FIRST OF LONG ISLAND CORP - Annual Report: 2022 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

___________

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

ý ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

¨ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ____ to ____

Commission file number 001-32964

THE FIRST OF LONG ISLAND CORPORATION

(Exact Name Of Registrant As Specified In Its Charter)

(516) 671-4900

(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

    Yes ¨   No ý

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.

    Yes ¨   No ý

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirement for the past 90 days.     Yes ý   No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).     Yes ý   No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.  ý

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ¨  

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to § 240.10D-1(b). ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).     Yes ¨   No ý

The aggregate market value of the Corporation’s voting common stock held by nonaffiliates as of June 30, 2022, the last business day of the Corporation’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was $382.3 million. This value was computed by reference to the price at which the stock was last sold on June 30, 2022 and excludes $18.1 million representing the market value of common stock beneficially owned by directors and executive officers of the registrant.

As of March 3, 2023, the registrant had 22,512,395 of shares of common stock, $0.10 par value per share, outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the Registrant’s Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held April 18, 2023 are incorporated by reference into Part III.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

General

The First of Long Island Corporation (“Registrant”), a one-bank holding company, was incorporated on February 7, 1984 for the purpose of providing financial services through its wholly-owned subsidiary, The First National Bank of Long Island. The consolidated entity is referred to as the "Corporation," and the Bank and its subsidiaries are collectively referred to as the "Bank."

The Bank was organized in 1927 as a national banking association under the laws of the United States of America. The Bank has two wholly-owned subsidiaries: FNY Service Corp., an investment company, and The First of Long Island Agency, Inc. The Bank and FNY Service Corp. jointly own another subsidiary, The First of Long Island REIT, Inc., a real estate investment trust.

All the financial operations of the Corporation are aggregated in one reportable operating segment. All revenues are attributed to and all long-lived assets are located in the United States.

The Bank’s revenues are derived principally from interest on loans and investment securities, service charges and fees on deposit accounts, income from investment management services and bank-owned life insurance (“BOLI”).

The Bank did not commence, abandon or significantly change any of its lines of business during 2022.

Markets Served and Products Offered

The Bank serves the financial needs of small and medium-sized businesses, professionals, consumers, municipalities and other organizations primarily in Nassau and Suffolk Counties of Long Island, and the boroughs of New York City (“NYC”). The Bank has 41 branch locations including 17 branches in Nassau, 16 in Suffolk, five in Queens, two in Brooklyn and one in Manhattan. During 2022, the Bank opened one branch in eastern Suffolk County. The Bank continues to evaluate the strategic placement of its branch network and invests in digital channels to best serve customer demand both within and beyond its physical locations.

The Bank’s loan portfolio is primarily comprised of loans to borrowers on Long Island and in the boroughs of NYC, and its real estate loans are principally secured by properties located in those areas. The Bank’s investment securities portfolio is comprised of direct obligations of the U.S. government and its agencies, corporate bonds of large U.S. financial institutions and highly rated obligations of states and political subdivisions.

The Bank provides investment management, trust, estate and custody services and offers retail investment services through a partnership with Financial Resources Group, an affiliate of LPL Financial.

In addition to its loan, investment and deposit products, the Bank offers a wide array of banking services to its customers through its branch network, mobile applications and interactive website.

Competition

The Bank encounters substantial competition in its banking business from numerous other financial services organizations that have offices located in the communities served by the Bank. Principal competitors are large money center, regional and community banks located within the Bank’s market area, mortgage brokers, brokerage firms, credit unions and fintech or e-commerce companies. The Bank competes for loans based on the quality of service it provides, loan structure, competitive pricing and branch locations. It also competes for deposits by offering a high level of customer service, paying competitive rates, maintaining a well designed website and through the geographic distribution of its branch system. Cash management tools and digital channels are increasingly essential to attract and retain core customer relationships.

Investment Activities

The Bank’s investment policy, as approved by the Asset Liability Committee of the Board (“ALCO”) and supervised by both the ALCO and the Management Investment Committee, is intended to promote investment practices which are both safe and sound and in full compliance with applicable regulations. Investment authority is granted and amended as necessary by the Board of Directors or ALCO.

The Bank's investment decisions seek to optimize income while keeping both credit and interest rate risk at acceptable levels, provide for the Bank's liquidity needs and provide securities that can be pledged, as needed, to secure deposits and borrowings.

The Bank’s investment policy generally limits individual maturities on municipal bonds to 20 years and estimated average lives on collateralized mortgage obligations (“CMOs”) and other mortgage-backed securities to ten years. At the time of purchase, bonds of states and political subdivisions must generally be rated AA or better, notes of states and political subdivisions must generally be rated MIG-1 (or equivalent), commercial paper must be rated A-1 or P-1, and corporate bonds of large U.S. based financial institutions must have a rating of BBB+ or better. In addition, management periodically reviews the creditworthiness of all securities in the Bank’s portfolio other than those issued by the U.S. government or its agencies. Any significant deterioration in the creditworthiness of an issuer is analyzed and action is taken if deemed appropriate.

At year end 2022 and 2021, there were no holdings of securities of any one issuer, other than the U.S. government and its agencies, in an amount greater than 10% of stockholders’ equity.

The Bank’s investment portfolio at December 31, 2022 was comprised of available-for-sale (“AFS”) securities totaling $673.4 million and was made up of state and municipal securities of $305.2 million, pass-through mortgage securities of $148.5 million, CMOs of $113.4 million and corporate bonds of $106.3 million. Substantially all the municipal securities are rated AA or better. The pass-through mortgage securities and CMOs are issued by Government National Mortgage Association (“GNMA”), Federal National Mortgage Association (“FNMA”) and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“FHLMC”). GNMA is a U.S. government agency and FNMA and FHLMC are U.S. government-sponsored agencies. The corporate bonds are investment grade securities issued by large U.S. based financial institutions with variable rates that reset quarterly based on the ten-year swap rate.

The Bank has not engaged in the purchase and sale of securities for the primary purpose of producing trading profits and its current investment policy does not allow for such activity.

Lending Activities

General. The Bank’s lending is subject to written underwriting standards and loan origination procedures, as approved by the Loan Committee of the Board (“Loan Committee”) and contained in the Bank’s loan policy. The loan policy allows for exceptions and sets forth specific exception approval requirements. Decisions on loan applications are based on the borrower’s credit history, the financial strength of the borrower, estimates of the borrower’s ability to repay the loan and the value of the collateral and guarantees, if any. All real estate appraisals must meet the requirements of the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (“Dodd-Frank Act”), banking agency guidance and, for those loans in excess of $250,000, be reviewed by the Bank’s independent appraisal review function.

The Bank’s loan portfolio is primarily comprised of loans to small and medium-sized privately owned businesses, professionals and consumers on Long Island and in the New York (“NY”) metropolitan area. The Bank offers a full range of lending services including commercial and residential mortgage loans, home equity lines/loans, commercial and industrial loans, small business credit scored loans, Small Business Administration (“SBA”) loans, construction and land development loans, consumer loans and standby letters of credit. During 2022, commercial lending was emphasized over residential mortgage lending and supported by increases in credit and lending staff.

The Bank makes both fixed and variable rate loans. Variable rate loans reprice primarily with changes in the prime interest rate as published in The Wall Street Journal, U.S. Treasury rates and Federal Home Loan Bank of NY (“FHLBNY”) advance rates.

Commercial and Industrial Loans. Commercial and industrial loans include short-term business loans and lines of credit; revolving credit facilities, term and installment loans; loans secured by marketable securities, the cash surrender value of life insurance policies, deposit accounts or general business assets; small business credit scored loans as described hereinafter; equipment finance loans; and asset based loans/lines. The Bank makes commercial and industrial loans on a demand basis, short-term basis, installment or revolving basis. Short-term business loans are generally due and payable within one year and should be self-liquidating during the normal course of the borrower’s business cycle. Lines of credit are reaffirmed annually and generally require an annual cleanup period. Revolving credit facilities, term and installment loans are usually due and payable within five years. Availability on certain lines of credit and revolving credit facilities may be subject to a borrowing-based formula. Generally, it is the policy of the Bank to request personal guarantees of principal owners on loans made to privately-owned businesses.

Small Business Credit Scored Loans. The Bank makes small business credit scored loans to businesses that generally have annual sales at the time of application of less than $3.5 million and issues VISA^® credit cards. Most of these loans are in the form of revolving credit lines and, depending on the type of business, the maximum amount generally ranges from $50,000 to $250,000. The Bank also originates installment loans to finance business automobiles, trucks and equipment and can be secured by the asset financed and/or deposit accounts. Both installment loans and revolving credit commitments generally have maturities up to 60 months. Business profile reports are used in conjunction with credit reports and FICO (Fair Isaac Corporation) small business score cards for loan underwriting and decision making purposes. Credit and FICO small business risk scores enable the Bank to quickly and efficiently identify and approve loans to low-risk business applicants and decline loans to high-risk business applicants.

Real Estate Mortgage Loans and Home Equity Lines. The Bank makes residential and commercial mortgage loans and establishes home equity lines of credit. Applicants for residential mortgage loans and home equity lines will be considered for approval provided they have satisfactory credit history and collateral and the Bank believes that there is sufficient monthly income to service both the loan or line applied for and existing debt. Applicants for commercial mortgage loans will be considered for approval provided they, as well as any guarantors, have satisfactory credit history and can demonstrate, through financial statements and otherwise, the ability to repay. Commercial and residential mortgage loans are made with terms not in excess of 30 years and are generally maintained in the Bank’s portfolio. The residential mortgage loans made by the Bank in recent years consist of both fixed rate loans with terms ranging from 10 to 30 years and variable rate loans that reprice in five, seven or ten years and then every year thereafter. Commercial mortgage loans generally reprice within five to ten years and home equity lines generally mature within ten years. Depending on the type of property, the Bank will generally not lend more than 80% of appraised value on residential mortgage, home equity and commercial mortgage loans. The lending limitations with regard to appraised value are more stringent for loans on co-ops and condominiums.

In processing requests for commercial mortgage loans, the Bank generally requires an environmental assessment to identify the possibility of environmental contamination. The extent of the assessment procedures varies from property to property and is based on factors such as the use and location of the subject property and whether or not the property has a suspected environmental risk based on current or past use.

Construction Loans. The Bank makes loans to finance the construction of both residential and commercial properties. The maturity of such loans is generally 24 months or less and advances are made as the construction progresses. The advances can require the submission of bills and lien waivers by the contractor, verification by a Bank-approved inspector that the work has been performed, and title insurance updates to ensure that no intervening liens have been placed. Variable rate construction and land development loans are included in commercial mortgages on the consolidated balance sheets.

Consumer Loans and Lines. The Bank makes auto loans, home improvement loans and other consumer loans, establishes revolving overdraft lines of credit and issues VISA^® credit cards. Consumer loans are generally made on an installment basis over terms not in excess of five years. In reviewing loans and lines for approval, the Bank generally considers the borrower’s ability to repay, stability of employment and residence and past credit history.

Sources of Funds

The Bank’s primary sources of cash are deposits, maturities and amortization of loans and investment securities, operations and borrowings. The Bank uses cash from these and other sources to fund loan growth, purchase investment securities, repay deposits and borrowings, expand and improve its physical facilities and pay cash dividends to the Corporation. The Corporation uses dividends from the Bank to pay stockholder dividends, repurchase its common stock and for general corporate purposes.

The Bank offers checking and interest-bearing deposit products. In addition to business and small business checking, the Bank has a variety of personal checking products that differ in minimum balance requirements, monthly maintenance fees, and per check charges, if any. Interest-bearing deposit products, which have a wide range of interest rates and terms, consist of negotiable order of withdrawal (“NOW”) accounts, interest on lawyer accounts, escrow service accounts, rent security accounts, personal and nonpersonal money market and savings accounts, time deposits, holiday club accounts and individual retirement accounts.

The Bank relies primarily on its branch network, customer service, calling programs, lending relationships, referral sources, competitive pricing, deposit rate promotions and advertising to attract and retain local deposits. The flow of deposits is influenced by general economic conditions, changes in interest rates and competition.

Human Capital Resources

We aspire to provide all employees equal opportunity to realize their maximum potential with the Bank and strive to be an inclusive and diverse workplace that encourages open and honest employee comment without retaliation. We seek to attract, recruit and retain a diverse workforce, which is reflective of the communities in which we live and work. By encouraging different viewpoints, styles, experiences, cultures, ethnicities, sexual orientations and gender identities, we build a more flexible, creative and competitive corporate culture while remaining socially accountable to our local communities. We recently conducted a bank wide employee engagement survey and implemented initiatives to improve communication and enhance employee development opportunities in response to the feedback.

Employee Profile. At December 31, 2022, we had approximately 303 full time equivalent employees in locations across the NY metropolitan area. This represents a decrease of 15 employees, or 4.7%, from December 31, 2021 due to factors such as branch consolidations, relocations and fewer staff in the Bank’s branches.

Total Rewards. As part of our compensation philosophy, we believe that we must offer and maintain market competitive total rewards programs for our employees in order to attract and retain superior talent. In addition to base wages, additional programs include annual equity and/or cash incentive opportunities, a Company matched 401(k) plan, a defined benefit pension plan, healthcare and insurance benefits, health savings accounts, transit benefits, flexible spending accounts, paid time off, family leave and employee assistance programs.

Health and Safety. The success of our business is fundamentally connected to the well-being of our people. Accordingly, we are committed to the health, safety and wellness of our employees. We provide our employees and their families with access to a variety of flexible and convenient health and welfare programs, including benefits that support their physical and mental health. We provide tools and resources to help them and their families experience healthier living.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic (“pandemic”), we implemented significant operating environment and worksite changes in the best interest of our employees, clients and communities. Supporting our employees and their families during these difficult times was a priority for both management and our Board of Directors.

Training and Development. We are committed to the ongoing success and development of our employees at every level to promote and foster individual and organizational effectiveness. Employees take part in recurring training that covers regulatory compliance, cybersecurity, sales and retail strategies and other programs tailored to specific job functions. Additional professional development and leadership training is offered for growth opportunities.

Talent. A core tenet of maintaining our highly skilled workforce is to foster career opportunities for existing staff while actively recruiting seasoned bankers for certain roles. Hiring entry level staff is also important as we prepare for our future. These approaches create loyalty in our employee base while also bringing in new perspectives and ideas to help us grow the business, expand our product lines and benefit our customers. We believe a favorable reputation in the marketplace and our new Corporate headquarters centrally located in Melville on Long Island allows us to attract highly skilled workers. We use internal and external resources to identify the best job candidates while encouraging employee referrals for open positions.

Our performance management framework includes annual reviews, a review of goals achieved and a discussion of future goals and employee development, including training opportunities, and annual merit-based salary adjustments.

Employee retention helps us operate efficiently and achieve one of our business objectives, which is being a high-quality, efficient provider of financial services. We believe our commitment to core values, prioritizing concern for our employees’ well-being, supporting our employees’ career goals, offering competitive wages and providing valuable benefits aids in the retention of our employees.

Supervision and Regulation

General. The banking industry is highly regulated. Statutory and regulatory controls are designed primarily for the protection of depositors and the banking system, and not for the purpose of protecting shareholders. The following discussion is not intended to be a complete list of all the activities regulated by banking laws or of the impact of such laws and regulations on the Corporation and the Bank. Changes in applicable laws or regulations and their interpretation and application by regulatory agencies cannot be predicted and may have a material effect on our business and results of operations.

As a registered bank holding company, the Corporation is regulated under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (“BHC Act”), and subject to inspection, examination and supervision by the Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”). In general, the BHC Act limits the business of bank holding companies to banking, managing or controlling banks, performing servicing activities for subsidiaries and engaging in activities that the FRB has determined, by order or regulation, are so closely related to banking as to be a proper incident thereto under the BHC Act. The Corporation is also subject to the disclosure and regulatory requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as administered by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Our common stock is listed on the Capital Market tier of the NASDAQ Stock Market (“NASDAQ”) under the symbol “FLIC” and is subject to NASDAQ rules for listed companies.

As a national bank, the Bank is subject to regulation and examination by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”) and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”). Insured banks, such as the Bank, are subject to extensive regulation of many aspects of their businesses. These regulations generally relate to: (1) the nature and amount of loans that may be made by the Bank and the rates of interest that may be charged; (2) types and amounts of other investments; (3) branching; (4) anti-money laundering; (5) permissible activities; (6) reserve requirements; and (7) dealings with officers, directors and affiliates.

The Dodd-Frank Act made extensive changes in the regulation of depository institutions and their holding companies. For example, the Dodd-Frank Act created a new Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”) as an independent bureau of the FRB. The CFPB has assumed responsibility for the implementation of the federal financial consumer protection and fair lending laws and regulations, a function previously assigned to principal federal banking regulators, and has authority to impose new requirements. However, institutions of less than $10 billion in assets, such as the Bank, continue to be examined for compliance with consumer protection and fair lending laws and regulations by, and subject to the enforcement authority of, their primary federal regulator, although the CFPB has limited back-up authority to examine such institutions.

Bank Holding Company Regulation. The BHC Act requires the prior approval of the FRB for the acquisition by a bank holding company of 5% or more of the voting stock or substantially all of the assets of any bank or bank holding company. Also, under the BHC Act, bank holding companies are prohibited, with certain exceptions, from engaging in, or from acquiring 5% or more of the voting stock of any company engaging in activities other than (1) banking or managing or controlling banks, (2) furnishing services to or performing services for their subsidiaries, or (3) activities that the FRB has determined to be so closely related to banking or managing or controlling banks as to be a proper incident thereto. Bank holding companies that meet certain criteria specified by the FRB may elect to be regulated as a “financial holding company” and thereby engage in a broader array of financial activities including insurance and investment banking.

Payment of Dividends. The source of the Corporation’s liquidity is dividends from the Bank. Prior approval of the OCC is required if the total of all dividends declared by a national bank in any calendar year would exceed the sum of the bank’s net profits for that year and its retained net profits for the preceding two calendar years, less any required transfers to surplus. Under the foregoing dividend restrictions, and while maintaining its “well capitalized” status and absent affirmative governmental approvals, during 2023 the Bank could declare dividends to the Corporation of approximately $24.5 million plus any 2023 net profits retained to the date of the dividend declaration.

In addition, the Corporation and the Bank are subject to other regulatory policies and requirements relating to the payment of dividends, including requirements to maintain adequate capital above regulatory minimum capital levels. The FRB is authorized to determine under certain circumstances relating to the financial condition of a bank holding company or a bank that the payment of dividends would be an unsafe or unsound practice and to prohibit payment thereof. FRB guidance sets forth the supervisory expectation that bank holding companies will inform and consult with FRB staff in advance of declaring a dividend that exceeds earnings for the quarter and should inform the FRB and should eliminate, defer or significantly reduce dividends if (1) net income available to shareholders for the past four quarters, net of dividends previously paid during that period, is not sufficient to fully fund the dividends, (2) the prospective rate of earnings retention is not consistent with the bank holding company’s capital needs and overall current and prospective financial condition, or (3) the bank holding company will not meet, or is in danger of not meeting, its minimum regulatory capital adequacy ratios.

Stock Repurchases. Current FRB regulations provide that a bank holding company that is not well capitalized or well managed, as such terms are defined in the regulations, or that is subject to any unresolved supervisory issues, is required to give the FRB prior written notice of any repurchase or redemption of its outstanding equity securities if the gross consideration for repurchase or redemption, when combined with the net consideration paid for all such repurchases or redemptions during the preceding 12 months, will be equal to 10% or more of the company’s consolidated net worth. The FRB may disapprove such a repurchase or redemption if it determines that the proposal would constitute an unsafe and unsound practice or violate a law or regulation. FRB guidance generally provides for bank holding company consultation with FRB staff prior to engaging in a repurchase or redemption of a bank holding company’s stock, even if a formal written notice is not required.

Transactions with Affiliates. Federal laws strictly limit the ability of banks to engage in transactions with their affiliates, including their bank holding companies. Regulations promulgated by the FRB limit the types and amounts of these transactions (including loans due and extensions of credit from their U.S. bank subsidiaries) that may take place and generally require those transactions to be on an arm’s-length basis. In general, these regulations require that any “covered transactions” between a subsidiary bank and its parent company or the nonbank subsidiaries of the bank holding company be limited to 10% of the bank subsidiary’s capital and surplus and, with respect to such parent company and all such nonbank subsidiaries, to an aggregate of 20% of the bank subsidiary’s capital and surplus. Further, loans and extensions of credit to affiliates generally are required to be secured by eligible collateral in specified amounts.

Source of Strength Doctrine. FRB policy has historically required bank holding companies to act as a source of financial and managerial strength to their subsidiary banks. The Dodd-Frank Act codified this policy as a statutory requirement. Under this requirement, the Corporation is expected to commit resources to support the Bank, including at times when the Corporation may not be in a financial position to provide such resources. Any capital loans by a bank holding company to any of its subsidiary banks are subordinate in right of payment to depositors and to certain other indebtedness of such subsidiary banks. In the event of a bank holding company’s bankruptcy, any commitment by the bank holding company to a federal bank regulatory agency to maintain the capital of a subsidiary bank will be assumed by the bankruptcy trustee and entitled to priority of payment.

Capital Requirements. As a bank holding company, the Corporation is subject to consolidated regulatory capital requirements administered by the FRB. The Bank is subject to similar capital requirements administered by the OCC.

The Corporation and the Bank are subject to the Basel III regulatory capital standards (“Basel III”) issued by the FRB and the OCC. Under the Basel III capital requirements, the Corporation and the Bank are required to maintain minimum ratios of Tier 1 capital to average assets of 4.00%, Common equity tier 1 capital to risk weighted assets of 4.50%, Tier 1 capital to risk weighted assets of 6.00% and Total capital to risk weighted assets of 8.00%. Common equity tier 1 capital, Tier 1 capital, Total capital, risk weighted assets and average assets are defined in the Basel III rules. Failure to meet the minimum capital requirements can result in certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by the regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the financial statements of the Corporation and Bank. The Corporation and the Bank opted to exclude accumulated other comprehensive income components from Tier 1 and Total regulatory capital.

Basel III also requires the Corporation and the Bank to maintain a capital conservation buffer of 2.50% in order to avoid being subject to limitations on capital distributions, including dividend payments, and discretionary bonus payments to executive officers. The capital ratio requirements, including the capital conservation buffer, for banks with $250 billion or less in total assets are 7.00% for Common equity tier 1 capital to risk weighted assets, 8.50% for Tier 1 capital to risk weighted assets and 10.50% for Total capital to risk weighted assets.

In accordance with the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act, the federal banking agencies adopted a final rule whereby financial institutions and financial institution holding companies that have less than $10 billion in total consolidated assets and meet other qualifying criteria, including a leverage ratio of greater than 9% (“qualifying community banking organizations”), are eligible to opt into a community bank leverage ratio (“CBLR”) framework. Qualifying community banking organizations that elect to use the CBLR framework and that maintain a leverage ratio of greater than 9% are considered to have satisfied the generally applicable risk-based and leverage capital requirements in the agencies’ capital rules and will be considered to have met the well capitalized ratio requirements under the prompt corrective action (“PCA”) statutes. The agencies reserved the authority to disallow the use of the CBLR framework by a financial institution or holding company, based on the risk profile of the organization. On January 1, 2020, the CBLR framework became effective, and management elected to adopt the alternative framework. As a qualifying community banking organization, the Corporation and the Bank may opt out of the CBLR framework in any subsequent quarter by completing its regulatory agency reporting using the traditional capital rules.

On April 6, 2020, the federal banking agencies issued interim final rules pursuant to section 4012 of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”), temporarily lowering the CBLR requirement to 8.00% through the end of 2020, 8.50% for calendar year 2021 and 9.00% in 2022. The CARES Act also provided that, during the same time period, if a qualifying community banking organization fell no more than 1% below the CBLR, it would have a two-quarter grace period to satisfy the CBLR.

The Corporation’s capital management policy is designed to build and maintain capital levels that exceed regulatory standards and appropriately provide for growth. The leverage ratio of the Corporation and the Bank at December 31, 2022 were 9.83% and 9.81%, respectively. The Corporation and the Bank elected the optional five-year transition period provided by the federal banking agencies for recognizing the regulatory capital impact of the implementation of the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) methodology.

PCA Regulations. The Federal Deposit Insurance Act, as amended (“FDIA”), requires that the federal banking agencies take “prompt corrective action” with respect to banks that do not meet minimum capital requirements. The FDIA sets forth the following five capital tiers for purposes of implementing the PCA regulations: “well capitalized,” “adequately capitalized,” “undercapitalized,” “significantly undercapitalized” and “critically undercapitalized.” As of December 31, 2022, the Bank was well capitalized.

Deposit Insurance. The FDIC imposes an assessment on financial institutions for deposit insurance. The assessment is based on the FDIC’s statistical model for estimating the institution’s probability of failure over a three-year period and the institution’s average total assets and average tangible equity. The FDIC periodically adjusts the deposit insurance assessment rates, which may raise or lower the cost to an institution of maintaining FDIC insurance coverage.

The FDIC may terminate an institution’s deposit insurance upon a finding that the institution has engaged in unsafe or unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order or condition imposed by the FDIC. Management is not aware of any practice, condition or violation that might lead to termination of the Bank’s deposit insurance.

Safety and Soundness Standards. The FDIA requires the federal bank regulatory agencies to prescribe standards, through regulations or guidelines, relating to internal controls, information systems, internal audit systems, loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate risk exposure, asset growth, asset quality, earnings, stock valuation and compensation, fees and benefits, and such other operational and managerial standards as the agencies deem appropriate. Guidelines adopted by the federal bank regulatory agencies establish general standards relating to internal controls and information systems, internal audit systems, loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate exposure, asset growth, compensation, fees and benefits. In general, the guidelines require appropriate systems and practices to identify and manage the risk and exposures specified in the guidelines. The guidelines prohibit excessive compensation as an unsafe and unsound practice and describe compensation as excessive when the amounts paid are unreasonable or disproportionate to the services performed by an executive officer, employee, director or principal stockholder. In addition, the agencies

adopted regulations that authorize, but do not require, an agency to order an institution that has been given notice by an agency that it is not satisfying one or more of the safety and soundness standards to submit a compliance plan. If, after being so notified, an institution fails to submit an acceptable compliance plan or fails in any material respect to implement an acceptable compliance plan, the agency must issue an order directing action to correct the deficiency and may issue an order directing other actions of the types to which an undercapitalized institution is subject under the PCA provisions of the FDIA. If an institution fails to comply with such an order, the agency may seek to enforce such order in judicial proceedings and to impose civil money penalties.

Community Reinvestment Act and Fair Lending Laws. The Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 (“CRA”) requires depository institutions to assist in meeting the credit needs of their market areas consistent with safe and sound banking practice. Under the CRA, each depository institution is required to help meet the credit needs of its market areas by providing credit to low and moderate income individuals and communities. Depository institutions are periodically examined for compliance with the CRA and are assigned ratings. Banking regulators take into account CRA ratings when considering approval of proposed acquisition transactions. The Bank received a “Satisfactory” CRA rating on its most recent CRA examination. The Bank and the Corporation are firmly committed to the practice of fair lending and maintaining strict adherence to all federal and state fair lending laws which prohibit discriminatory lending practices.

On May 5, 2022, the federal banking agencies released a notice of proposed rulemaking to “strengthen and modernize” the CRA regulations and the related regulatory framework.

Federal Home Loan Bank System. The Bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank System (“FHLB System”), which consists of 11 regional Federal Home Loan Banks (each a “FHLB”). The FHLB System provides a central credit facility primarily for member banks. As a member of the FHLBNY, the Bank is required to acquire and hold shares of capital stock in the FHLB in an amount equal to 4.5% of its borrowings from the FHLB (transaction-based stock) plus .125% of the total principal amount at the beginning of the year of the Bank’s unpaid residential real estate loans, commercial real estate loans, home equity loans, CMOs and other similar obligations (membership stock). At December 31, 2022, the Bank was in compliance with the FHLB’s capital stock ownership requirement.

Financial Privacy. Federal regulations require the Bank to disclose its privacy policy, including identifying with whom it shares “nonpublic personal information,” to its customers at the time the customer establishes a relationship with the Bank and annually thereafter. In addition, we are required to provide our customers with the ability to “opt-out” of having the Bank share their nonpublic personal information with nonaffiliated third parties before we can disclose that information, subject to certain exceptions.

The federal banking agencies adopted guidelines establishing standards for safeguarding our customer information. The guidelines describe the agencies’ expectation that regulated entities create, implement and maintain an information security program, which would include administrative, technical and physical safeguards appropriate to the size and complexity and the nature and scope of our activities. The standards set forth in the guidelines are intended to ensure the security and confidentiality of customer records and information, protect against any anticipated threats or hazards to the security or integrity of customer records, and protect against unauthorized access to records or information that could result in substantial harm or inconvenience to customers. Additionally, the guidance states that banks, such as the Bank, should develop and implement a response program to address security breaches involving customer information, including customer notification procedures. The Bank has developed such a program.

Anti-Money Laundering and the USA PATRIOT Act. A major focus of governmental policy on financial institutions in recent years has been aimed at combating money laundering and terrorist financing. The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 (“Patriot Act”) substantially broadened the scope of U.S. anti-money laundering laws and regulations by imposing significant new compliance and due diligence obligations, creating new crimes and penalties and expanding the extra-territorial jurisdiction of the United States. The U.S. Treasury Department has issued a number of regulations that apply various requirements of the Patriot Act to financial institutions such as the Bank. These regulations impose obligations on financial institutions to maintain appropriate policies, procedures and controls to detect, prevent and report money laundering and terrorist financing and to verify the identity of their customers. Certain of those regulations impose specific due diligence requirements on financial institutions that maintain correspondent or private banking relationships with non-U.S. financial institutions or persons. Failure of a financial institution to maintain and implement adequate programs to combat money laundering and terrorist financing, or to comply with all of the relevant laws or regulations, could have serious legal, financial and reputational consequences for the institution. The Bank and the Corporation are firmly committed to maintaining strong policies, procedures and controls to ensure compliance with anti-money laundering laws and regulations and to combat money laundering and terrorist financing. In recent months, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, a division of the U.S. Treasury Department, has begun to promulgate regulations to establish a national beneficial owner registry for legal entities, as mandated under the Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020 (“AMLA”) and the Corporate Transparency Act (“CTA”). The AMLA and CTA are included in the National Defense Authorization Act of 2020, passed in December of 2020. The AMLA and CTA establish a federal beneficial ownership registry, new-and-enhanced Bank Secrecy Act penalties, expands the ability to subpoena foreign banks and creates an expanded whistleblower reward program.

Legislative Initiatives and Regulatory Reform. From time to time, various legislative and regulatory initiatives are introduced in Congress and state legislatures, as well as by regulatory agencies. Such initiatives may include proposals to expand or contract the powers of bank holding companies and depository institutions or proposals to change substantially the financial institution regulatory

system. Such legislation could change banking statutes and the operating environment in substantial and unpredictable ways. If enacted, such legislation could increase or decrease the cost of doing business, limit or expand permissible activities or affect the competitive balance among banks, savings associations, credit unions and other financial institutions. The Corporation cannot predict whether any such legislation will be enacted, and, if enacted, the effect that it, or any implementing regulations, would have on our financial condition or results of operations. A change in statutes, regulations or regulatory policies applicable to the Corporation could have a material effect on our business.

Availability of Reports

The Bank maintains a website at www.fnbli.com. The Corporation’s Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, amendments to these reports and proxy materials filed with or furnished to the SEC pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 are available free of charge through the Bank’s website as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. To access these reports go to the homepage of the Bank’s website and click on “Investor Relations,” place the cursor over “Financial Information” and click on “SEC Filings.” This will bring you to a listing of the Corporation’s reports. Information on our website shall not be considered a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our SEC filings are also available on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

The Corporation is exposed to a variety of risks, some of which are inherent in the banking business. The more significant of these are addressed by the Corporation’s written policies and procedures. While management is responsible for identifying, assessing and managing risk, the Board of Directors is responsible for risk oversight. The Board fulfills its risk oversight responsibilities largely through its committees. The following provides information regarding material risk factors faced by the Corporation. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to the Corporation, or that the Corporation currently deems to be immaterial, could also have a material impact on the Corporation’s business, financial condition or results of operations.

Economic and Market Area

A worsening of national or local economic conditions could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Deteriorating economic conditions could significantly affect the markets in which we do business, the value of our loans and investments, the value of real estate collateral securing our mortgage loans, the financial strength of our borrowers and our on-going operations, costs and profitability. Declines in real estate values, sales volumes and employment levels together with increased vacancy rates, particularly in the NY metropolitan area, may result in greater loan delinquencies, increases in our nonperforming, criticized and classified assets and a decline in demand for our products and services. These events may cause us to increase our credit loss reserves, incur credit losses and may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. The majority of our loan portfolio is secured by real estate in NY.

A concentration of loans in our primary market area may increase the risk of higher nonperforming assets.

Our success depends primarily on the general economic conditions in Nassau and Suffolk Counties of Long Island, and the boroughs of NYC as nearly all of our loans are to customers in these markets. Accordingly, the local economic conditions in these market areas have a significant impact on the ability of our borrowers to repay loans as well as our ability to originate new loans. A decline in real estate values in these market areas would also lower the value of the collateral securing loans on properties in these market areas.

Inflationary pressures and rising prices may affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Inflation rose sharply at the end of 2021 and continued rising in 2022 at levels not seen for over 40 years. Inflationary pressures are currently expected to remain elevated throughout 2023. Small to medium-sized businesses may be impacted more during periods of high inflation as they are not able to leverage economics of scale to mitigate cost pressures compared to larger businesses. Consequently, the ability of our business customers to repay their loans may deteriorate, and in some cases this deterioration may occur quickly. Furthermore, a prolonged period of inflation could cause wages and other operating costs to increase. These factors could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Competition within our market area could limit our ability to increase interest-earning assets and noninterest income.

Competition in the banking and financial services industry is intense. In our market area, we compete with numerous commercial banks, savings institutions, mortgage brokers, credit unions, finance companies, mutual funds, fintech or e-commerce companies, insurance companies and brokerage and investment banking firms operating locally and elsewhere. Some of our competitors have substantially greater resources and lending limits than we have and have greater name recognition and market presence that benefit them in attracting business. In addition, large competitors may be able to price loans and deposits more aggressively than we do, and some have recently eliminated certain noninterest income charges such as overdraft fees. Furthermore, fintech developments such as peer-to-peer platforms,

blockchain and other distributed ledger technologies have the potential to disrupt the financial services industry and change the way banks do business. Competitive forces may limit our ability to increase our interest-earning assets or maintain the current level of noninterest income. Our profitability depends upon our continued ability to successfully compete in our market area. For additional information see “Item 1 – Business – Competition.”

Severe weather, acts of terrorism and other external events could impact our ability to conduct business.

Weather-related events have adversely impacted our market area, especially areas located near coastal waters and flood prone areas. Such events that may cause significant flooding and other storm-related damage may become more common events in the future. Financial institutions have been, and continue to be, targets of terrorist threats aimed at compromising operating and communication systems and the NY metropolitan area remains central targets for potential acts of terrorism. Such events could cause significant damage, impact the stability of our facilities and result in additional expenses, impair the ability of our borrowers to repay their loans, reduce the value of collateral securing repayment of our loans, and result in the loss of revenue. While we have established and regularly test disaster recovery procedures, the occurrence of any such event could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations and financial condition.

Additionally, global markets may be adversely affected by natural disasters, the emergence of widespread health emergencies or pandemics, cyber attacks or campaigns, military conflict, terrorism or other geopolitical events. Global market fluctuations may affect our business liquidity. Also, any sudden or prolonged market downturn in the U.S. or abroad, resulting from the above factors or otherwise, could result in a decline in revenue and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition, including capital and liquidity levels.

Interest Rate and Asset Quality

Declines in the value of investment securities, loans and BOLI may result in impairment charges and may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

There is always the risk that the Bank will be unable to realize the full carrying value of our investment securities, loans and BOLI. Fluctuations in the market value of investment securities may be caused by changes in market interest rates, lower market prices, rating downgrades and limited investor demand. Management periodically reviews the creditworthiness of all securities in the Bank’s portfolio, other than those issued by the U.S. government or its agencies, and all BOLI carriers. Any significant deterioration in the creditworthiness of an issuer or carrier will be analyzed and action taken if deemed appropriate. If an investment's value is deemed other-than-temporarily impaired, the Bank must write down the fair value of the debt security which may involve a charge to earnings. 

The credit risk within the Bank’s loan portfolio primarily stems from factors such as changes in the borrower’s financial condition, credit concentrations, changes in collateral values, economic conditions, rent regulation and environmental contamination of properties securing mortgage loans. The Bank’s commercial loans, including those secured by mortgages, are primarily made to small and medium-sized businesses. Such loans sometimes involve a higher degree of risk than those to larger companies because such businesses may have shorter operating histories, higher debt-to-equity ratios and may lack sophistication in internal record keeping and financial and operational controls. In addition, most of the Bank’s loans are made to businesses and consumers on Long Island and in the boroughs of NYC, and a large percentage of these loans are mortgage loans secured by properties located in those areas. At December 31, 2022, residential mortgage loans, including home equity lines of credit, amounted to approximately $1.3 billion and comprised approximately 39% of loans secured by real estate. The primary source of repayment for residential mortgage loans is cash flows from individual borrowers and co-borrowers. At December 31, 2022, multifamily loans amounted to approximately $906.5 million and comprised approximately 47% of the Bank’s total commercial mortgage portfolio and approximately 28% of the Bank’s total loans secured by real estate. The primary source of repayment for multifamily loans is cash flows from the underlying properties, which generally involves a greater risk than residential real estate loans because of legislation and government regulations involving rent control, rent stabilization and eviction, which are outside the control of the borrower or the Bank and could impair the value of the collateral for the loans. Cash flows for both residential mortgage and multifamily loans are dependent on the strength of the local economy.

Environmental impairment of properties securing mortgage loans is always a risk. However, the Bank is not aware of any existing loans in the portfolio where there is environmental pollution originating on or near the mortgaged properties that would materially affect the value of the portfolio.

Changes in interest rates and the shape of the yield curve could negatively impact our earnings.

The Bank’s financial condition and results of operations are subject to risk resulting from interest rate fluctuations and having assets and liabilities that have different maturity, repricing and prepayment/withdrawal characteristics. The Bank defines interest rate risk as the risk that the Bank's net interest income and/or economic value of equity (“EVE”) will change when interest rates change.

In a period of rising interest rates, the interest income earned on the Bank’s assets may not increase as rapidly as the interest paid on its liabilities such as deposits and FHLB advances. The Bank’s cost of funds is expected to increase more rapidly than interest earned on its loan and investment portfolios as its primary source of funds is deposits and FHLB advances with generally shorter maturities or repricing characteristics than the maturities and repricing characteristics of its loans and investments. At December 31, 2022, 10.6% of the Bank’s loans and securities reprice or mature within one year. This makes the balance sheet more liability sensitive in the short-term. In addition, in a period of rising interest rates, noninterest-bearing deposits may convert to interest-bearing deposits further increasing the Bank’s funding costs. The current economic environment, characterized by a high rate of inflation, rapidly rising interest rates and an inverted yield curve, presents significant financial challenges to the Corporation.

When interest rates decline, borrowers may refinance higher rate loans to lower rates causing prepayments on mortgage loans and mortgage-backed securities to be elevated. Under those circumstances, the Bank may not be able to reinvest the resulting cash flows in new interest-earning assets with rates as favorable as those that prepaid. In addition, subject to the floors contained in many of the Bank’s loan agreements, the Bank’s loans at variable interest rates may adjust to lower rates at their reset dates. While lower rates may reduce the Bank’s cost of funds on non-maturity deposits, certificates of deposit (“CDs”) and FHLB advances, the cost savings could be somewhat constrained because decreases in the Bank’s funding rates may occur more slowly than decreases in yields earned on the Bank’s assets and a significant portion of the Bank’s funding is currently derived from noninterest-bearing checking deposits and capital. In addition, in a prolonged low interest rate environment, the Bank’s deposit products could reach an effective floor rate close to zero which would not allow for any further reduction in its cost of funds.

Changes in interest rates also affect the value of our interest-earning assets and in particular our securities and loan portfolios. Generally, the value of securities fluctuates inversely with changes in interest rates. At December 31, 2022, our AFS securities portfolio totaled $673.4 million. Unrealized gains and losses on AFS securities are reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity. Therefore, decreases in the fair value of AFS securities resulting from increases in interest rates could have an adverse effect on stockholders’ equity.

In addition to the risks arising from changes in interest rates, the shape of the yield curve could create downward pressure on net interest income and net interest margin. In the current flat or inverted yield curve environment, asset growth could negatively impact the Bank’s earnings and/or profitability metrics. As a result, the Bank may be unable to increase earnings, or maintain the current level of earnings, until the yield curve steepens.

Regulatory Matters

Management’s estimate of the Allowance for Credit Losses (“ACL” or “allowance”) may not be sufficient and could result in increased provisions and adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations.

The Bank maintains an ACL in an amount believed to be adequate to absorb current expected lifetime credit losses in its loan portfolio. The maintenance of the ACL is governed by a board committee approved ACL policy. In arriving at the ACL, an individual evaluation is performed on each loan with disparate risk characteristics or information suggesting that the Bank will be unable to collect all the principal and interest due according to contractual terms. In addition, current expected lifetime credit losses for all other loans in the Bank’s portfolio are determined on a pooled basis using the CECL model and taking into account historical loss experience and numerous quantitative and qualitative factors (“Q-factors”), including current and forecasted economic conditions measured by such things as gross domestic product (“GDP”), unemployment levels, vacancies, changes in the value of underlying collateral, average growth in loan pools, concentrations of credit, changes in lending policies and procedures, experience, ability and depth of lending staff, changes in quality of the loan review function, environmental risks and loan risk ratings. Because estimating the ACL is highly subjective in nature and involves a variety of estimates and assumptions that are inherently uncertain, there is the risk that management’s estimate may not accurately capture probable lifetime losses in the loan portfolio. The Bank’s allowance may need to be increased based on additional information that comes to light after the estimate is made, changes in circumstances or a recommendation by bank regulators based on their review of the Bank’s loan portfolio. The impact of one or more of these factors on the Bank’s allowance could result in the need for a significant increase in the Bank’s provision for credit losses and have a material adverse impact on the Bank’s financial condition and results of operations.

The Bank is subject to the CRA and fair lending laws, and failure to comply with these laws could lead to material penalties.

The CRA, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Housing Act and other fair lending laws and regulations impose non-discriminatory lending requirements on financial institutions. With respect to the Bank, the FRB, U.S. Department of Justice and other federal and state agencies are responsible for enforcing these laws and regulations. A successful regulatory challenge to an institution’s performance under the CRA or fair lending laws and regulations could result in a wide variety of sanctions, including the required payment of damages and civil money penalties, injunctive relief, imposition of restrictions on mergers and acquisitions activity and restrictions on expansion. Private parties may also have the ability to challenge an institution’s performance under fair lending laws in private class action litigation. Such actions could have a material adverse effect on the Bank’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

Changes in laws, government regulation and supervisory guidance could have a significant negative impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

The Corporation and the Bank are subject to regulation, supervision and examination by, among others, the FRB, OCC and FDIC. The FDIC also insures the Bank’s deposits. Regulation and supervision govern the activities in which a bank and its holding company may engage and are intended primarily for the protection of depositors. Regulatory requirements affect virtually all aspects of the Corporation’s and the Bank’s business, including investment and lending practices, deposit offerings and capital levels. The regulators have extensive discretion in connection with their supervisory and enforcement activities, including imposing restrictions on Bank operations and expansion plans, imposing deposit insurance premiums and other assessments, setting required levels for the ACL, capital and liquidity, and imposing restrictions on the ability to pay cash dividends and other capital distributions to stockholders. Changes in laws, regulations and supervisory guidance, or the Corporation’s and the Bank’s compliance with these laws and regulations as judged by the regulators, could have a significant negative impact on the Corporation’s financial condition and results of operations.

Increasing scrutiny and evolving expectations from customers, regulators, investors and other stakeholders with respect to our environmental, social and governance practices may impose additional costs on us or expose us to new or additional risks.

Companies are facing increasing scrutiny from customers, regulators, investors and other stakeholders related to their environmental, social and governance ("ESG") practices and disclosure. Investor advocacy groups, investment funds and influential investors are also increasingly focused on these practices, especially as they relate to the environment, health and safety, diversity, labor conditions and human rights. Increased ESG related compliance costs could result in increases to our overall operational costs. Failure to adapt to or comply with regulatory requirements or stakeholder expectations could negatively impact our reputation, ability to do business with certain partners and our stock price. New government regulations could also result in new or more stringent forms of ESG oversight and expanding mandatory or voluntary reporting, diligence and disclosure.

Business Issues

The Bank and Corporation may not have sufficient funds or funding sources to meet liquidity demands.

Liquidity risk is the risk that the Bank will not have sufficient funds to accommodate loan growth, meet deposit outflows or make contractual payments on borrowing arrangements. The Bank encounters significant competition for deposits in its market area from larger banks, various community banks, credit unions and other financial services organizations. This competition for deposits, particularly in the current rapidly rising interest rate environment, could result in significant outflows and can exert upward pressure on the Bank’s funding costs. In addition, the Bank’s concentration of deposits with certain customers could limit our ability to favorably reprice deposits and grow net interest income, net interest margin and earnings.

The Bank has both internal and external sources of liquidity that can be used to fund loan growth and accommodate deposit outflows. The Bank’s primary internal sources of liquidity are overnight investments and maturities and monthly payments on its investment securities and loan portfolios.

The Bank is a member of the FRB of NY (“FRBNY”) and the FHLBNY. In addition to customer deposits, the Bank’s primary external sources of liquidity are secured borrowings from the FHLBNY and FRBNY. In addition, the Corporation may raise funds through its Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan (“DRIP”). However, the Bank’s FRBNY membership and FHLBNY membership do not represent legal commitments to extend credit to the Bank. The amount that the Bank can potentially borrow is currently dependent on the amount of unencumbered eligible securities and loans that the Bank can use as collateral and the collateral margins required by the lenders. The Bank’s borrowing capacity may be adjusted by the FRBNY or the FHLBNY and may take into account factors such as the Bank’s tangible common equity ratio, collateral margins required by the lender or other factors. A possible future downgrade of securities and loans pledged as collateral could also impact the amount of available funding.

The Corporation relies on dividends from the Bank to fund its operating expenses, dividends to shareholders and repurchases of common stock. The OCC restricts the dividends the Bank may pay to the Corporation to its retained net profits for the preceding two calendar years plus current year retained net profits. These restrictions may limit the Corporation’s ability to pay dividends or repurchase shares. In addition, the Corporation may not be successful in raising funds from the issuance of its stock under the DRIP or otherwise.

A decline in the Corporation’s market capitalization could negatively impact the price, trading volume and liquidity of our common stock.

The Corporation’s common stock is included in the Russell 3000 and Russell 2000 Indexes, which are reconstituted annually. Upon reconstitution in May 2022, the median market capitalization of the Russell 2000 index was $1.1 billion, the capitalization of the largest company in the index was $6.4 billion and the capitalization of the smallest company in the index was $240.1 million. The Corporation’s market capitalization was approximately $404 million on December 31, 2022. If the Corporation’s market capitalization falls below the minimum necessary to be included in the indexes at any future reconstitution date, the price, trading volume and liquidity of its common stock may be negatively impacted.

The Bank’s internal controls and those of its third-party service providers (“TPSPs”) may be ineffective or circumvented, resulting in significant financial loss, adverse action by governmental bodies and damaged reputation.

The Corporation relies on its system of internal controls and the internal controls of its TPSPs to ensure that transactions are captured, recorded, processed and reported properly; confidential customer information is safeguarded; and fraud by employees and persons outside the Corporation is detected and prevented. The Corporation’s internal controls and/or those of its TPSPs may prove to be ineffective or employees of the Corporation and/or its TPSPs may fail to comply with or override the controls, either of which could result in significant financial loss to the Corporation, adverse action by bank regulatory authorities or the SEC and damage to the Corporation’s reputation.

The Bank’s inability to keep pace with technological advances could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The delivery of financial products and services has increasingly become technology-driven. The Bank’s ability to competitively meet the needs of its customers in a cost-efficient manner is dependent on its ability to keep pace with technological advances and to invest in new technology as it becomes available. The ability to keep pace with technological change is important, and failure to do so could have a material adverse impact on the Corporation’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

The inability to attract, motivate or retain qualified key personnel could negatively impact our performance.

The Corporation’s future success depends in part on the continued service of its executive officers and other key members of management and its staff, as well as its ability to continue to attract, motivate and retain highly qualified employees. The loss of services of key personnel and our inability to timely recruit or promote qualified replacements could have an adverse effect on the Bank’s business, operating results and financial condition. Their skills, knowledge of the Bank’s market and years of industry experience may be difficult to replace.

Security

System failures, interruptions and security breaches could negatively impact our customers, reputation and results of operations.

The Bank outsources most of its data processing to TPSPs. If TPSPs encounter difficulties, or if the Bank has difficulty communicating with them, the Bank’s ability to adequately process and account for customer transactions could be affected, and the Bank’s business operations could be adversely impacted. Threats to information security also exist in the processing of customer information through TPSPs. The Bank’s website and online banking products have been the target of cyber attacks in the past. While the Bank and its TPSPs believe they have successfully blocked attempts to infiltrate the Bank’s systems, there is always the possibility that successful attacks have not yet been identified and future attacks may not be blocked. A significant cybersecurity incident may be determined to be material insider information and would prohibit corporate insiders from trading in the Corporation’s stock until appropriate public disclosures are made.

Opportunistic cyberattacks and malicious financial crimes have been growing globally in number and complexity and increase the cost of technology, compliance and labor. The Bank makes use of logon and user access controls, multifactor and out of band authentication, transaction limits, firewalls, antivirus software, intrusion protection monitoring and vulnerability scans and conducts independent penetration testing and cybersecurity audits. Bank communications encourage employee and executive awareness of cybersecurity trends.

These precautions may not protect our systems from all compromises or breaches of security and there can be no assurance that such events will not occur or that they will be adequately addressed if they do. The Bank carries a cyber liability insurance policy to mitigate the amount of any financial loss. However, the occurrence of any systems failure, interruption or breach of security could damage the Bank’s reputation and result in a loss of customers and business, could subject the Bank to additional regulatory scrutiny or could expose the Bank to civil litigation and possible financial liability beyond any insurance coverage. Any of these occurrences could have a material adverse effect on the Corporation’s financial condition and results of operations.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

The Corporation neither owns nor leases any real estate. Office facilities of the Corporation are located at 275 Broadhollow Road, Melville, NY and the Bank’s main branch is located at 10 Glen Head Road, Glen Head, NY in office space leased by the Bank.

As of December 31, 2022, the Bank owns 20 buildings and leases 31 other facilities, all of which are in Nassau and Suffolk Counties of Long Island and the NYC boroughs of Queens, Brooklyn and Manhattan. Included in the leased facilities is one branch location that was closed in 2021 and two closed in 2022 for which the Bank continues to be obligated to make lease payments. Two owned buildings were transferred to held-for-sale in the fourth quarter of 2022. The Corporation believes that the remaining physical facilities of the Bank are suitable and adequate at present and are being fully utilized.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

From time to time, the Corporation is involved in various legal actions and claims arising in the normal course of its business. In the opinion of management, these legal actions and claims are not expected to have a material adverse impact on the Corporation’s financial condition and results of operations.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

The Corporation’s common stock trades on the NASDAQ Capital Market tier of the NASDAQ Stock Market under the symbol “FLIC.” At December 31, 2022, there were 785 stockholders of record of the Corporation’s common stock. The number of stockholders of record includes banks and brokers who act as nominees, each of whom may represent more than one stockholder. The Corporation declared cash dividends of $.82 per share for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to cash dividends declared in 2021 of $.78 per share. The timing and amount of future dividends are at the discretion of the Board of Directors and will depend upon a number of economic and company-specific factors.

Performance Graph

The following performance graph compares the Corporation's total stockholder return with the NASDAQ U.S. Benchmark and NASDAQ U.S. Benchmark Banks Indexes over a five-year measurement period assuming $100 invested on January 1, 2018, and dividends reinvested in the Corporation’s stock.

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Issuer Purchase of Equity Securities

The Corporation has a stock repurchase program under which it is authorized to purchase shares of its common stock from time to time through open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or in any other manner that is compliant with applicable securities laws. The Corporation’s purchases under the stock repurchase program in the fourth quarter of 2022 are set forth in the table that follows.

(1) The Corporation’s Board of Directors approved a $30 million common stock repurchase program which was announced on January 31, 2022. The Corporation’s stock repurchase program does not have a fixed expiration date.

ITEM 6. RESERVED

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following selected financial data should be read in conjunction with the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Overview – 2022 Versus 2021

Analysis of 2022 Earnings. Net income and diluted earnings per share (“EPS”) for 2022 were $46.9 million and $2.04, respectively. Dividends per share increased 5.1% from $.78 for 2021 to $.82 for 2022. ROA and ROE for 2022 were 1.11% and 12.13%, respectively, compared to 1.04% and 10.34%, respectively, for 2021.

Net income for 2022 was $46.9 million, an increase of $3.8 million, or 8.9%, as compared to 2021. The increase is primarily due to growth in net interest income of $8.9 million and a decrease in noninterest expense of $1.1 million. These items were partially offset by increases in the provision for credit losses of $4.9 million and income tax expense of $1.1 million.

The increase in net interest income reflects growth in interest income on loans of $10.1 million due to higher average loans outstanding of $300.5 million in 2022 offset by $2.3 million of growth in interest expense on total interest-bearing liabilities resulting from increases in short-term rates. Also contributing to the increase was a favorable shift in the mix of funding as an increase in average checking deposits of $96.1 million outpaced the growth in average interest-bearing liabilities of $23.0 million resulting in average checking deposits comprising a larger portion of total funding. Net interest margin for 2022 was 2.89% versus 2.74% for 2021. Net interest margin was 2.74% for the fourth quarter of 2022 and 2.66% for the month of December 2022 and will likely be significantly lower than the December number in 2023.

In 2022, we originated $656 million in mortgage loans at a weighted average rate of approximately 3.69% which includes $452 million and $204 million of commercial and residential mortgages at weighted average rates of 3.66% and 3.74%, respectively. The Bank’s commercial and industrial loan portfolio grew $18.1 million to $108 million in 2022 and has a current weighted average rate of 6.34%. The Bank expects overall loan growth to slow in 2023 given the increase in interest rates, concerns for a possible recession and an inverted yield curve.

The provision for credit losses increased $4.9 million when comparing the full year periods from a credit of $2.6 million in 2021 to a charge of $2.3 million in 2022. The provision for the current year was mainly due to an increase in outstanding loans, deteriorating economic conditions and low net chargeoffs, partially offset by lower historical loss rates.

Total noninterest income remained flat from the prior year although several line items had ups and downs. BOLI and merchant card services revenues increased by $618,000 and $410,000, respectively. The Bank received a final transition payment of $477,000 for the conversion of the Bank’s retail broker and advisory accounts. Service charges on deposit accounts increased $232,000. These increases were offset by a decrease in investment services income of $693,000 as the shift to an outside service provider resulted in a revenue sharing agreement and less assets under management. Also, there were no net gains on sales of securities in 2022 down from $1.1 million in 2021. Noninterest income is projected to be $2.5 million per quarter in 2023.

The decrease in noninterest expense of $1.1 million reflects the reduction in debt extinguishment costs from 2021. The Bank did have increases in noninterest expense during 2022. Salaries and benefits expense increased $1.3 million due to the hiring of seasoned banking professionals, competitive mid-year salary increases in 2022 and higher stock-based compensation expense. The Bank had a net loss of $553,000 on the disposition of premises and fixed assets relating to the Bank’s former buildings in Glen Head and costs relating to the branding initiative in the Bank’s branches of $531,000. Other items contributing to increases in noninterest expense include the cost of new branch locations on the east end of Long Island, two branch relocations, new corporate office space in Melville, NY, higher marketing expense and increases in other costs of operating the business. All increases in expenses were offset by branch optimization and back-office consolidation initiatives. Noninterest expense is projected to be between $16.5 million and $17 million per quarter in 2023.

Income tax expense increased $1.1 million and the effective tax rate (income tax expense as a percentage of pre-tax book income) increased from 19.2% to 19.4% when comparing the full year periods. The increase in the effective tax rate is mainly due to a decrease in the percentage of pre-tax income derived from tax-exempt sources. The increase in income tax expense is due to higher pre-tax earnings in the current year as compared to the prior year and the higher effective tax rate. We expect the effective tax rate in 2023 to be approximately 18.5%.

Asset Quality. The Bank’s ACL to total loans (“reserve coverage ratio”) was .95% at December 31, 2022, compared to .96% at December 31, 2021. The decrease in the reserve coverage ratio was mainly due to improvements in historical loss rates, partially offset by current and forecasted economic conditions. Gross loan chargeoffs and recoveries were $884,000 and $154,000, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2022.

The Bank had no nonaccrual loans at December 31, 2022, compared to $1.2 million, or .04% of total loans outstanding, at December 31, 2021. Troubled debt restructurings negotiated prior to 2022 amounted to $480,000, or .01% of total loans outstanding, at December 31, 2022, compared to $554,000, or .02%, at December 31, 2021. All such restucturings are performing in accordance with their modified terms at December 31, 2022. Loans past due 30 through 89 days amounted to $750,000, or .02% of total loans outstanding, at December 31, 2022, compared to $460,000, or .01%, at December 31, 2021.

The Bank’s mortgage securities are backed by mortgages underwritten on conventional terms, with 11% of these securities being full faith and credit obligations of the U.S. government and the balance being obligations of U.S. government sponsored entities. The remainder of the Bank’s securities portfolio principally consists of high quality, general obligation municipal securities rated AA or better by major rating agencies and investment grade corporate bonds of large U.S. financial institutions. In selecting securities for purchase, the Bank uses credit agency ratings for screening purposes only and then performs its own credit analysis. On an ongoing basis, the Bank periodically assesses the credit strength of the securities in its portfolio and makes decisions to hold or sell based on such assessments.

Key Strategic Initiatives and Challenges We Face. We continue focusing on the Corporation’s strategic initiatives to expand primarily our commercial banking relationships and business, improve technology with software and hardware upgrades, enhance digital product offerings and optimize our branch network across a larger geography. By developing our branding efforts, including increasing our website and social media presence, we enhance name recognition including the promotion of FirstInvestments. Recruitment of experienced banking professionals support these initiatives. We also continue to track regulatory developments relative to cybersecurity, environmental, social and governance practices and expectations, and we are cognizant of our corporate responsibilities.

The current economic environment, characterized by a high rate of inflation, rapidly rising interest rates and an inverted yield curve presents significant financial challenges for the Corporation. While the yield on interest-earning assets grew faster during 2022 than the cost of interest-bearing liabilities, current funding costs are rising significantly faster than asset yields as depositors increasingly seek higher returns due to rising market interest rates. During the fourth quarter of 2022 increases in interest expense substantially outpaced the growth in interest income due to the Corporation’s liability sensitive balance sheet. Our net interest margin decreased to 2.74% for the last three months of 2022, 23 basis points (“bps”) lower than the prior two quarters.

Overview – 2021 Versus 2020

Analysis of 2021 Earnings. Net income and diluted EPS for 2021 were $43.1 million and $1.81, respectively. Dividends per share increased 5.4% from $.74 for 2020 to $.78 for 2021. ROA and ROE for 2021 were 1.04% and 10.34%, respectively, compared to 1.00% and 10.47%, respectively, for 2020.

Net income for 2021 was $43.1 million, an increase of $1.9 million, or 4.6%, as compared to 2020. The increase was mainly due to growth in net interest income of $4.8 million and an improvement in the provision for credit losses of $5.6 million. These items were partially offset by increases in noninterest expense, net of debt extinguishment costs, of $6.6 million and income tax expense of $1.9 million.

The increase in net interest income reflected a favorable shift in the mix of funding due to an increase in average noninterest-bearing checking deposits of $242.5 million and a decline in average interest-bearing liabilities of $250.6 million. The increase was also attributable to higher income from SBA Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) loans of $2.9 million and prepayment and late fees of $1.1 million.

Partially offsetting the favorable impact of the above items on net interest income was a decline in the average balance of loans of $134.5 million. The average yield on interest-earning assets declined 22 bps from 3.37% for 2020 to 3.15% for 2021. The negative impact of declining asset yields on net interest income was more than offset through reductions in non-maturity and time deposit rates. The average cost of interest-bearing liabilities declined 44 bps to .68% for 2021 helped by the repayment of a maturing interest rate swap in May 2021 that lowered the cost of funds in 2021 by $2.5 million. Net interest margin for 2021 of 2.74% increased 10 bps as compared to 2020. Income from PPP loans and prepayment and late fees improved net interest margin by 7 bps and 2 bps, respectively.

PPP income for 2021 was $6.5 million driven by an average balance of $108.8 million and a weighted average yield of 6.0%. As of December 31, 2021, the Bank had $30.5 million of outstanding PPP loans with unearned fees of $978,000.

Although low loan demand throughout most of the first half of 2021 put pressure on the pipeline and originations, the Bank successfully deployed excess cash during the second half of 2021 into loan originations of $459 million. The expansion of our lending teams helped grow commercial mortgages by $315.5 million during in 2021, which comprised 58.2% of total mortgages compared to 50.9% in 2020. While commercial and industrial lines of credit increased, line utilization remained historically low contributing to a decrease in commercial and industrial loans outstanding.

The provision for credit losses decreased $5.6 million when comparing the full year periods from a provision of $3.0 million in 2020 to a credit of $2.6 million in 2021. The credit for 2021 was mainly due to improvements in economic conditions, asset quality and other portfolio metrics, partially offset by an increase in outstanding commercial mortgage loans and net chargeoffs of $633,000. The net chargeoffs were mainly the result of discounted sales of eight mortgage loans with varying concerns.

Noninterest income, net of gains on sales of securities, decreased $60,000 in 2021 as compared to 2020. The decrease was mainly due to a decline in investment services income of $958,000 as the shift to an outside service provider resulted in less assets under management, and a transition payment received in 2020 of $370,000 for the conversion of the Bank’s retail broker and advisory accounts.

These amounts were partially offset by increases in the non-service cost components of the Bank’s defined benefit pension plan of $550,000 and fees from debit and credit cards of $615,000.

The increase in noninterest expense in 2021, net of debt extinguishment costs, of $6.6 million included charges of $3.2 million related to closing eight branches under our branch optimization strategy. The $3.2 million included severance-related salary and benefits expense of $123,000 and occupancy and equipment expense related to rent, depreciation and asset disposals of $3.1 million. The remaining increase in noninterest expense was related to normal increases and changes in operating expenses.

Income tax expense increased $1.9 million in 2021 due to growth in pre-tax earnings and an increase in the effective tax rate to 19.2% for 2021 from 16.8% for 2020. The increase in the effective tax rate was due to a decrease in the percentage of pre-tax income derived from tax-exempt municipal securities and BOLI in 2021 and a change in NY State tax law to implement a capital tax in the second quarter of 2021.

Asset Quality. The Bank’s reserve coverage ratio was .96% at December 31, 2021, compared to 1.09% at December 31, 2020. The decrease in the reserve coverage ratio was mainly due to improvements in economic conditions, asset quality and other portfolio metrics. Gross loan chargeoffs and recoveries were $1.2 million and $573,000, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Nonaccrual loans amounted to $1.2 million, or .04% of total loans outstanding, at December 31, 2021, compared to $1.1 million, or .04%, at December 31, 2020. Modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty amounted to $554,000, or .02% of total loans outstanding, at December 31, 2021, compared to $1.3 million, or .04%, at December 31, 2020. All such modifications were performing in accordance with their modified terms at December 31, 2021. Loans past due 30 through 89 days amounted to $460,000, or .01% of total loans outstanding, at December 31, 2021, compared to $1.4 million, or .05%, at December 31, 2020.

Application of Critical Accounting Policies

In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported asset and liability balances and revenue and expense amounts. Our determination of the ACL is a critical accounting estimate because it is based on our subjective evaluation of a variety of factors at a specific point in time and involves difficult and complex judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain. In the event that management’s estimate needs to be adjusted based on additional information that comes to light after the estimate is made or changes in circumstances, such adjustment could result in the need for a significantly different ACL and thereby materially impact, either positively or negatively, the Bank’s results of operations.

The Bank’s Allowance for Credit Losses Committee (“ACL Committee”), which is a management committee chaired by the Chief Credit Officer, meets on a quarterly basis and is responsible for determining the ACL after considering the results of credit reviews performed by the Bank’s independent loan review consultants and the Bank’s credit department. In addition, and in consultation with the Bank’s Chief Financial Officer, the ACL Committee is responsible for implementing and maintaining accounting policies and procedures surrounding the calculation of the required allowance. The Loan Committee reviews and approves the Bank’s Loan Policy at least once each calendar year. The Bank’s ACL is reviewed and ratified by the Loan Committee on a quarterly basis and is subject to periodic examination by the OCC whose safety and soundness examination includes a determination as to the adequacy of the allowance to absorb current expected credit losses.

The ACL is a valuation amount that is deducted from the loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the Bank’s loan portfolio. The allowance is established through provisions for credit losses charged against income. When available information confirms that specific loans, or portions thereof, are uncollectible, these amounts are charged against the ACL, and subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance.

Management estimates the ACL balance using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Historical loss information from the Bank’s own loan portfolio has been compiled since December 31, 2007 and generally provides a starting point for management’s assessment of expected credit losses. A historical look-back period that begins in 2007 covers an entire economic cycle and impacts the average historical loss rates used to calculate the final ACL. Adjustments to historical loss information are made for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency level or term as well as for current and potential future changes in economic conditions over a one year to two year forecasting horizon, such as unemployment rates, GDP, vacancy rates or other relevant factors. The immediate reversion method is applied for periods beyond the forecasting horizon. The ACL is an amount that management currently believes will be adequate to absorb expected lifetime losses in the Bank’s loan portfolio. The process for estimating credit losses and determining the ACL as of any balance sheet date is subjective in nature and requires material estimates and judgements. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

The ACL is measured on a collective (pool) basis when similar risk characteristics exist. Management segregates its loan portfolio into ten distinct pools: (1) commercial and industrial; (2) small business credit scored; (3) multifamily; (4) owner-occupied; (5) other commercial real estate; (6) construction and land development; (7) residential mortgage; (8) revolving home equity; (9) consumer; and (10) municipal loans. An additional pool was used for SBA PPP loans while those loans were outstanding. The vintage method is applied

to measure the historical loss component of lifetime credit losses inherent in most of its loan pools. For the revolving home equity and small business credit scored pools, the Lifetime PD/LGD method is used to measure historical losses; no historical loss method was applied to the SBA PPP loan pool. Management believes that the methods selected fairly reflect the historical loss component of expected losses inherent in the Bank’s loan portfolio. However, since future losses could vary significantly from those experienced in the past, on a quarterly basis management adjusts its historical loss experience to reflect current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. In doing so, management considers a variety of Q-factors and then subjectively determines the weight to assign to each in estimating losses. The factors include: (1) changes in lending policies and procedures; (2) experience, ability and depth of lending staff; (3) trends in the nature and volume of loans; (4) changes in the quality of the loan review function; (5) delinquencies; (6) environmental risks; (7) current and forecasted economic conditions as judged by things such as national and local unemployment levels and GDP; (8) changes in the value of underlying collateral as judged by things such as median home prices and forecasted vacancy rates in the Bank’s service area; and (9) direction and magnitude of risks in the portfolio. The Bank’s ACL allocable to its loan pools results primarily from these Q-factor adjustments to historical loss experience with the largest sensitivity of the ACL and provision arising from loan growth, loan concentrations and economic forecasts of unemployment, GDP and vacancies. Because of the nature of the Q-factors and the difficulty in assessing their impact, management’s resulting estimate of losses may not accurately reflect lifetime losses in the portfolio.

Loans that do not share similar risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. Such disparate risk characteristics may include internal or external credit ratings, risk ratings, collateral type, size of loan, effective interest rate, term, geographic location, industry or historical or expected loss pattern. Estimated losses for loans individually evaluated are based on either the fair value of collateral or the discounted value of expected future cash flows. For all collateral dependent loans evaluated on an individual basis, credit losses are measured based on the fair value of the collateral. In estimating the fair value of real estate collateral, management utilizes appraisals or evaluations adjusted for costs to dispose and a distressed sale adjustment, if needed. Estimating the fair value of collateral other than real estate is also subjective in nature and sometimes requires difficult and complex judgements. Determining expected future cash flows can be more subjective than determining fair values. Expected future cash flows could differ significantly, both in timing and amount, from the cash flows received over the loan’s remaining life. Individually evaluated loans are not included in the estimation of credit losses from the pooled portfolio.

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Net Interest Income

Average Balance Sheet; Interest Rates and Interest Differential. The following table sets forth the average daily balances for each major category of assets, liabilities and stockholders’ equity as well as the amounts and average rates earned or paid on each major category of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. The average balances of loans include nonaccrual loans. The average balances of investment securities include unrealized gains and losses on AFS securities in the 2020 and 2021 periods and exclude such amounts in the 2022 period. Unrealized gains and losses were immaterial in 2021 and 2020.

(1) Tax-equivalent basis. Interest income on a tax-equivalent basis includes the additional amount of interest income that would have been earned if the Corporation's investment in tax-exempt loans and investment securities had been made in loans and investment securities subject to federal income taxes yielding the same after-tax income. The tax-equivalent amount of $1.00 of nontaxable income was $1.27 for each period presented using the statutory federal income tax rate of 21%.

Rate/Volume Analysis. The following table sets forth the effect of changes in volumes and rates on tax-equivalent interest income, interest expense and net interest income. The changes attributable to a combined impact of volume and rate have been allocated to the changes due to volume and the changes due to rate.