit insurance from the amount of insured deposits to average consolidated total assets less average tangible equity, eliminating the ceiling and increasing the size of the floor of the DIF and offsetting the impact of the increase in the minimum floor on institutions with less than $10 billion in assets; (ii) making permanent the $250,000 limit for federal deposit insurance and increasing the cash limit of Securities Investor Protection Corporation protection to $250,000; (iii) eliminating the requirement that the FDIC pay dividends from the DIF when the reserve ratio is between 1.35% and 1.50%, but continuing the FDIC’s authority to declare dividends when the reserve ratio at the end of a calendar year is at least 1.50%; however, the FDIC is granted sole discretion in determining whether to suspend or limit the declaration or payment of dividends; (iv) repealing the federal prohibition on payment of interest on demand deposits, thereby permitting depository institutions to pay interest on business transaction and other accounts; (v) implementing certain corporate governance revisions that apply to all public companies, including regulations that require publicly traded companies to give shareholders a non-binding advisory vote to approve executive compensation, commonly referred to as a “say-on-pay” vote and an advisory role on so-called “golden parachute” payments in connection with approvals of mergers and acquisitions; new director independence requirements and considerations to be taken into account by compensation committees and their advisers relating to executive compensation; additional executive compensation disclosures; and a requirement that companies adopt a policy providing for the recovery of executive compensation in the event of a restatement of its financial statements, commonly referred to as a “clawback” policy; (vi) centralizing responsibility for consumer financial protection by creating a new independent federal agency, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) responsible for implementing federal consumer protection laws to be applicable to all depository institutions; (vii) imposing new requirements for mortgage lending, including new minimum underwriting standards, limitations on prepayment penalties and imposition of new mandated disclosures to mortgage borrowers; (viii) imposing new limits on affiliate transactions and causing derivative transactions to be subject to lending limits and other restrictions including adoption of the “Volcker Rule” regulating transactions in derivative securities; (ix) limiting debit card interchange fees that financial institutions with $10 billion or more in assets are permitted to charge their customers; and (x) implementing regulations to incentivize and protect individuals, commonly referred to as whistleblowers to report violations of federal securities laws.

Many aspects of the Dodd Frank Act continue to be subject to rulemaking and will take effect over several additional years, making it difficult to anticipate the overall financial impact on us or across the industry. The changes resulting from the Dodd Frank Act may impact the profitability of our business activities, require changes to certain of our business practices, impose upon us more stringent capital, liquidity and leverage requirements or otherwise adversely affect our business. The legislation enacted in 2018 and summarized below may reduce some of the burdens associated with the implementation of the Dodd Frank Act, but the actual impact is impossible to predict with any certainty.

2018 Regulatory Reform. In May 2018, the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act (the Act), was enacted to modify or remove certain financial reform rules and regulations, including some of those implemented under the Dodd Frank Act. While the Act maintains most of the regulatory structure established by the Dodd Frank Act, it amends certain aspects of the regulatory framework for small depository institutions with assets of less than $10 billion and for large banks with assets of more than $50 billion. Many of these changes could result in meaningful regulatory relief for community banks such as the Bank.

The Act, among other matters, expands the definition of qualified mortgages which may be held by a financial institution and simplifies the regulatory capital rules for financial institutions and their holding companies with total consolidated assets of less than $10 billion by instructing the federal banking regulators to establish a single “Community Bank Leverage Ratio” of between 8 and 10 percent to replace the leverage and risk-based regulatory capital ratios. The Act also expands the category of holding companies that may rely on the “Small Bank Holding Company and Savings and Loan Holding Company Policy Statement” by raising the maximum amount of assets a qualifying holding company may have from $1 billion to $3 billion. This expansion also excludes such holding companies from the minimum capital requirements of the Dodd Frank Act. In addition, the Act includes regulatory relief for community banks regarding regulatory examination cycles, call reports, the Volcker Rule (proprietary trading prohibitions), mortgage disclosures and risk weights for certain high-risk commercial real estate loans.

It is difficult at this time to predict when or how any new standards under the Act will ultimately be applied to us or what specific impact the Act and the yet-to-be-finalized implementing rules and regulations will have on community banks.

Anti-Money Laundering. All financial institutions, including national banks, are subject to federal laws that are designed to prevent the use of the U.S. financial system to fund terrorist activities. Financial institutions operating in the United States must develop anti-money laundering compliance programs, due diligence policies and controls to ensure the detection and reporting of money laundering. Such compliance programs are intended to supplement compliance requirements, also applicable to financial institutions, under the Bank Secrecy Act and the Office of Foreign Assets Control Regulations. The Bank has established policies and procedures to ensure compliance with these provisions.

Privacy. Federal banking rules limit the ability of banks and other financial institutions to disclose non-public information about consumers to nonaffiliated third parties. Pursuant to these rules, financial institutions must provide (i) initial notices to customers about their privacy policies, describing conditions under which they may disclose nonpublic personal information to nonaffiliated third parties and affiliates; (ii) annual notices of their privacy policies to current customers and (iii) a reasonable method for customers to “opt out” of disclosures to nonaffiliated third parties. These privacy provisions affect how consumer information is transmitted through diversified financial companies and conveyed to outside vendors. The Corporation’s privacy policies have been implemented in accordance with the law.

Dividends and Other Transfers of Funds. Dividends from the Bank constitute the principal source of income to the Corporation. The Corporation is a legal entity separate and distinct from the Bank. The Bank is subject to various statutory and regulatory restrictions on its ability to pay dividends to the Corporation. In addition, the Bank’s regulators have the authority to prohibit the Bank from paying dividends, depending upon the Bank’s financial condition, if such payment is deemed to constitute an unsafe or unsound practice.

Limitations on Transactions with Affiliates. Transactions between national banks and any affiliate are governed by Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act. An affiliate of a national bank includes any company or entity which controls the national bank or that is controlled by a company that controls the national bank. In a holding company context, the holding company of a national bank (such as the Corporation) and any companies which are controlled by such holding company are affiliates of the national bank. Generally, Section 23A limits the extent to which the national bank or its subsidiaries may engage in “covered transactions” with any one affiliate to an amount equal to 10% of such bank’s capital stock and surplus, and contains an aggregate limit on all such transactions with all affiliates to an amount equal to 20% of such capital stock and surplus. Section 23B applies to “covered transactions” as well as certain other transactions and requires that all transactions be on terms substantially the same, or at least as favorable, to the national bank as those provided to a non-affiliate. The term “covered transaction” includes the making of loans to, purchase of assets from and issuance of a guarantee to an affiliate and similar transactions. Section 23B transactions also include the provision of services and the sale of assets by a national bank to an affiliate.

In addition, Sections 22(g) and (h) of the Federal Reserve Act place restrictions on loans to executive officers, directors and principal shareholders of the national bank and its affiliates. Under Section 22(h), loans to a director, an executive officer and to a greater than 10% shareholder of a national bank, and certain affiliated interests of either, may not exceed, together with all other outstanding loans to such person and affiliated interests, the national bank’s loans to one borrower limit (generally equal to 15% of the bank’s unimpaired capital and surplus). Section 22(h) also requires that loans to directors, executive officers and principal shareholders be made on terms substantially the same as offered in comparable transactions to other persons unless the loans are made pursuant to a benefit or compensation program that (i) is widely available to employees of the bank and (ii) does not give preference to any director, executive officer or principal shareholder, or certain affiliated interests of either, over other employees of the national bank. Section 22(h) also requires prior board approval for certain loans. In addition, the aggregate amount of extensions of credit by a national bank to all insiders cannot exceed the bank’s unimpaired capital and surplus. Furthermore, Section 22(g) places additional restrictions on loans to executive officers. The Bank currently is subject to Sections 22(g) and (h) of the Federal Reserve Act and at December 31, 2018, was in compliance with the above restrictions.

Loans to One Borrower Limitations. With certain limited exceptions, the maximum amount that a national bank may lend to any borrower (including certain related entities of the borrower) at one time may not exceed 15% of the unimpaired capital and surplus of the institution, plus an additional 10% of unimpaired capital and surplus for loans fully secured by readily marketable collateral. At December 31, 2018, the Bank’s loans-to-one-borrower limit was $11.5 million based upon the 15% of unimpaired capital and surplus measurement. The Bank may grant credit to borrowers in excess of the legal lending limit as part of the Legal Lending Limit Pilot Program approved by the OCC which allows the Bank to exceed its legal lending limit within certain parameters. At December 31, 2018, the Bank’s largest single lending relationship had an outstanding balance of $8.6 million.

Capital Standards. The Bank is required to comply with applicable capital adequacy standards established by the federal banking agencies. Beginning on January 1, 2015, the Bank became subject to a new comprehensive capital framework for U.S. banking organizations. In July 2013, the Federal Reserve Board, FDIC and OCC adopted a final rule that implements the Basel III changes to the international regulatory capital framework. The Basel III rules include requirements contemplated by the Dodd Frank Act as well as certain standards initially adopted by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision in December 2010.

The Basel III rules include new risk-based and leverage capital ratio requirements that refine the definition of what constitutes “capital” for purposes of calculating those ratios. The minimum capital level requirements are (i) a new common equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 4.5%; (ii) a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6% (increased from 4%); (iii) a total risk-based capital ratio of 8% (unchanged from previous rules); and (iv) a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4% for all institutions. Common equity Tier 1 capital will consist of retained earnings and common stock instruments, subject to certain adjustments.

The Basel III rules also establish a “capital conservation buffer” of 2.5% above the new regulatory minimum risk-based capital requirements. The conversation buffer was fully phased in as of January 1, 2019 and results in the following minimum ratios: (i) a common equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 7.0%, (ii) a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 8.5% and (iii) a total risk-based capital ratio of 10.5%. An institution is subject to limitations on certain activities including payment of dividends, share repurchases and discretionary bonuses to executive officers if its capital level is below the buffer amount.

The Basel III rules also revise the prompt corrective action framework, which is designed to place restrictions on insured depository institutions if their capital levels do not meet certain thresholds. These revisions were effective January 1, 2015. The prompt corrective action rules were modified to include a common equity Tier 1 capital component and to increase certain other capital requirements for the various thresholds. Under the proposed prompt corrective action rules, insured depository institutions are required to meet the following capital levels in order to qualify as “well capitalized”: (i) a new common equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6.5%; (ii) a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 8% (increased from 6%); (iii) a total risk-based capital ratio of 10% (unchanged from previous rules); and (iv) a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 5% (unchanged from previous rules).

The Basel III rules set forth certain changes in the methods of calculating risk-weighted assets, which in turn affect the calculation of risk based ratios. Under the Basel III rules, higher or more sensitive risk weights are assigned to various categories of assets including certain credit facilities that finance the acquisition, development or construction of real property, certain exposures of credits that are 90 days past due or on nonaccrual, foreign exposures and certain corporate exposures. In addition, Basel III rules include (i) alternate standards of credit worthiness consistent with the Dodd Frank Act; (ii) greater recognition of collateral guarantees and (iii) revised capital treatment for derivatives and repo-style transactions.

In addition, the final rule includes certain exemptions to address concerns about the regulatory burden on community banks. Banking organizations with less than $15 billion in consolidated assets as of December 31, 2009 are permitted to include in Tier 1 capital trust preferred securities and cumulative perpetual preferred stock issued and included in Tier 1 capital prior to May 19, 2010 on a permanent basis without any phase out. Community banks were required to make this election by their March 31, 2015 quarterly filings with the appropriate federal regulator to opt-out of the requirement to include most accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) components in the calculation of Common equity Tier 1 capital and in effect retain the AOCI treatment under the current capital rules. The Bank made in its March 31, 2015 quarterly filing a one-time permanent election to continue to exclude accumulated other comprehensive income from capital. If it would not have made this election, unrealized gains and losses would have been included in the calculation of its regulatory capital.

The Basel III rules generally became effective beginning January 1, 2015; however, certain calculations under the Basel III rules have phase-in periods. In 2015, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System amended its Small Bank Holding Company Policy Statement by increasing the policy’s consolidated assets threshold from $500 million to $1 billion and the 2018 legislation summarized above increased that asset threshold to $3 billion. The primary benefit of being deemed a "small bank holding company" is the exemption from the requirement to maintain consolidated regulatory capital ratios; instead, regulatory capital ratios only apply at the subsidiary bank level.

The following table sets forth certain information concerning regulatory capital ratios of the Bank as of the dates presented. The capital adequacy ratios disclosed below are exclusive of the capital conservation buffer.

As summarized above, in May 2018 the Act amended certain aspects of the Dodd Frank Act to ease the regulatory burden for small-to medium-sized U.S. banks. The legislation included new rules aimed at simplifying the calculation of regulatory capital ratios. Regulations setting forth the details of those new capital calculations have not been finalized.

Prompt Corrective Action and Other Enforcement Mechanisms. Federal banking agencies possess broad powers to take corrective and other supervisory action to resolve the problems of insured depository institutions, including but not limited to those institutions that fall below one or more prescribed minimum capital ratios. Each federal banking agency has promulgated regulations defining the following five categories in which an insured depository institution will be placed, based on its capital ratios: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized, and critically undercapitalized. At December 31, 2018, the Bank exceeded the required ratios for classification as “well capitalized.”

An institution that, based upon its capital levels, is classified as well capitalized, adequately capitalized, or undercapitalized may be treated as though it were in the next lower capital category if the appropriate federal banking agency, after notice and opportunity for hearing, determines that an unsafe or unsound condition or an unsafe or unsound practice warrants such treatment. At each successive lower capital category, an insured depository institution is subject to more restrictions. The federal banking agencies, however, may not treat a significantly undercapitalized institution as critically undercapitalized.

In addition to measures taken under the prompt corrective action provisions, commercial banking organizations may be subject to potential enforcement actions by the federal regulators for unsafe or unsound practices in conducting their businesses or for violations of any law, rule, regulation, or any condition imposed in writing by the agency or any written agreement with the agency. Finally, pursuant to an interagency agreement, the FDIC can examine any institution that has a substandard regulatory examination score or is considered undercapitalized – without the permission of the institution’s primary regulator.

Safety and Soundness Standards. The federal banking agencies have adopted guidelines designed to assist the federal banking agencies in identifying and addressing potential safety and soundness concerns before capital becomes impaired. The guidelines set forth operational and managerial standards relating to: (i) internal controls, information systems and internal audit systems, (ii) loan documentation, (iii) credit underwriting, (iv) asset growth, (v) earnings, and (vi) compensation, fees and benefits. In addition, the federal banking agencies have also adopted safety and soundness guidelines with respect to asset quality and earnings standards. These guidelines provide six standards for establishing and maintaining a system to identify problem assets and prevent those assets from deteriorating. Under these standards, an insured depository institution should: (i) conduct periodic asset quality reviews to identify problem assets, (ii) estimate the inherent losses in problem assets and establish reserves that are sufficient to absorb estimated losses, (iii) compare problem asset totals to capital, (iv) take appropriate corrective action to resolve problem assets, (v) consider the size and potential risks of material asset concentrations, and (vi) provide periodic asset quality reports with adequate information for management and the board of directors to assess the level of asset risk. These guidelines also set forth standards for evaluating and monitoring earnings and for ensuring that earnings are sufficient for the maintenance of adequate capital and reserves.

Insurance of Accounts. Deposit accounts are currently insured by the DIF generally up to a maximum of $250,000 per separately insured depositor. As insurer, the FDIC is authorized to conduct examinations of, and to require reporting by, insured institutions. It also may prohibit any insured institution from engaging in any activity determined by regulation or order to pose a serious threat to the FDIC. The FDIC also has the authority to initiate enforcement actions against insured institutions.

The Dodd Frank Act raises the minimum reserve ratio of the DIF from 1.15% to 1.35% and requires the FDIC to offset the effect of this increase on insured institutions with assets of less than $10 billion (small institutions). In March 2016, the FDIC adopted a rule to accomplish this by imposing a surcharge on larger institutions commencing when the reserve ratio reaches 1.15% and ending when it reaches 1.35%. The reserve ratio reached 1.15% effective as of June 30, 2016 and exceeded 1.35% effective as of September 30, 2018. Small institutions will receive credits for the portion of their regular assessments that contributed to growth in the reserve ratio between 1.15% and 1.35%. The credits will apply to reduce regular assessments by 2 basis points for quarters when the reserve ratio is at least 1.38%.

Effective July 1, 2016, the FDIC adopted changes that eliminated its risk-based premium system. Under the new premium system, the FDIC assesses deposit insurance premiums on the assessment base of a depository institution, which is its average total assets reduced by the amount of its average tangible equity. For a small institution (one with assets of less than $10 billion) that has been federally insured for at least five years, effective July 1, 2016, the initial base assessment rate ranges from 3 to 30 basis points, based on the institution’s CAMELS composite and component ratings and certain financial ratios; its leverage ratio; its ratio of net income before taxes to total assets; its ratio of nonperforming loans and leases to gross assets; its ratio of other real estate owned to gross assets; its brokered deposits ratio (excluding reciprocal deposits if the institution is well capitalized and has a CAMELS composite rating of 1 or 2); its one year asset growth ratio (which penalizes growth adjusted for mergers in excess of 10%); and its loan mix index (which penalizes higher risk loans based on historical industry charge off rates).  The initial base assessment rate is subject to downward adjustment (not below 1.5%) based on the ratio of unsecured debt the institution has issued to its assessment base, and to upward adjustment (which can cause the rate to exceed 30 basis points) based on its holdings of unsecured debt issued by other insured institutions. Institutions with assets of $10 billion or more are assessed using a scorecard method.

In addition, all FDIC insured institutions are required to pay assessments to the FDIC at an annual rate of approximately six tenths of a basis point of insured deposits to fund interest payments on bonds issued by the Financing Corporation, an agency of the federal government established to recapitalize the predecessor to the Savings Association Insurance Fund. These assessments will continue until the Financing Corporation bonds mature in 2017 through 2019.

Under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, the FDIC may terminate deposit insurance upon a finding that the institution has engaged in unsafe and unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule order or condition imposed by the FDIC.

Interstate Banking and Branching. Banks have the ability, subject to certain state restrictions, to acquire, by acquisition or merger, branches outside its home state. In addition, federal legislation permits a bank headquartered in Pennsylvania to enter another state through de novo branching (as compared to an acquisition) if under the state law in the state which the proposed branch is to be located a state-chartered institution would be permitted to establish the branch. Interstate branches are subject to certain laws of the states in which they are located. Competition may increase further as banks branch across state lines and enter new markets.

Consumer Protection Laws and Regulations. The bank regulatory agencies are focusing greater attention on compliance with consumer protection laws and their implementing regulations. Examination and enforcement have become more intense in nature, and insured institutions have been advised to carefully monitor compliance with such laws and regulations. The Bank is subject to many federal consumer protection statutes and regulations, some of which are discussed below.

The Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) is intended to encourage insured depository institutions, while operating safely and soundly, to help meet the credit needs of their communities. The CRA specifically directs the federal regulatory agencies, in examining insured depository institutions, to assess a bank’s record of helping meet the credit needs of its entire community, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods, in a manner consistent with safe and sound banking practices. CRA regulations (i) establish the definition of “Intermediate Small Bank” as an institution with total assets of $250 million to $1 billion, without regard to any holding company; and (ii) take into account abusive lending practices by a bank or its affiliates in determining a bank’s CRA rating. The CRA further requires the agencies to take a financial institution’s record of meeting its community credit needs into account when evaluating applications for, among other things, domestic branches, mergers or acquisitions, or holding company formations. The agencies use the CRA assessment factors in order to provide a rating to the financial institution. The ratings range from a high of “outstanding” to a low of “substantial noncompliance.” In its last examination for CRA compliance, as of November 5, 2018, the Bank was rated “satisfactory.”

The Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA), as amended by the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act of 2003 (FACTA), requires financial firms to help deter identity theft, including developing appropriate fraud response programs, and give consumers more control of their credit data. It also reauthorizes a federal ban on state laws that interfere with corporate credit granting and marketing practices. In connection with the FACTA, financial institution regulatory agencies proposed rules that would prohibit an institution from using certain information about a consumer it received from an affiliate to make a solicitation to the consumer, unless the consumer has been notified and given a chance to opt out of such solicitations. A consumer’s election to opt out would be applicable for at least five years.

The Federal Trade Commission (FTC), the federal bank regulatory agencies and the National Credit Union Administration (NCUA) have issued regulations (the Red Flag Rules) requiring financial institutions and creditors to develop and implement written identity theft prevention programs as part of the FACTA. The programs must provide for the identification, detection and response to patterns, practices or specific activities – known as red flags – that could indicate identity theft. These red flags may include unusual account activity, fraud alerts on a consumer report or attempted use of suspicious account application documents. The program must also describe appropriate responses that would prevent and mitigate the crime and detail a plan to update the program. The program must be managed by the Board of Directors or senior employees of the institution or creditor, include appropriate staff training and provide oversight of any service providers.

The Check Clearing for the 21st Century Act (Check 21) facilitates check truncation and electronic check exchange by authorizing a new negotiable instrument called a “substitute check,” which is the legal equivalent of an original check. Check 21 does not require banks to create substitute checks or accept checks electronically; however, it does require banks to accept a legally equivalent substitute check in place of an original.

The Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA) generally prohibits discrimination in any credit transaction, whether for consumer or business purposes, on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, marital status, age (except in limited circumstances), receipt of income from public assistance programs, or good faith exercise of any rights under the Consumer Credit Protection Act.

The Truth in Lending Act (TILA) is designed to ensure that credit terms are disclosed in a meaningful way so that consumers may compare credit terms more readily and knowledgeably. As a result of the TILA, all creditors must use the same credit terminology to express rates and payments, including the annual percentage rate, the finance charge, the amount financed, the total of payments and the payment schedule, among other things.

The Fair Housing Act (FHA) regulates many practices, including making it unlawful for any lender to discriminate in its housing-related lending activities against any person because of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, handicap or familial status. A number of lending practices have been found by the courts to be, or may be considered, illegal under the FHA, including some that are not specifically mentioned in the FHA itself.

The Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) grew out of public concern over credit shortages in certain urban neighborhoods and provides public information that will help show whether financial institutions are serving the housing credit needs of the neighborhoods and communities in which they are located. The HMDA also includes a “fair lending” aspect that requires the collection and disclosure of data about applicant and borrower characteristics as a way of identifying possible discriminatory lending patterns and enforcing anti-discrimination statutes.

The term “predatory lending,” much like the terms “safety and soundness” and “unfair and deceptive practices,” is far-reaching and covers a potentially broad range of behavior. As such, it does not lend itself to a concise or a comprehensive definition. Generally speaking, predatory lending involves at least one, and perhaps all three, of the following elements (i) making unaffordable loans based on the assets of the borrower rather than on the borrower’s ability to repay an obligation (“asset-based lending”); (ii) inducing a borrower to refinance a loan repeatedly in order to charge high points and fees each time the loan is refinanced (“loan flipping”); and (iii) engaging in fraud or deception to conceal the true nature of the loan obligation from an unsuspecting or unsophisticated borrower.

FRB regulations aimed at curbing such lending significantly widened the pool of high-cost home-secured loans covered by the Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act of 1994, a federal law that requires extra disclosures and consumer protections to borrowers. Lenders that violate the rules face cancellation of loans and penalties equal to the finance charges paid.

OCC guidelines require national banks and their operating subsidiaries to comply with certain standards when making or purchasing loans to avoid predatory or abusive residential mortgage lending practices. Failure to comply with the guidelines could be deemed an unsafe and unsound or unfair or deceptive practice, subjecting the bank to supervisory enforcement actions.

Finally, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (RESPA) requires lenders to provide borrowers with disclosures regarding the nature and cost of real estate settlements. Also, RESPA prohibits certain abusive practices, such as kickbacks, and places limitations on the amount of escrow accounts. Penalties under the above laws may include fines, reimbursements and other penalties. Due to heightened regulatory concern related to compliance with the CRA, FACTA, TILA, FHA, ECOA, HMDA and RESPA generally, the Bank may incur additional compliance costs or be required to expend additional funds for investments in its local community.

Federal Home Loan Bank System. The Bank is a member of the FHLB. Among other benefits, each FHLB serves as a reserve or central bank for its members within its assigned region. Each FHLB is financed primarily from the sale of consolidated obligations of the FHLB system. Each FHLB makes available loans or advances to its members in compliance with the policies and procedures established by the Board of Directors of the individual FHLB. As an FHLB member, the Bank is required to own a certain amount of capital stock in the FHLB. At December 31, 2018, the Bank was in compliance with the stock requirements.

Federal Reserve System. The FRB requires all depository institutions to maintain noninterest bearing reserves at specified levels against their transaction accounts (primarily checking) and non-personal time deposits. At December 31, 2018, the Bank was in compliance with these requirements.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Not required as the Corporation is a smaller reporting company.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2. Properties

The Corporation owns no real property but utilizes the main office of the Bank, which is owned by the Bank. The Corporation’s and the Bank’s executive offices are located at 612 Main Street, Emlenton, Pennsylvania. The Corporation pays no rent or other form of consideration for the use of this facility.

The Bank owns and leases numerous other premises for use in conducting business activities. The Bank considers these facilities owned or occupied under lease to be adequate. For additional information regarding the Bank’s properties, see “Note 5 - Premises and Equipment” to the consolidated financial statements on page F-22.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Neither the Bank nor the Corporation is involved in any material legal proceedings. The Bank, from time to time, is party to litigation that arises in the ordinary course of business, such as claims to enforce liens, claims involving the origination and servicing of loans, and other issues related to the business of the Bank. In the opinion of management, the resolution of any such issues would not have a material adverse impact on the financial position, results of operation, or liquidity of the Bank or the Corporation.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market, Holder and Dividend Information

Emclaire Financial Corp common stock is traded on NASDAQ Capital Market (NASDAQ) under the symbol “EMCF”. The listed market makers for the Corporation’s common stock include:

The Corporation has traditionally paid regular quarterly cash dividends. Future dividends will be determined by the Board of Directors after giving consideration to the Corporation’s financial condition, results of operations, tax status, industry standards, economic conditions, regulatory requirements and other factors.

The following table sets forth the high and low sale and quarter-end closing market prices of our common stock for the last two years as reported by the Nasdaq Capital Market as well as cash dividends paid for the quarterly periods presented.

As of March 1, 2018, there were approximately 746 stockholders of record and 2,698,712 shares of common stock entitled to vote, receive dividends and considered outstanding for financial reporting purposes. The number of stockholders of record does not include the number of persons or entities who hold their stock in nominee or “street” name.

Common stockholders may have dividends reinvested to purchase additional shares through the Corporation’s dividend reinvestment plan. Participants may also make optional cash purchases of common stock through this plan. To obtain a plan document and authorization card to participate in the plan, please call 888-509-4619.

Purchases of Equity Securities

The Corporation did not repurchase any of its equity securities in the year ended December 31, 2018.

Item 6. Selected Financial Data

Not required as the Corporation is a smaller reporting company.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis represents a review of the Corporation’s consolidated financial condition and results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. This review should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements beginning on page F-3.

Overview

The Corporation reported consolidated net income available to common stockholders of $4.1 million, or $1.72 per diluted common share for 2018, compared to $4.3 million, or $1.93 per diluted common share for 2017. Net income available to common stockholders was impacted by the following:

Changes in Financial Condition

Total assets increased $148.8 million, or 19.8%, to $898.9 million at December 31, 2018 from $750.1 million at December 31, 2017. This increase primarily related to an increase in net loans receivable of $131.4 million. Liabilities increased $127.9 million, or 18.5%, to $818.9 million at December 31, 2018 from $691.0 million at December 31, 2017 due to increases in customer deposits and borrowed funds of $106.9 million and $19.4 million, respectively. Loans and deposits acquired from CFB totaled $111.6 million and $106.1 million, respectively, at the time of the acquisition in October 2018.

Cash and cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents increased $3.3 million, or 23.1%, to $17.7 million at December 31, 2018 from $14.4 million at December 31, 2017. This increase primarily resulted from increases in customer deposits and borrowed funds, partially offset by the funding of loans.

Securities. Securities decreased $3.4 million, or 1.0%, to $97.7 million at December 31, 2018 from $101.2 million at December 31, 2017. This decrease primarily resulted from investment security sales, maturities, calls and repayments totaling $22.0 million, partially offset by purchases totaling $19.1 million during the year.

Loans receivable. Net loans receivable increased $131.4 million, or 22.8%, to $708.7 million at December 31, 2018 from $577.2 million at December 31, 2017. The increase was driven by growth in the Corporation’s residential mortgage, commercial mortgage, commercial business, home equity and consumer portfolios of $73.6 million, $45.7 million, $7.1 million, $3.8 million and $1.7 million, respectively. Loans acquired from CFB totaled $111.6 million at the time of the acquisition in October 2018 and $109.1 million at December 31, 2018.

Nonperforming assets. Nonperforming assets include nonaccrual loans, loans 90 days past due and still accruing, repossessions and real estate owned. Nonperforming assets were $3.7 million, or 0.42% of total assets, at December 31, 2018 compared to $4.2 million, or 0.56% of total assets, at December 31, 2017. Nonperforming assets consisted of nonperforming loans and real estate owned of $3.0 million and $701,000, respectively, at December 31, 2018 and $3.7 million and $492,000, respectively, at December 31, 2017. At December 31, 2018, nonperforming loans consisted primarily of residential mortgage, home equity and commercial mortgage loans.

Federal bank stocks. Federal bank stocks were comprised of FHLB stock and FRB stock of $5.0 million and $1.3 million, respectively, at December 31, 2018. These stocks are purchased and redeemed at par as directed by the federal banks and levels maintained are based primarily on borrowing and other correspondent relationships between the Corporation and the federal banks.

Bank-owned life insurance (BOLI). The Corporation maintains single premium life insurance policies on certain current and former officers and employees of the Bank. In addition to providing life insurance coverage, whereby the Bank as well as the officers and employees receive life insurance benefits, the appreciation of the cash surrender value of the BOLI will serve to offset and finance existing and future employee benefit costs. BOLI increased $3.2 million, or 26.9%, to $14.9 million at December 31, 2018 from $11.7 million at December 31, 2017. This included the addition of $2.8 million of BOLI acquired from CFB and increases in the cash surrender value of the policies, partially offset by certain administrative expenses.

Premises and equipment. Premises and equipment increased $901,000, or 5.0%, to $18.9 million at December 31, 2018 from $18.0 million at December 31, 2017. The overall increase in premises and equipment during the year was due to capital expenditures of $885,000 and the addition of $1.3 million of fixed assets acquired from CFB, partially offset by depreciation and amortization of $1.2 million.

Goodwill. Goodwill increased $9.2 million, or 89.0%, to $19.4 million at December 21, 2018 from $10.3 million at December 31, 2017. During 2018, the Corporation recorded $9.2 million of goodwill related to the acquisition of CFB. Goodwill represents the excess of the total purchase price paid for the acquisition over the fair value of the identifiable assets acquired, net of the fair value of the liabilities assumed. Goodwill is evaluated for impairment at least annually and more frequently if events and circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. Management evaluated goodwill and concluded that no impairment existed at December 31, 2018.

Core deposit intangible. The core deposit intangible was $1.4 million at December 31, 2018, compared to $481,000 at December 31, 2016. During 2018, the Corporation recorded a core deposit intangible of $1.2 million related to the CFB acquisition. The core deposit intangible also includes amounts associated with the assumption of deposits in the 2017 NHB acquisition, the 2016 United American Savings Bank (UASB) acquisition and the 2009 Titusville branch acquisition. This asset represents the long-term value of the core deposits acquired. In each instance, the fair value was determined using a third-party valuation expert specializing in estimating fair values of core deposit intangibles. The fair value was derived using an industry standard present value methodology. All-in costs and runoff balances by year were discounted by comparable term FHLB advance rates, used as an alternative cost of funds measure. This intangible asset amortizes over a weighted average estimated life of the related deposits. The core deposit intangible asset is not estimated to have a significant residual value. The Corporation recorded $266,000 and $246,000 of intangible amortization in 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Deposits. Total deposits increased $106.9 million, or 16.3%, to $761.5 million at December 31, 2018 from $654.6 million at December 31, 2017. Noninterest bearing deposits increased $22.6 million, or 17.9%, during the year while interest bearing deposits increased $84.3 million, or 16.0%. Deposits assumed from CFB totaled $106.1 million at the time of the acquisition in October 2018 and $91.7 million at December 31, 2018.

Borrowed funds. Borrowed funds increased $19.4 million, or 74.4%, to $45.4 million at December 31, 2018 from $46.0 million at December 31, 2017. Borrowed funds at December 31, 2018 consisted of short-term borrowings of $12.9 million and long-term borrowings of $32.5 million. Short-term borrowed funds at December 31, 2018 consisted of $10.8 million in FHLB overnight advances with a rate of 2.62% and $2.1 million outstanding on a line of credit with a correspondent bank at 5.75%. Long-term borrowed funds consisted of six $5.0 million FHLB term advances totaling $30.0 million, maturing between 2019 and 2023 and having fixed interest rates between 1.94% and 2.85%.  In addition, the Corporation had $2.5 million outstanding on a term advance with a correspondent bank at a fixed rate of 4.75%. Long-term advances are utilized primarily to fund loan growth and short-term advances are utilized primarily to compensate for the normal deposit fluctuations.

Stockholders’ equity. Stockholders’ equity increased $20.9 million, or 35.4%, to $80.0 million at December 31, 2018 from $59.1 million at December 31, 2017. The increase was primarily due to $15.6 million of common stock and $4.2 million of preferred stock issued in connection with the acquisition of CFB and net income of $4.2 million for 2018, partially offset by $2.7 million of common stock dividends paid, $91,000 of preferred dividends paid and a decrease in accumulated other income of $839,000.

Changes in Results of Operations

The Corporation reported net income before preferred stock dividends of $4.2 million and $4.3 million in 2018 and 2017, respectively. The following “Average Balance Sheet and Yield/Rate Analysis” and “Analysis of Changes in Net Interest Income” tables should be utilized in conjunction with the discussion of the interest income and interest expense components of net interest income.

Average Balance Sheet and Yield/Rate Analysis. The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, information concerning the total dollar amounts of interest income from interest-earning assets and the resulting average yields, the total dollar amounts of interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities and the resulting average costs, net interest income, interest rate spread and the net interest margin earned on average interest-earning assets. For purposes of this table, average loan balances include nonaccrual loans and exclude the allowance for loan losses and interest income includes accretion of net deferred loan fees. Interest and yields on tax-exempt loans and securities (tax-exempt for federal income tax purposes) are shown on a fully tax equivalent basis. The information is based on average daily balances during the periods presented.

Analysis of Changes in Net Interest Income. The following table analyzes the changes in interest income and interest expense in terms of: (1) changes in volume of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and (2) changes in yields and rates. The table reflects the extent to which changes in the Corporation’s interest income and interest expense are attributable to changes in rate (change in rate multiplied by prior year volume), changes in volume (changes in volume multiplied by prior year rate) and changes attributable to the combined impact of volume/rate (change in rate multiplied by change in volume). The changes attributable to the combined impact of volume/rate are allocated on a consistent basis between the volume and rate variances. Changes in interest income on loans and securities reflect the changes in interest income on a fully tax equivalent basis.

2018 Results Compared to 2017 Results

The Corporation reported net income available to common stockholders of $4.1 million and $4.3 million for 2018 and 2017, respectively. The $157,000, or 3.7%, decrease in net income was attributed to a decrease in noninterest income of $814,000 and increases in noninterest expense, the provision for loan losses and preferred stock dividends of $4.0 million, $377,000 and $91,000, respectively, partially offset by a $3.7 million increase in net interest income and a $1.5 million decrease in the provision for income taxes. Returns on average equity and assets were 6.56% and 0.53%, respectively, for 2018, compared to 7.52% and 0.59%, respectively, for 2017.

Net interest income. The primary source of the Corporation’s revenue is net interest income. Net interest income is the difference between interest income on earning assets, such as loans and securities, and interest expense on liabilities, such as deposits and borrowed funds, used to fund the earning assets. Net interest income is impacted by the volume and composition of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, and changes in the level of interest rates. Tax equivalent net interest income increased $3.3 million to $25.8 million for 2018, compared to $22.4 million for 2017. This increase in net interest income can be attributed to an increase in tax equivalent interest income of $4.2 million, partially offset by an increase in interest expense of $893,000.

Interest income. Tax equivalent interest income increased $4.2 million, or 15.7%, to $31.2 million for 2018, compared to $26.9 million for 2017. This increase can be attributed to increases in interest earned on loans, dividends received on federal bank stocks, deposits with banks and interest earned on securities of $4.1 million, $56,000, $49,000 and $40,000, respectively.

Tax equivalent interest earned on loans receivable increased $4.1 million, or 17.0%, to $28.1 million for 2018, compared to $24.1 million for 2017. The average balance of loans increased $66.6 million, or 12.0%, generating $3.0 million of additional interest income on loans. In addition, the average yield on loans increased 19 basis points to 4.53% for 2018, versus 4.34% for 2017 causing a $1.1 million increase in interest income.

Interest earned on federal bank stocks increased $56,000, or 23.1%, to $298,000 for 2018, compared to $242,000 for 2017. The average yield on federal bank stocks increased 144 basis points to 6.43% for 2018 versus 4.99% for 2017 causing a $67,000 increase in interest income. Partially offsetting this favorable variance, the average balance of federal bank stocks decreased $215,000, or 4.4%, causing an $11,000 decrease in interest income.

Interest earned on interest-earning deposit accounts increased $49,000, or 20.9%, to $284,000 for 2018, compared to $235,000 for 2017. The average yield on these accounts increased 43 basis points to 1.48% for 2018 versus 1.05% for 2017 causing an $85,000 increase in interest income. Offsetting this favorable variance, the average balance of interest-earning deposits decreased $3.1 million causing a $36,000 decrease in interest income.

Tax equivalent interest earned on securities increased $40,000, or 1.7%, to $2.4 million for 2018, compared to $2.4 million for 2017. The average yield on securities increased 9 basis points to 2.48% for 2018 versus 2.39% for 2017 causing an $86,000 increase in interest income.  Offsetting this favorable variance, the average balance of securities decreased $1.9 million, or 1.9%, causing a $46,000 decrease in interest income.

Interest expense. Interest expense increased $893,000, or 19.9%, to $5.4 million for 2018, compared to $4.5 million for 2017. This increase can be attributed to increases in interest expense on interest-bearing deposits of $1.4 million, partially offset by a decrease on borrowed funds of $556,000.

Interest expense on deposits increased $1.4 million, or 44.2%, to $4.7 million for 2018, compared to $3.3 million for 2017. The average balance of interest-bearing deposits increased $66.7 million, or 13.4%, causing a $970,000 increase in interest expense. The average rate on interest-bearing deposits increased by 18 basis points to 0.84% for 2018 versus 0.63% for 2017 causing a $479,000 increase in interest expense.

Interest expense on borrowed funds decreased $556,000, or 45.6%, to $662,000 for 2018, compared to $1.2 million for 2017. The average balance of borrowed funds decreased $16.3 million, or 40.2%, to $24.3 million for 2018, compared to $40.5 million for 2017 causing a $418,000 decrease in interest expense. Additionally,  the average cost of borrowed funds decreased 27 basis points to 2.73% for 2018 versus 3.00% for 2017 causing an additional $138,000 decrease in interest expense.

Provision for loan losses. The Corporation records provisions for loan losses to maintain a level of total allowance for loan losses that management believes, to the best of its knowledge, covers all probable incurred losses estimable at each reporting date. Management considers historical loss experience, the present and prospective financial condition of borrowers, current conditions (particularly as they relate to markets where the Corporation originates loans), the status of nonperforming assets, the estimated underlying value of the collateral and other factors related to the collectability of the loan portfolio.

Nonperforming loans decreased $665,000, or 18.0%, to $3.0 million at December 31, 2018 from $3.7 million at December 31, 2017. The decrease in nonperforming loans was primarily related to the payoff of an $830,000 commercial relationship, partially offset by an increase of $102,000 in loans past due more than 90 days and still accruing.

The provision for loan losses increased $377,000, or 41.7%, to $1.3 million for 2018 from $903,000 for 2017. The Corporation’s allowance for loan losses amounted to $6.5 million, or 0.91% of the Corporation’s total loan portfolio at December 31, 2018 compared to $6.1 million or 1.05% of total loans at December 31, 2017. The allowance for loan losses, as a percentage of nonperforming loans at December 31, 2018 and 2017, was 214.9% and 165.9%, respectively. The allocation of the allowance for loan losses related to residential mortgage loans and commercial mortgage loans increased during the year as a result of growth in the loan portfolios, while the allocation related to commercial business loans decreased as the portfolio decreased. At December 31, 2018, there was no provision for loan losses allocated to loans acquired from UASB, NHB or CFB.

Noninterest income. Noninterest income includes revenue that is related to services rendered and activities conducted in the financial services industry, including fees on depository accounts, general transaction and service fees, title premiums, security and loan sale gains and losses, and earnings on bank-owned life insurance (BOLI). Noninterest income decreased $814,000, or 16.2%, to $4.2 million in 2018 from $5.0 million in 2017. The decrease in noninterest income is primarily due to a $1.3 million bargain purchase gain recorded during 2017 related to the acquisition of NHB. Also during 2017, the Corporation recorded a $508,000 other-than-temporary impairment charge on a subordinated debt investment issued by First NBC Bank Holding Company. On April 28, 2017, the Louisiana Office of Financial Institutions closed First NBC Bank, the wholly owned banking subsidiary of First NBC Bank Holding Company, and named the FDIC as receiver for the bank. Adding to the decrease in noninterest income, gains on the sale of loans totaled $19,000 for 2018 compared to $248,000 during the same period in 2017. The Corporation realized securities losses of $9,000 during 2018, compared to $346,000 during 2017. Additionally, the Corporation recorded a gain of $690,000 on the 18,000 share of CFB stock owned at the time of the acquisition. Customer service fees increased $282,000 as overdraft charges during 2018 outpaced the prior year.

Noninterest expense. Noninterest expense increased $4.0 million, or 20.5%, to $23.7 million for 2018, compared to $19.6 million for 2017. This increase was primarily related to increases in acquisition costs, compensation and employee benefits, premises and equipment expense and professional fees of $2.5 million, $1.1 million, $190,000 and $128,000, respectively.

Acquisition costs increased $2.5 million to $3.6 million for 2018, compared to $1.1 million for 2017.  Acquisition costs for 2018 were related to the acquisition of CFB and included employee non-compete and severance costs, professional fees, system conversion costs, contract termination fees, legal fees, accounting and auditing fees and other costs of $1.5 million, $531,000, $481,000, $427,000, $330,000, $50,000 and $228,000, respectively. Acquisition costs for 2017 were related to the acquisition of NHB and included system conversion costs, contract termination fees, legal fees, employee severance costs, accounting and auditing fees and other costs of $421,000, $279,000, $173,000, $108,000, $55,000 and $84,000.

Compensation and employee benefits expense increased $1.1 million, or 11.5%, to $10.3 million for 2018, compared to $9.3 million for 2017. This increase primarily related to normal wage and salary increases, increases in insurance and retirement benefits, as well as costs associated with the three new offices acquired from CFB in 2018 and the full-year operation of the office added during 2017 from the NHB acquisition.

Premises and equipment expense increased $190,000, or 6.4%, to $3.2 million for 2018, compared to $3.0 million for 2017. This increase primarily related to expenses associated with the Bank’s new branch offices.

The provision for income taxes decreased $1.5 million, or 70.1%, to $633,000 for 2018, compared to $2.1 million for 2018 primarily due to the reduction of the tax rate to a flat 21% from a maximum of 35% due to the enactment of the TCJA.  During 2017, the Corporation reduced the value of its deferred tax assets by $827,000 and recorded an additional expense. As a result of this tax law change, the Corporation's effective tax rate for 2018 was 13.1%, compared to 33.1% for 2017.

Market Risk Management

Market risk for the Corporation consists primarily of interest rate risk exposure and liquidity risk. The Corporation is not subject to currency exchange risk or commodity price risk, and has no trading portfolio, and therefore, is not subject to any trading risk. In addition, the Corporation does not participate in hedging transactions such as interest rate swaps and caps. Changes in interest rates will impact both income and expense recorded and also the market value of long-term interest-earning assets.

The primary objective of the Corporation’s asset liability management function is to maximize the Corporation’s net interest income while simultaneously maintaining an acceptable level of interest rate risk given the Corporation’s operating environment, capital and liquidity requirements, balance sheet mix, performance objectives and overall business focus. One of the primary measures of the exposure of the Corporation’s earnings to interest rate risk is the timing difference between the repricing or maturity of interest-earning assets and the repricing or maturity of its interest-bearing liabilities.

The Corporation’s Board of Directors has established a Finance Committee, consisting of five outside directors, the President and Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer (CFO) and Chief Operating Officer (COO), to monitor market risk, including primarily interest rate risk. This committee, which meets at least quarterly, generally establishes and monitors the investment, interest rate risk and asset liability management policies of the Corporation.

In order to minimize the potential for adverse affects of material and prolonged changes in interest rates on the Corporation’s results of operations, the Corporation’s management team has implemented and continues to monitor asset liability management policies to better match the maturities and repricing terms of the Corporation’s interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. Such policies have consisted primarily of (i) originating adjustable-rate mortgage loans; (ii) originating short-term secured commercial loans with the rate on the loan tied to the prime rate or reset features in which the rate changes at determined intervals; (iii) emphasizing investment in shorter-term (expected duration of five years or less) investment securities; (iv) selling longer-term (30-year) fixed-rate residential mortgage loans in the secondary market; (v) maintaining a high level of liquid assets (including securities classified as available for sale) that can be readily reinvested in higher yielding investments should interest rates rise; (vi) emphasizing the retention of lower cost savings accounts and other core deposits; and (vii) lengthening liabilities and locking in lower borrowing rates with longer terms whenever possible.

Interest Rate Sensitivity Gap Analysis

The implementation of asset and liability initiatives and strategies and compliance with related policies, combined with other external factors such as demand for the Corporation’s products and economic and interest rate environments in general, has resulted in the Corporation maintaining a one-year cumulative interest rate sensitivity gap within internal policy limits of between a positive and negative 15% of total assets. The one-year interest rate sensitivity gap is identified as the difference between the Corporation’s interest-earning assets that are scheduled to mature or reprice within one year and its interest-bearing liabilities that are scheduled to mature or reprice within one year.

The interest rate sensitivity gap is defined as the difference between the amount of interest-earning assets maturing or repricing within a specific time period and the amount of interest-bearing liabilities maturing or repricing within that time period. A gap is considered positive when the amount of interest rate-sensitive assets exceeds the amount of interest rate-sensitive liabilities, and is considered negative when the amount of interest rate-sensitive liabilities exceeds the amount of interest rate-sensitive assets. Generally, during a period of rising interest rates, a negative gap would adversely affect net interest income while a positive gap would result in an increase in net interest income. Conversely, during a period of falling interest rates, a negative gap would result in an increase in net interest income and a positive gap would adversely affect net interest income. The closer to zero, or more neutral, that gap is maintained, generally, the lesser the impact of market interest rate changes on net interest income.

Based on certain assumptions derived from the Corporation’s historical experience, at December 31, 2018, the Corporation’s interest-earning assets maturing or repricing within one year totaled $223.8 million while the Corporation’s interest-bearing liabilities maturing or repricing within one year totaled $193.2 million, providing an excess of interest-earning assets over interest-bearing liabilities of $30.7 million or 3.4% of total assets. At December 31, 2018, the percentage of the Corporation’s assets to liabilities maturing or repricing within one year was 115.8%.

The following table presents the amounts of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities outstanding as of December 31, 2018 which are expected to mature, prepay or reprice in each of the future time periods presented:

Although certain assets and liabilities may have similar maturities or periods of repricing, they may react in different degrees to changes in market interest rates. The interest rates on certain types of assets and liabilities may fluctuate in advance of changes in market interest rates, while interest rates on other types of assets and liabilities may lag behind changes in market interest rates. In the event of a change in interest rates, prepayment and early withdrawal levels would likely deviate significantly from those assumed in calculating the table. The ability of many borrowers to service their debt may decrease in the event of an interest rate increase.

Interest Rate Sensitivity Simulation Analysis

The Corporation also utilizes income simulation modeling in measuring its interest rate risk and managing its interest rate sensitivity. The Finance Committee of the Board of Directors believes that simulation modeling enables the Corporation to more accurately evaluate and manage the possible effects on net interest income due to the exposure to changing market interest rates and different loan and security prepayment and deposit decay assumptions under various interest rate scenarios.

As with gap analysis and earnings simulation modeling, assumptions about the timing and variability of cash flows are critical in net portfolio equity valuation analysis. Particularly important are the assumptions driving mortgage prepayments and the assumptions about expected attrition of the core deposit portfolios. These assumptions are based on the Corporation’s historical experience.

The Corporation has established the following guidelines for assessing interest rate risk:

Net interest income simulation. Given a 200 basis point immediate increase or decrease in market interest rates, net interest income may not change by more than 15% for a one-year period.

Economic value of equity simulation. Economic value of equity is the present value of the Corporation’s existing assets less the present value of the Corporation’s existing liabilities. Given a 200 basis point immediate and permanent increase or decrease in market interest rates, economic value of equity may not correspondingly decrease or increase by more than 20%.

These guidelines take into consideration the current interest rate environment, the Corporation’s financial asset and financial liability product mix and characteristics and liquidity sources among other factors. Given the current rate environment, a drop in short-term market interest rates of 200 basis points immediately or over a one-year horizon would seem unlikely. This should be considered in evaluating modeling results outlined in the table below.

The following table presents the simulated impact of a 100 basis point or 200 basis point upward or downward shift of market interest rates on net interest income for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. This analysis was done assuming that the interest-earning asset and interest-bearing liability levels at December 31, 2018 remained constant. The impact of the market rate movements on net interest income was developed by simulating the effects of rates changing immediately for a one-year period from the December 31, 2018 levels for net interest income.

The expected increase in 2017 and 2018 net interest income in the rising rate scenarios shown in the table above resulted from the Corporation having an excess of immediately repricing interest-earning assets over immediately repricing interest-bearing liabilities.

Impact of Inflation and Changing Prices

The consolidated financial statements of the Corporation and related notes presented herein have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) which require the measurement of financial condition and operating results in terms of historical dollars, without considering changes in the relative purchasing power of money over time due to inflation.

Unlike most industrial companies, substantially all of the assets and liabilities of a financial institution are monetary in nature. As a result, interest rates have a more significant impact on a financial institution’s performance than the effects of general levels of inflation. Interest rates do not necessarily move in the same direction or in the same magnitude as the prices of goods and services since such prices are affected by inflation to a larger degree than interest rates. In the current interest rate environment, liquidity and the maturity structure of the Corporation’s assets and liabilities are critical to the maintenance of acceptable performance levels.

Capital Resources

Total stockholders’ equity increased $20.9 million, or 35.4%, to $80.0 million at December 31, 2018 from $59.1 million at December 31, 2017 primarily due to $15.6 million of common stock and $4.2 million of preferred stock issued in connection with the acquisition of CFB. Net income of $4.2 million in 2018 represented a decrease in earnings of $66,000, or 1.5%, compared to 2017. The Corporation’s capital to assets ratio increased to 8.9% at December 31, 2018 from 7.9% at December 31, 2017.

While continuing to sustain a strong capital position, dividends on common stock increased to $2.7 million in 2018 from $2.4 million in 2017. In addition, stockholders have taken part in the Corporation’s dividend reinvestment plan introduced during 2003 with 41% of registered shareholder accounts active in the plan at December 31, 2018. Dividend reinvestment is achieved through the purchase of common shares on the secondary market.

Capital adequacy is intended to enhance the Corporation’s ability to support growth while protecting the interest of stockholders and depositors and to ensure that capital ratios are in compliance with regulatory minimum requirements. Regulatory agencies have developed certain capital ratio requirements that are used to assist them in monitoring the safety and soundness of financial institutions. At December 31, 2018, the Bank was in excess of all regulatory capital requirements. See Note 10 on page F-25 to the Corporation’s consolidated financial statements attached hereto.

Liquidity

The Corporation’s primary sources of funds generally have been deposits obtained through the offices of the Bank, borrowings from the FHLB, and amortization and prepayments of outstanding loans and maturing securities. During 2018, the Corporation used its sources of funds primarily to fund loan commitments. As of December 31, 2018, the Corporation had outstanding loan commitments, including undisbursed loans and amounts available under credit lines, totaling $104.5 million, and standby letters of credit totaling $1.0 million, net of cash collateral maintained by the Bank. The Bank has established policies to monitor and manage liquidity levels to ensure the Bank’s ability to meet demands for customer withdrawals and the repayment of borrowings.

At December 31, 2018, time deposits amounted to $221.6 million, or 29.1%, of the Corporation’s total consolidated deposits, including approximately $71.5 million scheduled to mature within the next year. Management believes that the Corporation has adequate resources to fund all of its commitments, that all of its commitments will be funded as required by related maturity dates and that, based upon past experience and current pricing policies, it can adjust the rates of time deposits to retain a substantial portion of maturing liabilities.

Aside from liquidity available from customer deposits or through sales and maturities of securities, the Corporation and the Bank have alternative sources of funds. These sources include a line of credit for the Corporation with a correspondent bank, the Bank’s line of credit and term borrowing capacity from the FHLB and, to a more limited extent, through the sale of loans. At December 31, 2018, the Bank’s borrowing capacity with the FHLB, net of funds borrowed and irrevocable standby letters of credit issued to secure certain deposit accounts, was $167.7 million.

The Corporation pays a regular quarterly cash dividend. The Corporation paid dividends of $0.28 and $0.27 per common share for each of the four quarters of 2018 and 2017, respectively. On February 22, 2019, the Corporation declared a quarterly dividend of $0.29 per common share payable on March 22, 2019 to shareholders of record on March 4, 2019. The determination of future dividends on the Corporation’s common stock will depend on conditions existing at that time with consideration given to the Corporation’s earnings, capital and liquidity needs, among other factors.

Management is not aware of any conditions, including any regulatory recommendations or requirements, which would adversely impact its liquidity or its ability to meet funding needs in the ordinary course of business.

Critical Accounting Policies

The Corporation’s consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP and follow general practices within the industry in which it operates. Application of these principles requires management to make estimates or judgments that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates are based on information available as of the date of the financial statements; accordingly, as this information changes, the financial statements could reflect different estimates or judgments. Certain policies inherently have a greater reliance on the use of estimates, and as such, have a greater possibility of producing results that could be materially different than originally reported. Estimates or judgments are necessary when assets and liabilities are required to be recorded at fair value, when a decline in the value of an asset not carried on the financial statements at fair value warrants an impairment write-down or valuation reserve to be established, or when an asset or liability needs to be recorded contingent upon a future event. Carrying assets and liabilities at fair value inherently results in more financial statement volatility. The fair values and the information used to record valuation adjustments for certain assets and liabilities are based either on quoted market prices or are provided by third-party sources, when available. When third-party information is not available, valuation adjustments are estimated in good faith by management primarily though the use of internal cash flow modeling techniques.

The most significant accounting policies followed by the Corporation are presented in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements beginning on page F-8. These policies, along with the disclosures presented in the other financial statement notes, provide information on how significant assets and liabilities are valued in the financial statements and how those values are determined. Management views critical accounting policies to be those which are highly dependent on subjective or complex judgments, estimates and assumptions, and where changes in those estimates and assumptions could have a significant impact on the financial statements. Management has identified the following as critical accounting policies:

Allowance for loan losses. The Corporation considers that the determination of the allowance for loan losses involves a higher degree of judgment and complexity than other significant accounting policies. The balance in the allowance for loan losses is determined based on management’s review and evaluation of the loan portfolio in relation to past loss experience, the size and composition of the portfolio, current economic events and conditions and other pertinent factors, including management’s assumptions as to future delinquencies, recoveries and losses. All of these factors may be susceptible to significant change. Among the many factors affecting the allowance for loan losses, some are quantitative while others require qualitative judgment. Although management believes its process for determining the allowance adequately considers all of the potential factors that could potentially result in credit losses, the process includes subjective elements and may be susceptible to significant change. To the extent actual outcomes differ from management’s estimates, additional provisions for loan losses may be required that would adversely impact the Corporation’s financial condition or earnings in future periods.

Other-than-temporary impairment. Management evaluates debt securities for other-than-temporary impairment at least on a quarterly basis, and more frequently when economic, market or other concerns warrant such evaluation. Consideration is given to: (1) the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost, (2) the financial condition and near term prospects of the issuer, (3) whether the market decline was affected by macroeconomic conditions and (4) whether the Corporation has the intent to sell the security or more likely than not will be required to sell the security before its anticipated recovery.

Goodwill and intangible assets. Goodwill represents the excess cost over fair value of assets acquired in a business combination. Goodwill and intangible assets acquired in a purchase business combination and determined to have an indefinite useful life are not amortized, but instead tested for impairment at least annually. Intangible assets with estimable useful lives are amortized over their respective estimated useful lives to their estimated residual values. Goodwill is subject to ongoing periodic impairment tests based on the fair value of the reporting unit compared to its carrying amount, including goodwill. Impairment exists when a reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value. At November 30, 2018, the required annual impairment test of goodwill was performed and no impairment existed as of the valuation date. If for any future period it is determined that there has been impairment in the carrying value of our goodwill balances, the Corporation will record a charge to earnings, which could have a material adverse effect on net income, but not risk based capital ratios.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Information required by this item is included in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Item 7.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Information required by this item is included beginning on page F-1.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

Not applicable.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

The Corporation maintains disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the Corporation’s Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Corporation’s management, including its CEO and CFO, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure based on the definition of “disclosure controls and procedures” in Rule 13a-15(e).

As of December 31, 2018, the Corporation carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the Corporation’s management, including the Corporation’s CEO and CFO, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Corporation’s disclosure controls and procedures. Based on the foregoing, the Corporation’s CEO and CFO concluded that the Corporation’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

During the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2018, there has been no change made in the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting.

There have been no significant changes in the Corporation’s internal controls or in other factors that could significantly affect the internal controls subsequent to the date the Corporation completed its valuation.

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Corporation. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Management completed an assessment of the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. This assessment was based on criteria for evaluating internal control over financial reporting established in the 2013 Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this assessment, management concluded that the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2018.

Item 9B. Other Information

None.

PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the sections captioned “Principal Beneficial Owners of the Corporation’s Common Stock”, “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” and “Information With Respect to Nominees For Director, Continuing Director and Executive Officers” in the Corporation’s definitive proxy statement for the Corporation’s Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on April 24, 2019 (the Proxy Statement).

The Corporation maintains a Code of Personal and Business Conduct and Ethics (the Code) that applies to all employees, including the CEO and the CFO. A copy of the Code has previously been filed with the SEC and is posted on our website at www.emclairefinancial.com. Any waiver of the Code with respect to the CEO and the CFO will be publicly disclosed in accordance with applicable regulations.

Item 11. Executive Compensation

The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the section captioned “Executive Compensation” in the Proxy Statement.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the section captioned “Principal Beneficial Owners of the Corporation’s Common Stock” in the Proxy Statement.

Equity Compensation Plan Information. The following table provides certain information as of December 31, 2018 with respect to shares of common stock that may be issued under our 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, which was approved by shareholders in April 2014.

(1) The 2014 Stock Incentive Plan provides for the grant of options to purchase up to 88,433 shares of common stock and for grants of up to 88,433 shares of restricted common stock of which no options and 50,650 shares of restricted stock have been granted at December 31, 2018.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the sections captioned “Information With Respect to Nominees For Director, Continuing Directors and Executive Officers” and “Executive Compensation” in the Proxy Statement.

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the section captioned “Relationship With Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” in the Proxy Statement.

PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

(i) The financial statements required in response to this item are incorporated by reference from Item 8 of this report.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Pursuant to the requirement of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.