ENCORE CAPITAL GROUP INC - Quarter Report: 2019 June (Form 10-Q)

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

___________________________________________________________________________________

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2019

☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from __________to__________.

COMMISSION FILE NUMBER: 000-26489

ENCORE CAPITAL GROUP, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)



Delaware	48-1090909
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(IRS Employer Identification No.)

350 Camino De La Reina, Suite 100

San Diego, California 92108

(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

(877) 445 - 4581

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

(Not Applicable)

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

_______________________________________________________________

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:



Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 Par Value Per Share	ECPG	The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the last 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): Large accelerated filer x Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.



Class		Outstanding at July 31, 2019
Common Stock, $0.01 par value		31,057,356 shares

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ENCORE CAPITAL GROUP, INC.

INDEX TO FORM 10-Q



	Page
PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION	3

Item 1— Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	3

Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition	3

Consolidated Statements of Operations	4

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)	5

Consolidated Statements of Equity	6

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	8

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	9

Item 2 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	32

Item 3 – Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	60

Item 4 – Controls and Procedures	60

PART II – OTHER INFORMATION	61

Item 1 – Legal Proceedings	61

Item 1A – Risk Factors	61

Item 6 – Exhibits	62

SIGNATURES	63

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PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1— Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

ENCORE CAPITAL GROUP, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition

(In Thousands, Except Par Value Amounts)

(Unaudited)



	June 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	168,565		$	157,418
Investment in receivable portfolios, net	3,224,568			3,137,893
Deferred court costs, net	92,595			95,918
Property and equipment, net	118,001			115,518
Other assets	341,769			257,002
Goodwill	865,527			868,126
Total assets	$	4,811,025		$	4,631,875
Liabilities and Equity
Liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	218,837		$	287,945
Debt, net	3,529,717			3,490,633
Other liabilities	159,514			33,609
Total liabilities	3,908,068			3,812,187
Commitments and contingencies
Equity:
Convertible preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 5,000 shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding	—			—
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 75,000 and 50,000 shares authorized, 30,980 and 30,884 shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively	310			309
Additional paid-in capital	211,508			208,498
Accumulated earnings	806,104			720,189
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(117,427		)	(110,987		)
Total Encore Capital Group, Inc. stockholders’ equity	900,495			818,009
Noncontrolling interest	2,462			1,679
Total equity	902,957			819,688
Total liabilities and equity	$	4,811,025		$	4,631,875

The following table presents certain assets and liabilities of consolidated variable interest entities (“VIEs”) included in the consolidated statements of financial condition above. Most assets in the table below include those assets that can only be used to settle obligations of consolidated VIEs. The liabilities exclude amounts where creditors or beneficial interest holders have recourse to the general credit of the Company. See Note 9, “Variable Interest Entities” for additional information on the Company’s VIEs.



	June 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	164	$	448
Investment in receivable portfolios, net	503,586		501,489
Other assets	5,865		9,563
Liabilities
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	—	$	4,556
Debt, net	444,455		445,837
Other liabilities	46		46

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

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ENCORE CAPITAL GROUP, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Operations

(In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts)

(Unaudited)



	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Revenues
Revenue from receivable portfolios	$	312,495		$	292,662		$	623,653		$	573,671
Other revenues	32,316			39,453			66,868			75,421
Total revenues	344,811			332,115			690,521			649,092
Allowance reversals on receivable portfolios, net	2,063			17,632			3,430			27,443
Total revenues, adjusted by net allowances	346,874			349,747			693,951			676,535
Operating expenses
Salaries and employee benefits	96,227			90,960			188,061			180,219
Cost of legal collections	51,448			51,255			100,475			105,110
Other operating expenses	29,546			39,039			59,160			72,787
Collection agency commissions	13,560			12,151			29,562			23,905
General and administrative expenses	32,620			41,986			72,167			81,270
Depreciation and amortization	9,741			10,923			19,736			21,359
Total operating expenses	233,142			246,314			469,161			484,650
Income from operations	113,732			103,433			224,790			191,885
Other expense
Interest expense	(63,913		)	(60,536		)	(118,880		)	(117,998		)
Other expense	(1,244		)	(4,615		)	(4,220		)	(2,422		)
Total other expense	(65,157		)	(65,151		)	(123,100		)	(120,420		)
Income from operations before income taxes	48,575			38,282			101,690			71,465
Provision for income taxes	(11,753		)	(11,308		)	(15,426		)	(20,778		)
Net income	36,822			26,974			86,264			50,687
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest	(161		)	(676		)	(349		)	(2,562		)
Net income attributable to Encore Capital Group, Inc. stockholders	$	36,661		$	26,298		$	85,915		$	48,125

Earnings per share attributable to Encore Capital Group, Inc.:
Basic	$	1.17		$	1.01		$	2.75		$	1.84
Diluted	$	1.17		$	1.00		$	2.74		$	1.82

Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic	31,225			26,150			31,193			26,103
Diluted	31,426			26,409			31,372			26,413

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

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ENCORE CAPITAL GROUP, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

(Unaudited, In Thousands)



	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Net income	$	36,822		$	26,974		$	86,264		$	50,687
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Change in unrealized gains/losses on derivative instruments:
Unrealized loss on derivative instruments	(3,560		)	(1,485		)	(5,762		)	(2,154		)
Income tax effect	849			699			1,021			539
Unrealized loss on derivative instruments, net of tax	(2,711		)	(786		)	(4,741		)	(1,615		)
Change in foreign currency translation:
Unrealized loss on foreign currency translation	(8,845		)	(35,022		)	(1,265		)	(16,517		)
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	(11,556		)	(35,808		)	(6,006		)	(18,132		)
Comprehensive income (loss)	25,266			(8,834		)	80,258			32,555
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest:
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest	(161		)	(676		)	(349		)	(2,562		)
Unrealized (gain) loss on foreign currency translation	(7		)	371			(434		)	(1,412		)
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest	(168		)	(305		)	(783		)	(3,974		)
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Encore Capital Group, Inc. stockholders	$	25,098		$	(9,139	)	$	79,475		$	28,581

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

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ENCORE CAPITAL GROUP, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Equity

(In Thousands)



	Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
	Common Stock			Additional Paid-In Capital			Accumulated Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Noncontrolling Interest		Total Equity
	Shares	Par		Additional Paid-In Capital			Accumulated Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Noncontrolling Interest		Total Equity
Balance at March 31, 2019	30,967	$	310	$	208,374		$	769,443	$	(105,864	)	$	2,294	$	874,557
Net income	—	—		—			36,661		—			161		36,822
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	—	—		—			—		(11,563		)	7		(11,556		)
Exercise of stock options and issuance of share-based awards, net of shares withheld for employee taxes	13	—		521			—		—			—		521
Stock-based compensation	—	—		3,581			—		—			—		3,581
Other	—	—		(968		)	—		—			—		(968		)
Balance at June 30, 2019	30,980	$	310	$	211,508		$	806,104	$	(117,427	)	$	2,462	$	902,957



	Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
	Common Stock			Additional Paid-In Capital			Accumulated Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Noncontrolling Interest			Total Equity
	Shares	Par		Additional Paid-In Capital			Accumulated Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Noncontrolling Interest			Total Equity
Balance at March 31, 2018	25,912	$	259	$	45,906		$	626,130	$	(61,463	)	$	(9,057	)	$	601,775
Net income	—	—		—			26,298		—			(513		)	25,785
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	—	—		—			—		(35,437		)	449			(34,988		)
Change in fair value of redeemable noncontrolling interest	—	—		19,430			—		—			—			19,430
Exercise of stock options and issuance of share-based awards, net of shares withheld for employee taxes	19	—		435			—		—			—			435
Stock-based compensation	—	—		3,141			—		—			—			3,141
Other	—	—		(92		)	—		—			—			(92		)
Balance at June 30, 2018	25,931	$	259	$	68,820		$	652,428	$	(96,900	)	$	(9,121	)	$	615,486

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	Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
	Common Stock			Additional Paid-In Capital			Accumulated Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Noncontrolling Interest		Total Equity
	Shares	Par		Additional Paid-In Capital			Accumulated Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Noncontrolling Interest		Total Equity
Balance at December 31, 2018	30,884	$	309	$	208,498		$	720,189	$	(110,987	)	$	1,679	$	819,688
Net income	—	—		—			85,915		—			349		86,264
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	—	—		—			—		(6,440		)	434		(6,006		)
Exercise of stock options and issuance of share-based awards, net of shares withheld for employee taxes	96	1		(1,429		)	—		—			—		(1,428		)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		5,407			—		—			—		5,407
Other	—	—		(968		)	—		—			—		(968		)
Balance at June 30, 2019	30,980	$	310	$	211,508		$	806,104	$	(117,427	)	$	2,462	$	902,957



	Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
	Common Stock			Additional Paid-In Capital			Accumulated Earnings			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Noncontrolling Interest			Total Equity
	Shares	Par		Additional Paid-In Capital			Accumulated Earnings			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Noncontrolling Interest			Total Equity
Balance at December 31, 2017	25,801	$	258	$	42,646		$	616,314		$	(77,356	)	$	(9,929	)	$	571,933
Net income	—	—		—			48,125			—			189			48,314
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	—	—		—			—			(19,544		)	619			(18,925		)
Change in fair value of redeemable noncontrolling interest	—	—		19,430			(12,011		)	—			—			7,419
Purchase of noncontrolling interest	—	—		3,424			—			—			—			3,424
Issuance of share-based awards, net of shares withheld for employee taxes	130	1		(1,916		)	—			—			—			(1,915		)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		5,417			—			—			—			5,417
Other	—	—		(181		)	—			—			—			(181		)
Balance at June 30, 2018	25,931	$	259	$	68,820		$	652,428		$	(96,900	)	$	(9,121	)	$	615,486

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

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ENCORE CAPITAL GROUP, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited, In Thousands)



	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019			2018
Operating activities:
Net income	$	86,264		$	50,687
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	19,736			21,359
Other non-cash interest expense, net	16,233			22,253
Interest expense related to financing	3,496			—
Stock-based compensation expense	5,407			5,445
(Gain) loss on derivative instruments, net	(173		)	8,656
Deferred income taxes	23,977			8,256
Allowance reversals on receivable portfolios, net	(3,430		)	(27,443		)
Other, net	14,000			(7,456		)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities
Deferred court costs and other assets	23,739			(13,366		)
Prepaid income tax and income taxes payable	(36,569		)	22,550
Accounts payable, accrued liabilities and other liabilities	(43,860		)	6,686
Net cash provided by operating activities	108,820			97,627
Investing activities:
Purchases of receivable portfolios, net of put-backs	(499,937		)	(633,040		)
Collections applied to investment in receivable portfolios, net	405,081			415,174
Purchases of property and equipment	(17,480		)	(24,655		)
Other, net	(3,352		)	1,634
Net cash used in investing activities	(115,688		)	(240,887		)
Financing activities:
Payment of loan and debt refinancing costs	(7,988		)	(1,387		)
Proceeds from credit facilities	322,857			425,650
Repayment of credit facilities	(276,188		)	(292,430		)
Proceeds from senior secured notes	460,512			—
Repayment of senior secured notes	(460,455		)	(1,029		)
Taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards	(1,428		)	(2,651		)
Proceeds from other debt	8,779			6,144
Repayment of other debt	(17,410		)	(12,028		)
Other, net	(1,101		)	(1,234		)
Net cash provided by financing activities	27,578			121,035
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	20,710			(22,225		)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	(9,563		)	(8,257		)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	157,418			212,139
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	168,565		$	181,657

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

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ENCORE CAPITAL GROUP, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Note 1: Ownership, Description of Business, and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Encore Capital Group, Inc. (“Encore”), through its subsidiaries (collectively with Encore, the “Company”), is an international specialty finance company providing debt recovery solutions and other related services for consumers across a broad range of financial assets. The Company purchases portfolios of defaulted consumer receivables at deep discounts to face value and manages them by working with individuals as they repay their obligations and work toward financial recovery. Defaulted receivables are consumers’ unpaid financial commitments to credit originators, including banks, credit unions, consumer finance companies and commercial retailers. Defaulted receivables may also include receivables subject to bankruptcy proceedings. The Company also provides debt servicing and other portfolio management services to credit originators for non-performing loans.

Through Midland Credit Management, Inc. and its domestic affiliates (collectively, “MCM”), the Company is a market leader in portfolio purchasing and recovery in the United States. Through Cabot Credit Management Limited (“CCM”) and its subsidiaries and European affiliates (collectively, “Cabot”) the Company is one of the largest credit management services providers in Europe and a market leader in the United Kingdom and Ireland. These are the Company’s primary operations.

Financial Statement Preparation and Presentation

The accompanying interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared by the Company, without audit, in accordance with the instructions to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X promulgated by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and, therefore, do not include all information and footnotes necessary for a fair presentation of its consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”).

In the opinion of management, the unaudited financial information for the interim periods presented reflects all adjustments, consisting of only normal and recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements. These consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018. Operating results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of operating results for an entire fiscal year.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and the disclosure of contingent amounts in the Company’s financial statements and the accompanying notes. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.

Basis of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with GAAP and reflect the accounts and operations of the Company and those of its subsidiaries in which the Company has a controlling financial interest. The Company also consolidates variable interest entities for which it is the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary has both (1) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly affect the entity’s economic performance, and (2) either the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits. Refer to Note 9, “Variable Interest Entities,” for further details. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

Translation of Foreign Currencies

The financial statements of certain of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries are measured using their local currency as the functional currency. Assets and liabilities of foreign operations are translated into U.S. dollars using period-end exchange rates, and revenues and expenses are translated into U.S. dollars using average exchange rates in effect during each period. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded as a component of other comprehensive income or loss. Equity accounts are translated at historical rates, except for the change in retained earnings during the year which is the result of the income statement translation process. Intercompany transaction gains or losses at each period end arising from subsequent measurement of balances for which settlement is not planned or anticipated in the foreseeable future are included as translation adjustments and recorded within other comprehensive income or loss. Translation gains or losses are the material components of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss. Transaction gains and losses are included in other income or expense.

Reclassifications

Certain immaterial reclassifications have been made to the consolidated financial statements to conform to the current year’s presentation.

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Change in Accounting Principle

The Company adopted Accounting Standard Codification 842 - Leases (“Topic 842”) as of January 1, 2019, using the transition method in accordance with ASU 2018-11, Leases: Targeted Improvements issued in July 2018. Under Topic 842, lessees are required to recognize assets and liabilities on the balance sheet for most leases and provide enhanced disclosures. Leases will continue to be classified as either finance or operating leases.

The adoption of this new standard resulted in the recording of lease assets and lease liabilities for the Company’s operating leases of approximately $89.1 million and $102.7 million, respectively, as of January 1, 2019. The difference between the leased assets and lease liabilities primarily represents lease incentives. All periods prior to January 1, 2019 were presented in accordance with the previous lease accounting standard, and no retrospective adjustments were made to the comparative periods presented. The accounting for finance leases remains substantially unchanged. The adoption of this new standard did not materially impact the Company’s consolidated statements of operations or cash flows, or the Company’s compliance with debt covenants. Refer to Note 11 “Leases” for detailed information on the Company’s leases.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Other than the adoption of the standard discussed above, there have been no new accounting pronouncements made effective during the six months ended June 30, 2019 that have significance, or potential significance, to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Effective

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”). ASU 2016-13 applies a current expected credit loss model which is a new impairment model based on expected losses rather than incurred losses. The expected credit losses, and subsequent adjustments to such losses, will be recorded through an allowance account that is deducted from, or added to, the amortized cost basis of the financial asset, with the net carrying value of the financial asset presented on the consolidated balance sheet at the amount expected to be collected. ASU 2016-13 eliminates the current accounting model for loans and debt securities acquired with deteriorated credit quality under ASC 310-30, which provides authoritative guidance for the accounting of the Company’s investment in receivable portfolios.

ASU 2016-13 is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The guidance will be applied on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period in which ASU 2016-13 is adopted. However, the FASB has determined that financial assets for which the guidance in Subtopic 310-30, Receivables-Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality, has previously been applied should prospectively apply the guidance in ASU 2016-13 for purchased financial assets with credit deterioration.

ASU 2016-13, including the effect of ongoing developments and amendments to the guidance, is expected to result in a significant change to the Company’s accounting for its receivable portfolios. The Company is in the process of implementing ASU 2016-13, including drafting accounting policies, assessing data needs for new reporting requirements, and developing software resources and financial models.

With the exception of the standard discussed above, there have been no other recent accounting pronouncements or changes in accounting pronouncements during the three months ended June 30, 2019, as compared to the recent accounting pronouncements described in our Annual Report, that have significance, or potential significance, to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Note 2: Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share are calculated by dividing net earnings attributable to Encore by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share are calculated based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock plus the effect of dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period using the treasury stock method. Dilutive potential common shares include outstanding stock options, restricted stock, and the dilutive effect of the convertible and exchangeable senior notes, if applicable.

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A reconciliation of shares used in calculating earnings per basic and diluted shares follows (in thousands, except per share amounts):



	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Net income attributable to Encore Capital Group, Inc. stockholders	$	36,661	$	26,298	$	85,915	$	48,125

Total weighted-average basic shares outstanding	31,225		26,150		31,193		26,103
Dilutive effect of stock-based awards	201		259		179		310
Total weighted-average dilutive shares outstanding	31,426		26,409		31,372		26,413

Basic earnings per share	$	1.17	$	1.01	$	2.75	$	1.84
Diluted earnings per share	$	1.17	$	1.00	$	2.74	$	1.82

Anti-dilutive employee stock options outstanding were approximately 13,000 and 115,000 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively. Anti-dilutive employee stock options outstanding were approximately 13,000 during each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively.

Note 3: Fair Value Measurements

The authoritative guidance for fair value measurements defines fair value as the price that would be received upon sale of an asset or the price paid to transfer a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (i.e., the “exit price”). The guidance utilizes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used in valuation techniques to measure fair value into three broad levels. The following is a brief description of each level:


•	Level 1: Observable inputs such as quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.


•	Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets and quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active.


•	Level 3: Unobservable inputs, including inputs that reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions.

Financial Instruments Required To Be Carried At Fair Value

Financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below (in thousands):



	Fair Value Measurements as of June 30, 2019
	Level 1		Level 2			Level 3			Total
Assets
Foreign currency exchange contracts	$	—	$	1,403		$	—		$	1,403
Interest rate cap contracts	—		311			—			311
Liabilities
Interest rate swap agreements	—		(10,779		)	—			(10,779		)
Contingent consideration	—		—			(3,819		)	(3,819		)

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	Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2018
	Level 1		Level 2			Level 3			Total
Assets
Interest rate cap contracts	$	—	$	2,023		$	—		$	2,023
Liabilities
Foreign currency exchange contracts	—		(237		)	—			(237		)
Interest rate swap agreements	—		(4,881		)	—			(4,881		)
Contingent consideration	—		—			(6,198		)	(6,198		)

Derivative Contracts:

The Company uses derivative instruments to manage its exposure to fluctuations in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. Fair values of these derivative instruments are estimated using industry standard valuation models. These models project future cash flows and discount the future amounts to a present value using market-based observable inputs, including interest rate curves, foreign currency exchange rates, and forward and spot prices for currencies.

Contingent Consideration:

The Company carries certain contingent liabilities resulting from its mergers and acquisition activities. Certain sellers of the Company’s acquired entities could earn additional earn-out payments in cash based on the entities’ subsequent operating performance. The Company recorded the acquisition date fair values of these contingent liabilities, based on the likelihood of contingent earn-out payments, as part of the consideration transferred. The earn-out payments are subsequently remeasured to fair value at each reporting date based on actual and forecasted operating performance.

The following table provides a roll forward of the fair value of contingent consideration for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and year ended December 31, 2018 (in thousands):



	Amount
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	10,612
Issuance of contingent consideration in connection with acquisition	1,728
Change in fair value of contingent consideration	(5,664		)
Payment of contingent consideration	(271		)
Effect of foreign currency translation	(207		)
Balance at December 31, 2018	6,198
Change in fair value of contingent consideration	(2,199		)
Payment of contingent consideration	(131		)
Effect of foreign currency translation	(49		)
Balance at June 30, 2019	$	3,819

Non-Recurring Fair Value Measurement:

Certain assets are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. These assets include real estate-owned (“REO”) assets classified as held for sale at the lower of their carrying value or fair value less cost to sell. The fair value of the assets held for sale and estimated selling expenses were determined at the time of initial recognition using Level 2 measurements. The fair value estimate of the assets held for sale was approximately $38.6 million and $26.7 million as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

Financial Instruments Not Required To Be Carried At Fair Value

In accordance with the disclosure requirements of ASC Topic 825, Financial Instruments, the table below summarizes fair value estimates for the Company's financial instruments that are not required to be carried at fair value. The total of the fair value calculations presented does not represent, and should not be construed to represent, the underlying value of the Company. The carrying amounts in the following table are recorded in the consolidated statements of financial condition at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 (in thousands):

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	June 30, 2019				December 31, 2018
	Carrying Amount		Estimated Fair Value		Carrying Amount		Estimated Fair Value
Financial Assets
Investment in receivable portfolios	$	3,224,568	$	3,293,067	$	3,137,893	$	3,525,861
Deferred court costs	92,595		92,595		95,918		95,918
Financial Liabilities
Encore convertible notes and exchangeable notes⁽¹⁾	626,006		652,063		619,639		553,744
Cabot senior secured notes⁽²⁾	1,106,031		1,132,027		1,109,922		1,036,905

________________________


(1)	Carrying amount represents the portion of the convertible and exchangeable notes classified as debt, while estimated fair value pertains to the face amount of the notes.


(2)	Carrying amount represents historical cost, adjusted for any related debt discount or debt premium.

Investment in Receivable Portfolios:

The Company records its investment in receivable portfolios at cost, which represents a significant discount from the contractual receivable balance due. The Company computes the fair value of its investment in receivable portfolios using Level 3 inputs by discounting the estimated future cash flows generated by its proprietary forecasting models. The key inputs include the estimated future gross cash flow, average cost to collect, and discount rate. In accordance with authoritative guidance related to fair value measurements, the Company estimates the average cost to collect and discount rates based on its estimate of what a market participant might use in valuing these portfolios. The determination of such inputs requires significant judgment, including assessing the assumed market participant’s cost structure, its determination of whether to include fixed costs in its valuation, its collection strategies, and determining the appropriate weighted average cost of capital. The Company evaluates the use of these key inputs on an ongoing basis and refines the data as it continues to obtain better information from market participants in the debt recovery and purchasing business.

In the Company’s current analysis, the fair value of investment in receivable portfolios was approximately $3,293.1 million and $3,525.9 million as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, as compared to the carrying value of $3,224.6 million and $3,137.9 million as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. A 100 basis point increase in the cost to collect and discount rate used would result in a decrease in the fair value of U.S. and European portfolios by approximately $55.9 million and $73.7 million, respectively, as of June 30, 2019. This fair value calculation does not represent, and should not be construed to represent, the underlying value of the Company or the amount which could be realized if its investment in receivable portfolios were sold.

Deferred Court Costs:

The Company capitalizes deferred court costs and provides a reserve for those costs that it believes will ultimately be uncollectible. The carrying value of net deferred court costs was $92.6 million and $95.9 million as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, and approximated fair value.

Debt:

The majority of the Company’s borrowings are carried at historical amounts, adjusted for additional borrowings less principal repayments, which approximate fair value. These borrowings include Encore’s senior secured notes and borrowings under its revolving credit and term loan facilities and Cabot’s borrowings under its revolving credit facility. The carrying value of the Company’s revolving credit and term loan facilities approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of the interest rate periods. The fair value of the Company’s senior secured notes was estimated using widely accepted valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow analyses using available market information on discount and borrowing rates with similar terms, maturities, and credit ratings. Accordingly, the Company used Level 2 inputs for these debt instrument fair value estimates.

Encore’s convertible notes and exchangeable notes are carried at historical cost, adjusted for the debt discount. The carrying value of the convertible notes and exchangeable notes was $626.0 million and $619.6 million, net of the debt discount of $30.0 million and $36.4 million as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. The fair value estimate for these convertible notes and exchangeable notes, which incorporates quoted market prices using Level 2 inputs, was approximately $652.1 million and $553.7 million as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

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Cabot’s senior secured notes are carried at historical cost, adjusted for the debt discount, if applicable. The net carrying value of Cabot’s senior secured notes was $1,106.0 million and $1,109.9 million as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. The fair value estimate for these senior notes, which incorporates quoted market prices using Level 2 inputs, was $1,132.0 million and $1,036.9 million as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

Note 4: Derivatives and Hedging Instruments

The Company may periodically enter into derivative financial instruments to manage risks related to interest rates and foreign currency. Certain of the Company’s derivative financial instruments qualify for hedge accounting treatment under the authoritative guidance for derivatives and hedging.

The following table summarizes the fair value of derivative instruments as recorded in the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition (in thousands):



	June 30, 2019				December 31, 2018
	Balance Sheet Location	Fair Value			Balance Sheet Location	Fair Value
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Foreign currency exchange contracts	Other assets	$	1,230		Other liabilities	(237	)
Interest rate cap contracts	Other assets	311			Other assets	2,023
Interest rate swap agreements	Other liabilities	(10,779		)	Other liabilities	(4,881	)
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Foreign currency exchange contracts	Other assets	173			—	—

Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments

The Company has operations in foreign countries which expose the Company to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations due to transactions denominated in foreign currencies. To mitigate a portion of this risk, the Company enters into derivative financial instruments, principally foreign currency forward contracts with financial counterparties. The Company adjusts the level and use of derivatives as soon as practicable after learning that an exposure has changed and reviews all exposures and derivative positions on an ongoing basis.

Certain of the Company’s foreign currency forward contracts are designated as cash flow hedging instruments and qualify for hedge accounting treatment. Gains and losses arising from such contracts are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (“OCI”) as gains and losses on derivative instruments, net of income taxes. The hedging gains and losses in OCI are subsequently reclassified into earnings in the same period in which the underlying transactions affect the Company’s earnings. If all or a portion of the forecasted transaction is cancelled, the accumulated gains or losses in OCI would be reclassified into earnings.

As of June 30, 2019, the total notional amount of the forward contracts that were designated as cash flow hedging instruments was $28.8 million. The Company estimates that approximately $1.2 million of net derivative gain included in OCI will be reclassified into earnings within the next 12 months. No gains or losses were reclassified from OCI into earnings as a result of forecasted transactions that failed to occur during the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018.

The Company may periodically enter into interest rate swap agreements to reduce its exposure to fluctuations in interest rates on variable interest rate debt and their impact on earnings and cash flows. Under the swap agreements, the Company receives floating interest rate payments and makes interest payments based on fixed interest rates. In accordance with authoritative guidance relating to derivatives and hedging transactions, the Company designates its interest rate swap instruments as cash flow hedges. As of June 30, 2019, there were six interest rate swap agreements outstanding with a total notional amount of $368.1 million.

As of June 30, 2019, the Company also held two interest rate cap contracts (the “2018 Caps”) with a notional amount of £350.0 million (approximately $444.5 million) that are used to manage its risk related to interest rate fluctuations on the Company’s variable interest rate debt. The 2018 Caps mature in 2021 and are structured as a series of European call options (“Caplets”) such that if exercised, the Company will receive a payment equal to 3-months GBP-LIBOR on a notional amount equal to the hedged notional amount net of a fixed strike price. Each interest rate reset date, the Company will elect to exercise the Caplet or let it expire. The potential cash flows from each Caplet are expected to offset any variability in the cash flows of the interest payments to the extent GBP-LIBOR exceeds the strike price of the Caplets. The Company expects the hedge relationship to be highly effective and designates the 2018 Caps as cash flow hedge instruments.

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The following table summarizes the effects of derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships designated as hedging instruments on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands):



Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments	Gain (Loss) Recognized in OCI						Location of Gain (Loss) Reclassified from OCI into Income	Gain (Loss) Reclassified from OCI into Income
	Three Months Ended June 30,							Three Months Ended June 30,
	2019			2018				2019			2018
Foreign currency exchange contracts	$	456		$	(967	)	Salaries and employee benefits	$	80		$	434
Foreign currency exchange contracts	69			(76		)	General and administrative expenses	13			35
Interest rate swap agreements	(4,296		)	(21		)	Interest expense	(444		)	8
Interest rate cap contracts	(140		)	—			Interest expense	—			—



Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments	Gain (Loss) Recognized in OCI						Location of Gain (Loss) Reclassified from OCI into Income	Gain (Loss) Reclassified from OCI into Income
	Six Months Ended June 30,							Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019			2018				2019			2018
Foreign currency exchange contracts	$	1,391		$	(1,074	)	Salaries and employee benefits	$	(15	)	$	983
Foreign currency exchange contracts	(9		)	(76		)	General and administrative expenses	(71		)	35
Interest rate swap agreements	(6,382		)	(12		)	Interest expense	(864		)	25
Interest rate cap contracts	(1,712		)	—			Interest expense	—			—

Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments

The Company enters into currency exchange forward contracts to reduce the effects of currency exchange rate fluctuations between the British Pound and Euro. These derivative contracts generally mature within one to three months and are not designated as hedge instruments for accounting purposes. The Company continues to monitor the level of exposure of the foreign currency exchange risk and may enter into additional short-term forward contracts on an ongoing basis. The gains or losses on these derivative contracts are recognized in other income or expense based on the changes in fair value.

The following table summarizes the effects of derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships not designated as hedging instruments on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands):



Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivative	Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivative
		Three Months Ended June 30,					Six Months Ended June 30,
		2019		2018			2019		2018
Foreign currency exchange contracts	Other expense	$	173	$	(6,174	)	$	173	$	(6,940	)
Interest rate cap contracts	Interest expense	—		(1,628		)	—		(1,716		)

Note 5: Investment in Receivable Portfolios, Net

In accordance with the authoritative guidance for loans and debt securities acquired with deteriorated credit quality, discrete receivable portfolio purchases during the same fiscal quarter are aggregated into pools based on common risk characteristics. Common risk characteristics include risk ratings (e.g. FICO or similar scores), financial asset type, collateral type, size, interest rate, date of origination, term, and geographic location. The Company’s static pools are typically grouped into credit card, purchased consumer bankruptcy, and mortgage portfolios. The Company further groups these static pools by geographic region or location. Portfolios acquired in business combinations are also grouped into these pools. During any fiscal quarter in which the Company has an acquisition of an entity that has portfolio, the entire historical portfolio of the acquired company is aggregated into the pool groups for that quarter, based on common characteristics, resulting in pools for that quarter

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that may consist of several different vintages of portfolio. Once a static pool is established, the portfolios are permanently assigned to the pool. The discount (i.e. the difference between the cost of each static pool and the related aggregate contractual receivable balance) is not recorded because the Company expects to collect a relatively small percentage of each static pool’s contractual receivable balance. As a result, receivable portfolios are recorded at cost at the time of acquisition. The cost of the portfolios includes certain fees paid to third parties incurred in connection with the direct acquisition of the receivable portfolios.

In compliance with the authoritative guidance, the Company accounts for its investments in receivable portfolios using either the interest method or the cost recovery method. The interest method applies an internal rate of return (“IRR”) to the cost basis of the pool, which remains unchanged throughout the life of the pool, unless there is a significant increase in subsequent expected cash flows. Subsequent increases in expected cash flows are recognized prospectively through an upward adjustment of the pool’s IRR over its remaining life. Subsequent decreases in expected cash flows do not change the IRR but are recognized as an allowance to the cost basis of the pool, and are reflected in the consolidated statements of operations as a reduction in revenue, with a corresponding valuation allowance, offsetting the investment in receivable portfolios in the consolidated statements of financial condition. Due to the discounting of future cashflows using monthly IRRs, an allowance charge could still result even if substantially higher collections occurring later in the collection curve offset lower collections in the near term.

The Company accounts for each static pool as a unit for the economic life of the pool (similar to one loan) for recognition of revenue from receivable portfolios, for collections applied to the cost basis of receivable portfolios and for provision for loss or allowance. Revenue from receivable portfolios is accrued based on each pool’s IRR applied to each pool’s adjusted cost basis. The cost basis of each pool is increased by revenue earned and portfolio allowance reversals and decreased by gross collections and portfolio allowances.

If the amount or timing of future cash collections on a pool of receivables are not reasonably estimable, the Company accounts for such portfolios on the cost recovery method as Cost Recovery Portfolios. The accounts in these portfolios have different risk characteristics than those included in other portfolios acquired during the same quarter, or the necessary information was not available to estimate future cash flows and, accordingly, they were not aggregated with other portfolios. Under the cost recovery method of accounting, no revenue is recognized until the carrying value of a Cost Recovery Portfolio has been fully recovered.

Accretable yield represents the amount of revenue the Company expects to generate over the remaining life of its existing investment in receivable portfolios based on estimated future cash flows. Total accretable yield is the difference between future estimated collections and the current carrying value of a portfolio. All estimated cash flows on portfolios where the cost basis has been fully recovered are classified as zero basis cash flows.

The following table summarizes the Company’s accretable yield and an estimate of zero basis future cash flows at the beginning and end of the period presented (in thousands):



	Accretable Yield			Estimate of Zero Basis Cash Flows			Total
Balance at December 31, 2018	$	3,773,171		$	253,035		$	4,026,206
Revenue from receivable portfolios	(285,255		)	(25,903		)	(311,158		)
Allowance (reversals) on receivable portfolios, net	900			(2,267		)	(1,367		)
Additions (reductions) on existing portfolios, net	38,512			(199		)	38,313
Additions for current purchases	285,637			—			285,637
Effect of foreign currency translation	26,244			217			26,461
Balance at March 31, 2019	$	3,839,209		$	224,883		$	4,064,092
Revenue from receivable portfolios	(285,562		)	(26,933		)	(312,495		)
Allowance (reversals) on receivable portfolios, net	255			(2,318		)	(2,063		)
Additions (reductions) on existing portfolios, net	113,074			32,285			145,359
Additions for current purchases	277,556			—			277,556
Effect of foreign currency translation	(46,492		)	(34		)	(46,526		)
Balance at June 30, 2019	$	3,898,040		$	227,883		$	4,125,923

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	Accretable Yield			Estimate of Zero Basis Cash Flows			Total
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	3,695,069		$	369,632		$	4,064,701
Revenue from receivable portfolios	(249,821		)	(31,188		)	(281,009		)
Allowance (reversals) on receivable portfolios, net	(8,082		)	(1,729		)	(9,811		)
Additions (reductions) on existing portfolios, net	(24,945		)	(39,529		)	(64,474		)
Additions for current purchases	285,172			—			285,172
Effect of foreign currency translation	57,577			643			58,220
Balance at March 31, 2018	$	3,754,970		$	297,829		$	4,052,799
Revenue from receivable portfolios	(258,698		)	(33,964		)	(292,662		)
Allowance (reversals) on receivable portfolios, net	(15,411		)	(2,221		)	(17,632		)
Additions (reductions) on existing portfolios, net	136,267			5,824			142,091
Additions for current purchases	345,006			—			345,006
Effect of foreign currency translation	(97,448		)	(597		)	(98,045		)
Balance at June 30, 2018	$	3,864,686		$	266,871		$	4,131,557

During the three months ended June 30, 2019, the Company purchased receivable portfolios with a face value of $2.3 billion for $242.7 million, or a purchase price of 10.5% of face value. The estimated future collections at acquisition for all portfolios purchased during the three months ended June 30, 2019 amounted to $520.3 million. During the three months ended June 30, 2018, the Company purchased receivable portfolios with a face value of $2.9 billion for $359.6 million, or a purchase price of 12.5% of face value. The estimated future collections at acquisition for all portfolios purchased during the three months ended June 30, 2018 amounted to $704.4 million.

During the six months ended June 30, 2019, the Company purchased receivable portfolios with a face value of $4.0 billion for $505.0 million, or a purchase price of 12.5% of face value. The estimated future collections at acquisition for all portfolios purchased during the six months ended June 30, 2019 amounted to $1,068.2 million. During the six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company purchased receivable portfolios with a face value of $4.7 billion for $636.3 million, or a purchase price of 13.6% of face value. The estimated future collections at acquisition for all portfolios purchased during the three months ended June 30, 2018 amounted to $1,260.6 million.

All collections realized after the net book value of a portfolio has been fully recovered (“Zero Basis Portfolios”) are recorded as revenue (“Zero Basis Revenue”). During the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, Zero Basis Revenue was approximately $26.9 million and $34.0 million, respectively. During the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, allowance reversals on Zero Basis Portfolios were $2.3 million and $2.2 million, respectively.

During the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, Zero Basis Revenue was approximately $52.8 million and $65.2 million, respectively. During the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, allowance reversals on Zero Basis Portfolios were $4.6 million and $4.0 million, respectively.

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The following tables summarize the changes in the balance of the investment in receivable portfolios during the following periods (in thousands, except percentages):



	Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
	Accrual Basis Portfolios			Cost Recovery Portfolios			Zero Basis Portfolios			Total
Balance, beginning of period	$	3,203,892		$	7,695		$	—		$	3,211,587
Purchases of receivable portfolios	242,697			—			—			242,697
Transfer of portfolios⁽⁴⁾	(78,980		)	78,980			—			—
Transfers to assets held for sale	(813		)	(1,514		)	—			(2,327		)
Collections on receivable portfolios ⁽¹⁾	(484,018		)	(1,615		)	(29,248		)	(514,881		)
Put-Backs and Recalls⁽²⁾	(1,392		)	—			(3		)	(1,395		)
Foreign currency adjustments	(26,756		)	1,085			—			(25,671		)
Revenue recognized	285,562			—			26,933			312,495
Portfolio (allowance) reversals, net	(255		)	—			2,318			2,063
Balance, end of period	$	3,139,937		$	84,631		$	—		$	3,224,568
Revenue as a percentage of collections⁽³⁾	59.0		%	0.0		%	92.1		%	60.7		%



	Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
	Accrual Basis Portfolios			Cost Recovery Portfolios			Zero Basis Portfolios			Total
Balance, beginning of period	$	3,013,519		$	10,622		$	—		$	3,024,141
Purchases of receivable portfolios	359,580			—			—			359,580
Transfers to assets held for sale	(2,033		)	(262		)	—			(2,295		)
Collections on receivable portfolios ⁽¹⁾	(460,478		)	(252		)	(35,363		)	(496,093		)
Put-Backs and Recalls⁽²⁾	(8,484		)	—			(24		)	(8,508		)
Foreign currency adjustments	(101,921		)	(577		)	—			(102,498		)
Revenue recognized	258,698			—			33,964			292,662
Reclassification adjustment⁽⁵⁾	—			798			(798		)	—
Portfolio allowance reversals, net	15,411			—			2,221			17,632
Balance, end of period	$	3,074,292		$	10,329		$	—		$	3,084,621
Revenue as a percentage of collections⁽³⁾	56.2		%	0.0		%	96.0		%	59.0		%

________________________


(1)	Does not include amounts collected on behalf of others.


(2)	Put-backs (“Put-Backs”) and recalls (“Recalls”) represent ineligible accounts that are returned by us or recalled by the seller pursuant to specific guidelines as set forth in the respective purchase agreements.


(3)	Revenue as a percentage of collections excludes the effect of net portfolio allowances or net portfolio allowance reversals.


(4)	Represents all portfolios in Mexico, which were transferred from accrual basis portfolios to cost recovery portfolios as the timing of future collections were determined to not be currently reasonably estimable due to the changing political and economic conditions in Mexico.


(5)	Reclassification relating to certain Zero Basis Revenue that was classified as collections in cost recovery portfolios in prior periods.

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	Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
	Accrual Basis Portfolios			Cost Recovery Portfolios			Zero Basis Portfolios			Total
Balance, beginning of period	$	3,129,502		$	8,391		$	—		$	3,137,893
Purchases of receivable portfolios	505,032			—			—			505,032
Transfer of portfolios⁽⁵⁾	(78,980		)	78,980			—			—
Transfers to assets held for sale	(3,958		)	(1,958		)	—			(5,916		)
Collections on receivable portfolios ⁽¹⁾	(969,616		)	(1,706		)	(57,412		)	(1,028,734		)
Put-Backs and Recalls⁽²⁾	(5,086		)	—			(9		)	(5,095		)
Foreign currency adjustments	(6,619		)	924			—			(5,695		)
Revenue recognized	570,817			—			52,836			623,653
Portfolio (allowance) reversals, net	(1,155		)	—			4,585			3,430
Balance, end of period	$	3,139,937		$	84,631		$	—		$	3,224,568
Revenue as a percentage of collections⁽⁴⁾	58.9		%	0.0		%	92.0		%	60.6		%



	Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
	Accrual Basis Portfolios			Cost Recovery Portfolios			Zero Basis Portfolios			Total
Balance, beginning of period	$	2,879,170		$	11,443		$	—		$	2,890,613
Purchases of receivable portfolios	636,342			—			—			636,342
Transfers to assets held for sale	(5,105		)	(262		)	—			(5,367		)
Collections on receivable portfolios ⁽¹⁾	(915,621		)	(1,423		)	(68,151		)	(985,195		)
Put-Backs and Recalls⁽²⁾	(12,175		)	—			(153		)	(12,328		)
Foreign currency adjustments	(40,331		)	(227		)	—			(40,558		)
Revenue recognized	508,519			—			65,152			573,671
Reclassification adjustment⁽³⁾	—			798			(798		)	—
Portfolio allowance reversals, net	23,493			—			3,950			27,443
Balance, end of period	$	3,074,292		$	10,329		$	—		$	3,084,621
Revenue as a percentage of collections⁽⁴⁾	55.5		%	0.0		%	95.6		%	58.2		%

________________________


(1)	Does not include amounts collected on behalf of others.


(2)	Put-backs (“Put-Backs”) and recalls (“Recalls”) represent ineligible accounts that are returned by us or recalled by the seller pursuant to specific guidelines as set forth in the respective purchase agreements.


(3)	Reclassification relating to certain Zero Basis Revenue that was classified as collections in cost recovery portfolios in prior periods.


(4)	Revenue as a percentage of collections excludes the effect of net portfolio allowances or net portfolio allowance reversals.


(5)	Represents all portfolios in Mexico, which were transferred from accrual basis portfolios to cost recovery portfolios as the timing of future collections were determined to not be currently reasonably estimable, due to the changing political and economic conditions in Mexico.

The following table summarizes the change in the valuation allowance for investment in receivable portfolios during the periods presented (in thousands):



	Valuation Allowance
	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Balance at beginning of period	$	59,428		$	94,317		$	60,631		$	102,576
Provision for portfolio allowances	1,089			1,720			3,715			2,660
Reversal of prior allowances	(3,152		)	(19,352		)	(7,145		)	(30,103		)
Effect of foreign currency translation	(161		)	(1,556		)	3			(4		)
Balance at end of period	$	57,204		$	75,129		$	57,204		$	75,129

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Note 6: Deferred Court Costs, Net

The Company pursues legal collections using a network of attorneys that specialize in collection matters and through its internal legal channel. The Company generally pursues collections through legal means only when it believes a consumer has sufficient assets to repay their indebtedness but has, to date, been unwilling to pay. In order to pursue legal collections the Company is required to pay certain upfront costs to the applicable courts that are recoverable from the consumer (“Deferred Court Costs”).

The Company capitalizes Deferred Court Costs in its consolidated financial statements and provides a reserve for those costs that it believes will ultimately be uncollectible. The Company determines the reserve based on an estimated court cost recovery rate established based on its analysis of historical court costs recovery data. The Company estimates deferral periods for Deferred Court Costs based on jurisdiction and nature of litigation and writes off any Deferred Court Costs not recovered within the respective deferral period. Collections received from debtors are first applied against related court costs with the balance applied to the debtors’ account balance.

Deferred Court Costs for the deferral period consist of the following as of the dates presented (in thousands):



	June 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
Court costs advanced	$	854,911		$	828,713
Court costs recovered	(354,004		)	(336,335		)
Court costs reserve	(408,312		)	(396,460		)
Deferred court costs	$	92,595		$	95,918

A roll forward of the Company’s court cost reserve is as follows (in thousands):



	Court Cost Reserve
	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Balance at beginning of period	$	(399,991	)	$	(378,190	)	$	(396,460	)	$	(364,015	)
Provision for court costs	(23,635		)	(19,161		)	(39,348		)	(44,228		)
Net down of reserve after deferral period	13,476			12,435			27,255			25,387
Effect of foreign currency translation	1,838			3,791			241			1,731
Balance at end of period	$	(408,312	)	$	(381,125	)	$	(408,312	)	$	(381,125	)

Note 7: Other Assets

Other assets consist of the following (in thousands):



	June 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
Operating lease right-of-use asset	$	95,954	$	—
Identifiable intangible assets, net	56,441		60,581
Assets held for sale	38,580		26,664
Service fee receivables	30,029		28,035
Other financial receivables	20,850		47,363
Prepaid expenses	19,169		24,989
Deferred tax assets	11,833		24,910
Income tax receivable	7,628		—
Other	61,285		44,460
Total	$	341,769	$	257,002

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Note 8: Debt, Net

The Company is in compliance in all material respects with all covenants under its financing arrangements as of June 30, 2019. The components of the Company’s consolidated debt and capital lease obligations were as follows (in thousands):



	June 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
Encore revolving credit facility	$	496,000		$	429,000
Encore term loan facility	179,320			195,056
Encore senior secured notes	325,000			325,000
Encore convertible notes and exchangeable notes	656,000			656,000
Less: debt discount	(29,994		)	(36,361		)
Cabot senior secured notes	1,106,031			1,111,399
Less: debt discount	—			(1,477		)
Cabot senior revolving credit facility	291,435			298,005
Cabot securitisation senior facilities	444,455			445,837
Other credit facilities	41,088			43,354
Other	55,207			64,566
Finance lease liabilities	8,429			7,563
	3,572,971			3,537,942
Less: debt issuance costs, net of amortization	(43,254		)	(47,309		)
Total	$	3,529,717		$	3,490,633

Encore Revolving Credit Facility and Term Loan Facility

The Company has a revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Credit Facility”) and term loan facility (the “Term Loan Facility”, and together with the Revolving Credit Facility, the “Senior Secured Credit Facilities”) pursuant to a Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated December 20, 2016 (as amended, the “Restated Credit Agreement”).

Provisions of the Restated Credit Agreement as of June 30, 2019 include, but are not limited to:

•

Revolving Credit Facility commitments of $884.2 million that expire in December 2021 with interest at a floating rate equal to, at the Company’s option, either: (1) reserve adjusted London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”), plus a spread that ranges from 250 to 300 basis points depending on the cash flow leverage ratio of Encore and its restricted subsidiaries as defined in the Restated Credit Agreement; or (2) alternate base rate, plus a spread that ranges from 150 to 200 basis points, depending on the cash flow leverage ratio of Encore and its restricted subsidiaries. “Alternate base rate,” as defined in the Restated Credit Agreement, means the highest of (i) the per annum rate which the administrative agent publicly announces from time to time as its prime lending rate, (ii) the federal funds effective rate from time to time, plus 0.5% per annum, (iii) reserved adjusted LIBOR determined on a daily basis for a one month interest period, plus 1.0% per annum and (iv) zero;

•

A $194.6 million term loan maturing in December 2021, with interest at a floating rate equal to, at the Company’s option, either: (1) reserve adjusted LIBOR, plus a spread that ranges from 250 to 300 basis points, depending on the cash flow leverage ratio of Encore and its restricted subsidiaries; or (2) alternate base rate, plus a spread that ranges from 150 to 200 basis points, depending on the cash flow leverage ratio of Encore and its restricted subsidiaries. Principal amortizes $15.3 million in each of 2019 and 2020 with the remaining principal due in 2021;


•	A borrowing base under the Revolving Credit Facility equal to 35% of all eligible non-bankruptcy estimated remaining collections plus 55% of eligible estimated remaining collections for consumer receivables subject to bankruptcy;


•	A maximum cash flow leverage ratio permitted of 3.00:1.00;


•	A maximum cash flow first-lien leverage ratio of 2.00:1.00;


•	A minimum interest coverage ratio of 1.75:1.00;


•	The allowance of indebtedness in the form of senior secured notes not to exceed $350.0 million;

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•	The allowance of additional unsecured or subordinated indebtedness not to exceed $1.1 billion, including junior lien indebtedness not to exceed $400.0 million;


•	Restrictions and covenants, which limit the payment of dividends and the incurrence of additional indebtedness and liens, among other limitations;


•	Repurchases of up to $150.0 million of Encore’s common stock after July 9, 2015, subject to compliance with certain covenants and available borrowing capacity;


•	A change of control definition, that excludes acquisitions of stock by Red Mountain Capital Partners LLC, JCF FPK I, LP and their respective affiliates of up to 50% of the outstanding shares of Encore’s voting stock;


•	Events of default which, upon occurrence, may permit the lenders to terminate the facility and declare all amounts outstanding to be immediately due and payable;


•	A pre-approved acquisition limit of $225.0 million per fiscal year;


•	A basket to allow for investments not to exceed the greater of (1) 200% of the consolidated net worth of Encore and its restricted subsidiaries; and (2) an unlimited amount such that after giving effect to the making of any investment, the cash flow leverage ratio is less than 1.25:1:00;


•	A basket to allow for investments in persons organized under the laws of Canada in the amount of $50.0 million;


•	Collateralization by all assets of the Company, other than the assets of certain foreign subsidiaries and all unrestricted subsidiaries as defined in the Restated Credit Agreement.

At June 30, 2019, the outstanding balance under the Revolving Credit Facility was $496.0 million, which bore a weighted average interest rate of 5.47% and 4.92% for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and 5.48% and 4.78% for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Available capacity under the Revolving Credit Facility, after taking into account borrowing base and applicable debt covenants, was $160.8 million as of June 30, 2019. At June 30, 2019, the outstanding balance under the Term Loan Facility was $179.3 million.

Encore Senior Secured Notes

In August 2017, Encore entered into $325.0 million in senior secured notes with a group of insurance companies (the “Senior Secured Notes”). The Senior Secured Notes bear an annual interest rate of 5.625%, mature in 2024 and beginning in November 2019 will require quarterly principal payments of $16.3 million. As of June 30, 2019, $325.0 million of the Senior Secured Notes remained outstanding.

The Senior Secured Notes are guaranteed in full by certain of Encore’s subsidiaries. The Senior Secured Notes are pari passu with, and are collateralized by the same collateral as, the Senior Secured Credit Facilities. The Senior Secured Notes may be accelerated and become automatically and immediately due and payable upon certain events of default, including certain events related to insolvency, bankruptcy, or liquidation. Additionally, any series of the Senior Secured Notes may be accelerated at the election of the holder or holders of a majority in principal amount of such series of Senior Secured Notes upon certain events of default by Encore, including the breach of affirmative covenants regarding guarantors, collateral, minimum revolving credit facility commitment or the breach of any negative covenant. Encore may prepay the Senior Secured Notes at any time for any reason. If Encore prepays the Senior Secured Notes, payment will be at the higher of par or the present value of the remaining scheduled payments of principal and interest on the portion being prepaid. The discount rate used to determine the present value is 50 basis points over the then current Treasury Rate corresponding to the remaining average life of the Senior Secured Notes. The covenants and material terms in the purchase agreement for the Senior Secured Notes are substantially similar to those in the Restated Credit Agreement. The holders of the Senior Secured Notes and the administrative agent for the lenders of the Restated Credit Agreement have an intercreditor agreement related to their pro rata rights to the collateral, actionable default, powers and duties and remedies, among other topics.

Encore Convertible Notes and Exchangeable Notes

In June and July 2013, Encore issued $172.5 million aggregate principal amount of 3.000% 2020 Convertible Notes that mature on July 1, 2020 in private placement transactions (the “2020 Convertible Notes”). In March 2014, Encore issued $161.0 million aggregate principal amount of 2.875% 2021 Convertible Notes that mature on March 15, 2021 in private placement transactions (the “2021 Convertible Notes”). In March 2017, Encore issued $150.0 million aggregate principal amount of 3.250% 2022 Convertible Senior Notes that mature on March 15, 2022 in private placement transactions (the “2022 Convertible Notes” and together with the 2020 Convertible Notes and the 2021 Convertible Notes, the “Convertible Notes”). The interest on the Convertible Notes is payable semi-annually.

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In July 2018, Encore Finance (defined below), a 100% owned finance subsidiary of Encore, issued $172.5 million aggregate principal amount of exchangeable senior notes due 2023 (the “Exchangeable Notes”) which are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by Encore. The Exchangeable Notes mature on September 1, 2023 and bear interest at a rate of 4.500% per year, payable semiannually in arrears on March 1 and September 1 of each year, beginning on March 1, 2019.

Unless otherwise indicated in connection with a particular offering of debt securities, Encore will fully and unconditionally guarantee any debt securities issued by Encore Capital Europe Finance Limited (“Encore Finance”), a 100% owned finance subsidiary of Encore. Amounts related to Encore Finance are included in the consolidated financial statements of Encore subsequent to April 30, 2018, the date of the incorporation of Encore Finance.

Prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding their respective conversion or exchange date (listed below), holders may convert or exchange their Convertible Notes or Exchangeable Notes under certain circumstances set forth in the applicable indentures. On or after their respective conversion or exchange dates until the close of business on the scheduled trading day immediately preceding their respective maturity date, holders may convert or exchange their notes at any time. Certain key terms related to the convertible and exchangeable features as of June 30, 2019 are listed below.



	2020 Convertible Notes		2021 Convertible Notes		2022 Convertible Notes		2023 Exchangeable Notes
Initial conversion or exchange price	$	45.72	$	59.39	$	45.57	$	44.62
Closing stock price at date of issuance	$	33.35	$	47.51	$	35.05	$	36.45
Closing stock price date	June 24, 2013		March 5, 2014		February 27, 2017		July 20, 2018
Conversion or exchange rate (shares per $1,000 principal amount)	21.8718		16.8386		21.9467		22.4090
Conversion or exchange date	January 1, 2020		September 15, 2020		September 15, 2021		March 1, 2023

In the event of conversion or exchange, holders of the Company’s Convertible Notes or Exchangeable Notes will receive cash, shares of the Company’s common stock or a combination of cash and shares of the Company’s common stock, at the Company’s election. The Company’s current intent is to settle conversions and exchanges through combination settlement (i.e., convertible or exchangeable into cash up to the aggregate principal amount, and shares of the Company’s common stock or a combination of cash and shares of the Company’s common stock, at the Company’s election and subject to certain restrictions contained in each of the indentures governing the Convertible Notes and Exchangeable Notes, for the remainder). As a result, and in accordance with authoritative guidance related to derivatives and hedging and earnings per share, only the conversion or exchange spread is included in the diluted earnings per share calculation, if dilutive. Under such method, the settlement of the conversion or exchange spread has a dilutive effect when, during any quarter, the average share price of the Company’s common stock exceeds the initial conversion or exchange prices listed in the above table.

Authoritative guidance requires that issuers of convertible or exchangeable debt instruments which, upon conversion or exchange, may be settled fully or partially in cash, must separately account for the liability and equity components in a manner that will reflect the entity’s nonconvertible or nonexchangeable debt borrowing rate when interest cost is recognized in subsequent periods. Additionally, debt issuance costs are required to be allocated in proportion to the allocation of the liability and equity components and accounted for as debt issuance costs and equity issuance costs, respectively.

As discussed above, upon exchange of the Exchangeable Notes, the Company will pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, shares of the Company’s common stock or a combination of cash and shares of the Company’s common stock, at the Company’s election. The debt and equity components, the issuance costs related to the equity component, the stated interest rate, and the effective interest rate for each of the Convertible Notes and Exchangeable Notes are listed below (in thousands, except percentages):



	2020 Convertible Notes			2021 Convertible Notes			2022 Convertible Notes			2023 Exchangeable Notes
Debt component	$	140,247		$	143,645		$	137,266		$	157,971
Equity component	$	32,253		$	17,355		$	12,734		$	14,009
Equity issuance cost	$	1,106		$	581		$	398		$	—
Stated interest rate	3.000		%	2.875		%	3.250		%	4.500		%
Effective interest rate	6.350		%	4.700		%	5.200		%	6.500		%

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The balances of the liability and equity components of all the Convertible Notes and Exchangeable Notes outstanding were as follows (in thousands):



	June 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
Liability component—principal amount	$	656,000		$	656,000
Unamortized debt discount	(29,994		)	(36,361		)
Liability component—net carrying amount	$	626,006		$	619,639
Equity component	$	76,351		$	76,351

The debt discount is being amortized into interest expense over the remaining life of the Convertible Notes and Exchangeable Notes using the effective interest rates. Interest expense related to the Convertible Notes and Exchangeable Notes was as follows (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Interest expense—stated coupon rate	$	5,571	$	3,651	$	10,908	$	7,293
Interest expense—amortization of debt discount	3,244		2,464		6,365		4,892
Total interest expense—Convertible Notes and Exchangeable Notes	$	8,815	$	6,115	$	17,273	$	12,185

Hedge Transactions

In order to reduce the risk related to the potential dilution and/or the potential cash payments the Company may be required to make in the event that the market price of the Company’s common stock becomes greater than the conversion or exchange prices of the Convertible Notes and the Exchangeable Notes, the Company maintains a hedge program that increases the effective conversion or exchange price for the 2020 Convertible Notes, the 2021 Convertible Notes and the Exchangeable Notes. The Company did not hedge the 2022 Convertible Notes.

The details of the hedge program for each of the Convertible Notes and Exchangeable Notes are listed below (in thousands, except conversion price):



	2020 Convertible Notes		2021 Convertible Notes		2023 Exchangeable Notes
Cost of the hedge transaction(s)	$	18,113	$	19,545	$	17,785
Initial conversion or exchange price	$	45.72	$	59.39	$	44.62
Effective conversion or exchange price	$	61.55	$	83.14	$	62.48

Cabot Senior Secured Notes

The following table provides a summary of the Cabot senior secured notes ($ in thousands):



	June 30, 2019		December 31, 2018		Maturity date	Interest rate
Floating rate senior secured notes due 2024	$	454,691	$	—	June 2024	EURIBOR +6.375%
Floating rate senior secured notes due 2021	—		356,067		November 2021	EURIBOR +5.875%
Senior secured notes due 2023	651,340		653,355		October 2023	7.500	%
Senior secured notes due 2021	—		101,977		April 2021	6.500	%
	$	1,106,031	$	1,111,399

In June 2019, Cabot Financial (Luxembourg) II S.A. (“Cabot Financial II”), an indirect subsidiary of Encore, issued €400.0 million (approximately $452.0 million) in aggregate principal amount of Senior Secured Floating Rate Notes due 2024 (the “2024 Cabot Floating Rate Notes”). The 2024 Cabot Floating Rate Notes will mature on June 14, 2024 and bear interest at a rate equal to the sum of (i) three-month EURIBOR (subject to a 0% floor) plus (ii) 6.375%, reset quarterly. Interest is payable quarterly in arrears on January 15, April 15, July 15 and October 15 of each year.

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The proceeds from the issuance of the 2024 Cabot Floating Rate Notes, together with cash on hand, were used to (1) fully redeem existing €310.0 million (approximately $350.3 million) floating rate notes due in November 2021 and pay premium and accrued interest thereon, (2) fully redeem existing £80.0 million (approximately $101.6 million) senior secured notes due in April 2021 and pay accrued interest thereon, and (3) pay commissions, fees and other expenses. The transaction was treated as a debt extinguishment and related fees of approximately $9.0 million were recorded as interest expense in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019.

The 2024 Cabot Floating Rate Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a senior secured basis by the following indirect subsidiaries of the Company: CCM, Cabot Financial Limited and all material subsidiaries of Cabot Financial Limited (other than Cabot Financial II, Marlin Intermediate Holdings plc, Cabot Securitisation UK Limited and Cabot Securitisation (UK) II Limited). The 2024 Cabot Floating Rate Notes are secured by a first-ranking security interest in all the outstanding shares of Cabot Financial II and the guarantors (other than CCM and Marlin Midway Limited) and substantially all the assets of Cabot Financial II and the guarantors (other than CCM).

Cabot Financial (Luxembourg) S.A. (“Cabot Financial”) has issued £512.9 million (approximately $651.3 million) in aggregate principal amount of 7.500% Senior Secured Notes due 2023 (the “Cabot 2023 Notes”). Interest on the Cabot 2023 Notes is payable semi-annually, in arrears, on April 1 and October 1 of each year. The Cabot 2023 Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a senior secured basis by the following indirect subsidiaries of the Company: CCM, Cabot Financial Limited, and all material subsidiaries of Cabot Financial Limited (other than Cabot Financial, Marlin Intermediate Holdings plc, Cabot Securitisation UK Limited and Cabot Securitisation (UK) II Limited). The Cabot Notes are secured by a first ranking security interest in all the outstanding shares of Cabot Financial and the guarantors (other than CCM and Marlin Midway Limited) and substantially all the assets of Cabot Financial and the guarantors (other than CCM). Subject to the Intercreditor Agreement described below under “Cabot Senior Revolving Credit Facility”, the guarantees provided in respect of the Cabot Notes are pari passu with each such guarantee given in respect of the 2024 Cabot Floating Rate Notes and the Cabot Credit Facility described below.

Interest expense related to the Cabot senior secured notes was as follows (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Interest expense—stated coupon rate	$	23,678	$	21,239	$	47,333	$	42,839
Interest expense—amortization of debt discount	81		119		200		3
Total interest expense—Cabot senior secured notes	$	23,759	$	21,358	$	47,533	$	42,842

Cabot Senior Revolving Credit Facilities

In November 2018, Cabot Financial (UK) Limited (“Cabot Financial UK”) entered into an amended and restated senior secured revolving credit facility agreement (as amended and restated, the “Cabot Credit Facility”). As of June 30, 2019, the Cabot Credit Facility provides for a total committed facility of £385.0 million of which £375.0 million expires in September 2022 and £10.0 million expires in September 2021, and included the following key provisions:


•	Interest at LIBOR (or EURIBOR for any loan drawn in euro) plus 3.00% per annum for the £375.0 million facility, and interest at LIBOR (or EURIBOR for any loan drawn in euro) plus 3.25% per annum for the £10.0 million facility;


•	A restrictive covenant that limits the loan to value ratio to 0.75 in the event that the Cabot Credit Facility is more than 20% utilized;


•	A restrictive covenant that limits the super senior loan (i.e. the Cabot Credit Facility and any super priority hedging liabilities) to value ratio to 0.275;


•	Additional restrictions and covenants which limit, among other things, the payment of dividends and the incurrence of additional indebtedness and liens; and


•	Events of default which, upon occurrence, may permit the lenders to terminate the Cabot Credit Facility and declare all amounts outstanding to be immediately due and payable.

The Cabot Credit Facility is unconditionally guaranteed by the following indirect subsidiaries of the Company: CCM, Cabot Financial Limited, and all material subsidiaries of Cabot Financial Limited. The Cabot Credit Facility is secured by first ranking security interests in all the outstanding shares of Cabot Financial UK and the guarantors (other than CCM) and

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substantially all the assets of Cabot Financial UK and the guarantors (other than CCM). Pursuant to the terms of intercreditor agreements entered into with respect to the relative positions of the Cabot Notes, the Cabot Floating Rate Notes, and the Cabot Credit Facility, any liabilities in respect of obligations under the Cabot Credit Facility that are secured by assets that also secure the Cabot Notes, the Cabot Floating Rate Notes will receive priority with respect to any proceeds received upon any enforcement action over any such assets.

At June 30, 2019, the outstanding borrowings under the Cabot Credit Facilities were £229.5 million (approximately $291.4 million). The weighted average interest rate was 3.36% and 3.68% for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and 3.36% and 3.72% for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Available capacity under the Cabot Credit Facility, after taking into account borrowing base and applicable debt covenants, was £155.5 million (approximately $197.5 million) as of June 30, 2019.

Cabot Securitisation Senior Facility

Cabot’s wholly owned subsidiary Cabot Securitisation UK Ltd (“Cabot Securitisation”) entered into a senior facility agreement (the “Senior Facility Agreement”) for a committed amount of £300.0 million, of which £300.0 million was drawn as of June 30, 2019. The Senior Facility Agreement matures in September 2023. The obligations of Cabot Securitisation under the Senior Facility Agreement are secured by first ranking security interests over all of Cabot Securitisation’s property, assets and rights (including receivables purchased from Cabot Financial UK from time to time), the book value of which was approximately £331.8 million (approximately $421.3 million) as of June 30, 2019. Funds drawn under the Senior Facility Agreement will bear interest at a rate per annum equal to LIBOR plus a margin of 2.85%.

In November 2018, Cabot’s wholly owned subsidiary Cabot Securitisation UK II Ltd (“Cabot Securitisation II”) entered into a new non-recourse asset backed senior facility of £50.0 million, with a maturity date in September 2023. The facility is secured by first ranking security interests over all of Cabot Securitisation II’s property, assets and rights (including receivables purchased from Cabot Financial UK from time to time), the book value of which was approximately £52.7 million (approximately $66.9 million) as of June 30, 2019. Funds drawn under this facility will bear interest at a rate per annum equal to LIBOR plus a margin of 4.075%.

At June 30, 2019, the outstanding borrowings under the Cabot Securitisation Senior Facility were approximately $444.5 million (£350.0 million). The weighted average interest rate was 3.75% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 3.35% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018.

Cabot Securitisation and Cabot Securitisation II are securitized financing vehicles and are VIEs for consolidation purposes. Refer to Note 9, “Variable Interest Entities,” for further details.

Finance Lease Liabilities

The Company has finance lease liabilities primarily for computer equipment. As of June 30, 2019, the Company’s finance lease liabilities were approximately $8.4 million. Refer to “Note 11: Leases” for further details.

Note 9: Variable Interest Entities

A VIE is defined as a legal entity whose equity owners do not have sufficient equity at risk, or, as a group, the holders of the equity investment at risk lack any of the following three characteristics: decision-making rights, the obligation to absorb expected losses, or the right to receive expected residual returns of the entity. The primary beneficiary is identified as the variable interest holder that has both the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly affect the entity’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb expected losses or the right to receive benefits from the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The Company consolidates VIEs when it is the primary beneficiary.

The Company evaluates its relationships with its VIEs on an ongoing basis to ensure that it continues to be the primary beneficiary. A reconsideration event is significant if it changes the design of the entity or the entity’s equity investment at risk. Prior to the purchase of all of the outstanding equity of CCM not owned by the Company, CCM’s indirect holding Company Janus Holdings S.a r.l. (“Janus Holdings”) was a VIE. Upon completion of the Cabot Transaction on July 24, 2018 and the subsequent change in organizational structure, Janus Holdings no longer qualified as a VIE and CCM is consolidated via the voting interest model.

As of June 30, 2019, the Company’s VIEs include certain securitized financing vehicles and other immaterial special purpose entities that were created to purchase receivable portfolios in certain geographies. The Company is the primary beneficiary of these VIEs.

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Most assets recognized as a result of consolidating these VIEs do not represent additional assets that could be used to satisfy claims against the Company’s general assets. Conversely, liabilities recognized as a result of consolidating these VIEs do not represent additional claims on the Company’s general assets; rather, they represent claims against the specific assets of the VIE.

Note 10: Income Taxes

Income tax expense was $11.8 million and $11.3 million during the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $15.4 million and $20.8 million during the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The decrease in income tax expense for the six months ended June 30, 2019 as compared to the corresponding period in 2018 was primarily due to the recording of a tax benefit of approximately $9.1 million related to a tax accounting method change for revenue reporting approved by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) during the first quarter of 2019.

The effective tax rates for the respective periods are shown below:



	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Federal provision	21.0	%	21.0	%	21.0	%	21.0	%
State provision	3.6	%	1.5	%	3.0	%	1.5	%
Change in valuation allowance	2.6	%	16.6	%	2.2	%	15.5	%
Foreign income taxed at different rates⁽¹⁾	(3.8	)%	(8.1	)%	(2.3	)%	(7.7	)%
Change in tax accounting method⁽²⁾	—	%	—	%	(8.9	)%	—	%
Other	0.8	%	(1.5	)%	0.2	%	(1.2	)%
Effective rate	24.2	%	29.5	%	15.2	%	29.1	%

________________________


(1)	Relates primarily to lower tax rates attributable to international operations.


(2)	During the first quarter of 2019, the Company received IRS approval for a tax accounting method change related to revenue reporting. The revised tax accounting method more closely aligns with the Company’s book accounting method for revenue reporting.

In accordance with the authoritative guidance for income taxes, each interim period is considered an integral part of the annual period and tax expense or benefit is measured using an estimated annual effective income tax rate. The estimated annual effective tax rate for the full year is applied to the respective interim period, taking into account year-to-date amounts and projected amounts for the year. Since the Company operates in foreign countries with varying tax rates, the impact of the results the international operations have on the Company’s quarterly effective tax rate is dependent on the level of income or loss from the international operations in the period.

The Company’s subsidiary in Costa Rica is operating under a 100% tax holiday through December 31, 2026. The impact of the tax holiday in Costa Rica for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, was immaterial.

The Company had gross unrecognized tax benefits, inclusive of penalties and interest, of $19.9 million at June 30, 2019. These unrecognized tax benefits, if recognized, would result in a net tax benefit of $13.0 million as of June 30, 2019. There were no material changes in gross unrecognized tax benefits from December 31, 2018.

Of the Company’s $168.6 million of cash and cash equivalents as of June 30, 2019, $139.3 million was held outside of the United States. Following the enactment of the Tax Reform Act and the associated transition tax, in general, repatriation of cash to the United States can be completed with no incremental U.S. tax. However, repatriation of cash could subject the Company to non-U.S. jurisdictional taxes on distributions. The Company maintains non-U.S. funds in its foreign operations to (1) provide adequate working capital, (2) satisfy various regulatory requirements, and (3) take advantage of business expansion opportunities as they arise. The non-U.S. jurisdictional taxes applicable to foreign earnings are not readily determinable or practicable. The Company regularly evaluates its election to indefinitely reinvest its non-U.S. earnings. As of June 30, 2019, management believes that it has sufficient liquidity to satisfy its cash needs, including its cash needs in the United States.

Note 11: Leases

Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted Topic 842 using the modified retrospective method. As such, the Company recognized operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and operating lease liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial condition. Prior period financial statements were not adjusted under the new standard and therefore, those amounts

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are not presented below. The Company elected not to apply the recognition requirements to short-term leases, not to separate non-lease components from lease components, and elected the transition provisions available for existing contracts, which allowed the Company to carryforward its historical assessments of (1) whether contracts are or contain a lease, (2) lease classification, and (3) initial direct costs.

ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset during the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company's obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the net present value of fixed lease payments over the lease term. The Company’s lease term includes options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that it will exercise that option. ROU assets also include any advance lease payments made and are net of any lease incentives. As most of the Company’s operating leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments.

The majority of the Company’s leases are for corporate offices, various facilities and information technology equipment. The components of lease expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 were as follows (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019		2019
Operating lease costs⁽¹⁾	$	3,877	$	8,655
Finance lease costs
Amortization of right-of-use assets	376		813
Interest on lease liabilities	241		415
Total lease costs	$	4,494	$	9,883

________________________


(1)	Operating lease expenses are included in general and administrative expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Costs include short-term and variable lease components which were not material for the periods.

The following table provides supplemental consolidated balance sheet information related to leases as of June 30, 2019 (in thousands):



	Classification	June 30, 2019
Assets
Operating lease right-of-use assets	Other assets	$	95,954
Finance lease right-of-use assets	Property and equipment, net	8,498
Total lease right-of-use assets		$	104,452

Liabilities
Operating lease liabilities	Other liabilities	$	109,518
Finance lease liabilities	Debt, net	8,429
Total lease liabilities		$	117,947

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Supplemental lease information is summarized below (in thousands, except rate and lease term):



	Three Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019		2019
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease obligations	$	655	$	110,252
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease obligations	2,933		2,933
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating leases - operating cash flows	2,672		6,861
Finance leases - operating cash flows	241		415
Finance leases - financing cash flows	547		965



	June 30, 2019
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years)
Operating leases	7.9
Finance leases	3.5
Weighted-average discount rate
Operating leases⁽¹⁾	5.4	%
Finance leases	4.7	%

________________________


(1)	Upon adoption of the new lease standard, discount rates used for existing operating leases were established at January 1, 2019.

Minimum future payments on noncancelable operating leases as of June 30, 2019 are summarized as follows (in thousands):



	Finance Leases			Operating Leases			Total
2019⁽¹⁾	$	1,305		$	7,399		$	8,704
2020	2,639			17,893			20,532
2021	2,467			18,917			21,384
2022	2,234			16,290			18,524
2023	499			14,311			14,810
Thereafter	—			59,445			59,445
Total undiscounted lease payments	9,144			134,255			143,399
Less: imputed interest	(715		)	(24,737		)	(25,452		)
Lease obligations	$	8,429		$	109,518		$	117,947

________________________


(1)	2019 amount consists of six months data from July 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019.

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As previously disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 and under the previous lease accounting standard, minimum future payments on noncancelable operating leases as of December 31, 2018 are summarized as follows (in thousands):



	Finance Leases			Operating Leases		Total
2019	$	2,507		$	16,538	$	19,045
2020	1,983			13,850		15,833
2021	1,844			13,044		14,888
2022	1,630			11,737		13,367
2023	204			9,741		9,945
Thereafter	—			37,997		37,997
Total minimal leases payments	8,168			$	102,907	$	111,075
Less: Interest	(605		)
Present value of minimal lease payments	$	7,563

Note 12: Commitments and Contingencies

Litigation and Regulatory

The Company is involved in disputes, legal actions, regulatory investigations, inquiries, and other actions from time to time in the ordinary course of business. The Company, along with others in its industry, is routinely subject to legal actions based on the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (“FDCPA”), comparable state statutes, the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”), state and federal unfair competition statutes, and common law causes of action. The violations of law investigated or alleged in these actions often include claims that the Company lacks specified licenses to conduct its business, attempts to collect debts on which the statute of limitations has run, has made inaccurate or unsupported assertions of fact in support of its collection actions and/or has acted improperly in connection with its efforts to contact consumers. Such litigation and regulatory actions could involve potential compensatory or punitive damage claims, fines, sanctions, injunctive relief, or changes in business practices. Many continue on for some length of time and involve substantial investigation, litigation, negotiation, and other expense and effort before a result is achieved, and during the process the Company often cannot determine the substance or timing of any eventual outcome.

At June 30, 2019, there were no material developments in any of the legal proceedings disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.

In certain legal proceedings, the Company may have recourse to insurance or third party contractual indemnities to cover all or portions of its litigation expenses, judgments, or settlements. In accordance with authoritative guidance, the Company records loss contingencies in its financial statements only for matters in which losses are probable and can be reasonably estimated. Where a range of loss can be reasonably estimated with no best estimate in the range, the Company records the minimum estimated liability. The Company continuously assesses the potential liability related to its pending litigation and regulatory matters and revises its estimates when additional information becomes available. The Company’s legal costs are recorded to expense as incurred. As of June 30, 2019, the Company has no material reserves for legal matters.

Purchase Commitments

In the normal course of business, the Company enters into forward flow purchase agreements and other purchase commitment agreements. As of June 30, 2019, the Company had entered into agreements to purchase receivable portfolios with a face value of approximately $2.4 billion for a purchase price of approximately $325.6 million. Most purchase commitments do not extend past one year.

Note 13: Segment and Geographic Information

The Company conducts business through several operating segments that have similar economic and other qualitative characteristics and have been aggregated in accordance with authoritative guidance into one reportable segment, portfolio purchasing and recovery. Since the Company operates in one reportable segment, all required segment information can be found in the consolidated financial statements.

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The Company has operations in the United States, Europe and other foreign countries. The following table presents the Company’s total revenues, adjusted by net allowances by geographic areas in which the Company operates (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Revenues, adjusted by net allowances⁽¹⁾:
United States	$	199,388	$	179,843	$	388,760	$	351,787
International
Europe⁽²⁾	130,919		144,462		266,195		275,076
Other geographies	16,567		25,442		38,996		49,672
	147,486		169,904		305,191		324,748
Total	$	346,874	$	349,747	$	693,951	$	676,535

________________________


(1)	Revenues, adjusted by net allowances, are attributed to countries based on consumer location. Revenues primarily include portfolio revenues and fee-based income earned on accounts collected on behalf of others.


(2)	Based on the financial information that is used to produce the general-purpose financial statements, providing further geographic information is impracticable.

Note 14: Goodwill and Identifiable Intangible Assets

In accordance with authoritative guidance, goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level annually and in interim periods if certain events occur that indicate that the fair value of a reporting unit may be below its carrying value. Determining the number of reporting units and the fair value of a reporting unit requires the Company to make judgments and involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions.

The annual goodwill testing date for the reporting units that are included in the portfolio purchasing and recovery reportable segment is October 1st. There have been no events or circumstances during the six months ended June 30, 2019 that have required the Company to perform an interim assessment of goodwill carried at these reporting units. Management continues to evaluate and monitor all key factors impacting the carrying value of the Company’s recorded goodwill and long-lived assets. Adverse changes in the Company’s actual or expected operating results, market capitalization, business climate, economic factors or other negative events that may be outside the control of management could result in a material non-cash impairment charge in the future.

The Company’s goodwill is attributable to reporting units included in its portfolio purchasing and recovery segment. The following table summarizes the activity in the Company’s goodwill balance (in thousands):



	Total
Balance, December 31, 2018	$	868,126
Effect of foreign currency translation	14,758
Balance, March 31, 2019	882,884
Effect of foreign currency translation	(17,357		)
Balance, June 30, 2019	$	865,527

The Company’s acquired intangible assets are summarized as follows (in thousands):



	As of June 30, 2019							As of December 31, 2018
	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net Carrying Amount		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net Carrying Amount
Customer relationships	$	65,658	$	(12,902	)	$	52,756	$	73,458	$	(17,025	)	$	56,433
Developed technologies	6,728		(5,929		)	799		7,461		(6,446		)	1,015
Trade name and other	7,855		(4,969		)	2,886		8,346		(5,213		)	3,133
Total intangible assets	$	80,241	$	(23,800	)	$	56,441	$	89,265	$	(28,684	)	$	60,581

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Item 2 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains “forward-looking statements” relating to Encore Capital Group, Inc. (“Encore”) and its subsidiaries (which we may collectively refer to as the “Company,” “we,” “our” or “us”) within the meaning of the securities laws. The words “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “project,” “intend,” “plan,” “will,” “may,” and similar expressions often characterize forward-looking statements. These statements may include, but are not limited to, projections of collections, revenues, income or loss, estimates of capital expenditures, plans for future operations, products or services and financing needs or plans, as well as assumptions relating to these matters. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, we caution that these expectations or predictions may not prove to be correct or we may not achieve the financial results, savings, or other benefits anticipated in the forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are necessarily estimates reflecting the best judgment of our senior management and involve a number of risks and uncertainties, some of which may be beyond our control or cannot be predicted or quantified, that could cause actual results to differ materially from those suggested by the forward-looking statements. Many factors including, but not limited to, those set forth in our Annual Report on Form 10-K under “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors,” could cause our actual results, performance, achievements, or industry results to be very different from the results, performance, achievements or industry results expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Our business, financial condition, or results of operations could also be materially and adversely affected by other factors besides those listed. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date the statements were made. We do not undertake any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements to reflect new information or future events, or for any other reason, even if experience or future events make it clear that any expected results expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements will not be realized. In addition, it is generally our policy not to make any specific projections as to future earnings, and we do not endorse projections regarding future performance that may be made by third parties.

Our Business

We are an international specialty finance company providing debt recovery solutions and other related services for consumers across a broad range of financial assets. We primarily purchase portfolios of defaulted consumer receivables at deep discounts to face value and manage them by working with individuals as they repay their obligations and work toward financial recovery. Defaulted receivables are consumers’ unpaid financial commitments to credit originators, including banks, credit unions, consumer finance companies and commercial retailers. Defaulted receivables may also include receivables subject to bankruptcy proceedings. We also provide debt servicing and other portfolio management services to credit originators for non-performing loans.

Encore Capital Group, Inc. (“Encore”) has three primary business units: MCM, which consists of Midland Credit Management, Inc. and its subsidiaries and domestic affiliates; Cabot, which consists of Cabot Credit Management Limited (“CCM”) and its subsidiaries and European affiliates, and LAAP, which is comprised of our investments and operations in Latin America and Asia-Pacific.

MCM (United States)

Through MCM we are a market leader in portfolio purchasing and recovery in the United States, including Puerto Rico.

Cabot (Europe)

Through Cabot we are one of the largest credit management services providers in Europe and a market leader in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Cabot, in addition to its primary business of portfolio purchasing and recovery, also provides a range of debt servicing offerings such as early stage collections, business process outsourcing (“BPO”), contingent collections, trace services and litigation activities. Cabot strengthened its debt servicing offerings with the acquisition of Wescot Credit Services Limited (“Wescot”), a leading U.K. contingency debt collection and BPO services company in November 2017. Previously we controlled CCM via our majority ownership interest in an indirect holding company of CCM. In July 2018, we completed the purchase of all of the outstanding equity of CCM not owned by us (the “Cabot Transaction”). As a result, CCM became a wholly owned subsidiary of Encore.

LAAP (Latin America and Asia-Pacific)

We have purchased non-performing loans in Colombia, Peru, Mexico and Brazil. Our subsidiary Baycorp Holdings Pty Limited (together with its subsidiaries, “Baycorp”) specializes in the management of non-performing loans in Australia and

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New Zealand. In addition to purchasing defaulted receivables, Baycorp offers portfolio management services to banks for non-performing loans. Additionally, we have invested in Encore Asset Reconstruction Company (“EARC”) in India.

To date, operating results from LAAP have not been significant to our total consolidated operating results. Our long-term growth strategy is focused on continuing to invest in our core portfolio purchasing and recovery business through MCM and strengthening and developing our Cabot business.

Government Regulation

MCM (United States)

As discussed in more detail under “Part I - Item 1 - Business - Government Regulation” contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, our U.S. debt purchasing business and collection activities are subject to federal, state and municipal statutes, rules, regulations and ordinances that establish specific guidelines and procedures that debt purchasers and collectors must follow when collecting consumer accounts, including among others, specific guidelines and procedures for communicating with consumers and prohibitions on unfair, deceptive or abusive debt collection practices.

On May 7, 2019, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”) issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (“NPRM”) regarding debt collection. The NPRM proposes rules related to, among other things: disclosures by debt collectors to consumers; requirements for debt validation; use of newer technologies (text, voicemail and email) to communicate with consumers; and limits relating to telephonic communications. The industry and public have a 90-day period to comment on the proposed rules, which has since been extended by 30 days. The CFPB will then evaluate any comments and issue the final rules. It is anticipated that the final rules will be issued in late 2019 or early 2020, with an effective date one year after the final rules are issued.

Cabot (Europe)

As discussed in more detail under “Part I - Item 1 - Business - Government Regulation” contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, our operations in Europe are affected by foreign statutes, rules and regulations regarding debt collection and debt purchase activities. These statutes, rules, regulations, ordinances, guidelines and procedures are modified from time to time by the relevant authorities charged with their administration, which could affect the way we conduct our business.

Portfolio Purchasing and Recovery

MCM (United States)

In the United States, the defaulted consumer receivable portfolios we purchase are primarily charged-off credit card debt portfolios. A small percentage of our capital deployment in the United States comprises of receivable portfolios subject to Chapter 13 and Chapter 7 bankruptcy proceedings.

We purchase receivables based on robust, account-level valuation methods and employ proprietary statistical and behavioral models across our U.S. operations. These methods and models allow us to value portfolios accurately (and limit the risk of overpaying), avoid buying portfolios that are incompatible with our methods or strategies and align the accounts we purchase with our business channels to maximize future collections. As a result, we have been able to realize significant returns from the receivables we acquire. We maintain strong relationships with many of the largest financial service providers in the United States.

Cabot (Europe)

In Europe, our purchased under-performing debt portfolios primarily consist of paying and non-paying consumer loan accounts. We also purchase certain secured mortgage portfolios and portfolios that are in insolvency status, in particular, individual voluntary arrangements.

We purchase paying and non-paying receivable portfolios using a proprietary pricing model that utilizes account-level statistical and behavioral data. This model allows us to value portfolios with a high degree of accuracy and quantify portfolio performance in order to maximize future collections. As a result, we have been able to realize significant returns from the assets we have acquired. We maintain strong relationships with many of the largest financial services providers in the United Kingdom and continue to expand in the United Kingdom and the rest of Europe with our acquisitions of portfolios and other credit management services providers.

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Purchases and Collections

Portfolio Pricing, Supply and Demand

MCM (United States)

Industry delinquency and charge-off rates have continued to increase, creating higher volumes of charged-off accounts that are sold. In addition, issuers have continued to sell predominantly fresh portfolios. Fresh portfolios are portfolios that are generally sold within six months of the consumer’s account being charged-off by the financial institution. Meanwhile pricing remains favorable. In addition to selling a higher volume of charged-off accounts, issuers continued to sell their volume in mostly forward flow arrangements that are often committed early in the calendar year.

We believe that smaller competitors continue to face difficulties in the portfolio purchasing market because of the high cost to operate due to regulatory pressure and because issuers are being more selective with buyers in the marketplace. We believe this favors larger participants, such as Encore, because the larger market participants are better able to adapt to these pressures and commit to larger forward flow agreements.

Cabot (Europe)

The U.K. market for charged-off portfolios continues to grow, despite an on-going historic low level of charge-off rates, as creditors choose to both sell more of their debt and sell at earlier stages. The near record levels of consumer indebtedness suggests that charged-off debt will increase over time and, together with recent commitments by major debt purchasers to deliver a deleveraging profile, cause us to believe that pricing pressure will soften in the future.

The Spanish debt market continues to be one of the largest in Europe with a significant amount of debt to be sold and serviced. In particular, we anticipate strong debt purchasing and servicing opportunities in the secured and small and medium enterprise asset classes given the backlog of non-performing debt that has accumulated in these sectors. Additionally, financial institutions continue to experience both market and regulatory pressure to dispose of non-performing loans which should further increase debt purchasing opportunities in Spain.

Although pricing has been elevated, we believe that as our European businesses increase in scale and continue to improve liquidation and collection efficiencies, our margins will remain competitive. Additionally, our continuing investment in our litigation liquidation channel has enabled us to collect from consumers who have the ability to pay but have so far been unwilling to do so. This also enables us to mitigate some of the impact of elevated pricing.

Purchases by Geographic Location

The following table summarizes the geographic locations of receivable portfolios we purchased during the periods presented (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
MCM (United States)	$	179,877	$	202,512	$	354,104	$	381,550
Cabot (Europe)	57,206		147,012		140,846		234,327
Other geographies	5,614		10,056		10,082		20,465
Total purchases	$	242,697	$	359,580	$	505,032	$	636,342

During the three months ended June 30, 2019, we invested $242.7 million to acquire receivable portfolios, with face values aggregating $2.3 billion, for an average purchase price of 10.5% of face value. The amount invested in receivable portfolios decreased $116.9 million, or 32.5%, compared with the $359.6 million invested during the three months ended June 30, 2018, to acquire receivable portfolios with face values aggregating $2.9 billion, for an average purchase price of 12.5% of face value.

During the six months ended June 30, 2019, we invested $505.0 million to acquire receivable portfolios, with face values aggregating $4.0 billion, for an average purchase price of 12.5% of face value. The amount invested in receivable portfolios decreased $131.3 million, or 20.6%, compared with the $636.3 million invested during the six months ended June 30, 2018, to acquire receivable portfolios with face values aggregating $4.7 billion, for an average purchase price of 13.6% of face value.

In the United States, capital deployment decreased for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, as compared to the corresponding periods in the prior year. The majority of our deployments in the U.S. are in forward flow agreements, and the

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timing, contract duration, and volumes for each contract can fluctuate leading to minor variation when comparing to prior periods.

In Europe, capital deployment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 decreased as compared to the corresponding periods in the prior year. The decreases were primarily the result of a more selective purchasing process in conjunction with a plan to reduce European debt leverage over time.

The average purchase price, as a percentage of face value, varies from period to period depending on, among other factors, the quality of the accounts purchased and the length of time from charge-off to the time we purchase the portfolios.

Collections by Channel and Geographic Location

We utilize three channels for the collection of our receivables: call center and digital collections; legal collections; and collection agencies. The call center and digital collections channel consists of collections that result from our call centers, direct mail program and online collections. The legal collections channel consists of collections that result from our internal legal channel or from our network of retained law firms. The collection agencies channel consists of collections from third-party collection agencies that we utilize when we believe they can liquidate better or less expensively than we can or to supplement capacity in our internal call centers. The collection agencies channel also includes collections on accounts purchased where we maintain the collection agency servicing until the accounts can be recalled and placed in our collection channels. The following table summarizes the total collections by collection channel and geographic area (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
MCM (United States)⁽¹⁾:
Call center and digital collections	$	184,380	$	165,277	$	369,635	$	326,770
Legal collections	145,991		140,955		287,027		273,597
Collection agencies	2,920		4,573		6,223		9,405
Subtotal	333,291		310,805		662,885		609,772
Cabot (Europe)⁽¹⁾:
Call center and digital collections	65,675		67,310		128,340		149,321
Legal collections	49,351		44,890		100,009		76,270
Collection agencies	43,233		44,733		90,710		93,519
Subtotal	158,259		156,933		319,059		319,110
Other geographies⁽²⁾:
Call center and digital collections	10,037		22,259		20,237		44,430
Legal collections	1,267		2,304		2,797		4,411
Collection agencies	12,027		3,792		23,756		7,472
Subtotal	23,331		28,355		46,790		56,313
Total collections	$	514,881	$	496,093	$	1,028,734	$	985,195

________________________


(1)	Certain reclassifications have been made for prior periods.


(2)	In December 2018, we completed the sale of all our interest in Refinancia S.A. (“Refinancia”), which remains the servicer for the non-performing loans we own in Colombia and Peru. As such, subsequent to December 2018, collections for these non-performing loans are classified as collection agency collections instead of call center and digital collections.

Gross collections increased by $18.8 million, or 3.8%, to $514.9 million during the three months ended June 30, 2019, from $496.1 million during the three months ended June 30, 2018. Gross collections increased by $43.5 million, or 4.4%, to $1,028.7 million during the six months ended June 30, 2019, from $985.2 million during the six months ended June 30, 2018.

The increase of collections in the United States during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 as compared to the corresponding periods in the prior year was primarily due to the acquisition of portfolios with higher returns in recent periods, the increase in our collection capacity, and our continued effort in improving liquidation. The collections in Europe during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 positively benefited from certain liquidation improvement initiatives offset by the unfavorable impact of foreign currency translation, which was primarily the result of the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the British Pound.

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Results of Operations

Results of operations, in dollars and as a percentage of total revenues, adjusted by net allowances, were as follows (in thousands, except percentages):



	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2019					2018
Revenues
Revenue from receivable portfolios	$	312,495		90.1	%	$	292,662		83.7	%
Other revenues	32,316			9.3	%	39,453			11.3	%
Total revenues	344,811			99.4	%	332,115			95.0	%
Allowance reversals on receivable portfolios, net	2,063			0.6	%	17,632			5.0	%
Total revenues, adjusted by net allowances	346,874			100.0	%	349,747			100.0	%
Operating expenses
Salaries and employee benefits	96,227			27.7	%	90,960			26.0	%
Cost of legal collections	51,448			14.8	%	51,255			14.7	%
Other operating expenses	29,546			8.5	%	39,039			11.2	%
Collection agency commissions	13,560			3.9	%	12,151			3.5	%
General and administrative expenses	32,620			9.4	%	41,986			12.0	%
Depreciation and amortization	9,741			2.8	%	10,923			3.0	%
Total operating expenses	233,142			67.2	%	246,314			70.4	%
Income from operations	113,732			32.8	%	103,433			29.6	%
Other expense
Interest expense	(63,913		)	(18.4	)%	(60,536		)	(17.3	)%
Other expense	(1,244		)	(0.4	)%	(4,615		)	(1.3	)%
Total other expense	(65,157		)	(18.8	)%	(65,151		)	(18.6	)%
Income from operations before income taxes	48,575			14.0	%	38,282			10.9	%
Provision for income taxes	(11,753		)	(3.4	)%	(11,308		)	(3.2	)%
Net income	36,822			10.6	%	26,974			7.7	%
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest	(161		)	0.0	%	(676		)	(0.2	)%
Net income attributable to Encore Capital Group, Inc. stockholders	$	36,661		10.6	%	$	26,298		7.5	%

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	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019					2018
Revenues
Revenue from receivable portfolios	$	623,653		89.9	%	$	573,671		84.8	%
Other revenues	66,868			9.6	%	75,421			11.1	%
Total revenues	690,521			99.5	%	649,092			95.9	%
Allowance reversals on receivable portfolios, net	3,430			0.5	%	27,443			4.1	%
Total revenues, adjusted by net allowances	693,951			100.0	%	676,535			100.0	%
Operating expenses
Salaries and employee benefits	188,061			27.1	%	180,219			26.6	%
Cost of legal collections	100,475			14.5	%	105,110			15.5	%
Other operating expenses	59,160			8.5	%	72,787			10.8	%
Collection agency commissions	29,562			4.3	%	23,905			3.5	%
General and administrative expenses	72,167			10.4	%	81,270			12.0	%
Depreciation and amortization	19,736			2.8	%	21,359			3.2	%
Total operating expenses	469,161			67.6	%	484,650			71.6	%
Income from operations	224,790			32.4	%	191,885			28.4	%
Other expense
Interest expense	(118,880		)	(17.1	)%	(117,998		)	(17.4	)%
Other expense	(4,220		)	(0.6	)%	(2,422		)	(0.4	)%
Total other expense	(123,100		)	(17.7	)%	(120,420		)	(17.8	)%
Income from operations before income taxes	101,690			14.7	%	71,465			10.6	%
Provision for income taxes	(15,426		)	(2.2	)%	(20,778		)	(3.1	)%
Net income	86,264			12.5	%	50,687			7.5	%
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest	(349		)	(0.1	)%	(2,562		)	(0.4	)%
Net income attributable to Encore Capital Group, Inc. stockholders	$	85,915		12.4	%	$	48,125		7.1	%

Results of Operations—Cabot Credit Management Limited

The following table summarizes the operating results contributed by CCM (which does not consolidate the results of its European affiliate Grove Europe S.á r.l.) during the periods presented (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Total revenues, adjusted by net allowances	$	126,993		$	134,641		$	256,005		$	256,866
Total operating expenses	(67,908		)	(71,782		)	(138,407		)	(143,001		)
Income from operations	59,085			62,859			117,598			113,865
Interest expense-non-PEC	(37,817		)	(31,281		)	(66,772		)	(60,027		)
PEC interest expense	—			(7,634		)	—			(15,355		)
Other income (expense)	436			(187		)	134			591
Income before income taxes	21,704			23,757			50,960			39,074
Provision for income taxes	(3,401		)	(4,462		)	(8,832		)	(9,241		)
Net income	18,303			19,295			42,128			29,833
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest	(161		)	(6,833		)	(349		)	(8,742		)
Net income attributable to Encore Capital Group, Inc. stockholders	$	18,142		$	12,462		$	41,779		$	21,091

Table of Contents

Comparison of Results of Operations

Revenues

Our revenues consist of revenue from receivable portfolios and other revenues.

Revenue from receivable portfolios consists of accretion revenue and zero basis revenue. Accretion revenue represents revenue derived from pools (quarterly groupings of purchased receivable portfolios) with a cost basis that has not been fully amortized. Revenue from pools with a remaining unamortized cost basis is accrued based on each pool’s effective interest rate applied to each pool’s remaining unamortized cost basis. The cost basis of each pool is increased by revenue earned and decreased by gross collections and portfolio allowances. The effective interest rate is the internal rate of return (“IRR”) derived from the timing and amounts of actual cash received and anticipated future cash flow projections for each pool. All collections realized after the net book value of a portfolio has been fully recovered, or Zero Basis Portfolios (“ZBA”), are recorded as revenue, or ZBA revenue. We account for our investment in receivable portfolios utilizing the interest method in accordance with the authoritative guidance for loans and debt securities acquired with deteriorated credit quality.

Other revenues consist primarily of fee-based income earned on accounts collected on behalf of others, primarily credit originators. We earn fee-based income by providing debt servicing (such as early stage collections, BPO, contingent collections, trace services and litigation activities) to credit originators for non-performing loans. Other revenues also includes revenues recognized from the sale of real estate assets that are acquired as a result of our investments in non-performing secured residential mortgage portfolios in Europe and LAAP.

We may incur allowance charges when actual cash flows from our receivable portfolios underperform compared to our expectations or when there is a change in the timing of cash flows. Factors that may contribute to underperformance and to the recording of valuation allowances may include both internal as well as external factors. Internal factors that may have an impact on our collections include operational activities, such as capacity and the productivity of our collection staff. External factors that may have an impact on our collections include new laws or regulations, new interpretations of existing laws or regulations, and the overall condition of the economy. We record allowance reversals on pool groups that have historic allowance reserves when actual cash flows from these receivable portfolios outperform our expectations.

Total revenues, adjusted by net allowances, were $346.9 million during the three months ended June 30, 2019, a decrease of $2.8 million, or 0.8%, compared to total revenues, adjusted by net allowances of $349.7 million during the three months ended June 30, 2018. Total revenues, adjusted by net allowances, were $694.0 million during the six months ended June 30, 2019, an increase of $17.5 million, or 2.6%, compared to total revenues, adjusted by net allowances of $676.5 million during the six months ended June 30, 2018.

Our operating results are impacted by foreign currency translation, which represents the effect of translating operating results where the functional currency is different than our U.S. dollar reporting currency. The strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to other foreign currencies has an unfavorable impact on our international revenues, and the weakening of the U.S. dollar relative to other foreign currencies has a favorable impact on our international revenues. Our revenues were unfavorably impacted by foreign currency translation, primarily by the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the British Pound by 5.9% for the three months ended June 30, 2019 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2018, and by 6.4% for the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2018.

Revenue from receivable portfolios was $312.5 million during the three months ended June 30, 2019, an increase of $19.8 million, or 6.8%, compared to $292.7 million during the three months ended June 30, 2018. The increase in portfolio revenue during the three months ended June 30, 2019 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2018 was due to sustained improvements in portfolio collections driven by liquidation improvement initiatives.

Revenue from receivable portfolios was $623.7 million during the six months ended June 30, 2019, an increase of $50.0 million, or 8.7%, compared to $573.7 million during the six months ended June 30, 2018. The increase in portfolio revenue during the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2018 was due to sustained improvements in portfolio collections driven by liquidation improvement initiatives.

The following tables summarize collections, revenue from receivable portfolios, end of period receivable balance and other related supplemental data, by year of purchase (in thousands, except percentages):



	Three Months Ended June 30, 2019											As of June 30, 2019
	Collections⁽¹⁾		Gross Revenue⁽²⁾		Revenue Recognition Rate⁽³⁾		Net Reversal (Portfolio Allowance)			Gross Revenue % of Total Revenue		Unamortized Balances		Monthly IRR
United States:
ZBA⁽⁴⁾	$	26,263	$	23,947	91.2	%	$	2,318		7.7	%	$	—	—
2011	3,112		2,381		76.5	%	304			0.8	%	2,001		31.4	%
2012	7,144		5,530		77.4	%	—			1.8	%	7,378		21.7	%
2013	22,711		18,560		81.7	%	—			5.9	%	18,679		28.7	%
2014	18,544		10,522		56.7	%	440			3.4	%	58,168		5.5	%
2015	22,772		9,001		39.5	%	—			2.9	%	95,565		2.9	%
2016	42,248		18,770		44.4	%	—			6.0	%	184,492		3.1	%
2017	66,756		33,886		50.8	%	—			10.8	%	246,610		4.2	%
2018	89,079		51,810		58.2	%	—			16.6	%	489,514		3.4	%
2019	34,662		21,980		63.4	%	—			7.0	%	338,767		3.2	%
Subtotal	333,291		196,387		58.9	%	3,062			62.8	%	1,441,174		4.0	%
Europe:
ZBA⁽⁴⁾	102		103		101.0	%	—			0.0	%	—		—
2013	28,361		22,370		78.9	%	—			7.2	%	234,929		3.1	%
2014	27,071		18,187		67.2	%	1			5.8	%	214,843		2.7	%
2015	17,905		10,544		58.9	%	73			3.4	%	166,609		2.0	%
2016	16,395		10,623		64.8	%	—			3.4	%	150,196		2.4	%
2017	30,252		16,579		54.8	%	—			5.3	%	315,346		1.7	%
2018	30,523		18,153		59.5	%	—			5.8	%	402,783		1.5	%
2019	7,650		5,245		68.6	%	—			1.7	%	136,094		1.7	%
Subtotal	158,259		101,804		64.3	%	74			32.6	%	1,620,800		2.1	%
Other geographies:
ZBA⁽⁴⁾	2,883		2,883		100.0	%	—			0.9	%
2014	879		207		23.5	%	—			0.1	%	64,284		12.2	%
2015	5,324		3,659		68.7	%	—			1.2	%	16,527		9.3	%
2016	3,667		1,891		51.6	%	(1,073		)	0.6	%	21,924		2.6	%
2017	4,413		2,438		55.2	%	—			0.8	%	27,122		3.9	%
2018	4,676		2,573		55.0	%	—			0.8	%	23,865		3.4	%
2019	1,489		653		43.9	%	—			0.2	%	8,872		3.3	%
Subtotal	23,331		14,304		61.3	%	(1,073		)	4.6	%	162,594		4.1	%
Total	$	514,881	$	312,495	60.7	%	$	2,063		100.0	%	$	3,224,568	3.0	%

________________________


(1)	Does not include amounts collected on behalf of others.


(2)	Gross revenue excludes the effects of net portfolio allowances or net portfolio allowance reversals.


(3)	Revenue recognition rate excludes the effects of net portfolio allowances or net portfolio allowance reversals.


(4)	ZBA revenue typically has a 100% revenue recognition rate. However, collections on ZBA pool groups where a valuation allowance remains must first be recorded as an allowance reversal until the allowance for that pool group is zero. Once the entire valuation allowance is reversed, the revenue recognition rate will become 100%.



	Three Months Ended June 30, 2018										As of June 30, 2018
	Collections⁽¹⁾		Gross Revenue⁽²⁾		Revenue Recognition Rate⁽³⁾		Net Reversal (Portfolio Allowance)		Revenue % of Total Revenue		Unamortized Balances		Monthly IRR
United States:
ZBA⁽⁴⁾	$	32,373	$	30,176	93.2	%	$	2,221	10.3	%	$	—	—
2008⁽⁵⁾	610		43		7.0	%	—		—		—		—
2011	3,613		3,282		90.8	%	—		1.1	%	4,140		25.0	%
2012	9,667		7,878		81.5	%	—		2.7	%	12,852		18.8	%
2013	27,965		20,656		73.9	%	—		7.1	%	35,527		17.0	%
2014	24,899		13,203		53.0	%	905		4.5	%	89,843		4.5	%
2015	33,564		14,299		42.6	%	—		4.9	%	162,239		2.7	%
2016	61,885		26,711		43.2	%	—		9.1	%	295,276		2.8	%
2017	78,626		37,602		47.8	%	—		12.8	%	406,730		2.9	%
2018	37,603		22,843		60.7	%	—		7.8	%	362,611		3.1	%
Subtotal	310,805		176,693		56.9	%	3,126		60.3	%	1,369,218		3.6	%
Europe:
ZBA adjustment⁽⁶⁾	—		798		—		—		0.3	%	—		—
ZBA⁽⁴⁾	13		14		107.7	%	—		0.0	%	—		—
2013	34,060		25,141		73.8	%	11,493		8.6	%	259,581		3.1	%
2014	33,058		20,878		63.2	%	2,537		7.1	%	263,465		2.5	%
2015	22,294		12,540		56.2	%	452		4.3	%	207,340		2.0	%
2016	21,467		12,983		60.5	%	—		4.4	%	188,700		2.3	%
2017	40,177		18,340		45.6	%	—		6.3	%	392,221		1.5	%
2018	5,864		5,756		98.2	%	—		2.0	%	227,902		1.5	%
Subtotal	156,933		96,450		61.5	%	14,482		33.0	%	1,539,209		2.1	%
Other geographies:
ZBA⁽⁴⁾	2,977		2,976		100.0	%	—		1.0	%	—		—
2014	1,473		4,235		287.5	%	—		1.4	%	58,447		2.4	%
2015	8,146		5,322		65.3	%	—		1.8	%	26,713		5.9	%
2016	6,730		3,063		45.5	%	24		1.0	%	35,198		2.5	%
2017	5,972		2,522		42.2	%	—		0.9	%	37,816		2.0	%
2018	3,057		1,401		45.8	%	—		0.6	%	18,020		3.5	%
Subtotal	28,355		19,519		68.8	%	24		6.7	%	176,194		3.0	%
Total	$	496,093	$	292,662	59.0	%	$	17,632	100.0	%	$	3,084,621	2.8	%

________________________


(1)	Does not include amounts collected on behalf of others.


(2)	Gross revenue excludes the effects of net portfolio allowances or net portfolio allowance reversals.


(3)	Revenue recognition rate excludes the effects of net portfolio allowances or net portfolio allowance reversals.


(4)	ZBA revenue typically has a 100% revenue recognition rate. However, collections on ZBA pool groups where a valuation allowance remains must first be recorded as an allowance reversal until the allowance for that pool group is zero. Once the entire valuation allowance is reversed, the revenue recognition rate will become 100%.


(5)	Total collections realized exceed the net book value of the portfolio and have been converted to ZBA.


(6)	Adjustment resulting from certain ZBA revenue that was classified as collections in cost recovery portfolios in prior periods.



	Six Months Ended June 30, 2019											As of June 30, 2019
	Collections⁽¹⁾		Gross Revenue⁽²⁾		Revenue Recognition Rate⁽³⁾		Net Reversal (Portfolio Allowance)			Gross Revenue % of Total Revenue		Unamortized Balances		Monthly IRR
United States:
ZBA⁽⁴⁾	$	51,794	$	47,217	91.2	%	$	4,585		7.6	%	$	—	—
2011	5,876		4,661		79.3	%	304			0.7	%	2,001		31.4	%
2012	14,480		11,626		80.3	%	273			1.9	%	7,378		21.7	%
2013	44,745		37,739		84.3	%	(52		)	6.1	%	18,679		28.7	%
2014	38,211		21,344		55.9	%	1,530			3.4	%	58,168		5.5	%
2015	47,740		19,197		40.2	%	—			3.1	%	95,565		2.9	%
2016	89,702		39,423		43.9	%	(896		)	6.3	%	184,492		3.1	%
2017	144,050		69,512		48.3	%	—			11.1	%	246,610		4.2	%
2018	183,360		104,484		57.0	%	—			16.8	%	489,514		3.4	%
2019	42,927		27,872		64.9	%	—			4.5	%	338,767		3.2	%
Subtotal	662,885		383,075		57.8	%	5,744			61.5	%	1,441,174		4.0	%
Europe:
ZBA⁽⁴⁾	193		194		100.5	%	—			0.0	%	—		—
2013	58,471		45,667		78.1	%	—			7.3	%	234,929		3.1	%
2014	55,191		37,866		68.6	%	(174		)	6.1	%	214,843		2.7	%
2015	37,414		21,691		58.0	%	(183		)	3.5	%	166,609		2.0	%
2016	33,218		21,902		65.9	%	(29		)	3.5	%	150,196		2.4	%
2017	62,554		33,945		54.3	%	—			5.4	%	315,346		1.7	%
2018	60,602		37,144		61.3	%	—			6.0	%	402,783		1.7	%
2019	11,416		8,238		72.2	%	—			1.3	%	136,094		1.5	%
Subtotal	319,059		206,647		64.8	%	(386		)	33.1	%	1,620,800		2.1	%
Other geographies:
ZBA⁽⁴⁾	5,425		5,425		100.0	%	—			0.9	%	—		—
2014	1,824		4,861		266.5	%	—			0.8	%	64,284		12.2	%
2015	10,734		8,077		75.2	%	—			1.3	%	16,527		9.3	%
2016	7,906		3,958		50.1	%	(1,061		)	0.6	%	21,924		2.6	%
2017	9,170		5,365		58.5	%	—			0.9	%	27,122		3.9	%
2018	9,807		5,437		55.4	%	(867		)	0.9	%	23,865		3.4	%
2019	1,924		808		42.0	%	—			0.1	%	8,872		3.3	%
Subtotal	46,790		33,931		72.5	%	(1,928		)	5.4	%	162,594		4.1	%
Total	$	1,028,734	$	623,653	60.6	%	$	3,430		100.0	%	$	3,224,568	3.0	%

________________________


(1)	Does not include amounts collected on behalf of others.


(2)	Gross revenue excludes the effects of net portfolio allowances or net portfolio allowance reversals.


(3)	Revenue recognition rate excludes the effects of net portfolio allowances or net portfolio allowance reversals.


(4)	ZBA revenue typically has a 100% revenue recognition rate. However, collections on ZBA pool groups where a valuation allowance remains must first be recorded as an allowance reversal until the allowance for that pool group is zero. Once the entire valuation allowance is reversed, the revenue recognition rate will become 100%.



	Six Months Ended June 30, 2018											As of June 30, 2018
	Collections⁽¹⁾		Gross Revenue⁽²⁾		Revenue Recognition Rate⁽³⁾		Net Reversal (Portfolio Allowance)			Revenue % of Total Revenue		Unamortized Balances		Monthly IRR
United States:
ZBA⁽⁴⁾	$	62,292	$	58,495	93.9	%	$	3,950		10.2	%	$	—	—
2008	1,652		237		14.3	%	—			0.0	%	—		—
2011	7,214		6,775		93.9	%	—			1.1	%	4,140		25.0	%
2012	19,412		16,607		85.6	%	(723		)	2.9	%	12,852		18.8	%
2013	56,522		43,443		76.9	%	—			7.6	%	35,527		17.0	%
2014	51,598		28,152		54.6	%	905			4.9	%	89,843		4.5	%
2015	70,514		30,435		43.2	%	—			5.3	%	162,239		2.7	%
2016	129,587		56,042		43.2	%	—			9.8	%	295,276		2.8	%
2017	164,837		79,573		48.3	%	—			13.9	%	406,730		2.9	%
2018	46,144		27,867		60.4	%	—			4.9	%	362,611		3.1	%
Subtotal	609,772		347,626		57.0	%	4,132			60.6	%	1,369,218		3.6	%
Europe:
ZBA adjustment⁽⁶⁾	—		798		—		—			0.1	%	—		—
ZBA⁽⁴⁾	18		19		105.6	%	—			—		—		—
2013	70,189		50,603		72.1	%	14,259			8.8	%	259,581		3.1	%
2014	68,866		42,827		62.2	%	7,956			7.5	%	263,465		2.5	%
2015	46,899		26,153		55.8	%	914			4.6	%	207,340		2.0	%
2016	45,037		26,486		58.8	%	—			4.6	%	188,700		2.3	%
2017	81,051		33,619		41.5	%	—			5.9	%	392,221		1.5	%
2018	7,050		7,007		99.4	%	—			1.2	%	227,902		1.5	%
Subtotal	319,110		187,512		58.8	%	23,129			32.7	%	1,539,209		2.1	%
Other geographies:
ZBA⁽⁴⁾	5,841		5,840		100.0	%	—			1.0	%	—		—
2013⁽⁵⁾	150		—		0.0	%	—			0.0	%	—		—
2014	3,073		8,608		280.1	%	—			1.5	%	58,447		2.4	%
2015	16,982		10,990		64.7	%	—			1.9	%	26,713		5.9	%
2016	14,150		6,535		46.2	%	182			1.1	%	35,198		2.5	%
2017	12,683		4,948		39.0	%	—			0.9	%	37,816		2.0	%
2018	3,434		1,612		46.9	%	—			0.3	%	18,020		3.5	%
Subtotal	56,313		38,533		68.4	%	182			6.7	%	176,194		3.0	%
Total	$	985,195	$	573,671	58.2	%	$	27,443		100	%	$	3,084,621	2.8	%

________________________


(1)	Does not include amounts collected on behalf of others.


(2)	Gross revenue excludes the effects of net portfolio allowances or net portfolio allowance reversals.


(3)	Revenue recognition rate excludes the effects of net portfolio allowances or net portfolio allowance reversals.


(4)	ZBA revenue typically has a 100% revenue recognition rate. However, collections on ZBA pool groups where a valuation allowance remains must first be recorded as an allowance reversal until the allowance for that pool group is zero. Once the entire valuation allowance is reversed, the revenue recognition rate will become 100%.


(5)	Total collections realized exceed the net book value of the portfolio and have been converted to ZBA.


(6)	Adjustment resulting from certain ZBA revenue that was classified as collections in cost recovery portfolios in prior periods.

Other revenues were $32.3 million and $39.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $66.9 million and $75.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Other revenues primarily

consist of fee-based income earned at our international subsidiaries that provide portfolio management services to credit originators for non-performing loans. The decrease in other revenues in the periods presented was primarily attributable to the unfavorable impact of foreign currency translation, which was primarily the result of the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the British Pound and the sale of all our interests in Refinancia in December 2018. Subsequent to the sale, we no longer earn fee-based income from Refinancia.

Net allowance reversals were $2.1 million and $17.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $3.4 million and $27.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018. Allowance reversals were primarily a result of sustained improvements in portfolio collections on certain domestic portfolios on which we had previously recorded portfolio allowances in the past. These improvements in portfolio collections were driven by liquidation improvement initiatives.

Operating Expenses

Total operating expenses were $233.1 million during the three months ended June 30, 2019, a decrease of $13.2 million, or 5.3%, compared to total operating expenses of $246.3 million during the three months ended June 30, 2018. Total operating expenses were $469.2 million during the six months ended June 30, 2019, a decrease of $15.5 million, or 3.2%, compared to total operating expenses of $484.7 million during the six months ended June 30, 2018.

Our operating results are impacted by foreign currency translation, which represents the effect of translating operating results where the functional currency is different than our U.S. dollar reporting currency. The strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to other foreign currencies has a favorable impact on our international operating expenses, and the weakening of the U.S. dollar relative to other foreign currencies has an unfavorable impact on our international operating expenses. Our operating expenses were favorably impacted by foreign currency translation, primarily by the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the British Pound by 5.9% for the three months ended June 30, 2019 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2018, and by 6.4% for the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2018.

Operating expenses are explained in more detail as follows:

Salaries and Employee Benefits

Salaries and employee benefits increased by $5.3 million, or 5.8%, to $96.2 million during the three months ended June 30, 2019, from $91.0 million during the three months ended June 30, 2018. Salaries and employee benefits increased by $7.8 million, or 4.4%, to $188.1 million during the six months ended June 30, 2019, from $180.2 million during the six months ended June 30, 2018. The increase was primarily the result of an increase in headcount at our domestic sites as part of our initiative to increase collections capacity partially offset by a decrease in headcount at our international subsidiaries.

Stock-based compensation increased $0.4 million, or 13.0%, to $3.6 million during the three months ended June 30, 2019, from $3.2 million during the three months ended June 30, 2018. The increase was primarily attributable to additional equity awards granted as a result of the Cabot Transaction. Stock-based compensation remained the same at $5.4 million during the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, which was a result of increased expense in connection with the Cabot Transaction, offset by decrease driven by larger expense reversals in the current period as compared to the corresponding period in the prior year.

Cost of Legal Collections

Cost of legal collections primarily includes contingent fees paid to our external network of attorneys and the cost of litigation. We pursue legal collections using a network of attorneys that specialize in collection matters and through our internal legal channel. Under the agreements with our contracted attorneys, we advance certain out-of-pocket court costs, or Deferred Court Costs. We capitalize these costs in the consolidated financial statements and provide a reserve for those costs that we believe will ultimately be uncollectible. We determine the reserve based on our analysis of historical court costs recovery data. Cost of legal collections does not include internal legal channel employee costs, which are included in salaries and employee benefits in our consolidated statements of operations.

Cost of legal collections remained relatively consistent during the three months ended June 30, 2019 as compared to the three months ended June 30, 2018 both in the United States and in Europe.

During the six months ended June 30, 2019, overall cost of legal collections decreased $4.6 million, or 4.4%, to $100.5 million, as compared to $105.1 million during the corresponding period in the prior year. The cost of legal collections in the United States decreased by $2.0 million, or 2.2% and the cost of legal collections in Europe decreased by $2.5 million, or 16.3% during the six months ended June 30, 2019, as compared to the corresponding period in the prior year.

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The decrease in the cost of legal collections in Europe during the six months ended June 30, 2019 as compared to the corresponding period in 2018 was due to the shift of account placements towards non-legal collection channels.

Other Operating Expenses

Other operating expenses decreased by $9.5 million, or 24.3%, to $29.5 million during the three months ended June 30, 2019, from $39.0 million during the three months ended June 30, 2018. Other operating expenses decreased by $13.6 million, or 18.7%, to $59.2 million during the six months ended June 30, 2019, from $72.8 million during the six months ended June 30, 2018.

The decreases during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 as compared to the corresponding periods in the prior year were primarily due to a large expense incurred in our previously owned subsidiary Refinancia during the prior periods, in addition to reduced expenditures for temporary services and the favorable impact of the strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to other foreign currencies.

Collection Agency Commissions

During the three months ended June 30, 2019, we incurred $13.6 million in commissions to third-party collection agencies, or 23.3% of the related gross collections of $58.2 million. During the three months ended June 30, 2018, we incurred $12.2 million in commissions to third-party collection agencies, or 22.9%, of the related gross collections of $53.1 million.

During the six months ended June 30, 2019, we incurred $29.6 million in commissions to third-party collection agencies, or 24.5% of the related gross collections of $120.7 million. During the six months ended June 30, 2018, we incurred $23.9 million in commissions to third-party collection agencies, or 21.7%, of the related gross collections of $110.4 million.

Collections through this channel are predominately in Europe and Latin America and vary from period to period depending on, among other things, the number of accounts placed with an agency versus accounts collected internally. Commissions, as a percentage of collections in this channel also vary from period to period depending on, among other things, the amount of time that has passed since the charge-off of the accounts placed with an agency, the asset class, and the geographic location of the receivables. Generally, freshly charged-off accounts have a lower commission rate than accounts that have been charged off for a longer period of time, and commission rates for purchased bankruptcy portfolios are lower than the commission rates for charged-off credit card accounts. The United States collection agency commission rate is generally lower than the European rate due to a higher concentration of lower commission rate bankruptcy portfolios collected through the collection agency channel in the United States.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses decreased $9.4 million, or 22.3%, to $32.6 million during the three months ended June 30, 2019, from $42.0 million during the three months ended June 30, 2018. General and administrative expenses decreased $9.1 million, or 11.2%, to $72.2 million during the six months ended June 30, 2019, from $81.3 million during the six months ended June 30, 2018.

The decreases were primarily due to (1) higher mergers and acquisition costs incurred in prior periods, (2) the favorable impact of the strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to other foreign currencies and (3) higher infrastructure costs incurred at our domestic sites in prior periods.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization expense decreased by $1.2 million, or 10.8%, to $9.7 million during the three months ended June 30, 2019, from $10.9 million during the three months ended June 30, 2018. Depreciation and amortization expense decreased by $1.7 million, or 7.6%, to $19.7 million during the six months ended June 30, 2019, from $21.4 million during the six months ended June 30, 2018.

Interest Expense

Interest expense increased $3.4 million to $63.9 million during the three months ended June 30, 2019, from $60.5 million during the three months ended June 30, 2018. Interest expense increased $0.9 million to $118.9 million during the six months ended June 30, 2019, from $118.0 million during the six months ended June 30, 2018.

The following table summarizes our interest expense (in thousands):

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	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2019		2018		$ Change			% Change
Stated interest on debt obligations	$	48,566	$	46,842	$	1,724		3.7	%
Interest expense on preferred equity certificates	—		7,634		(7,634		)	(100.0	)%
Amortization of loan fees and other loan costs	12,022		3,477		8,545			245.8	%
Amortization of debt discount	3,325		2,583		742			28.7	%
Total interest expense	$	63,913	$	60,536	$	3,377		5.6	%



	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019		2018		$ Change			% Change
Stated interest on debt obligations	$	96,884	$	91,198	$	5,686		6.2	%
Interest expense on preferred equity certificates	—		15,355		(15,355		)	(100.0	)%
Amortization of loan fees and other loan costs	15,431		6,550		8,881			135.6	%
Amortization of debt discount	6,565		4,895		1,670			34.1	%
Total interest expense	$	118,880	$	117,998	$	882		0.7	%

On July 24, 2018, in connection with the Cabot Transaction, we purchased all outstanding preferred equity certificates (“PECs”) including accrued interest that were held by Cabot’s minority shareholders. As a result, no PEC interest expense was incurred subsequent to the Cabot Transaction.

The increases in interest expense during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 as compared to the corresponding periods in 2018 were primarily attributable to $9.0 million of Euro-denominated bond refinancing fees, higher interest rates for the Encore Revolving Credit Facility and the Cabot Securitisation Senior Facility and higher balances on the Encore Revolving Credit Facility, Cabot Securitisation Senior Facility, and Cabot Credit Facilities. The increases were partially offset by the purchase of all previously outstanding PECs and the favorable impact of the strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to other foreign currencies.

Other Income and Expense

Other income and expense consists primarily of foreign currency exchange gains or losses, interest income and gains or losses recognized on certain transactions outside of our normal course of business. Other expense was $1.2 million during the three months ended June 30, 2019 compared to $4.6 million during the three months ended June 30, 2018. Other expense was $4.2 million during the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to $2.4 million during the six months ended June 30, 2018. Other expenses during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 were primarily the result of foreign currency exchange losses recognized in the periods. Other expenses during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 were primarily the result of a loss on derivative contract of $6.6 million, partially offset by foreign currency exchanges gains recognized in these periods.

Income Taxes

We recorded income tax expense of $11.8 million and $11.3 million during the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, and $15.4 million and $20.8 million during the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The decrease in our income tax expense for the six months ended June 30, 2019 as compared to the corresponding period in 2018 was primarily due to the recording of a tax provision benefit of approximately $9.1 million related to a tax accounting method change for revenue reporting approved by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) during the first quarter of 2019.

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The effective tax rates for the respective periods are shown below:



	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Federal provision	21.0	%	21.0	%	21.0	%	21.0	%
State provision	3.6	%	1.5	%	3.0	%	1.5	%
Change in valuation allowance	2.6	%	16.6	%	2.2	%	15.5	%
Foreign income taxed at different rates⁽¹⁾	(3.8	)%	(8.1	)%	(2.3	)%	(7.7	)%
Change in tax accounting method⁽²⁾	0.0	%	0.0	%	(8.9	)%	0.0	%
Other	0.8	%	(1.5	)%	0.2	%	(1.2	)%
Effective rate	24.2	%	29.5	%	15.2	%	29.1	%

________________________


(1)	Relates primarily to lower tax rates attributable to international operations.


(2)	During the first quarter of 2019, we received IRS approval for a tax accounting method change related to revenue reporting. The revised tax accounting method more closely aligns with our book accounting method for revenue reporting.

In accordance with the authoritative guidance for income taxes, each interim period is considered an integral part of the annual period and tax expense or benefit is measured using an estimated annual effective income tax rate. The estimated annual effective tax rate for the full year is applied to the respective interim period, taking into account year-to-date amounts and projected amounts for the year. Since we operate in foreign countries with varying tax rates, the impact of the results the international operations have on our quarterly effective tax rate is dependent on the level of income or loss from the international operations in the period.

Our subsidiary in Costa Rica is operating under a 100% tax holiday through December 31, 2026. The impact of the tax holiday in Costa Rica for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, was immaterial.

We had gross unrecognized tax benefits, inclusive of penalties and interest, of $19.9 million at June 30, 2019. These unrecognized tax benefits, if recognized, would result in a net tax benefit of $13.0 million as of June 30, 2019. There were no material changes in gross unrecognized tax benefits from December 31, 2018.

Of the $168.6 million of cash and cash equivalents as of June 30, 2019, $139.3 million was held outside of the United States. Following the enactment of the Tax Reform Act and associated transition tax, in general, repatriation of cash to the United States can be completed with no incremental U.S. tax. However, repatriation of cash could subject us to non-U.S. jurisdictional taxes on distributions. We maintain non-U.S. funds in our foreign operations to (1) provide adequate working capital; (2) satisfy various regulatory requirements, and (3) take advantage of business expansion opportunities as they arise. The non-U.S. jurisdictional taxes applicable to foreign earnings are not readily determinable or practicable. We regularly evaluate our election to indefinitely reinvest our non-U.S. earnings. As of June 30, 2019, management believes that we have sufficient liquidity to satisfy our cash needs, including our cash needs in the United States.

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Cost per Dollar Collected

We utilize adjusted operating expenses in order to facilitate a comparison of approximate costs to cash collections for our portfolio purchasing and recovery business. The calculation of adjusted operating expenses is illustrated in detail in the “Non-GAAP Disclosure” section. The following table summarizes our overall cost per dollar collected (defined as adjusted operating expenses as a percentage of collections) by geographic location during the periods presented:



	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
United States	39.2	%	40.8	%	39.4	%	42.2	%
Europe	28.8	%	29.1	%	28.2	%	28.2	%
Other geographies	51.2	%	46.7	%	51.2	%	47.2	%
Overall cost per dollar collected	36.6	%	37.5	%	36.5	%	38.0	%

Our overall cost per dollar collected (or “cost-to-collect”) decreased 90 basis points to 36.6% for the three months ended June 30, 2019, from 37.5% during the corresponding period in the prior year, and decreased 150 basis points to 36.5% for the six months ended June 30, 2019, from 38.0% during the corresponding period in the prior year.

Cost-to-collect in the United States decreased due to a combination of (1) collection mix shifting towards non-legal collection, which has lower cost-to-collect, (2) higher total collections that blended down fixed cost and reduced overall cost-to-collect, and (3) reduced cost-to-collect in the legal channel that was driven by improved court cost recovery rates, more legal collections coming from internal legal channel that has lower cost-to-collect, and legal collection mix shifting towards newer legal placements, which have lower commission rates than older placements.

Over time, we expect our cost-to-collect to remain competitive, but also to fluctuate from quarter to quarter based on seasonality, product mix, acquisitions, foreign exchange rates, the cost of new operating initiatives, and the changing regulatory and legislative environment.

Non-GAAP Disclosure

In addition to the financial information prepared in conformity with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”), we provide historical non-GAAP financial information. Management believes that the presentation of such non-GAAP financial information is meaningful and useful in understanding the activities and business metrics of our operations. Management believes that these non-GAAP financial measures reflect an additional way of viewing aspects of our business that, when viewed with our GAAP results, provide a more complete understanding of factors and trends affecting our business.

Management believes that the presentation of these measures provides investors with greater transparency and facilitates comparison of operating results across a broad spectrum of companies with varying capital structures, compensation strategies, derivative instruments, and amortization methods, which provide a more complete understanding of our financial performance, competitive position, and prospects for the future. Readers should consider the information in addition to, but not instead of, our financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. This non-GAAP financial information may be determined or calculated differently by other companies, limiting the usefulness of these measures for comparative purposes.

Adjusted Earnings Per Share. Management uses non-GAAP adjusted net income and adjusted earnings per share attributable to Encore to assess operating performance and to highlight trends in our business that may not otherwise be apparent when relying on financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. Adjusted net income attributable to Encore excludes non-cash interest and issuance cost amortization relating to our convertible notes and exchangeable notes, acquisition, integration and restructuring related expenses, amortization of certain acquired intangible assets and other charges or gains that are not indicative of ongoing operations.

The following table provides a reconciliation between net income and diluted earnings per share attributable to Encore calculated in accordance with GAAP, to adjusted net income and adjusted earnings per share attributable to Encore, respectively. During the periods in which GAAP diluted earnings per share includes the dilutive effect of common shares that are issuable upon conversion or exchange of certain convertible notes and exchangeable notes because the average stock price during the respective periods exceeded the conversion price or exchange price of these notes, we present those metrics both including and excluding the dilutive effect of these convertible notes and exchangeable notes to better illustrate the impact of those notes and the related hedging transactions to shareholders, with “Per Diluted Share-Accounting” and “Per Diluted Share-Economic” columns. The average stock price during the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 did not exceed the

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conversion price of our convertible notes or the exchange price of our exchangeable notes, therefore, our GAAP diluted earnings per share did not include any dilutive effect attributable to our convertible notes or exchangeable notes. As a result, the adjusted earnings per diluted shares-accounting and per diluted shares-economic were the same during the respective periods presented below (in thousands, except per share data):



	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2019						2018
	$			Per Diluted Share— Accounting and Economic			$			Per Diluted Share— Accounting and Economic
GAAP net income attributable to Encore, as reported	$	36,661		$	1.17		$	26,298		$	1.00
Adjustments:
Convertible notes and exchangeable notes non-cash interest and issuance cost amortization	4,038			0.13			3,070			0.12
Amortization of certain acquired intangible assets⁽¹⁾	1,837			0.06			2,436			0.09
Acquisition, integration and restructuring related expenses⁽²⁾	1,318			0.04			3,655			0.14
Loss on derivatives in connection with the Cabot Transaction⁽³⁾	—			—			6,578			0.25
Adjustments attributable to noncontrolling interest⁽⁴⁾	—			—			10			—
Net gain on fair value adjustments to contingent consideration⁽⁵⁾	(2,199		)	(0.07		)	(2,378		)	(0.09		)
Income tax effect of above non-GAAP adjustments and certain discrete tax items⁽⁶⁾	(1,388		)	(0.05		)	(4,618		)	(0.18		)
Adjusted net income attributable to Encore	$	40,267		$	1.28		$	35,051		$	1.33

________________________

(1)

As we acquire debt solution service providers around the world, we also acquire intangible assets, such as trade names and customer relationships. These intangible assets are valued at the time of the acquisition and amortized over their estimated lives. We believe that amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets, especially the amortization of an acquired company’s trade names and customer relationships, is the result of pre-acquisition activities. In addition, the amortization of these acquired intangibles is a non-cash static expense that is not affected by operations during any reporting period. As a result, the amortization of certain acquired intangible assets is excluded from our adjusted income from continuing operations attributable to Encore and adjusted income from continuing operations per share.


(2)	Amount represents acquisition, integration and restructuring related expenses. We adjust for this amount because we believe these expenses are not indicative of ongoing operations; therefore adjusting for these expenses enhances comparability to prior periods, anticipated future periods, and our competitors’ results.


(3)	Amount represents the loss recognized on the forward contract we entered into in anticipation of the completion of the Cabot Transaction. We adjust for this amount because we believe the loss is not indicative of ongoing operations; therefore adjusting for this loss enhances comparability to prior periods, anticipated future periods, and our competitors’ results.


(4)	Certain of the above pre-tax adjustments include expenses recognized by our partially-owned subsidiaries. This adjustment represents the portion of the non-GAAP adjustments that are attributable to noncontrolling interest.

(5)

Amount represents the net gain recognized as a result of fair value adjustments to contingent considerations that were established for our acquisitions of debt solution service providers in Europe. We have adjusted for this amount because we do not believe this is indicative of ongoing operations. Refer to the Contingent Consideration section of Note 3 “Fair Value Measurements” in the notes to our consolidated financial statements for further details.


(6)	Amount represents the total income tax effect of the adjustments, which is generally calculated based on the applicable marginal tax rate of the jurisdiction in which the portion of the adjustment occurred. Additionally, we adjust for certain discrete tax items that are not indicative of our ongoing operations.

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	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019						2018
	$			Per Diluted Share— Accounting and Economic			$			Per Diluted Share— Accounting and Economic
GAAP net income attributable to Encore, as reported	$	85,915		$	2.74		$	48,125		$	1.82
Adjustments:
Convertible notes and exchangeable notes non-cash interest and issuance cost amortization	8,040			0.26			6,105			0.24
Amortization of certain acquired intangible assets⁽¹⁾	3,714			0.12			4,504			0.17
Acquisition, integration and restructuring related expenses⁽²⁾	2,526			0.08			4,227			0.17
Loss on derivatives in connection with the Cabot Transaction⁽³⁾	—			—			6,578			0.25
Expenses related to withdrawn Cabot IPO⁽⁴⁾	—			—			2,984			0.11
Adjustments attributable to noncontrolling interest⁽⁵⁾	—			—			(1,548		)	(0.06		)
Net gain on fair value adjustments to contingent consideration⁽⁶⁾	(2,199		)	(0.07		)	(4,652		)	(0.18		)
Income tax effect of above non-GAAP adjustments and certain discrete tax items⁽⁷⁾	(2,771		)	(0.10		)	(5,428		)	(0.21		)
Change in tax accounting method⁽⁸⁾	(9,070		)	(0.29		)	—			—
Adjusted net income attributable to Encore	$	86,155		$	2.74		$	60,895		$	2.31

________________________

(1)


(2)	Amount represents acquisition, integration and restructuring related expenses. We adjust for this amount because we believe these expenses are not indicative of ongoing operations; therefore adjusting for these expenses enhances comparability to prior periods, anticipated future periods, and our competitors’ results.


(3)	Amount represents the loss recognized on the forward contract we entered into in anticipation of the completion of the Cabot Transaction. We adjust for this amount because we believe the loss is not indicative of ongoing operations; therefore adjusting for this loss enhances comparability to prior periods, anticipated future periods, and our competitors’ results.


(4)	Amount represents expenses related to the proposed and later withdrawn initial public offering by CCM. We adjust for this amount because we believe these expenses are not indicative of ongoing operations; therefore, adjusting for these expenses enhances comparability to prior periods, anticipated future periods, and our competitors’ results.


(5)	Certain of the above pre-tax adjustments include expenses recognized by our partially-owned subsidiaries. This adjustment represents the portion of the non-GAAP adjustments that are attributable to noncontrolling interest.

(6)


(7)	Amount represents the total income tax effect of the adjustments, which is generally calculated based on the applicable marginal tax rate of the jurisdiction in which the portion of the adjustment occurred. Additionally, we adjust for certain discrete tax items that are not indicative of our ongoing operations.


(8)	Amount represents the benefit from the tax accounting method change related to revenue reporting. We adjust for certain discrete tax items that are not indicative of our ongoing operations. Refer to Note 10: Income Taxes in the notes to our consolidated financial statements for further details.

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Adjusted EBITDA. Management utilizes adjusted EBITDA (defined as net income before discontinued operations, interest income and expense, taxes, depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation expenses, acquisition, integration and restructuring related expenses, settlement fees and related administrative expenses and other charges or gains that are not indicative of ongoing operations), in the evaluation of our operating performance. Adjusted EBITDA for the periods presented is as follows (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018
GAAP net income, as reported	$	36,822		$	26,974		$	86,264		$	50,687
Adjustments:
Interest expense	63,913			60,536			118,880			117,998
Provision for income taxes	11,753			11,308			15,426			20,778
Depreciation and amortization	9,741			10,923			19,736			21,359
Stock-based compensation expense	3,581			3,169			5,407			5,445
Net gain on fair value adjustments to contingent consideration⁽¹⁾	(2,199		)	(2,378		)	(2,199		)	(4,652		)
Acquisition, integration and restructuring related expenses⁽²⁾	1,318			3,655			2,526			4,227
Loss on derivatives in connection with the Cabot Transaction⁽³⁾	—			6,578			—			6,578
Expenses related to withdrawn Cabot IPO⁽⁴⁾	—			—			—			2,984
Interest income	(1,238		)	(1,082		)	(2,260		)	(2,099		)
Adjusted EBITDA	$	123,691		$	119,683		$	243,780		$	223,305

Collections applied to principal balance⁽⁵⁾	$	200,323		$	185,799		$	401,651		$	384,081

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(1)

Amount represents the gain recognized as a result of fair value adjustments to contingent considerations that were established for our acquisitions of debt solution service providers in Europe. We have adjusted for this amount because we do not believe this is indicative of ongoing operations. Refer to Note 3 “Fair Value Measurement - Contingent Consideration” in the notes to our consolidated financial statements for further details.

(2)

Amount represents acquisition, integration and restructuring related expenses (excluding amounts already included in the interest expense and stock-based compensation expense line items above). We adjust for this amount because we believe these expenses are not indicative of ongoing operations; therefore adjusting for these expenses enhances comparability to prior periods, anticipated future periods, and our competitors’ results.


(3)	Amount represents the loss recognized on the forward contract we entered into in anticipation of the completion of the Cabot Transaction. We adjust for this amount because we believe the loss is not indicative of ongoing operations; therefore adjusting for this loss enhances comparability to prior periods, anticipated future periods, and our competitors’ results.


(4)	Amount represents expenses related to the proposed and later withdrawn initial public offering by CCM. We adjust for this amount because we believe these expenses are not indicative of ongoing operations; therefore adjusting for these expenses enhances comparability to prior periods, anticipated future periods, and our competitors’ results.


(5)	Amount represents (a) gross collections from receivable portfolios less (b) revenue from receivable portfolios and (c) allowance charges or allowance reversals on receivable portfolios.

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Adjusted Operating Expenses. Management utilizes adjusted operating expenses in order to facilitate a comparison of approximate costs to cash collections for our portfolio purchasing and recovery business. Adjusted operating expenses for our portfolio purchasing and recovery business are calculated by starting with GAAP total operating expenses and backing out operating expenses related to non-portfolio purchasing and recovery business, acquisition, integration and restructuring related operating expenses, stock-based compensation expense, settlement fees and related administrative expenses and other charges or gains that are not indicative of ongoing operations. Adjusted operating expenses related to our portfolio purchasing and recovery business for the periods presented are as follows (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018
GAAP total operating expenses, as reported	$	233,142		$	246,314		$	469,161		$	484,650
Adjustments:
Operating expenses related to non-portfolio purchasing and recovery business⁽¹⁾	(42,232		)	(56,052		)	(88,314		)	(102,666		)
Stock-based compensation expense	(3,581		)	(3,169		)	(5,407		)	(5,445		)
Acquisition, integration and restructuring related expenses⁽²⁾	(1,318		)	(3,655		)	(2,526		)	(4,227		)
Expenses related to withdrawn Cabot IPO⁽³⁾	—			—			—			(2,984		)
Gain on fair value adjustments to contingent consideration⁽⁴⁾	2,199			2,378			2,199			4,652
Adjusted operating expenses related to portfolio purchasing and recovery business	$	188,210		$	185,816		$	375,113		$	373,980

________________________


(1)	Operating expenses related to non-portfolio purchasing and recovery business include operating expenses from other operating segments that primarily engage in fee-based business, as well as corporate overhead not related to our portfolio purchasing and recovery business.

(2)

Amount represents acquisition, integration and restructuring related operating expenses (excluding amounts already included in stock-based compensation expense). We adjust for this amount because we believe these expenses are not indicative of ongoing operations; therefore adjusting for these expenses enhances comparability to prior periods, anticipated future periods, and our competitors’ results.


(3)	Amount represents expenses related to the proposed and later withdrawn initial public offering by CCM. We adjust for this amount because we believe these expenses are not indicative of ongoing operations; therefore adjusting for these expenses enhances comparability to prior periods, anticipated future periods, and our competitors’ results.

(4)

Supplemental Performance Data

The tables included in this supplemental performance data section include detail for purchases, collections and estimated remaining collections (“ERC”) by year of purchase. During any fiscal quarter in which we acquire an entity that has portfolio, the entire historical portfolio of the acquired company is aggregated into static pools for the quarter of acquisition based on common characteristics, resulting in pools for that quarter that may consist of several different vintages of portfolio. These quarterly pools are included in the tables in this section by year of purchase. For example, with the acquisition of Cabot in July 2013, all of Cabot’s historical portfolio to the date of the acquisition (which includes several years of historical purchases at various stages of maturity) is included in 2013 for Europe.

Our collection expectations are based on account characteristics and economic variables. Additional adjustments are made to account for qualitative factors that may affect the payment behavior of our consumers and servicing related adjustments to ensure our collection expectations are aligned with our operations. We continue to refine our process of forecasting collections both domestically and internationally with a focus on operational enhancements. Our collection expectations vary between types of portfolio and geographic location. For example, in the U.K., due to the higher concentration of payment plans, as compared to the U.S. and other locations in Europe, we expect to receive streams of collections over longer periods of time. As a result, past performance of pools in certain geographic locations or of certain types of portfolio are not necessarily a suitable indicator of future results in other locations or for other types of portfolio.

The supplemental performance data presented in this section is impacted by foreign currency translation, which represents the effect of translating financial results where the functional currency of our foreign subsidiary is different than our U.S. dollar reporting currency. For example, the strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to other foreign currencies has an unfavorable reporting impact on our international purchases, collections, and ERC, and the weakening of the U.S. dollar relative to other foreign currencies has a favorable impact on our international purchases, collections, and ERC.

We utilize proprietary forecasting models to continuously evaluate the economic life of each pool.

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Cumulative Collections to Purchase Price Multiple

The following table summarizes our receivable purchases and related gross collections by year of purchase (in thousands, except multiples):



Year of Purchase	Purchase Price⁽¹⁾		Cumulative Collections through June 30, 2019
Year of Purchase	Purchase Price⁽¹⁾		<2010		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		Total⁽²⁾		Multiple⁽³⁾
United States:
<2010	$	1,403,721	$	2,617,761	$	478,541	$	348,627	$	237,650	$	171,270	$	124,564	$	97,044	$	74,026	$	58,976	$	48,698	$	21,118	$	4,278,275	3.0
2010	357,302		—		125,853		288,788		220,686		156,806		111,993		83,578		55,650		40,193		31,699		13,604		1,128,850		3.2
2011	383,808		—		—		123,596		301,949		226,521		155,180		112,906		77,257		56,287		41,148		17,509		1,112,353		2.9
2012	548,821		—		—		—		187,721		350,134		259,252		176,914		113,067		74,507		48,832		19,557		1,229,984		2.2
2013	551,937		—		—		—		—		230,051		397,646		298,068		203,386		147,503		107,399		45,110		1,429,163		2.6
2014	517,939		—		—		—		—		—		144,178		307,814		216,357		142,147		94,929		38,211		943,636		1.8
2015	499,613		—		—		—		—		—		—		105,610		231,102		186,391		125,673		47,739		696,515		1.4
2016	554,039		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		110,875		283,035		234,690		89,701		718,301		1.3
2017	529,301		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		111,902		315,853		144,050		571,805		1.1
2018	633,036		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		175,042		183,359		358,401		0.6
2019	353,830		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		42,927		42,927		0.1
Subtotal	6,333,347		2,617,761		604,394		761,011		948,006		1,134,782		1,192,813		1,181,934		1,081,720		1,100,941		1,223,963		662,885		12,510,210		2.0
Europe:
2013	619,079		—		—		—		—		134,259		249,307		212,129		165,610		146,993		132,663		58,478		1,099,439		1.8
2014	630,342		—		—		—		—		—		135,549		198,127		156,665		137,806		129,033		55,191		812,371		1.3
2015	423,297		—		—		—		—		—		—		65,870		127,084		103,823		88,065		37,561		422,403		1.0
2016	258,841		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		44,641		97,587		83,107		33,263		258,598		1.0
2017	464,110		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		68,111		152,926		62,552		283,589		0.6
2018	455,549		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		49,383		60,600		109,983		0.2
2019	140,846		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		11,414		11,414		0.1
Subtotal	2,992,064		—		—		—		—		134,259		384,856		476,126		494,000		554,320		635,177		319,059		2,997,797		1.0
Other geographies:
2012	6,721		—		—		—		—		3,848		2,561		1,208		542		551		422		178		9,310		1.4
2013	29,568		—		—		—		—		6,617		17,615		10,334		4,606		3,339		2,468		754		45,733		1.5
2014	86,989		—		—		—		—		—		9,652		16,062		18,403		9,813		7,991		3,312		65,233		0.7
2015	91,039		—		—		—		—		—		—		15,061		57,064		43,499		32,622		11,709		159,955		1.8
2016	79,739		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		29,269		39,710		28,992		9,938		107,909		1.4
2017	57,596		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		15,471		23,075		9,169		47,715		0.8
2018	38,457		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		12,910		9,807		22,717		0.6
2019	10,026		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		1,923		1,923		0.2
Subtotal	400,135		—		—		—		—		10,465		29,828		42,665		109,884		112,383		108,480		46,790		460,495		1.2
Total	$	9,725,546	$	2,617,761	$	604,394	$	761,011	$	948,006	$	1,279,506	$	1,607,497	$	1,700,725	$	1,685,604	$	1,767,644	$	1,967,620	$	1,028,734	$	15,968,502	1.6

________________________


(1)	Adjusted for Put-Backs and Recalls. Put-Backs (“Put-Backs”) and recalls (“Recalls”) represent ineligible accounts that are returned by us or recalled by the seller pursuant to specific guidelines as set forth in the respective purchase agreement.


(2)	Cumulative collections from inception through June 30, 2019, excluding collections on behalf of others.


(3)	Cumulative Collections Multiple (“Multiple”) through June 30, 2019 refers to collections as a multiple of purchase price.

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Total Estimated Collections to Purchase Price Multiple

The following table summarizes our purchases, resulting historical gross collections, and estimated remaining gross collections for purchased receivables, by year of purchase (in thousands, except multiples):



	Purchase Price⁽¹⁾		Historical Collections⁽²⁾		Estimated Remaining Collections		Total Estimated Gross Collections		Total Estimated Gross Collections to Purchase Price
United States:
<2010	$	1,403,721	$	4,278,275	$	94,607	$	4,372,882	3.1
2010	357,302		1,128,850		50,996		1,179,846		3.3
2011	383,808		1,112,353		68,211		1,180,564		3.1
2012	548,821		1,229,984		72,567		1,302,551		2.4
2013⁽³⁾	551,937		1,429,163		126,833		1,555,996		2.8
2014⁽³⁾	517,939		943,636		150,428		1,094,064		2.1
2015	499,613		696,515		174,078		870,593		1.7
2016	554,039		718,301		344,495		1,062,796		1.9
2017	529,301		571,805		521,235		1,093,040		2.1
2018	633,036		358,401		991,424		1,349,825		2.1
2019	353,830		42,927		714,963		757,890		2.1
Subtotal	6,333,347		12,510,210		3,309,837		15,820,047		2.5
Europe:
2013⁽³⁾	619,079		1,099,439		681,524		1,780,963		2.9
2014⁽³⁾	630,342		812,371		578,318		1,390,689		2.2
2015⁽³⁾	423,297		422,403		380,090		802,493		1.9
2016	258,841		258,598		353,900		612,498		2.4
2017	464,110		283,589		633,028		916,617		2.0
2018	455,549		109,983		751,027		861,010		1.9
2019	140,846		11,414		280,970		292,384		2.1
Subtotal	2,992,064		2,997,797		3,658,857		6,656,654		2.2
Other geographies:
2012	6,721		9,310		620		9,930		1.5
2013	29,568		45,733		1,666		47,399		1.6
2014	86,989		65,233		141,460		206,693		2.4
2015⁽³⁾	91,039		159,955		58,244		218,199		2.4
2016	79,739		107,909		45,618		153,527		1.9
2017	57,596		47,715		62,218		109,933		1.9
2018	38,457		22,717		53,533		76,250		2.0
2019	10,026		1,923		18,438		20,361		2.0
Subtotal	400,135		460,495		381,797		842,292		2.1
Total	$	9,725,546	$	15,968,502	$	7,350,491	$	23,318,993	2.4

________________________


(1)	Purchase price refers to the cash paid to a seller to acquire a portfolio less Put-backs, Recalls, and other adjustments. Put-Backs and Recalls represent ineligible accounts that are returned by us or recalled by the seller pursuant to specific guidelines as set forth in the respective purchase agreement.


(2)	Cumulative collections from inception through June 30, 2019, excluding collections on behalf of others.


(3)	Includes portfolios acquired in connection with certain business combinations.

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Estimated Remaining Gross Collections by Year of Purchase

The following table summarizes our estimated remaining gross collections for purchased receivables by year of purchase (in thousands):



	Estimated Remaining Gross Collections by Year of Purchase^{(1), (2)}
	2019⁽³⁾		2020		2021		2022		2023		2024		2025		2026		2027		>2027		Total⁽⁴⁾
United States:
<2010	$	21,776	$	32,020	$	20,663	$	12,613	$	6,158	$	1,377	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	94,607
2010	9,668		14,446		9,964		7,000		4,932		3,481		1,505		—		—		—		50,996
2011	12,678		19,110		12,730		8,831		6,199		4,364		3,078		1,221		—		—		68,211
2012	13,959		20,942		13,041		8,623		6,040		4,251		2,997		2,117		597		—		72,567
2013⁽⁵⁾	33,287		48,000		21,458		13,860		6,021		1,564		1,102		779		552		210		126,833
2014⁽⁵⁾	28,836		44,556		27,540		17,601		11,420		7,474		5,049		3,432		2,341		2,179		150,428
2015	35,946		54,335		29,386		18,749		12,473		8,295		5,298		3,583		2,509		3,504		174,078
2016	69,525		104,658		60,172		35,640		23,865		16,654		11,512		7,772		5,445		9,252		344,495
2017	107,930		157,755		90,634		57,439		35,721		23,700		16,052		10,865		7,297		13,842		521,235
2018	182,607		311,498		179,713		112,553		73,982		48,272		33,910		24,447		17,553		6,889		991,424
2019	84,239		214,926		156,199		89,295		57,758		39,696		27,282		19,389		14,013		12,166		714,963
Subtotal	600,451		1,022,246		621,500		382,204		244,569		159,128		107,785		73,605		50,307		48,042		3,309,837
Europe:
2013⁽⁵⁾	55,426		102,277		93,376		85,485		77,634		69,718		61,983		54,718		48,145		32,762		681,524
2014⁽⁵⁾	48,683		88,622		79,803		70,694		63,359		56,234		49,155		42,599		36,289		42,880		578,318
2015⁽⁵⁾	32,856		57,895		50,466		44,538		39,288		34,332		29,493		24,875		21,650		44,697		380,090
2016	29,493		61,092		56,388		41,831		32,454		26,920		24,388		30,220		15,159		35,955		353,900
2017	57,177		102,707		90,916		76,428		63,906		53,025		43,884		35,726		28,938		80,321		633,028
2018	64,489		125,247		102,162		85,498		70,719		61,446		52,782		45,258		38,294		105,132		751,027
2019	19,525		43,957		39,011		33,259		28,017		23,060		19,210		16,019		13,644		45,268		280,970
Subtotal	307,649		581,797		512,122		437,733		375,377		324,735		280,895		249,415		202,119		387,015		3,658,857
Other geographies:
2012	127		210		177		106		—		—		—		—		—		—		620
2013	423		614		453		141		34		1		—		—		—		—		1,666
2014	7,490		26,717		35,597		33,837		23,895		13,924		—		—		—		—		141,460
2015⁽⁵⁾	10,284		15,804		11,474		8,538		5,997		3,687		2,379		81		—		—		58,244
2016	8,517		13,521		9,839		6,672		3,339		1,858		1,316		556		—		—		45,618
2017	8,244		13,916		12,294		11,240		9,363		4,508		1,517		839		297		—		62,218
2018	8,559		14,092		10,255		7,440		5,290		3,269		1,962		1,363		934		369		53,533
2019	3,328		4,553		3,153		2,285		1,698		1,200		814		585		434		388		18,438
Subtotal	46,972		89,427		83,242		70,259		49,616		28,447		7,988		3,424		1,665		757		381,797
Total	$	955,072	$	1,693,470	$	1,216,864	$	890,196	$	669,562	$	512,310	$	396,668	$	326,444	$	254,091	$	435,814	$	7,350,491

________________________

(1)

ERC for Zero Basis Portfolios can extend beyond our collection forecasts. As of June 30, 2019, ERC for Zero Basis Portfolios include approximately $210.8 million for purchased consumer and bankruptcy receivables in the United States. ERC for Zero Basis Portfolios in Europe and other geographies was immaterial. ERC also includes approximately $184.1 million from cost recovery portfolios, primarily in other geographies.


(2)	The collection forecast of each pool in the calculation of accretion revenue is generally estimated up to 120 months in the United States and up to 180 months in Europe. Expected collections beyond the 120 month collection forecast in the United States are included in the presentation of ERC but are not included in the calculation of IRRs.


(3)	2019 amount consists of six months data from July 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019.


(4)	Represents the expected remaining gross cash collections on purchased portfolios over a 180-month period. As of June 30, 2019, ERC for purchased receivables for 84-month and 120-month periods were:



	84-Month ERC		120-Month ERC
United States	$	3,178,073	$	3,297,956
Europe	2,950,634		3,481,888
Other geographies	377,971		381,797
Total	$	6,506,678	$	7,161,641

Table of Contents


(5)	Includes portfolios acquired in connection with certain business combinations.

Unamortized Balances of Portfolios

The following table summarizes the remaining unamortized balances of our purchased receivable portfolios by year of purchase (in thousands, except percentages):



	Unamortized Balance as of June 30, 2019		Purchase Price⁽¹⁾		Unamortized Balance as a Percentage of Purchase Price		Unamortized Balance as a Percentage of Total
United States:
2011	$	2,001	$	383,808	0.5	%	0.1	%
2012	7,378		548,821		1.3	%	0.2	%
2013⁽²⁾	18,679		551,937		3.4	%	0.6	%
2014⁽²⁾	58,168		517,939		11.2	%	1.8	%
2015	95,565		499,613		19.1	%	3.0	%
2016	184,492		554,039		33.3	%	5.7	%
2017	246,610		529,301		46.6	%	7.6	%
2018	489,514		633,036		77.3	%	15.2	%
2019	338,767		353,830		95.7	%	10.5	%
Subtotal	1,441,174		4,572,324		31.5	%	44.7	%
Europe:
2013⁽²⁾	234,929		619,079		37.9	%	7.3	%
2014⁽²⁾	214,843		630,342		34.1	%	6.7	%
2015⁽²⁾	166,609		423,297		39.4	%	5.2	%
2016	150,196		258,841		58.0	%	4.7	%
2017	315,346		464,110		67.9	%	9.8	%
2018	402,783		455,549		88.4	%	12.5	%
2019	136,094		140,846		96.6	%	4.2	%
Subtotal	1,620,800		2,992,064		54.2	%	50.3	%
Other geographies:
2014	64,284		86,989		73.9	%	2.0	%
2015⁽²⁾	16,527		91,039		18.2	%	0.5	%
2016	21,924		79,739		27.5	%	0.7	%
2017	27,122		57,596		47.1	%	0.8	%
2018	23,865		38,457		62.1	%	0.7	%
2019	8,872		10,026		88.5	%	0.3	%
Subtotal	162,594		363,846		44.7	%	5.0	%
Total	$	3,224,568	$	7,928,234	40.7	%	100.0	%

________________________


(1)	Purchase price refers to the cash paid to a seller to acquire a portfolio less Put-backs, Recalls, and other adjustments. Put-Backs and Recalls represent ineligible accounts that are returned by us or recalled by the seller pursuant to specific guidelines as set forth in the respective purchase agreements.


(2)	Includes portfolios acquired in connection with certain business combinations.

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Estimated Future Amortization of Portfolios

As of June 30, 2019, we had $3.2 billion in investment in receivable portfolios. This balance will be amortized based upon current projections of cash collections in excess of revenue applied to the principal balance. The estimated amortization of the investment in receivable portfolios balance is as follows (in thousands):



Years Ending December 31,	United States		Europe		Other Geographies		Total Amortization
2019⁽¹⁾	$	224,264	$	102,293	$	16,926	$	343,483
2020	467,479		212,448		34,007		713,934
2021	284,717		200,323		35,277		520,317
2022	165,801		175,784		31,686		373,271
2023	106,461		152,993		23,290		282,744
2024	70,585		139,971		13,264		223,820
2025	48,063		128,642		4,309		181,014
2026	34,408		124,578		2,117		161,103
2027	24,077		116,798		1,106		141,981
2028	13,263		106,510		559		120,332
2029	2,056		56,884		53		58,993
2030	—		40,338		—		40,338
2031	—		29,174		—		29,174
2032	—		21,632		—		21,632
2033	—		11,158		—		11,158
2034	—		1,274		—		1,274
Total	$	1,441,174	$	1,620,800	$	162,594	$	3,224,568

________________________


(1)	2019 amount consists of six months data from July 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019.

Headcount by Function by Geographic Location

The following table summarizes our headcount by function and by geographic location:



	Headcount as of June 30,
	2019		2018
	Domestic	International	Domestic	International⁽¹⁾
General & Administrative	1,085	2,371	1,014	2,721
Account Manager	496	3,968	465	4,463
Total	1,581	6,339	1,479	7,184

________________________


(1)	Headcount as of June 30, 2018 includes 287 general and administrative and 495 account manager Refinancia employees.

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Purchases by Quarter

The following table summarizes the receivable portfolios we purchased by quarter, and the respective purchase prices (in thousands):



Quarter	# of Accounts	Face Value		Purchase Price
Q1 2017	807	$	1,657,393	$	218,727
Q2 2017	1,347	2,441,909		246,415
Q3 2017	1,010	3,018,072		292,332
Q4 2017	1,434	2,985,978		300,761
Q1 2018	973	1,799,804		276,762
Q2 2018	1,031	2,870,456		359,580
Q3 2018	706	1,559,241		248,691
Q4 2018	766	2,272,113		246,865
Q1 2019	854	1,732,977		262,335
Q2 2019	778	2,307,711		242,697

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity

The following table summarizes our cash flow activities for the periods presented (in thousands):



	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2019			2018
	(Unaudited)
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	108,820		$	97,627
Net cash used in investing activities	(115,688		)	(240,887		)
Net cash provided by financing activities	27,578			121,035

Operating Cash Flows

Cash flows from operating activities represent the cash receipts and disbursements related to all of our activities other than investing and financing activities. Operating cash flows are derived by adjusting net income for non-cash operating items such as depreciation and amortization, allowance charges and stock-based compensation charges, and changes in operating assets and liabilities which reflect timing differences between the receipt and payment of cash associated with transactions and when they are recognized in results of operations.

Net cash provided by operating activities was $108.8 million and $97.6 million during the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Cash provided by operating activities is affected by net income, various non-cash add backs in operating activities, including portfolio allowance reversals, and changes in operating assets and liabilities. The primary drivers of the change in operating cash flow included net income, interest expense, and various changes in operating assets and liabilities. Prepaid income tax and income taxes payable consumed $36.6 million and $22.6 million during the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, while accounts payable, accrued liabilities and other liabilities consumed $43.9 million and $6.7 million during the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Table of Contents

Investing Cash Flows

Net cash used in investing activities was $115.7 million and $240.9 million during the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Cash used in investing activities is primarily affected by receivable portfolio purchases offset by collection proceeds applied to the principal of our receivable portfolios. Receivable portfolio purchases were $499.9 million and $633.0 million during the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Collection proceeds applied to the principal of our receivable portfolios were $405.1 million and $415.2 million during the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Capital expenditures for fixed assets acquired with internal cash flows were $17.5 million and $24.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Financing Cash Flows

Net cash provided by financing activities was $27.6 million and $121.0 million during the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Cash provided by financing activities is generally affected by borrowings under our credit facilities and proceeds from various debt offering, offset by repayments of amounts outstanding under our credit facilities and repayments of various notes. Borrowings under our credit facilities were $322.9 million and $425.7 million during the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Repayments of amounts outstanding under our credit facilities were $276.2 million and $292.4 million during the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Capital Resources

Historically, we have met our cash requirements by utilizing our cash flows from operations, bank borrowings, debt offerings, and equity offerings. From time to time, depending on the capital markets, we consider additional financings to fund our operations and acquisitions. We continue to explore possible synergies with respect to Cabot, including in connection with potential debt financing options. From time to time, we may repurchase outstanding debt or equity and/or restructure or refinance debt obligations. Our primary cash requirements have included the purchase of receivable portfolios, entity acquisitions, operating expenses, the payment of interest and principal on borrowings, and the payment of income taxes.

We have a revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Credit Facility”) and term loan facility (the “Term Loan Facility”, and together with the Revolving Credit Facility, the “Senior Secured Credit Facilities”) pursuant to a Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated December 20, 2016 (as amended, the “Restated Credit Agreement”). The Senior Secured Credit Facilities have a five-year maturity, expiring in December 2021. As of June 30, 2019, we had $496.0 million outstanding and $160.8 million of availability under the Revolving Credit Facility and $179.3 million outstanding under the Term Loan Facility.

Through Cabot, we have a revolving credit facility of £385.0 million (approximately $501.8 million) (the “Cabot Credit Facility”). As of June 30, 2019, we had £229.5 million (approximately $291.4 million) outstanding and £155.5 million (approximately $197.5 million) of availability under the Cabot Credit Facility.

In August 2018, we established an at-the-market equity offering program (the “ATM Program”) pursuant to which we may issue and sell shares of Encore’s common stock having an aggregate offering price of $50.0 million in amounts and at times as we determine from time to time. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, we did not issue any shares under our ATM Program.

We have no obligation to sell any of such shares under our ATM Program. Actual sales will depend on a variety of factors to be determined by the Company from time to time, including, among others, market conditions, the trading price of our common stock, our determination of the appropriate sources of funding for the Company, and potential uses of funding available to us. We intend to use the net proceeds from the offering of such shares, if any, for general corporate purposes, which could include repayments of our credit facilities from time to time.

Currently, all of our portfolio purchases are funded with cash from operations and borrowings under our Senior Secured Credit Facilities and our Cabot Credit Facility.

We are in compliance with all covenants under our financing arrangements. See Note 8, “Debt, net” to our consolidated financial statements for a further discussion of our debt.

Our cash and cash equivalents at June 30, 2019 consisted of $29.3 million held by U.S.-based entities and $139.3 million held by foreign entities. Most of our cash and cash equivalents held by foreign entities is indefinitely reinvested and may be subject to material tax effects if repatriated. However, we believe that our U.S. sources of cash and liquidity are sufficient to meet our business needs in the United States.

Included in cash and cash equivalents is cash that was collected on behalf of, and remains payable to, third party clients. The balance of cash held for clients was $24.2 million at June 30, 2019.

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We believe that we have sufficient liquidity to fund our operations for at least the next twelve months, given our expectation of continued positive cash flows from operations, our cash and cash equivalents, our access to capital markets, and availability under our credit facilities. Our future cash needs will depend on our acquisitions of portfolios and businesses.

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Item 3 – Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Foreign Currency Exchange Rates. At June 30, 2019, there had not been a material change in any of the foreign currency risk information disclosed in Item 7A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk,” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.

Interest Rates. At June 30, 2019, there had not been a material change in the interest rate risk information disclosed in Item 7A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk,” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.

Item 4 – Controls and Procedures

Attached as exhibits to this Form 10-Q are the certifications required by Rule 13a-14 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. This section includes information concerning the controls and controls evaluation referred to in the certifications.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our periodic reports filed or submitted under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, our management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives and accordingly, management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

Based on their most recent evaluation, as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act are effective at the reasonable assurance level.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

No changes in our internal control over financial reporting occurred during the quarter ended June 30, 2019 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1 – Legal Proceedings

Information with respect to this item may be found in Note 12, “Commitments and Contingencies,” to the consolidated financial statements.

Item 1A – Risk Factors

Except for the updates to the risk factor set forth below, there is no material change in the information reported under “Part I-Item 1A-Risk Factors” contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.

Economic conditions and regulatory changes leading up to and following the United Kingdom’s expected exit from the European Union could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In June 2016, the United Kingdom held a referendum in which voters approved the United Kingdom’s exit from the E.U., commonly referred to as “Brexit.” In March 2017, the United Kingdom formally served notice on the European Council of its intention to withdraw from the E.U. The terms of any withdrawal are subject to a complex and ongoing negotiation between the United Kingdom and the E.U. whose result and timing remain unclear and which has created significant political and economic uncertainty about the future trading relationship between the United Kingdom and E.U. in the event of a withdrawal, particularly in light of the possibility that an immediate, so-called “no deal” withdrawal could occur without a negotiated agreement.

These developments, or the perception that any of them could occur, may have a material adverse effect on global economic conditions and the stability of global financial markets, and may significantly reduce global market liquidity, restrict the ability of key market participants to operate in certain financial markets or restrict our access to capital. In addition, Brexit has caused, and may continue to cause, both significant volatility in global stock markets and currency exchange rate fluctuations, as well as create significant uncertainty among United Kingdom businesses and investors. In particular, the pound sterling has lost a significant amount of its value against the U.S. Dollar and the euro respectively since the referendum. Further, the Bank of England and other observers have warned of a Brexit-related recession in the United Kingdom in the case of a “no deal” withdrawal. The Company generates a significant portion of its earnings in the United Kingdom, and any significant change in the value of the pound and/or recession in the United Kingdom or any of the foregoing factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.

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Item 6 – Exhibits



Number		Description
3.1.1		Restated Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Amendment No. 2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed on June 14, 1999, File No. 333-77483)

3.1.2		Certificate of Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 4, 2002, File No. 000-26489)

3.1.3		Second Certificate of Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation (filed herewith)

3.3		Bylaws, as amended through February 8, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 14, 2011)

4.1		Indenture, dated June 14, 2019, between Cabot Financial (Luxembourg) II S.A., Cabot Credit Management Limited, Cabot Financial Limited, the subsidiary guarantors party thereto, J.P. Morgan Europe Limited as security agent, and Citibank, N.A. London Branch as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 17, 2019)

31.1		Certification of the Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith)

31.2		Certification of the Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith)

32.1		Certifications of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (furnished herewith)

101.INS		XBRL Instance Document - The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because XBRL tags are embedded within the inline XBRL document. (filed herewith)

101.SCH		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document (filed herewith)

101.CAL		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document (filed herewith)

101.DEF		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document (filed herewith)

101.LAB		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document (filed herewith)

101.PRE		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document (filed herewith)

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.



	ENCORE CAPITAL GROUP, INC.

	By:		/s/ Jonathan C. Clark
			Jonathan C. Clark
			Executive Vice President,
			Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer

Date: August 7, 2019