INDEPENDENCE REALTY TRUST, INC. - Annual Report: 2014 (Form 10-K)

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014

or

For the Transition Period from                      to                     .

Commission file number 001-36041

INDEPENDENCE REALTY TRUST, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

(215) 243-9000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934:

None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes  ¨    No  x

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act.    Yes  ¨    No  x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  x    No  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  x    No  ¨

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act (check one):

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).    Yes  ¨    No  x

The aggregate market value of the shares of common stock of the registrant held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based upon the closing price of such shares on June 30, 2014 of $9.46, was approximately $101,447,347.

As of March 13, 2015 there were 31,894,593 outstanding shares of the registrant’s common stock issued and outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the proxy statement for registrant’s 2015 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K.

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INDEPENDENCE REALTY TRUST, INC.

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FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

The Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, encourages companies to disclose forward-looking information so that investors can better understand a company’s future prospects and make informed investment decisions. This report contains or incorporates by reference such “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or Exchange Act.

Words such as “anticipates,” “estimates,” “expects,” “projects,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes” and words and terms of similar substance used in connection with any discussion of future operating or financial performance identify forward-looking statements. As used herein, the terms “we,” “our” and “us” refer to Independence Realty Trust, Inc. and, as required by context, Independence Realty Operating Partnership, LP, which we refer to as our operating partnership, and their subsidiaries.

We claim the protection of the safe harbor for forward-looking statements provided in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements may be made directly in this report and they may also be incorporated by reference in this report to other documents filed with the SEC, and include, but are not limited to, statements about future financial and operating results and performance, statements about our plans, objectives, expectations and intentions with respect to future operations, products and services, and other statements that are not historical facts. These forward-looking statements are based upon the current beliefs and expectations of our management and are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are difficult to predict and generally beyond our control. In addition, these forward-looking statements are subject to assumptions with respect to future business strategies and decisions that are subject to change. Actual results may differ materially from the anticipated results discussed in these forward-looking statements.

The risk factors discussed and identified in item 1A of this report and in other of our public filings with the SEC, among others, could cause actual results to differ materially from the anticipated results or other expectations expressed in the forward-looking statements. We caution you not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this report. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or any person acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referred to in this section. Except to the extent required by applicable law or regulation, we undertake no obligation to update these forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this filing or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.

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PART I

Our Company

We are a Maryland corporation that owns apartment properties in geographic submarkets that we believe support strong occupancy and have the potential for growth in rental rates. We seek to provide stockholders with attractive risk-adjusted returns, with an emphasis on distributions and capital appreciation. We are externally advised by a wholly-owned subsidiary of RAIT Financial Trust, or RAIT (NYSE: RAS), a multi-strategy commercial real estate company organized as an internally managed REIT with approximately $4.3 billion of assets under management as of December 31, 2014. RAIT invests in commercial mortgages and commercial real estate. RAIT owned 22.9% of our outstanding common shares as of December 31, 2014. We elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2011.

We seek to acquire and operate apartment properties that:

2014 Performance

During the year ended December 31, 2014 we completed three underwritten public offerings of our common stock raising gross proceeds of $200.9 million, in the aggregate. We deployed these proceeds during 2014 to acquire twenty properties with 6,029 units for aggregate purchase prices totaling $497.1 million, including the issuance of 1,282,449 limited partnership units in our operating partnership, or LP units, valued at $12.0 million, in the aggregate. These acquisitions contributed to our substantial growth in a number of key financial measures in 2014 when compared to 2013 as follows:

Our Business Objective and Investment Strategies

Our primary business objective is to maximize stockholder value by increasing cash flows at our existing apartment properties and acquiring additional properties that have strong and stable occupancies with the ability to raise rental rates or that have the potential for repositioning through capital expenditures or tailored management strategies. We intend to achieve this objective by executing the following strategies:

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Financing Strategy

We intend to use prudent amounts of leverage in making our investments, which we define as having total indebtedness of no more than approximately 65% of the combined initial purchase price of all of the properties in our portfolio. However, we are not subject to any limitations on the amount of leverage we may use, and, accordingly, the amount of leverage we use may be significantly less or greater than we currently anticipate. By operating on a leveraged basis, we expect to have more funds available for property acquisitions and other purposes, which we believe will allow us to acquire more properties than would otherwise be possible, resulting in a larger and more diversified portfolio. See “Risk Factors—Risks Associated with Debt Financing” for more information about the risks related to operating on a leveraged basis.

If our board of directors changes our policies regarding our use of leverage, we expect that it will consider many factors, including, among others, the lending standards of government-sponsored enterprises, such as the Federal National Mortgage Association, or Fannie Mae, and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, or Freddie Mac, for loans in connection with the financing of apartment properties, the leverage ratios of publicly traded REITs with similar investment strategies, the cost of leverage as compared to expected operating net revenues and general market conditions.

We have no outstanding long-term indebtedness as of March 16, 2015 other than the existing mortgage financing secured by the apartment properties in our portfolio and a $30.0 million secured revolving credit agreement, or the Secured Credit Facility, with The Huntington National Bank, pursuant to which our operating partnership may borrow up to the lesser of (i) $30.0 million, (ii) 60% of the total acquisition costs of all properties acquired with advances under the secured credit facility and (iii) an amount that would not cause our operating partnership to exceed a defined debt service coverage ratio.

Development and Structure of Our Company

We were formed as a Maryland corporation on March 26, 2009. RAIT acquired beneficial ownership of 100% of our outstanding common stock on January 20, 2011 for approximately $2.5 million and we commenced operations on April 29, 2011 upon our acquisition of six properties from RAIT. Since our formation, we have sold 26,448,300 shares of our common stock in five public offerings raising $238.4 million of gross proceeds. Three of these offerings occurred in 2014. In January 2014, we completed an underwritten public offering of 8,050,000 shares of our common stock for total gross proceeds of approximately $66.8 million. On July 21, 2014, we completed an underwritten public offering selling 8,050,000 shares of our common stock for total gross proceeds of approximately $76.5 million. On November 25, 2014 we completed an underwritten public offering selling 6,000,000 shares of our common stock for total gross proceeds of approximately $57.6 million. While RAIT has bought shares in several of these offerings and remains our largest single stockholder, RAIT’s percentage ownership of us has been reduced in each offering since it acquired us. RAIT beneficially owned 22.9% and 22.8% of the outstanding shares of our common stock at December 31, 2014 and as of March 16, 2015 respectively.

We conduct our business through a traditional umbrella partnership REIT, or UPREIT, structure in which our properties are owned by our operating partnership directly or through subsidiaries. We are the sole general partner of our operating partnership. Our operating partnership was formed as a Delaware limited partnership on March 27, 2009. Substantially all of our assets are held by, and substantially all of our operations are conducted through, our operating partnership. As the sole general partner of our operating partnership, we have the exclusive power under the partnership agreement to manage and conduct its business. In 2014, we issued 1,282,449 LP units to unaffiliated third parties as part of the consideration to acquire four properties in four transactions. These LP units are exchangeable for the equivalent number of shares of common stock or the equivalent value in cash, at our option, in defined circumstances. We refer to these transactions as UPREIT transactions. Limited partners have certain limited approval and voting rights.

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We are externally advised by our advisor pursuant to an advisory agreement and subject to the oversight of our board of directors. Our advisor was formed on March 26, 2009 and is responsible for managing our day-to-day business operations and identifying properties for us to acquire. We pay our advisor and its affiliates fees and reimburse them for expenses in connection with their services to us. The items of compensation and reimbursement are outlined below in Item 8-“Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 7. Related Party Transactions and Arrangements.”

RAIT Residential, our property manager, was formed on April 9, 2009 as an indirect subsidiary of Jupiter Realty Corporation, a Chicago-based residential and commercial real estate firm established in 1985. In May 2009, RAIT acquired a 75% controlling equity interest in our property manager. Our property manager is a full-service apartment property management company that, as of December 31, 2014, employs approximately 300 staff and professionals and manages approximately 16,000 apartment units. Our property manager provides services to us in connection with the rental, leasing, operation and management of our properties.

Competition

In attracting and retaining residents to occupy our properties, we compete with numerous other housing alternatives. Our properties compete directly with other rental apartments as well as condominiums and single-family homes that are available for rent or purchase in the sub-markets in which our properties are located. Principal factors of competition include rent or price charged, attractiveness of the location and property and quality and breadth of services and amenities. If our competitors offer leases at rental rates below current market rates, or below the rental rates we currently charge our tenants, we may lose potential tenants.

The number of competitive properties relative to demand in a particular area has a material effect on our ability to lease apartment units at our properties and on the rents we charge. In certain sub-markets there exists an oversupply of single family homes and condominiums and a reduction of households, both of which affect the pricing and occupancy of our rental apartments. Additionally, we compete with other real estate investors, including other apartment REITs, pension and investment funds, partnerships and investment companies in acquiring, redeveloping and managing apartment properties. This competition affects our ability to acquire properties and the price that we pay for such acquisitions.

Regulation

Our investments are subject to various federal, state, and local laws, ordinances, and regulations, including, among other things, zoning regulations, land use controls, environmental controls relating to air and water quality, noise pollution, and indirect environmental impacts such as increased motor vehicle activity. We believe that we have all permits and approvals necessary under current law to operate our investments.

Income Taxes

We have elected to be taxed as a REIT beginning with the taxable year ended December 31, 2011. Accordingly, we recorded no income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012.

To qualify as a REIT, we must meet certain organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement to distribute at least 90% of our ordinary taxable income to stockholders. As a REIT, we generally are not subject to federal income tax on taxable income that we distribute to our stockholders. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will be subject to federal income taxes on our taxable income at regular corporate rates and will not be permitted to qualify for treatment as a REIT for federal income tax purposes for four years following the year during which qualification is lost unless the Internal Revenue Service grants us relief under certain statutory provisions. Such an event could materially adversely affect our net income and net cash available for distribution to stockholders; however, we believe that we are organized and operate in such a manner as to qualify and maintain treatment as a REIT and intend to operate in such a manner so that we will remain qualified as a REIT for federal income tax purposes.

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For the year ended December 31, 2014, the tax classification of our dividends on common shares was as follows:

For the year ended December 31, 2013, the tax classification of our dividends on common shares was as follows:

Financial Information About Industry Segments

Our current business consists of owning, managing, operating, leasing, acquiring, developing, investing in, and disposing of real estate assets. We internally evaluate all of our real estate assets as one industry segment, and, accordingly, we do not report segment information.

Available Information

We file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. The public may read and copy any materials we file with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The internet address of the SEC site is http://www.sec.gov. Our internet address is http:// www.irtreit.com. We make our SEC filings available free of charge on or through our internet website as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. We are not incorporating by reference in this report any material from our website.

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Stockholders should carefully consider the following risk factors in conjunction with the other information contained in this report. The risks discussed in this report could adversely affect our business, operating results, prospects and financial condition. This could cause the value of our common stock to decline and/or you to lose part or all of any investment in our securities. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face, but do represent those risks and uncertainties that we believe are material to us. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that, as of the date of this report, we deem immaterial may also harm our business. Some statements in this report, including statements in the following risk factors, constitute forward-looking statements. Please refer to the “Forward-Looking Statements” above contained in this report.

Risks Related to Our Business and Operations

We may be limited in our ability to diversify our investments.

Our ability to diversify our portfolio may be limited both as to the number of investments owned and the geographic regions in which our investments are located. While we will seek to diversify our portfolio by geographic location, we expect to focus on markets with high potential for attractive returns located in the United States and, accordingly, our actual investments may result in concentrations in a limited number of geographic regions. As a result, there is an increased likelihood that the performance of any single property, or the economic performance of a particular region in which our properties are located, could materially affect our operating results.

We may fail to consummate some or all potential property acquisitions we disclose individually or in the aggregate, which could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, earnings and cash flow.

We may disclose potential property acquisitions, whether individually or in the aggregate, at any time and from time to time. We refer to the aggregate number of potential acquisitions we are considering at any particular time as our pipeline. We generally include a property in our pipeline when our underwriting and due diligence efforts have proceeded to the point where we have issued a letter of intent to acquire a particular property or if we have entered into a purchase and sale agreement. These letters of intent are generally non-binding. If we enter into legally binding purchase and sale agreements to acquire a property, any acquisition may be subject to the satisfaction of various closing conditions, and there can be no assurance that these conditions will be satisfied or that the acquisitions will close on the terms described herein, or at all. If we fail to consummate these acquisitions, to the extent we issued additional securities in order to use the proceeds of the offering to fund any of the acquisitions, we may have issued a significant number of our securities without realizing a corresponding increase in earnings and cash flow from acquiring the properties involved in such acquisitions. In addition, we may have broad authority to use the net proceeds of any offering for other purposes, including the repayment of indebtedness, the acquisition of other properties that we may identify in the future or for other investments, which may not be initially accretive to our results of operations. As a result, failure to consummate one or more of the pending property acquisitions could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations and the market price of our common stock.

We may suffer from delays in locating suitable investments or, because of our public company status, may be unable to acquire otherwise suitable investments, which could adversely affect our growth prospects and results of operations.

Our ability to achieve our investment objectives and to make distributions to our stockholders depends upon our advisor’s ability to locate, obtain financing for and consummate the acquisition of apartment properties that meet our investment criteria. The current market for apartment properties that meet our investment criteria is highly competitive. We cannot be sure that our advisor will be successful in obtaining suitable investments on financially attractive terms or at all.

Additionally, as a public company, we are subject to the ongoing reporting requirements under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. Pursuant to the Exchange Act, we may be required to file with the SEC financial statements of properties we acquire. To the extent any required financial statements are not available or cannot be obtained, we may not be able to acquire the property. As a result, we may be unable to acquire certain properties that otherwise would be suitable investments.

If we are unable to invest the proceeds of any offering of our securities in real properties in a timely manner, we may invest the proceeds in short-term, investment-grade investments which typically will yield significantly less than what we expect our investments will yield. As a result, delays we encounter in identifying and consummating potential acquisitions may adversely affect our growth prospects, results of operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

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We have not established a minimum dividend payment level and we cannot assure you of our ability to pay dividends in the future or the amount of any dividends.

Our board of directors will determine the amount and timing of distributions. In making this determination, our directors will consider all relevant factors, including REIT minimum distribution requirements, the amount of cash available for distribution, restrictions under Maryland law, capital expenditures and reserve requirements and general operational requirements. We cannot assure you that we will be able to make distributions in the future or in amounts similar to our past distributions. We may need to fund distributions through borrowings, returning capital or selling assets, which may be available only at commercially unattractive terms, if at all. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

Your percentage of ownership may be diluted if we issue new shares of stock.

Stockholders have no rights to buy additional shares of stock if we issue new shares of stock. We may issue common stock, convertible debt or preferred stock pursuant to a public offering or a private placement, to sellers of properties we directly or indirectly acquire instead of, or in addition to, cash consideration, or to our advisor in payment of some or all of the quarterly base or incentive fee that may be earned by our advisor or in payment of some or all of the termination fee that may be payable to our advisor. Because our decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings. Investors purchasing our common stock who do not participate in any future stock issuances will experience dilution in the percentage of the issued and outstanding stock they own.

We may decide to borrow funds to satisfy our REIT minimum distribution requirements, which could adversely affect our overall financial performance.

We may decide to borrow funds in order to meet the REIT minimum distribution requirements even if our management believes that the then prevailing market conditions generally are not favorable for such borrowings or that such borrowings would not be advisable in the absence of such tax considerations. If we borrow money to meet the REIT minimum distribution requirements or for other working capital needs, our expenses will increase, our net income will be reduced by the amount of interest we pay on the money we borrow and we will be obligated to repay the money we borrow from future earnings or by selling assets, any or all of which may decrease future distributions to stockholders.

To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we may be forced to forego otherwise attractive opportunities, which may delay or hinder our ability to meet our investment objectives and adversely affect the trading price of our common stock.

To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we must satisfy certain tests on an ongoing basis concerning, among other things, the sources of our income, nature of our assets and the amounts we distribute to our stockholders. We may be required to make distributions to stockholders at times when it would be more advantageous to reinvest cash in our business or when we do not have funds readily available for distribution. Compliance with the REIT qualification requirements may hinder our ability to operate solely on the basis of maximizing profits and adversely affect the trading price of our common stock.

We have identified, and may identify in the future, a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, which may require us to incur substantial costs and divert management resources in connection with our efforts to remediate this material weakness.

We have determined that a material weakness in internal controls over financial reporting existed as of December 31, 2014. A detailed description of this material weakness is provided in Part II, Item 9A—“Controls and Procedures” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Due solely to this material weakness, management has concluded that we did not maintain an effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014 (and, solely as a result of this material weakness, we have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of December 31, 2014). We are in the process of developing and implementing new processes and procedures to remediate this material weakness. We cannot be certain that any remedial measures we take will ensure that we design, implement and maintain adequate controls over our financial processes and reporting in the future and, accordingly, additional material weaknesses may occur in the future. It is possible that additional control deficiencies may be identified in addition to, or that are unrelated to, the material weakness described above. These control deficiencies may represent one or more material weaknesses. Our inability to remedy any additional deficiencies or material weaknesses that may be identified in the future could, among other things, cause us to fail to file timely our periodic reports with the SEC (which may have a material adverse effect on our ability to access the capital markets); prevent us from providing reliable and accurate financial information and forecasts or from avoiding or detecting fraud; or require us to incur additional costs or divert management resources to, among other things, comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

Risks Related to Our Organization, Structure and Management

We depend upon RAIT, our advisor and their affiliates to conduct our operations and, therefore, any adverse changes in the financial health of RAIT, our advisor or their affiliates, or our relationship with any of them, could hinder our operating performance and adversely affect the trading price of our common stock.

We depend on RAIT, our advisor and their affiliates, including our property manager, to manage our operations and acquire and manage our portfolio of real estate assets. Our advisor will make all decisions with respect to the management of our company, subject to the supervision of, and any guidelines established by, our board of directors. Our advisor will depend upon the fees and other compensation that it will receive from us in connection with the management of our business and sale of our properties to conduct its operations. Any adverse changes in the financial condition of, or our relationship with, RAIT, our advisor or our property manager could hinder their ability to successfully manage our operations and our portfolio of investments.

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The nature of RAIT’s business, and our dependence on RAIT and our advisor, makes us subject to certain risks to which we would not ordinarily be subject based on our targeted investments.

RAIT conducts a substantial real estate and real estate finance business which has, in the past, resulted in substantial losses. If these losses were to recur, the ability of RAIT and its affiliates, including our advisor and our property manager, to provide us with the services we need to operate our business could be impaired and we could be required to seek alternative service providers. We cannot assure you that we would be able to obtain alternative service providers on acceptable terms, or at all, which would reduce or eliminate our ability to make distributions and, possibly, if we could not find acceptable alternative service providers, require us to liquidate our portfolio.

If our advisor loses or is unable to retain or obtain key personnel, our ability to implement our investment strategies could be hindered, which could reduce our ability to make distributions and adversely affect the trading price of our common stock.

Our success depends to a significant degree upon the contributions of certain of the officers and other key personnel of our advisor, all of whom are officers or employees of RAIT. We cannot guarantee that all, or any, will remain affiliated with us, our advisor or RAIT. If any of our key personnel were to cease their affiliation with our advisor, our operating results could suffer. Further, we do not intend to maintain key person life insurance that would provide us with proceeds in the event of death or disability of any of our key personnel.

We believe our future success depends upon our advisor’s ability to hire and retain highly skilled managerial, operational and marketing personnel. Competition for such personnel is intense, and we cannot assure you that our advisor will be successful in attracting and retaining such skilled personnel. If our advisor loses or is unable to obtain the services of key personnel, our ability to implement our investment strategies could be delayed or hindered, and the trading price of our common stock may be adversely affected.

Termination of our advisory agreement, even for poor performance, could be difficult and costly, including as a result of termination fees, and may cause us to be unable to execute our business plan.

Termination of our advisory agreement without cause, even for poor performance, could be difficult and costly. Our advisory agreement provides that we may terminate the advisory agreement only for cause upon the affirmative vote of two-thirds of our independent directors or a majority of our outstanding common stock or a change of control of RAIT or the advisor (each as defined in the advisory agreement) if a majority of our independent directors determine that such a change of control of RAIT or our advisor is materially detrimental to us. If we terminate the agreement without cause, or if the advisor terminates the agreement because of a material breach of the agreement by us or as a result of a change of control of our company, we must pay our advisor a termination fee, which is payable in cash, shares of our common stock or any combination thereof at the election of our advisor. The termination fee, if any, will be equal to four times the sum of (i) the average annual base management fee and (ii) the average annual incentive fee, in each case earned by the advisor during the eight full calendar quarters immediately preceding the termination date. These provisions may substantially restrict our ability to terminate the advisory agreement without cause and would cause us to incur substantial costs in connection with such a termination. Furthermore, if our advisory agreement is terminated and we are unable to identify a suitable replacement to manage us, our ability to execute our business plan could be adversely affected.

The Maryland General Corporation Law prohibits certain business combinations, which may make it more difficult for us to be acquired.

Under the Maryland General Corporation Law, “business combinations” between a Maryland corporation and an “interested stockholder” or an affiliate of an interested stockholder are prohibited for five years after the most recent date on which the interested stockholder became an interested stockholder. These business combinations include a merger, consolidation, share exchange, or in circumstances specified in the statute, an asset transfer or issuance or reclassification of equity securities. An interested stockholder is defined as (i) any person who beneficially owns 10% or more of the voting power of the then outstanding voting stock of the corporation; or (ii) an affiliate or associate of the corporation who, at any time within the two-year period prior to the date in question, was the beneficial owner of 10% or more of the voting power of the then outstanding stock of the corporation.

A person is not an interested stockholder under the statute if the board of directors approved in advance the transaction by which the person otherwise would have become an interested stockholder. However, in approving a transaction, the board of directors may provide that its approval is subject to compliance, at or after the time of approval, with any terms and conditions determined by the board.

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After the expiration of the five-year period described above, any business combination between the Maryland corporation and an interested stockholder must generally be recommended by the board of directors of the corporation and approved by the affirmative vote of at least:

These super-majority vote requirements do not apply if the corporation’s common stockholders receive a minimum price, as defined under the Maryland General Corporation Law, for their shares in the form of cash or other consideration in the same form as previously paid by the interested stockholder for its shares. The Maryland General Corporation Law also permits various exemptions from these provisions, including business combinations that are exempted by the board of directors before the time that the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. Pursuant to the statute, our board of directors has by resolution exempted business combinations between us and any other person from these provisions of the Maryland General Corporation Law, provided that the business combination is first approved by our board of directors and, consequently, the five year prohibition and the supermajority vote requirements will not apply to such business combinations. As a result, any person approved by our board of directors will be able to enter into business combinations with us that may not be in the best interests of our stockholders without compliance by us with the supermajority vote requirements and other provisions of the statute. This resolution, however, may be altered or repealed in whole or in part at any time. If this resolution is repealed, or our board of directors does not otherwise approve a business combination, the statute may discourage others from trying to acquire control of us and increase the difficulty of consummating any offer.

Stockholders have limited control over changes in our policies and operations.

Our board of directors determines our major policies, including those regarding financing, growth, debt capitalization, REIT qualification and distributions. Our board of directors may amend or revise these and other policies without a vote of the stockholders. Under our charter and the Maryland General Corporation Law, our stockholders generally have a right to vote only on the following matters:

All other matters are subject to the discretion of our board of directors.

Our authorized but unissued shares of common and preferred stock may prevent a change in our control.

Our charter authorizes us to issue additional authorized but unissued shares of common or preferred stock. In addition, our board of directors may, without stockholder approval, amend our charter from time to time to increase or decrease the aggregate number of shares of our stock or the number of shares of stock of any class or series that we have authority to issue and classify or reclassify any unissued shares of common or preferred stock into other classes or series of stock and set the preferences, rights and other terms of the classified or reclassified shares. As a result, our board of directors may establish a series of common or preferred stock that could delay or prevent a transaction or a change in control that might involve a premium price for our common stock or otherwise be in the best interest of our stockholders.

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Because of our holding company structure, we depend on our operating partnership and its subsidiaries for cash flow; however, we will be structurally subordinated in right of payment to the obligations of our operating partnership and its subsidiaries.

We are a holding company with no business operations of our own. Our only significant asset is and will be the partnership interests in our operating partnership. We conduct, and intend to continue to conduct, all of our business operations through our operating partnership. Accordingly, our only source of cash to pay our obligations is distributions from our operating partnership and its subsidiaries of their net earnings and cash flows. We cannot assure you that our operating partnership or its subsidiaries will be able to, or be permitted to, make distributions to us that will enable us to make distributions to our stockholders from cash flows from operations. Each of our operating partnership’s subsidiaries is a distinct legal entity and, under certain circumstances, legal and contractual restrictions may limit our ability to obtain cash from such entities. In addition, because we are a holding company, your claims as stockholders will be structurally subordinated to all existing and future liabilities and obligations of our operating partnership and its subsidiaries. Therefore, in the event of our bankruptcy, liquidation or reorganization, our assets and those of our operating partnership and its subsidiaries will be able to satisfy your claims as stockholders only after all of our and our operating partnership’s and its subsidiaries’ liabilities and obligations have been paid in full.

Our rights and the rights of our stockholders to recover on claims against our directors are limited, which could reduce your and our recovery against them if they negligently cause us to incur losses.

The Maryland General Corporation Law provides that a director has no liability in such capacity if he performs his duties in good faith, in a manner he reasonably believes to be in our best interests and with the care that an ordinarily prudent person in a like position would use under similar circumstances. In addition, our directors and officers will not be liable to us or our stockholders for monetary damages unless the director or officer actually received an improper benefit or profit in money, property or services, or is adjudged to be liable to us or our stockholders based on a finding that his or her action, or failure to act, was the result of active and deliberate dishonesty and was material to the cause of action adjudicated in the proceeding. We will indemnify and advance expenses to our directors and officers to the maximum extent permitted by the Maryland General Corporation Law and we are permitted to purchase and maintain insurance or provide similar protection on behalf of any directors, officers, employees and agents, including our advisor and its affiliates, against any liability asserted which was incurred in any such capacity with us or arising out of such status. Prior to January 29, 2014, we were insured under RAIT’s directors’ and officers’ insurance policy as a majority-owned subsidiary of RAIT. During January 2014 RAIT’s ownership of us was reduced below 50% of our outstanding equity interests as a result of the completion of an offering of our common stock and we were no longer be covered by RAIT’s policy. As of January 29, 2014, we obtained our own directors’ and officers’ insurance policy which will result in us having to expend funds, which will reduce the amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders.

If we internalize our management functions, your interest in our company could be diluted, and we could incur other significant costs associated with being self-managed.

In the future, our board of directors may consider internalizing the functions performed for us by our advisor by, among other methods, acquiring our advisor’s assets. The method by which we could internalize these functions could take many forms, subject to certain limitations set forth in our advisory agreement. We cannot assure you that internalizing our management functions will be beneficial to us or our stockholders. If we internalize our advisor, certain key personnel of our advisor may remain employees of RAIT or its affiliates rather than becoming our employees, which could make it difficult for us to manage our business effectively. An acquisition of our advisor could also result in dilution of your interests as a stockholder and could reduce earnings per share and funds from operations per share. Additionally, we may not realize the perceived benefits or we may not be able to properly integrate the advisor’s operations with ours, or we may not be able to effectively replicate the services provided previously by our advisor, our property manager or their affiliates. In addition, if we become internally managed, our overhead costs may increase by an amount that is greater than the costs of the advisory fees and reimbursements currently paid to our advisor, as we would be responsible for compensation and benefits of all of our officers and other employees, including those who were previously paid by our advisor, as well as new employees. Internalization transactions, including without limitation, transactions involving the acquisition of advisors or property managers affiliated with entity sponsors, have also, in some cases, been the subject of litigation. Even if these claims are without merit, we could be forced to spend significant amounts of money defending claims which would reduce the amount of funds available for us to invest in properties or other investments and to pay distributions. All of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and ability to pay distributions.

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If our advisor is acquired by a non-affiliated third party, we could incur significant costs and we could be in competition for the acquisition and leasing of properties with such third party or its affiliates.

If there is a change of control of our advisor (as defined in our advisory agreement), our advisory agreement provides that we may terminate the advisory agreement; however, we may incur substantial costs in connection with such a termination. If we terminate the advisory agreement upon a change of control of our advisor, unless a majority of our independent directors determines that such a change of control is materially detrimental to us, we must pay our advisor a termination fee payable in cash, shares of our common stock or any combination thereof at the election of our advisor. The termination fee, if any, will be equal to four times the sum of (i) the average annual base management fee and (ii) the average annual incentive fee, in each case earned by the advisor during the eight full calendar quarters immediately preceding the termination date. Furthermore, if our advisor is acquired by a non-affiliated third party, we could be in competition with such third party or its affiliates for the acquisition or leasing of properties. Moreover, such an acquisition could cause our advisor to devote significantly less time to the management of our business. Although our advisory agreement may allow us to terminate the advisory agreement if the advisor is acquired by a non-affiliated third party, any termination by us could adversely impact our ability to execute our business plan if we are unable to identify a suitable replacement to manage us.

Our investment objectives and strategies may be changed without stockholder consent.

We may change our investment objectives and strategies, and our policies with respect to investments, operations, indebtedness, capitalization and distributions, at any time without the consent of our stockholders, which could result in our making investments that are different from, and possibly riskier or more highly leveraged than, the types of investments described in this report. A change in our investment strategy may, among other things, increase our exposure to interest rate risk, default risk and real estate market fluctuations, all of which could adversely affect our ability to achieve our investment objectives and the market value of our common stock.

General Risks Related to Investments in Real Estate

There are inherent risks associated with real estate investments and with the real estate industry, each of which could have an adverse impact on our financial performance and the value of our properties.

By owning our common stock, you will be subject to the risks associated with the ownership and operation of real properties, including risks related to:

Any of these changes could cause our net revenues and the value of our assets to decrease.

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The illiquidity of real estate investments could make it difficult for us to respond to changing economic, financial, and investment conditions or changes in the operating performance of our properties, which could reduce our cash flows and adversely affect results of operations.

Real estate investments are relatively illiquid and, as a result, we will have a limited ability to vary our portfolio in response to changes in economic, financial and investment conditions or changes in the operating performance of our properties. We will also have a limited ability to sell assets in order to fund working capital and similar capital needs. We cannot predict whether we will be able to sell any property for the price or on the terms set by us, or whether any price or other terms offered by a prospective purchaser would be acceptable to us. We also cannot predict the length of time needed to find a willing purchaser and to close the sale of a property. We also may be required to expend funds to correct defects or to make improvements before a property can be sold, and we cannot assure you that we will have funds available to correct those defects or to make those improvements. Our inability to dispose of assets at opportune times or on favorable terms could adversely affect our cash flows and results of operations.

Moreover, the Code imposes restrictions on a REIT’s ability to dispose of properties that are not applicable to other types of real estate companies. In particular, the tax laws applicable to REITs require that we hold our properties for investment, rather than primarily for sale in the ordinary course of business, which may cause us to forego or defer sales of properties that otherwise would be in our best interests. Therefore, we may not be able to vary our portfolio promptly in response to economic or other conditions or on favorable terms, which may adversely affect our cash flows, our ability to make distributions to our stockholders and the market price of our common stock.

Economic conditions may adversely affect the residential real estate market and our income.

A residential property’s income and value may be adversely affected by international, national and regional economic conditions. During the past five years, the U.S. and international markets have experienced increased levels of volatility due to a combination of many factors, including decreased values of homes and commercial real estate, limited access to credit markets, increased energy costs, increased unemployment rates, and a national and global recession. Although recently some economic conditions appear to have improved, if such improvement does not continue or if new economic or capital markets problems arise, the value of our portfolio may decline significantly. A deterioration in economic conditions may also have an adverse effect on our operations if they result in our tenants or prospective tenants being unable to afford the rents we need to charge to be profitable.

In addition, local real estate conditions such as an oversupply of properties or a reduction in demand for properties, availability of “for sale” properties and competition from other similar properties, our ability to provide adequate maintenance, insurance and management services, increased operating costs (including real estate taxes), the attractiveness and location of the property and changes in market rental rates, may adversely affect a property’s income and value. A rise in energy costs could result in higher operating costs, which may affect our results from operations. In addition, local conditions in the markets in which we own or intend to own properties may significantly affect occupancy or rental rates at such properties. Layoffs, plant closings, relocations of significant local employers and other events reducing local employment rates and the local economy; an oversupply of, or a lack of demand for, apartments; a decline in household formation; the inability or unwillingness of residents to pay rent increases; and rent control, rent stabilization and other housing laws, all could prevent us from raising or maintaining rents, and could cause us to reduce rents.

Rising expenses could reduce cash flow and funds available for future acquisitions, which may have a material effect on the trading price of our common stock.

Our properties may be subject to increases in tax rates, utility costs, operating expenses, insurance costs, repairs and maintenance, administrative and other expenses. If we are unable to match increased costs with increased rental rates, our growth prospects, our ability to make distributions to stockholders and the trading price of our common stock may be materially and adversely affected.

Properties we purchase may not appreciate or may decrease in value.

The residential real estate market may experience substantial influxes of capital from investors. A substantial flow of capital, combined with significant competition for real estate, may result in inflated purchase prices for such assets. To the extent we purchase real estate in such an environment, we are subject to the risk that, if the real estate market subsequently ceases to attract the same level of capital investment, or if the number of investors seeking to acquire such assets decreases, our returns will be lower and the value of our assets may not appreciate or may decrease significantly below the amount we paid for such assets.

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We may incur liabilities in connection with properties we acquire.

We may acquire properties that are subject to liabilities or that have problems relating to environmental condition, state of title, physical condition or compliance with zoning laws, building codes, or other legal requirements, many of which may not be known to us at the time of acquisition. In each case, our acquisition may be without any, or with only limited, recourse with respect to unknown liabilities or conditions. If any liability were asserted against us relating to those properties or entities, or if any adverse condition existed with respect to the properties or entities, we might have to pay substantial sums to settle or cure it, which could adversely affect our cash flow and operating results. While we will attempt to obtain appropriate representations and undertakings from the sellers of the properties or entities we acquire, the sellers may not have the resources to satisfy their indemnification obligations if a liability arises.

RAIT may provide loan financing to us through the use of a securitization or other special purpose vehicle.

RAIT has used securitizations in which it has a retained interest to finance many of its investments, and has retained interests in these vehicles consisting of their subordinated notes and equity. Although RAIT’s securitization vehicles holding properties have passed their reinvestment periods, RAIT may form new securitization vehicles in the future which it may use to provide financing on properties we may acquire.

The servicer for the loans held in such securitization vehicles, which may not be an entity affiliated with RAIT, would be responsible for ensuring timely payments under the terms of the loans. If we are unable to make payments on these loans, we may not be able to modify them on terms acceptable to us as a result of the securitization.

Payment of fees to our advisor and its affiliates will reduce cash available for investment and distribution.

Our advisor and its affiliates will perform services for us in connection with the management and leasing of our properties. They will be paid significant fees for these services, none of which were the result of arm’s-length negotiations. Payment of these fees will reduce the amount of cash available for investment and for distribution to stockholders.

We may suffer losses that are not covered by insurance.

If we suffer losses that are not covered by insurance or that are in excess of insurance coverage, we could lose invested capital and anticipated profits. We maintain comprehensive insurance for our properties, including casualty, liability, fire, extended coverage, terrorism, earthquakes, hurricanes and rental loss customarily obtained for similar properties in amounts which our advisor determines are sufficient to cover reasonably foreseeable losses, and with policy specifications and insured limits that we believe are adequate and appropriate under the circumstances. Material losses may occur in excess of insurance proceeds with respect to any property, and there are types of losses, generally of a catastrophic nature, such as losses due to wars, pollution, environmental matters and mold, which are either uninsurable or not economically insurable, or may be insured subject to limitations, such as large deductibles or co-payments. Moreover, we cannot predict whether all of the coverage that we currently maintain will be available to us in the future, or what the future costs or limitations on any coverage that is available to us will be.

We may be unable to secure funds for property improvements, which could reduce cash distributions to our stockholders.

When tenants do not renew their leases or otherwise vacate, we may be required to expend funds for capital improvements to the vacated apartment units in order to attract replacement tenants. In addition, we may require substantial funds to renovate an apartment property in order to sell, upgrade or reposition it in the market. If our reserves are insufficient to fund these improvements, we may have to obtain financing. We cannot assure you that sufficient financing will be available or, if available, will be available on economically feasible terms or on terms acceptable to us. Moreover, some reserves required by lenders may be designated for specific uses and may not be available for capital improvements to other properties. Additional borrowing will increase our interest expense, and could result in decreased net revenues and a decreased ability to make cash distributions to our stockholders.

Short-term tenant leases expose us to the effects of declining market rent, which could adversely impact our ability to make cash distributions to our stockholders.

We expect that most of our tenant leases will be for a term of one year or less. Because these leases generally permit the tenants to leave at the end of the lease term without any penalty, our rental revenues may be impacted by declines in market rents more quickly than if our leases were for longer terms.

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The profitability of our acquisitions is uncertain.

We intend to acquire properties selectively. Acquisition of properties entails risks that investments will fail to perform in accordance with expectations. In undertaking these acquisitions, we will incur certain risks, including the expenditure of funds on, and the devotion of management’s time to, transactions that may not come to fruition. Additional risks inherent in acquisitions include risks that the properties will not achieve anticipated occupancy levels and that estimates of the costs of improvements to bring an acquired property up to standards established for the market position intended for that property may prove inaccurate.

We will face competition from third parties, including other apartment properties, which may limit our profitability and the return on any investment in our securities.

The apartment industry is highly competitive. This competition could reduce occupancy levels and revenues at our apartment properties. We compete with many other entities engaged in real estate investment activities, including individuals, corporations, bank and insurance company investment accounts, other REITs, real estate limited partnerships, and other entities engaged in real estate investment activities. Many of these entities have significant financial and other resources, including operating experience, allowing them to compete effectively with us. Competitors with substantially greater financial resources than us may be able to accept more risk than we can effectively manage. In addition, those competitors that are not REITs may be at an advantage to the extent they can use working capital to finance projects, while we (and our competitors that are REITs) will be required by the annual distribution provisions under the Code to distribute significant amounts of cash from operations to our stockholders. Competition may also result in overbuilding of apartment properties, causing an increase in the number of apartment units available which could potentially decrease our occupancy and apartment rental rates. We may also be required to expend substantial sums to attract new residents. The resale value of the property could be diminished because the market value of a particular property will depend principally upon the net revenues generated by the property. In addition, increases in operating costs due to inflation may not be offset by increased apartment rental rates. Further, costs associated with real estate investment, such as real estate taxes and maintenance costs, generally are not reduced when circumstances cause a reduction in income from the investment. These events would cause a significant decrease in revenues and the trading price of our common stock, and could cause us to reduce the amount of distributions to our stockholders.

Acquiring or attempting to acquire multiple properties in a single transaction may adversely affect our operations.

We may acquire multiple properties in a single transaction. Such portfolio acquisitions are more complex and expensive than single-property acquisitions, and the risk that a multiple-property acquisition does not close may be greater than in a single-property acquisition. Portfolio acquisitions may also result in us owning investments in geographically dispersed markets, placing additional demands on our ability to manage the properties in the portfolio. In addition, a seller may require that a group of properties be purchased as a package even though we may not want to purchase one or more properties in the portfolio. In these situations, if we are unable to identify another person or entity to acquire the unwanted properties, we may be required to operate, or attempt to dispose of, these properties. To acquire multiple properties in a single transaction we may be required to accumulate a large amount of cash. We expect the returns that we can earn on such cash to be less than the ultimate returns on real property, and therefore, accumulating such cash could reduce the funds available for distributions. Any of the foregoing events may have an adverse effect on our operations.

If we sell properties by providing financing to purchasers, we will bear the risk of default by the purchaser.

If we decide to sell any of our properties, we intend to use commercially reasonable efforts to sell them for cash. However, in some instances we may sell our properties by providing financing to purchasers. If we provide financing to purchasers, we will bear the risk of default by the purchaser which would reduce the value of our assets, impair our ability to make distributions to our stockholders and reduce the price of our common stock.

Our revenue and net income may vary significantly from one period to another due to investments in value-add properties and portfolio acquisitions, which could increase the variability of our cash distributions.

We may make investments in properties that have existing cash flow which are in various phases of development, redevelopment or repositioning and where we believe that, through limited capital expenditures, we can achieve enhanced returns (which we refer to as value-add properties), which may cause our revenues and net income to fluctuate significantly from one period to another. Projects do not produce revenue while in development or redevelopment. During any period when the number of our projects in development or redevelopment or those with significant capital requirements increases without a corresponding increase in stable revenue-producing properties, our revenues and net income will likely decrease and we could have losses. Moreover, value-add properties subject us to the risks of higher than expected construction costs, failure to complete projects on a timely basis, failure of the properties to perform at expected levels upon completion of development or redevelopment, and increased borrowings necessary to fund higher than expected construction or other costs related to the project. The occurrence of one or more of these risks could decrease our cash available for distribution.

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We may acquire properties with lock-out provisions, or agree to such provisions in connection with obtaining financing, which may prohibit us from selling or refinancing a property during the lock-out period.

We may acquire properties in exchange for operating partnership units and agree to restrictions on sales or refinancing, called “lock-out” provisions, which are intended to preserve favorable tax treatment for the owners of such properties who sell them to us. Additionally, we may agree to lock-out provisions in connection with obtaining financing for the acquisition of properties. Lock-out provisions could materially restrict us from selling, otherwise disposing of or refinancing properties. This would affect our ability to turn our investments into cash and thus affect cash available to return capital to you. Lock-out provisions could impair our ability to take actions during the lock-out period that would otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders and, therefore, could adversely impact the market value of our common stock. In particular, lock-out provisions could preclude us from participating in major transactions that could result in a disposition of our assets or a change in control even though that disposition or change in control might be in the best interests of our stockholders.

We may acquire properties through joint ventures, which could subject us to liabilities in excess of those contemplated or prevent us from taking actions which are in the best interests of our stockholders, which could adversely affect our trading price.

We may enter into joint ventures with affiliates and/or other third parties to acquire or improve properties. We may also purchase properties in partnerships, co-tenancies or other co-ownership arrangements. Such investments may involve risks not otherwise present when acquiring real estate directly, including the following:

If any of the foregoing were to occur we may be subject to liabilities in excess of those contemplated, which could adversely affect our trading price.

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Risks Associated with Debt Financing

We plan to incur mortgage indebtedness and other borrowings and are not limited in the amount or percentage of indebtedness that we may incur, which may increase our business risks.

We intend to acquire properties subject to existing financing or by borrowing new funds. In addition, we intend to incur additional mortgage debt by obtaining loans secured by some, or all, of our real properties to obtain funds to acquire additional real properties and/or make capital improvements to properties. We may also borrow funds, if necessary, to satisfy the requirement that we generally distribute to stockholders as dividends at least 90% of our annual REIT taxable income (computed without regard to dividends paid and excluding net capital gain), or otherwise as is necessary or advisable to assure that we maintain our qualification as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

Our charter and bylaws do not limit the amount or percentage of indebtedness that we may incur. We are subject to risks normally associated with debt financing, including the risk that our cash flows will be insufficient to meet required payments of principal and interest. There can be no assurance that we will be able to refinance any maturing indebtedness, that such refinancing would be on terms as favorable as the terms of the maturing indebtedness or that we will be able to otherwise obtain funds by selling assets or raising equity to make required payments on maturing indebtedness.

In particular, loans obtained to fund property acquisitions will generally be secured by mortgages or deeds in trust on such properties. If we are unable to make our debt service payments as required, a lender could foreclose on the property or properties securing its debt.

In addition, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, a foreclosure of any of our properties would be treated as a sale of the property for a purchase price equal to the outstanding balance of the debt secured by the mortgage. If the outstanding balance of the debt secured by the mortgage exceeds our tax basis in the property, we would recognize taxable income on foreclosure, but would not receive any cash proceeds. We may, in some circumstances, give a guaranty on behalf of an entity that owns one or more of our properties. In these cases, we will be responsible to the lender for satisfaction of the debt if it is not paid by such entity. If any mortgages contain cross-collateralization or cross-default provisions, there is a risk that we could lose part or all of our investment in multiple properties. Each of these events could in turn cause the value of our common stock and distributions payable to stockholders to be reduced.

Any mortgage debt which we place on properties may contain clauses providing for prepayment penalties. If a lender invokes these penalties upon the sale of a property or the prepayment of a mortgage on a property, the cost to us to sell the property could increase substantially. This could lead to a reduction in our income, which would reduce cash available for distribution to stockholders.

We may also finance our property acquisitions using interest-only mortgage indebtedness. During the interest-only period, the amount of each scheduled payment will be less than that of a traditional amortizing mortgage loan. The principal balance of the mortgage loan will not be reduced (except in the case of prepayments) because there are no scheduled monthly payments of principal during this period. After the interest-only period, we will be required either to make scheduled payments of amortized principal and interest or to make a lump-sum or “balloon” payment at maturity. These required principal or balloon payments will increase the amount of our scheduled payments and may increase our risk of default under the related mortgage loan. If the mortgage loan has an adjustable interest rate, the amount of our scheduled payments also may increase at a time of rising interest rates. Increased payments and substantial principal or balloon maturity payments will reduce the funds available for distribution to our stockholders because cash otherwise available for distribution will be required to pay principal and interest associated with these mortgage loans.

Failure to procure adequate capital and funding may decrease our profitability and our ability to make distributions, reducing the market price of our common stock.

We depend upon the availability of adequate funding and capital for our operations. As a REIT, we must distribute annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gain, to our stockholders and are therefore not able to retain significant amounts of our earnings for new investments. Consequently, we will depend upon the availability of financing and additional capital to execute our investment strategy. If sufficient financing or capital is not available to us on acceptable terms, we may not be able to achieve anticipated levels of profitability either due to the lack of funding or an increase in funding costs and our ability to make distributions and the price of our common stock may decline.

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High levels of debt or increases in interest rates could increase the amount of our loan payments, which could reduce the cash available for distribution to stockholders.

If we incur high levels of debt, our interest costs will increase, resulting in higher debt service payments which could reduce cash available for distribution to stockholders. If we incur variable rate debt, increases in interest rates would also increase our interest costs and decrease our ability to make distributions to you. If we need to repay existing debt during periods of rising interest rates, any refinancing we may obtain would likely increase our interest and other costs; if we were unable to obtain acceptable financing, we could be required to liquidate one or more of our investments in properties at times which may not permit realization of the maximum return on such investments and could result in a loss.

Lenders may require us to enter into restrictive covenants relating to our operations, which could limit our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

In providing financing to us, a lender may impose restrictions on us that would affect our ability to incur additional debt, make certain investments, reduce liquidity below certain levels, make distributions to our stockholders and otherwise affect our distribution and operating policies. Our credit facility with The Huntington National Bank restricts our ability to encumber or otherwise transfer our interest in properties financed in whole or in part through the facility without the prior consent of the lender and includes other restrictions and requirements relating to the incurrence of debt, permitted investments, maintenance of insurance, the amendment of our charter documents and the charter documents of our operating partnership and its subsidiaries, mergers and sales of assets and transactions with affiliates. We expect that any other loan agreements we enter into will contain similar covenants and may also impose other restrictions and limitations. Any such covenants, restrictions or limitations may limit our ability to make distributions to you and could make it difficult for us to satisfy the requirements necessary to maintain our qualification as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

Some of our mortgage loans may have “due on sale” provisions, which may impact the manner in which we acquire, sell and/or finance our properties.

In purchasing properties subject to financing, we may obtain financing with “due-on-sale” and/or “due-on-encumbrance” clauses. Due-on-sale clauses in mortgages allow a mortgage lender to demand full repayment of the mortgage loan if the borrower sells the mortgaged property. Similarly, due-on-encumbrance clauses allow a mortgage lender to demand full repayment if the borrower uses the real estate securing the mortgage loan as security for another loan. In such event, we may be required to sell our properties on an all-cash basis, which may make it more difficult to sell the property or reduce the selling price.

Lenders may be able to recover against our other properties under our mortgage loans.

In financing our property acquisitions, we will seek to obtain secured nonrecourse loans. However, only recourse financing may be available, in which event, in addition to the property securing the loan, the lender would have the ability to look to our other assets for satisfaction of the debt if the proceeds from the sale or other disposition of the property securing the loan are insufficient to fully repay it. Also, in order to facilitate the sale of a property, we may allow the buyer to purchase the property subject to an existing loan whereby we remain responsible for the debt.

If we are required to make payments under any “bad boy” carve-out guaranties that we may provide in connection with certain mortgages and related loans, our business and financial results could be materially adversely affected.

In obtaining certain nonrecourse loans, we may provide standard carve-out guaranties. These guaranties are only applicable if and when the borrower directly, or indirectly through agreement with an affiliate, joint venture partner or other third party, voluntarily files a bankruptcy or similar liquidation or reorganization action or takes other actions that are fraudulent or improper (commonly referred to as “bad boy” guaranties). Although we believe that “bad boy” carve-out guaranties are not guaranties of payment in the event of foreclosure or other actions of the foreclosing lender that are beyond the borrower’s control, some lenders in the real estate industry have recently sought to make claims for payment under such guaranties. In the event such a claim were made against us under a “bad boy” carve-out guaranty following foreclosure on mortgages or related loan, and such claim were successful, our business and financial results could be materially adversely affected.

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We may be subject to risks related to interest rate fluctuations, and the derivative financial instruments that we may use may be costly and ineffective and may reduce the overall returns on any investment in our securities.

We may be subject to risks related to interest rate fluctuations if any of our debt is subject to a floating interest rate. At December 31, 2014, we had $418.9 million of outstanding indebtedness, $56.5 million of which was floating-rate indebtedness and none of which was subject to interest rate hedges. To the extent that we use derivative financial instruments in the future to hedge our exposure to floating interest rate debt, we will be exposed to credit, basis and legal enforceability risks. Derivative financial instruments may include interest rate swap contracts, interest rate cap or floor contracts, futures or forward contracts, options or repurchase agreements. In this context, credit risk is the failure of the counterparty to perform under the terms of the derivative contract. If the fair value of a derivative contract is positive, the counterparty owes us, which creates credit risk for us. Basis risk occurs when the index upon which the contract is based is more or less variable than the index upon which the hedged asset or liability is based, thereby making the hedge less effective. Finally, legal enforceability risks encompass general contractual risks, including the risk that the counterparty will breach the terms of, or fail to perform its obligations under, the derivative contract. If we are unable to manage these risks effectively, our results of operations, financial condition and ability to make distributions to you will be adversely affected.

Complying with REIT requirements may limit our ability to hedge risk effectively.

The REIT provisions of the Code may limit our ability to hedge the risks inherent to our operations. Any income or gain derived by us from transactions that hedge certain risks, such as the risk of changes in interest rates, will not be treated as gross income for purposes of either the 75% or the 95% Gross Income Test, as defined in Exhibit 99.1 “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations” of this report, provided specific requirements are met. Such requirements include that the hedging transaction be properly identified within prescribed time periods and that the transaction either (i) hedges risks associated with indebtedness issued by us that is incurred to acquire or carry real estate assets or (ii) manages the risks of currency fluctuations with respect to income or gain that qualifies under the 75% or 95% Gross Income Test (or assets that generate such income). To the extent that we do not properly identify such transactions as hedges, hedge with other types of financial instruments, or hedge other types of indebtedness, the income from those transactions will not be treated as qualifying income for purposes of the 75% and 95% Gross Income Tests. As a result of these rules, we may have to limit the use of hedging techniques that might otherwise be advantageous, which could result in greater risks associated with interest rate or other changes than we would otherwise incur.

Compliance with Laws

The costs of compliance with environmental laws and other governmental laws and regulations may adversely affect our income and the cash available for any distributions.

All real property and the operations conducted on real property are subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to environmental protection and human health and safety. Examples of federal laws include: the National Environmental Policy Act, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, the Solid Waste Disposal Act as amended by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, the Federal Clean Air Act, the Toxic Substances Control Act, the Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act and the Hazard Communication Act. These laws and regulations generally govern wastewater discharges, air emissions, the operation and removal of underground and above-ground storage tanks, the use, storage, treatment, transportation and disposal of solid and hazardous materials, and the remediation of contamination associated with disposals. Some of these laws and regulations may impose joint and several liability on residents, owners or operators for the costs of investigation or remediation of contaminated properties, regardless of fault or the legality of the original disposal. In addition, the presence of these substances, or the failure to properly remediate these substances, may limit or eliminate affect our ability to sell or rent the property or to use the property as collateral for future borrowing.

There may also be potential liability associated with lead-based paint arising from lawsuits alleging personal injury and related claims. The existence of lead paint is especially a concern in residential units. A structure built prior to 1978 may contain lead-based paint and may present a potential for exposure to lead; however, structures built after 1978 are not likely to contain lead-based paint.

Properties’ values may also be affected by their proximity to electric transmission lines. Electric transmission lines are one of many sources of electro-magnetic fields, or EMFs, to which people may be exposed. Research completed regarding potential health concerns associated with exposure to EMFs has produced inconclusive results. Notwithstanding the lack of conclusive scientific evidence, some states now regulate the strength of electric and magnetic fields emanating from electric transmission lines, and other states have required transmission facilities to measure for levels of EMFs. On occasion, lawsuits have been filed (primarily against electric utilities) that allege personal injuries from exposure to transmission lines and EMFs, as well as from fear of adverse health effects due to such exposure. This fear of adverse health effects from transmission lines has been considered both when property values have been determined to obtain financing and in condemnation proceedings. We may not, in certain circumstances, search for electric transmission lines near our properties, but are aware of the potential exposure to damage claims by persons exposed to EMFs.

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Recently, indoor air quality issues, including mold, have been highlighted in the media and the industry is seeing mold claims from lessees rising. Due to recent increases in mold claims, and since the law relating to mold is unsettled and subject to change, we could incur losses from claims relating to the presence of, or exposure to, mold or other microbial organisms, particularly if we are unable to maintain adequate insurance to cover such losses. We may also incur unexpected expenses relating to the abatement of mold on properties that we may acquire.

Limited quantities of asbestos-containing materials are present in various building materials such as floor coverings, ceiling texture material, acoustical tiles and decorative treatment. Environmental laws govern the presence, maintenance and removal of asbestos. These laws could be used to impose liability for release of, and exposure to, hazardous substances, including asbestos-containing materials, into the air. Such laws require that owners or operators of buildings containing asbestos (i) properly manage and maintain the asbestos, (ii) notify and train those who may come into contact with asbestos and (iii) undertake special precautions, including removal or other abatement, if asbestos would be disturbed during renovation or demolition of a building. These laws may allow third parties to seek recovery from owners or operators of real properties for personal injury associated with exposure to asbestos fibers. As the owner of our properties, we may be liable for any such costs.

Compliance with new or more stringent laws or regulations or stricter interpretation of existing laws may require material expenditures by us. We cannot assure you that future laws, ordinances or regulations will not impose any material environmental liability, or that the current environmental condition of our properties will not be affected by the operations of residents, existing conditions of the land, operations in the vicinity of the properties, or the activities of unrelated third parties. In addition, there are various local, state and federal fire, health, life-safety and similar regulations that we may be required to comply with. Failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations could result in fines and/or damages, suspension of personnel of our advisor and/or other sanctions.

Discovery of previously undetected environmentally hazardous conditions may adversely affect our operating results.

Under various federal, state and local environmental laws, ordinances and regulations, a current or previous owner or operator of real property may be liable for the cost of removal or remediation of hazardous or toxic substances on, under or in such property. The costs of removal or remediation could be substantial. These laws often impose liability whether or not the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of the hazardous or toxic substances.

Environmental laws also may impose restrictions on the manner in which property may be used or businesses may be operated, and these restrictions may require substantial expenditures. Environmental laws provide for sanctions in the event of noncompliance and may be enforced by governmental agencies or, in certain circumstances, by private parties. Certain environmental laws and common law principles govern the presence, maintenance, removal and disposal of certain building materials, including asbestos and lead-based paint (which are both discussed above).

The cost of defending against any claims of liability, of compliance with environmental regulatory requirements, of remediating any contaminated property, or of paying personal injury claims could materially adversely affect our business, assets or results of operations and, consequently, amounts available for distribution to you.

We cannot assure you that properties which we acquire will not have any material environmental conditions, liabilities or compliance concerns. Accordingly, we have no way of determining at this time the magnitude of any potential liability to which we may be subject arising out of environmental conditions or violations with respect to the properties we own.

Our costs associated with and the risk of failing to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act may affect cash available for distributions.

We generally expect that our properties will be subject to the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, as amended, or the Disabilities Act. Under the Disabilities Act, all places of public accommodation are required to comply with federal requirements related to access and use by disabled persons. The Disabilities Act has separate compliance requirements for “public accommodations” and “commercial facilities” that generally require that buildings and services be made accessible and available to people with disabilities. The Disabilities Act does not, however, consider residential properties, such as apartment properties, to be public accommodations or commercial facilities, except to the extent portions of such facilities, such as a leasing office, are open to the public. The Disabilities Act’s requirements could require removal of access barriers and could result in the imposition of injunctive relief, monetary penalties or, in some cases, an award of damages. We will attempt to acquire properties that comply with the Disabilities Act or place the burden on the seller or a third party to ensure compliance with such laws. However, we cannot assure you that we will be able to acquire properties or allocate responsibilities in this manner. If we cannot, costs in complying with these laws may affect cash available for distributions and the amount of distributions to you.

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We must comply with the Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988, or the FHAA, and failure to comply may affect cash available for distributions.

We must comply with the FHAA, which requires that apartment properties first occupied after March 13, 1991 be accessible to handicapped residents and visitors. As with the Disabilities Act, compliance with the FHAA could require removal of structural barriers to handicapped access in a community, including the interiors of apartment units covered under the FHAA. Recently there has been heightened scrutiny of apartment housing properties for compliance with the requirements of the FHAA and the Disabilities Act and an increasing number of substantial enforcement actions and private lawsuits have been brought against apartment communities to ensure compliance with these requirements. Noncompliance with the FHAA could result in the imposition of fines, awards of damages to private litigants, payment of attorneys’ fees and other costs to plaintiffs, substantial litigation costs and substantial costs of remediation.

United States Federal Income Tax Risks

If we fail to maintain our qualification as a REIT, we will be subject to tax on our income, and the amount of distributions we make to our stockholders will be less.

We intend to maintain our qualification as a REIT under the Code. A REIT generally is not taxed at the corporate level on income and gains that it distributes to its stockholders on a timely basis. We do not intend to request a ruling from the Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, as to our REIT status. Qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex rules for which there are only limited judicial or administrative interpretations. The determination of various factual matters and circumstances not entirely within our control may affect our ability to continue to qualify as a REIT. In addition, new legislation, regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions could significantly change the tax laws with respect to qualification as a REIT or the U.S. federal income tax consequences of such qualification, including changes with retroactive effect.

If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year:

Although our organization and current and proposed method of operation is intended to enable us to maintain our qualification to be taxed as a REIT, it is possible that future economic, market, legal, tax or other considerations may cause our board of directors to revoke our REIT election. Even if we maintain our qualification to be taxed as a REIT, we expect to incur some taxes, such as state and local taxes, taxes imposed on certain subsidiaries and potential U.S. federal excise taxes.

We encourage you to read Exhibit 99.1-“Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations” to this report for further discussion of the tax issues related to an investment in us.

To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we must meet annual distribution requirements, which may result in our distributing amounts that may otherwise be used for our operations.

To obtain the favorable tax treatment accorded to REITs, we generally are required each year to distribute to our stockholders at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (excluding net capital gain), determined without regard to the deduction for distributions paid. We are subject to U.S. federal income tax on our undistributed taxable income and net capital gain and to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on any amount by which distributions we pay with respect to any calendar year are less than the sum of (i) 85% of our ordinary income, (ii) 95% of our capital gain net income and (iii) 100% of our undistributed income from prior years. These requirements could cause us to distribute amounts that otherwise would be spent on investments in real estate assets, and it is possible that we might be required to borrow funds, possibly at unfavorable rates, or sell assets to fund these distributions. Although we intend to make distributions sufficient to meet the annual distribution requirements and to avoid U.S. federal income and excise taxes on our earnings, it is possible that we might not always be able to do so.

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Complying with REIT requirements may cause us to forgo otherwise attractive opportunities.

To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we must continually satisfy various tests regarding sources of income, nature and diversification of assets, amounts distributed to stockholders and the ownership of shares of our capital stock. In order to satisfy these tests, we may be required to forgo investments that might otherwise be made. Accordingly, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our investment performance.

In particular, at least 75% of our total assets at the end of each calendar quarter must consist of real estate assets, government securities, and cash or cash items. For this purpose, “real estate assets” generally include interests in real property, such as land, buildings, leasehold interests in real property, stock of other entities that qualify as REITs, interests in mortgage loans secured by real property, investments in stock or debt instruments during the one-year period following the receipt of new capital and regular or residual interests in a real estate mortgage investment conduit, or REMIC. In addition, the amount of securities of a single issuer that we hold, other than securities qualifying under the 75% asset test and certain other securities, must generally not exceed either 5% of the value of our gross assets or 10% of the vote or value of such issuer’s outstanding securities.

A REIT’s net income from prohibited transactions is subject to a 100% penalty tax. In general, prohibited transactions are sales or other dispositions of property, other than foreclosure property, held in inventory or primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. It may be possible to reduce the impact of the prohibited transaction tax and the holding of assets not qualifying as real estate assets for purposes of the REIT asset tests by conducting certain activities, or holding non-qualifying REIT assets through a TRS, subject to certain limitations as described below. To the extent that we engage in such activities through a TRS, the income associated with such activities will be subject to full U.S. federal corporate income tax.

If RAIT failed to qualify as a REIT in its 2007 through 2011 taxable years, we would be prevented from qualifying as a REIT under applicable Treasury Regulations.

We elected to qualify as a REIT commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2011. However, under applicable Treasury Regulations, if RAIT failed to qualify as a REIT in its 2007 through 2011 taxable years, unless RAIT’s failure to qualify as a REIT was subject to relief under U.S. federal tax laws, we would be prevented from electing to qualify as a REIT prior to the fifth calendar year following the year in which RAIT failed to qualify. RAIT received opinions of its counsel that it qualified as a REIT for each of those years.

Certain of our business activities are potentially subject to the prohibited transaction tax, which could reduce the return on any investment in our securities.

Our ability to dispose of property is restricted to a substantial extent as a result of our REIT status. Under applicable provisions of the Code regarding prohibited transactions by REITs, we will be subject to a 100% tax on any gain recognized on the sale or other disposition of any property (other than foreclosure property) that we own, directly or through any subsidiary entity, including our operating partnership, but excluding a TRS, that is deemed to be inventory or property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of trade or business. Whether property is inventory or otherwise held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business depends on the particular facts and circumstances surrounding each property. No assurance can be given that any particular property we own, directly or through any subsidiary entity, including our operating partnership, but excluding a TRS, will not be treated as inventory or property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business.

The use of TRSs would increase our overall tax liability.

Some of our assets may need to be owned or sold, or some of our operations may need to be conducted, by TRSs. We do not currently have a TRS but may form one in the future. A TRS will be subject to U.S. federal and state income tax on its taxable income. The after-tax net income of a TRS would be available for distribution to us. Further, we will incur a 100% excise tax on transactions with a TRS that are not conducted on an arm’s length basis. For example, to the extent that the rent paid by a TRS exceeds an arm’s length rental amount, such amount is potentially subject to the excise tax. We intend that all transactions between us and any TRS we form will be conducted on an arm’s length basis, and, therefore, any amounts paid by any TRS we form to us will not be subject to the excise tax. However, no assurance can be given that no excise tax would arise from such transactions.

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Dividends paid by REITs do not qualify for the reduced tax rates provided for under current law.

Dividends paid by REITs are generally not eligible for the reduced 20% maximum tax rate applicable to qualified dividends paid to individuals. The more favorable rates applicable to qualified dividends could cause stockholders who are individuals to perceive investments in REITs to be relatively less attractive than investments in the stock of non-REIT corporations that pay dividends to which more favorable rates apply, which could reduce the value of the stocks of REITs.

Legislative or regulatory action could adversely affect the returns to our investors.

In recent years, numerous legislative, judicial and administrative changes have been made in the provisions of U.S. federal income tax laws applicable to investments similar to an investment in shares of our common stock. Additional changes to the tax laws are likely to continue to occur, and we cannot assure you that any such changes will not adversely affect the taxation of our stockholders. Any such changes could have an adverse effect on an investment in our shares or on the market value or the resale potential of our assets. You are urged to consult with your own tax adviser with respect to the impact of recent legislation on any investment in our securities and the status of legislative, regulatory or administrative developments and proposals and their potential effect on an investment in our shares.

Although REITs continue to receive more favorable tax treatment than entities taxed as corporations, it is possible that future legislation would result in a REIT having fewer tax advantages, and it could become more advantageous for a company that invests in real estate to elect to be taxed for U.S. federal income tax purposes as a corporation. As a result, our charter provides our board of directors with the power, under certain circumstances, to revoke or otherwise terminate our REIT election and cause us to be taxed as a corporation, without the vote of our stockholders. Our board of directors has fiduciary duties to us and our stockholders and could only cause such changes in our tax treatment if it determines in good faith that such changes are in our best interest.

If our operating partnership is not treated as a partnership or disregarded entity for U.S. federal income tax purposes, its income may be subject to taxation.

We intend to maintain the status of our operating partnership as a partnership or disregarded entity for U.S. federal income tax purposes. However, if the IRS were to successfully challenge the status of our operating partnership as a partnership or disregarded entity for such purposes, it would be taxable as a corporation. In such event, this would reduce the amount of distributions that our operating partnership could make to us. This would also result in our losing REIT status, and becoming subject to a corporate level tax on our own income. This would substantially reduce our cash available to pay distributions and the yield on any investment in our securities. In addition, if any of the partnerships or limited liability companies through which our operating partnership owns its properties, in whole or in part, loses its characterization as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, it would be subject to taxation as a corporation, thereby reducing distributions to our operating partnership. Such a recharacterization of an underlying property owner could also threaten our ability to maintain REIT status.

Distributions to tax-exempt investors may be classified as unrelated business taxable income, or UBTI, and tax-exempt investors would be required to pay tax on such income and to file income tax returns.

Neither ordinary nor capital gain distributions with respect to our common stock nor gain from the sale of stock should generally constitute UBTI to a tax-exempt investor. However, there are certain exceptions to this rule, including:

We encourage you to consult your own tax advisor to determine the tax consequences applicable to you if you are a tax-exempt investor.

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Distributions to foreign investors may be treated as an ordinary income distribution to the extent that it is made out of current or accumulated earnings and profits.

In general, foreign investors will be subject to regular U.S. federal income tax with respect to their investment in our stock if the income derived therefrom is “effectively connected” with the foreign investor’s conduct of a trade or business in the United States. A distribution to a foreign investor that is not attributable to gain realized by us from the sale or exchange of a “U.S. real property interest” within the meaning of the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act of 1980, as amended, or FIRPTA, will be treated as an ordinary income distribution to the extent that it is made out of current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes). Generally, any ordinary income distribution will be subject to a U.S. withholding tax equal to 30% of the gross amount of the distribution, unless this tax is reduced by the provisions of an applicable treaty.

Foreign investors may be subject to FIRPTA tax upon the sale of their shares of our stock.

A foreign investor disposing of a U.S. real property interest, including shares of stock of a U.S. corporation whose assets consist principally of U.S. real property interests, is generally subject to FIRPTA tax on the gain recognized on the disposition. Such FIRPTA tax does not apply, however, to the disposition of stock in a REIT if the REIT is “domestically controlled.” A REIT is “domestically controlled” if less than 50% of the REIT’s stock, by value, has been owned directly or indirectly by persons who are not U.S. persons during a continuous five-year period ending on the date of disposition or, if shorter, during the entire period of the REIT’s existence. While we intend to qualify as “domestically controlled,” we cannot assure you that we will. If we were to fail to so qualify, gain realized by foreign investors on a sale of shares of our stock would be subject to FIRPTA tax, unless the shares of our stock were traded on an established securities market and the foreign investor did not at any time during a specified testing period directly or indirectly own more than 5% of the value of our outstanding common stock

Foreign investors may be subject to FIRPTA tax upon a capital gain dividend.

A foreign investor may be subject to FIRPTA tax upon the payment of any capital gain dividend by us if such dividend is attributable to gain from sales or exchanges of U.S. real property interests.

We encourage you to consult your own tax advisor to determine the tax consequences applicable to you if you are a foreign investor.

Risks Relating to the Market for our Common Stock

An active trading market may not exist for our common stock or, if it does, you may not be able to sell your shares at or above your purchase price.

Although our common stock is currently listed on the NYSE MKT, we cannot assure you that an active trading market for our common stock will exist in the future. In addition, the market price and trading volume of our common stock may be volatile. As a result, you may not be able to sell your shares at or above your purchase price. The market price of our common stock may also be subject to significant fluctuations in response to our future operating results, analyst reports about us, additions to or departures of key management personnel, actual or projected interest rate changes and other factors, including conditions affecting securities markets generally

The percentage of ownership of any of our common stockholders may be diluted if we issue new shares of common stock.

Stockholders have no rights to buy additional shares of stock if we issue new shares of stock. We may issue common stock, convertible debt or preferred stock pursuant to a public offering or a private placement, to sellers of properties we directly or indirectly acquire instead of, or in addition to, cash consideration, or to our advisor in payment of some or all of the quarterly base or incentive fee that may be earned by our advisor or in payment of some or all of the termination fee that may be payable to our advisor. Because our decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings. Any of our common stockholders who do not participate in any future stock issuances will experience dilution in the percentage of the issued and outstanding stock they own.

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Sales of our common stock, or the perception that such sales will occur, may have adverse effects on our share price.

We cannot predict the effect, if any, of future sales of common stock, or the availability of shares for future sales, on the market price of our common stock. Sales of substantial amounts of common stock, including shares of common stock issuable upon the exchange of units of our operating partnership that we may issue from time to time, the sale of shares of common stock held by our current stockholders, particularly RAIT and its affiliates, and the sale of any shares we may issue under our long-term incentive plan, or the perception that these sales could occur, may adversely affect prevailing market prices for our common stock.

An increase in market interest rates may have an adverse effect on the market price of our common stock.

One of the factors that investors may consider in deciding whether to buy or sell our common stock is our distribution yield, which is our distribution rate as a percentage of our share price, relative to market interest rates. If market interest rates increase, prospective investors may desire a higher distribution yield on our common stock or may seek securities paying higher dividends or interest. The market price of our common stock likely will be based primarily on the earnings that we derive from rental income with respect to our properties and our related distributions to stockholders, and not from the underlying appraised value of the properties themselves. As a result, interest rate fluctuations and capital market conditions are likely to affect the market price of our common stock, and such effects could be significant. For example, if interest rates rise without an increase in our distribution rate, the market price of our common stock could decrease because potential investors may require a higher distribution yield on our common stock as market rates on interest-bearing securities, such as bonds, rise.

Some of our distributions may include a return of capital for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

Some of our distributions may include a return of capital. To the extent that we decide to make distributions in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits, such distributions would generally be considered a return of capital for U.S. federal income tax purposes to the extent of the holder’s adjusted tax basis in its shares, and thereafter as gain on a sale or exchange of such shares.

Future issuances of debt securities, which would rank senior to our common stock upon liquidation, or future issuances of preferred equity securities, may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock.

In the future, we may issue debt or equity securities or incur other borrowings. Upon our liquidation, holders of our debt securities, other loans and preferred stock will receive a distribution of our available assets before common stockholders. Any preferred stock, if issued, likely will also have a preference on periodic distribution payments, which could eliminate or otherwise limit our ability to make distributions to common stockholders. Common stockholders bear the risk that our future issuances of debt or equity securities or our incurrence of other borrowings may negatively affect the trading price of our common stock.

The market prices for our common stock may be volatile.

The prices at which our common stock may sell in the public market may be volatile. Fluctuations in the market prices of our common stock may not be correlated in a predictable way to our performance or operating results. The prices at which our common stock trade may fluctuate as a result of factors that are beyond our control or unrelated to our performance or operating results.

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Risks Related to Conflicts of Interest

We may have conflicts of interest with our advisor and other affiliates, which could result in investment decisions that are not in the best interests of our stockholders.

We are entirely dependent upon our advisor and our property manager for our day-to-day management and do not have any independent employees. Our executive officers, one of whom is also the chairman of our board of directors, serve as officers and/or directors of RAIT and its affiliates, and RAIT owns a significant percentage of the outstanding shares of our common stock. As a result, conflicts of interest may arise between our advisor, RAIT and our property manager, on the one hand, and us on the other. There are numerous conflicts of interest between our interests and the interests of our advisor, RAIT and their respective affiliates, including conflicts arising out of allocation of personnel to our activities, allocation of investment opportunities between us and RAIT, purchase or sale of apartment properties from or to RAIT or its affiliates and fee arrangements with our advisor that might induce our advisor to make investment decisions that are not in our best interests. Examples of these potential conflicts of interest include:

Any of these and other conflicts of interest between us and our advisor could have a material adverse effect on the returns on our investments, our ability to make distributions to stockholders and the trading price of our common stock.

RAIT’s ownership of a significant percentage of the outstanding shares of our common stock could give RAIT the ability to exert significant influence over our company in a manner that may not be in the best interests of our other stockholders.

Our board of directors has granted an exception for RAIT and its subsidiaries to own, in the aggregate, up to 100% of our outstanding common stock. As of March 16, 2015, RAIT beneficially owned 7,269,719 shares of our common stock, which represented approximately 22.8% of our outstanding common stock. As a result RAIT will continue to have significant influence over our affairs and could exercise such influence in a manner that is not in the best interests of our other stockholders, including the ability to effectively prevent the approval of certain matters submitted to our stockholders for approval such as charter amendments, certain mergers and other extraordinary transactions. Conversely, RAIT’s concentrated voting control could result in the consummation of such a transaction that our other stockholders and our board do not support and would significantly influence the election of our directors.

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We may be obligated to pay our advisor quarterly incentive fees even if we incur a net loss during a particular quarter and our advisor will receive a base management fee regardless of the performance of our portfolio.

Our advisor is entitled to a quarterly incentive fee based on our pre-incentive fee Core FFO, which will reward our advisor if our quarterly pre-incentive fee Core FFO exceeds 1.75% of the cumulative gross proceeds from the issuance of our equity securities during such quarter. Our Core FFO for a particular quarter will exclude the effect of any unrealized gains, losses or other items during that quarter that do not affect realized net income, even if these adjustments result in a net loss on our statement of operations for that quarter. Thus, we may be required to pay our advisor an incentive fee for a fiscal quarter even if we incur a net loss for that quarter as determined in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP. In addition, our advisor is entitled to receive a base management fee based on a percentage of our gross assets (excluding the eight properties in our portfolio that were acquired prior to August 16, 2013), regardless of our performance or its performance in managing our business. Our advisor will also receive reimbursement of expenses and fees incurred directly on our behalf regardless of its or our performance. As a result, even if our advisor does not identify profitable investment opportunities for us, it will still receive material compensation from us. This compensation structure may reduce our advisor’s incentive to devote time and effort to seeking profitable opportunities for our portfolio.

We may compete with other entities affiliated with RAIT for tenants. 

RAIT and its affiliates are not prohibited from engaging, directly or indirectly, in any other business or from possessing interests in any other business ventures, including ventures involved in the acquisition, development, ownership, management, leasing or sale of real estate. RAIT currently owns one property in the same market as our Tresa at Arrowhead property, one property in the same market as our Heritage Trace property and two properties in the same market as our The Crossings property and our Arbors at the Reservoir property and, although its primary focus is providing debt financing rather than acquiring apartment properties, as of December 31, 2014 it had approximately $121.7 million available for investment. RAIT and/or its affiliates may in the future own, manage or finance properties in the same geographical areas in which we expect to acquire real estate assets. Therefore, our properties may compete for tenants with other properties owned, managed or financed by RAIT and its affiliates. RAIT may face conflicts of interest when evaluating tenant opportunities for our properties and other properties owned, managed or financed by RAIT and its affiliates, and these conflicts of interest may lessen our ability to attract and retain tenants.

Conflicts of interest may arise between our advisor, RAIT and our property manager, on the one hand, and us on the other.

We are entirely dependent upon our advisor and our property manager for our day-to-day management and do not have any independent employees. Our executive officers, one of whom is also the chairman of our board of directors, serve as officers and/or directors of RAIT and its affiliates, and RAIT owns a significant portion of the outstanding shares of our common stock. As a result, conflicts of interest may arise between our advisor, RAIT and our property manager, on the one hand, and us on the other.

Our executive officers have interests that may conflict with the interests of stockholders.

Our executive officers are also affiliated with or are executive officers and stockholders of RAIT. These individuals may have personal and professional interests that conflict with the interests of our stockholders with respect to business decisions affecting us and our operating partnership. As a result, the effect of these conflicts of interest on these individuals may influence their decisions affecting the negotiation and consummation of the transactions whereby we acquire apartment properties in the future from RAIT, or in the allocation of investment opportunities to us by RAIT or its affiliates.

We may pursue less vigorous enforcement of terms of the contribution agreements for the apartment properties we acquired from RAIT because of conflicts of interest with our senior management team.

Our executive officers, one of whom is also chairman of our board of directors, have ownership interests in and professional responsibilities with RAIT, which contributed apartment properties to our operating partnership. As part of the contribution of these properties, RAIT made limited representations and warranties to us regarding the properties and interests acquired. Any indemnification from RAIT related to the contribution is limited. We may choose not to enforce, or to enforce less vigorously, our rights under the contribution agreements due to our ongoing relationship between our executive officers and RAIT.

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We face conflicts of interest relating to financing arrangements with RAIT for the acquisition of apartment properties that would not be present with third-party financing.

Two of the apartment properties we acquired from RAIT were subject to financing provided by an affiliate of RAIT. RAIT may make financing available to us in the future. Such financing arrangements may involve conflicts of interest not otherwise present with other methods of financing, including:

RAIT may also make a loan as part of a lending syndicate with third parties, in which case we expect that RAIT would enter into an intercreditor agreement that will define its rights and priority with respect to the underlying collateral. The third-party lending syndicate may also have interests that differ with our interests as well as the interests of RAIT.

Our advisor, our property manager, our executive officers and their affiliates may face conflicts of interest and competing demands on their time, which could adversely impact any investment in our securities.

We do not have any employees and, as a result, rely on the employees of our advisor our property manager and its affiliates for the day-to-day operation of our business. Each of our executive officers is also an officer or employee of RAIT and its affiliates. As a result, all of these individuals owe fiduciary duties to these other entities and their stockholders, members and limited partners. Because RAIT and its affiliates engage in other business activities, the employees of RAIT and its affiliates may experience conflicts of interest in allocating their time and resources among our business and these other activities. The amount of time that our advisor and its affiliates spend on our business will vary from time to time, although we expect that they will devote more time to us while we are acquiring properties. During times of intense activity in other programs and ventures, they may devote less time and fewer resources to our business than are necessary or appropriate to manage our business. While we expect that, as our real estate activities expand, our advisor will attempt to hire additional employees who would devote substantially all of their time to our business, there is no assurance that our advisor will devote adequate time to our business. If our advisor suffers or is distracted by adverse financial or operational problems in connection with its operations unrelated to us, it may allocate less time and resources to our operations. If any of the foregoing events occur, the returns on our investments, our ability to make distributions to stockholders and the trading price of our common stock may suffer.

Property management services are being provided by an affiliated party, which may impact our sale of properties, and as a result, affect any investment in our securities.

Because the property manager will receive significant fees for managing our properties, our advisor may face a conflict of interest when determining whether we should sell properties under circumstances where the property manager would no longer manage the property after the transaction. As a result, we may not dispose of properties when it would be in our best interests to do so.

If we acquire properties from affiliates of our advisor, the price may be higher than we would pay if the transaction were the result of arms’ length negotiations.

The prices way pay to acquire properties from affiliates of our advisor will not be the subject of arms’ length negotiations, which means that the acquisitions may be on terms less favorable to us than those negotiated in an arms’ length transaction. Even though we expect to use an independent third-party appraiser to determine fair market value when acquiring properties from our advisor and its affiliates, we may pay more for particular properties than we would have in an arms’ length transaction, which would reduce our cash available for investment in other properties or distribution to our stockholders.

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Our advisor and its affiliates receive fees and other compensation based upon our investments, which may impact operating decisions, and as a result, affect any investment in our securities.

Our advisor and its affiliates receive fees based, in part, on the cost of our investments, and are in a position to make decisions about our investments, and the amount of leverage we use to acquire our investments, in ways that could maximize fees payable to our advisor and its affiliates. Some compensation is payable to our advisor whether or not there is cash available to make distributions to our stockholders. As a result, our advisor and its affiliates may benefit from us retaining ownership, and leveraging, our assets, while our stockholders may be better served by the sale or disposition of, or lack of leverage on, the assets.

The incentive fee we pay our advisor may induce it to make riskier investments.

The incentive fee payable by us to our advisor is determined based on Core FFO, which may create an incentive for our advisor to make investments that are risky or more speculative than would otherwise be in our best interests. In evaluating investments and other management strategies, the incentive fee structure may lead our advisor to place undue emphasis on the maximization of Core FFO at the expense of other criteria, such as preservation of capital, in order to increase its incentive fee. Investments with higher yields generally have higher risk of loss than investments with lower yields, and could result in higher investment losses, particularly during cyclical economic downturns, which could adversely affect the trading price of our common stock.

None.

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We hold fee title to all properties in our portfolio. The following table presents an overview of our portfolio as of December 31, 2014.

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From time to time, we are party to various lawsuits, claims for negligence and other legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of our business. We are not currently a party, as plaintiff or defendant, to any legal proceedings which, individually or in the aggregate, would be expected to have a material effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, or financial statements, taken as a whole, if determined adversely to us.

Not applicable.

PART II

Market Price Information

Our common stock has been listed and traded on the NYSE MKT under the symbol “IRT” since August 13, 2013. At the close of business on March 13, 2015, the closing price for our common stock was $9.37 per share and there were 26 holders of record, one of which is the holder for all beneficial owners who hold in street name.

Since our formation, we have sold our common stock in five public offerings. See Item 1-“Business.” The following table sets forth the range of high and low sales prices of our common stock by quarter since August 13, 2013, the date our common stock commenced trading on the NYSE MKT.

We have adopted a Code of Ethics, which we refer to as the Code, for our directors, officers and employees intended to satisfy NYSE MKT listing standards and the definition of a “code of ethics” set forth in Item 406 of Regulation S-K. Any information relating to amendments to the Code or waivers of a provision of the Code required to be disclosed pursuant to Item 5.05 of Form 8-K will be disclosed through our website.

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PERFORMANCE GRAPH

On August 13, 2013, our common stock commenced trading on the NYSE MKT. The following graph compares the index of the cumulative total shareholder return on our common shares for the measurement period commencing August 12, 2013 and ending December 31, 2014 with the cumulative total returns of the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (NAREIT) Equity REIT index and the Russell 3000 Index. The following graph assumes that each index was 100 on the initial day of the relevant measurement period and that all dividends were reinvested.

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities

We previously disclosed our issuances during the year ended December 31, 2014 of equity securities that were not registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, in our current report on Form 8-K filed May 7, 2014, in our quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2014, and in a current report on From 8-K filed January 6, 2015.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

We withheld the following shares of our common stock to satisfy tax withholding obligations during the quarter ended December, 31, 2014 arising from the vesting of restricted stock awards made pursuant to our Long-Term Incentive Plan. These shares may be deemed to be “issuer purchases” of common stock that are required to be disclosed pursuant to the item.

DISTRIBUTIONS

We intend to continue to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The Code generally requires that a REIT annually distribute at least 90% of its REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding any net capital gain, and imposes a tax on any taxable income retained by a REIT, including capital gains.

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To satisfy the requirements for qualification as a REIT and generally not be subject to U.S. federal income and excise tax, we intend to make regular monthly distributions of all or substantially all of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to dividends paid, to our stockholders out of assets legally available for such purposes. Except for dividends for January, February and March 2015, our board of directors has not yet determined the rate for our future dividends, and all future distributions will be at the sole discretion of our board of directors. When determining the amount of future distributions, our board of directors considers, among other factors, (i) the amount of cash generated from our operating activities, (ii) our expectations of future cash flows, (iii) our determination of near-term cash needs for acquisitions of new properties, general property capital improvements and debt repayments, (iv) our ability to continue to access additional sources of capital, (v) the requirements of Maryland law, (vi) the amount required to be distributed to maintain our status as a REIT and to reduce any income and excise taxes that we otherwise would be required to pay and (vii) any limitations on our distributions contained in our credit or other agreements.

We cannot assure you that we will generate sufficient cash flows to make distributions to our stockholders or that we will be able to sustain those distributions. If our operations do not generate sufficient cash flow to allow us to satisfy the REIT distribution requirements, we may be required to fund distributions from working capital, borrow funds, sell assets, make taxable distributions of our securities or reduce such distributions. Our distribution policy enables us to review the alternative funding sources available to us from time to time. Our actual results of operations will be affected by a number of factors, including the revenues we receive from our properties, our operating expenses, interest expense, the ability of our tenants to meet their obligations and unanticipated expenditures. For more information regarding risk factors that could materially adversely affect our actual results of operations, please see “Risk Factors.”

Prior to October 1, 2013, we calculated our distributions based upon daily record dates and distribution amounts so that our stockholders would be entitled to be paid distributions beginning with the day their shares were purchased. Thereafter, our board has established, and intends to continue to establish, on a quarterly basis, in advance, the dividend amount for our common stock for each month in the quarter. The distributions for each month in the three-month period are paid on or about the fifteenth day following the completion of each respective month. For 2012, 2013, and 2014, we declared and paid the following dividends (expressed on a quarterly basis) on our common stock (dollars in thousands except per share and per unit data):

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On January 19, 2015, we declared the following monthly dividends for January, February and March 2015:

For the year ended December 31, 2014, we paid cash distributions of $15.1 million, as compared to cash flows from operations of $15.7 million and FFO of $15.5 million. FFO is a non-GAAP financial measure. For a reconciliation of FFO to net income (loss), see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”

Our board of directors currently intends to continue, on a quarterly basis, in advance, establishing the dividend amount for our common stock for each month in the quarter. Distributions will be paid monthly in arrears.

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The following table summarizes selected financial data about our company (dollars in thousands, except share and per share data). The following selected financial data information should be read in conjunction with Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and our consolidated financial statements, including the notes thereto, included elsewhere herein.

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Overview

We were formed on March 26, 2009 as a Maryland corporation and elected to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2011. We are externally managed by our advisor, an indirect, wholly owned subsidiary of RAIT. We conduct our operations through our operating partnership, of which we are the sole general partner.

We own and operate a portfolio of apartment properties located throughout the United States. Our primary business objective is to maximize stockholder value by increasing cash flows at our existing apartment properties and acquiring additional properties either with strong and stable occupancies and the ability to raise rental rates or potential for repositioning through capital expenditures.

During the year ended December 31, 2014 we completed three underwritten public offerings of our common stock raising gross proceeds of $200.9 million, in the aggregate. We deployed a portion of these proceeds during 2014 to acquire twenty properties with 6,029 units for aggregate purchase prices totaling $497.1 million, including the issuance of 1,282,449 limited partnership units in our operating partnership, or LP units, valued at $12.0 million, in the aggregate. These acquisitions contributed to our substantial growth in a number of key financial measures in 2014 when compared to 2013 as follows:

Key Statistics

(Dollars in thousands, except per share and per unit information)

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Trends That May Affect Our Business

The following trends may affect our business:

Growing rental households. We believe there are several trends that may support additional rental rate increases while keeping occupancies stable in 2015. First there are increasing numbers of 20 to 34 year old persons in the United States and job growth for this demographic which we believe will create increasing numbers of rental households. In addition, the U.S. homeownership rate dropped to a twenty year low which also indicates growth in the number of rental households.

Capitalization rate compression. We have seen modest reductions in the capitalization rates for apartment properties in the relevant markets where we own properties or are interested in acquiring properties. The capitalization rate is a measure of return on a real estate property based on the expected income the property will generate. A capitalization rate is generally determined by dividing the net operating income of a property by the total value of the property. However, this reduction or compression has been more than offset by the lower financing rates discussed below in “Interest rate environment.”

Interest rate environment. Interest rates for commercial real estate financing remained at historically low levels during 2014. During 2014, we were able to reduce the cost of our floating rate line of credit and reduced our weighted average effective interest rate of our other outstanding indebtedness.

Property acquisition, occupancy and rental trends. We plan to continue to opportunistically acquire properties in markets that we believe meet our investment strategy both in markets where we currently have properties and in new markets. We believe we will be able to keep occupancies stable over time and increase rents over time on average 3% to 4% through 2015.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Funds from Operations and Core Funds from Operations

We believe that FFO and Core FFO, each of which is a non-GAAP financial measure, are additional appropriate measures of the operating performance of a REIT and us in particular. We compute FFO in accordance with the standards established by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts, or NAREIT, as net income or loss allocated to common shares (computed in accordance with GAAP), excluding real estate-related depreciation and amortization expense, gains or losses on sales of real estate and the cumulative effect of changes in accounting principles.

Core FFO is a computation made by analysts and investors to measure a real estate company’s operating performance by removing the effect of items that do not reflect ongoing property operations, including acquisition expenses, expensed costs related to the issuance of shares of our common stock and equity-based compensation expenses, from the determination of FFO. We incur acquisition expenses in connection with acquisitions of real estate properties and expense those costs when incurred in accordance with U.S. GAAP. As these expenses are one-time and reflective of investing activities rather than operating performance, we add back these costs to FFO in determining Core FFO.

Our calculation of Core FFO differs from the methodology used for calculating Core FFO by some other REITs and, accordingly, our Core FFO may not be comparable to Core FFO reported by other REITs. Our management utilizes FFO and Core FFO as measures of our operating performance, and believes they are also useful to investors, because they facilitate an understanding of our operating performance after adjustment for certain non-cash items, such as depreciation and amortization expenses, and with respect to Core FFO, acquisition expenses and pursuit costs that are required by GAAP to be expensed but may not necessarily be indicative of current operating performance and that may not accurately compare our operating performance between periods. Furthermore, although FFO, Core FFO and other supplemental performance measures are defined in various ways throughout the REIT industry, we also believe that FFO and Core FFO may provide us and our investors with an additional useful measure to compare our financial performance to certain other REITs. We also use Core FFO for purposes of determining the quarterly incentive fee, if any, payable to our advisor.

Neither FFO nor Core FFO is equivalent to net income or cash generated from operating activities determined in accordance with GAAP. Furthermore, FFO and Core FFO do not represent amounts available for management’s discretionary use because of needed capital replacement or expansion, debt service obligations or other commitments or uncertainties. Neither FFO nor Core FFO should be considered as an alternative to net income as an indicator of our operating performance or as an alternative to cash flow from operating activities as a measure of our liquidity.

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Set forth below is a reconciliation of net income (loss) to FFO and Core FFO for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 (in thousands, except share and per share information):

Results of Operations

Year Ended December 31, 2014 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2013

Revenue

Rental Income. Rental revenue increased $27.0 million to $44.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 from $17.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. The increase is substantially due to the $26.4 million of rental income from the acquisition of 20 properties during the year ended December 31, 2014 and two properties present for a full year in 2014. The remaining increase of $0.6 million is due to improved occupancy and rental rates at the historical properties.

Tenant reimbursement income. Tenant reimbursement income increased $1.0 million to $1.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 from $0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. The increase is substantially due to the acquisition of 20 properties during the year ended December 31, 2014 and two properties present for a full year in 2014.

Other income. Other income increased $1.2 million to $2.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 from $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. The increase is substantially due to the acquisition of 20 properties during the year ended December 31, 2014 and two properties acquired present for a full year in 2014.

Expenses

Property operating expenses. Property operating expenses increased $14.0 million to $23.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 from $9.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. The increase is due to $13.3 million of expenses associated with the acquisition of 20 properties during the year ended December 31, 2014 and two properties present for a full year in 2014. The remaining increase of $0.7 million is substantially due to increased real estate taxes at our historical properties.

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General and administrative expense. General and administrative expense increased $0.5 million to $1.1 million for the year ended December, 31 2014 from $0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. The increase is due to costs associated with being a public company and stock based compensation expense of $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2014.

Asset management fees. Asset management fees increased $1.4 million to $1.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 from $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. The increase is due to the growth of our average invested real estate assets due to the acquisition of $497.1 million in properties during the year ended December 31, 2014 and $36.2 million of properties present for a full year in 2014.

Acquisition expenses. Acquisition expenses increased $1.6 million to $1.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 from $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. These expenses were incurred in connection with the acquisition of 20 properties during the year ended December 31, 2014 as compared to two properties acquired during the year ended December 31, 2013.

Depreciation and amortization expense. Depreciation and amortization expense increased $8.1 million to $12.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 from $4.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. The increase is due to the acquisition of 20 properties during the year ended December 31, 2014 and two properties present for a full year in 2014.

Interest expense. Interest expense increased $4.8 million to $8.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 from $3.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. The increase is due to the $247.8 million of first mortgages and $67.8 million of debt assumed that was used to finance our acquisition of $497.1 million of properties during 2014

Gain (loss) on assets. We generated a gain of $2.9 million on the acquisition of the OKC portfolio referenced below for the year ended December 31, 2014. The fair value of the properties acquired and debt assumed exceeded the purchase price generating the gain. No such gain was generated in the year ended December 31, 2013.

Year Ended December 31, 2013 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2012

Revenue

Rental Income. Rental revenue increased $3.0 million to $17.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 from $14.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. The increase is attributable to $2.5 million of revenue from a property we acquired in 2012 present for a full year in 2013 and the acquisition of two properties in 2013 along with improved occupancy at our historical properties.

Tenant reimbursement income. Tenant reimbursement income increased $0.1 million to $0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 from $0.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. The increase is attributable to the acquisition of a property in 2012 present for a full year in 2013 and the acquisition of two properties in 2013.

Other income. Other income increased $0.2 million to $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 from $1.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. The increase is attributable to the acquisition of a property in 2012 present for a full year in 2013 and the acquisition of two properties in 2013.

Expenses

Property operating expenses. Property operating expenses increased $1.3 million to $9.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 from $8.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. The increase is attributable to the acquisition of a property in 2012 present for a full year in 2013 and the acquisition of two properties in 2013.

General and administrative expense. General and administrative expense decreased $0.4 million to $0.6 million for the year ended December, 31 2013 from $1.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. The decrease is due to a change in transfer agent and reduced legal expenses.

Asset management fees. Asset management fees increased $0.1 million to $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 from $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. The increase is attributable to the acquisition of a property in 2012 present for a full year in 2013 and the acquisition of two properties in 2013.

Acquisition expenses. Acquisition expenses were $0.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012.

Depreciation and amortization expense. Depreciation and amortization expense increased $0.9 million to $4.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 from $3.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. The increase is attributable to the acquisition of a property in 2012 present for a full year in 2013 and the acquisition of two properties in 2013.

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Interest expense. Our interest expense increased $0.4 million to $3.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 from $3.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. The increase is primarily attributable to the mortgage indebtedness used to finance a property we acquired in 2012, which was present for a full year in 2013.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity is a measure of our ability to meet potential cash requirements, including ongoing commitments to repay borrowings, fund and maintain investments, pay distributions and other general business needs.

We believe our available cash balances, and other financing arrangements and cash flows from operations will be sufficient to fund our liquidity requirements with respect to our existing portfolio for the next 12 months. We expect that our existing cash, which was obtained principally in our most recent underwritten offering, together with borrowings we may obtain and the future acquisitions we expect to make as a result of the completion of our most recent underwritten offering will have a significant impact on our future results of operations. In general, we expect that our income and expenses related to our portfolio will increase in future periods as a result of anticipated future acquisitions of real estate. Should our liquidity needs exceed our available sources of liquidity, we believe that we could engage in offerings of our securities or sell assets to raise additional cash. We may not be able to obtain additional financing when we desire to do so or on terms and conditions acceptable to us. If we fail to obtain additional financing, our ability to maintain or grow our business will be constrained.

Our primary cash requirements are to:

We intend to meet these liquidity requirements primarily through:

We will seek to enhance our growth through the use of prudent amounts of leverage. In general, we intend to limit our aggregate leverage to 65% of the combined initial purchase price of all of our real estate properties. However, we are not subject to any limitations on the amount of leverage we may use, and, accordingly, the amount of leverage we use may be significantly less or greater than we currently anticipate. By operating on a leveraged basis, we expect to have more funds available for property acquisitions and other purposes, which we believe will allow us to acquire more properties than would otherwise be possible, resulting in a larger and more diversified portfolio. We may employ greater leverage in order to more quickly build a diversified portfolio of assets.

On November 25, 2014, we completed an underwritten public offering selling 6,000,000 shares of our common stock for $9.60 per share raising gross and estimated net proceeds of $57.6 million and $54.7 million, respectively.

On July 21, 2014, we completed an underwritten public offering selling 8,050,000 shares of our common stock for $9.50 per share raising gross and net proceeds of $76.5 million and $72.0 million, respectively.

On January 29, 2014, we completed an underwritten public offering selling 8,050,000 shares of our common stock for $8.30 per share raising gross and net proceeds of $66.8 million and $62.7 million, respectively.

RAIT has purchased in the aggregate 1,974,819 shares for $17.3 million in four underwritten public offerings to date, paying the public offering price without any underwritten discount. RAIT did not buy any shares in our last underwritten public offering.

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On October 25, 2013, we entered into a $20 million secured revolving credit agreement with The Huntington National Bank to be used to acquire properties, for capital expenditures and for general corporate purposes. On September 9, 2014 we amended this agreement increasing the facility to $30 million. The facility has a 3-year term, bears interest at LIBOR plus 2.50% and contains customary financial covenants for this type of revolving credit agreement. As of December 31, 2014, there was $11.6 million of availability under this facility.

Cash Flows

As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, we maintained cash and cash equivalents of approximately $14.8 million and $3.3 million, respectively. Our cash and cash equivalents were generated from the following activities (dollars in thousands):

Our increased cash inflow from operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2014 resulted from the expansion of our investments through the acquisition of 20 properties in 2014, as well as those properties present for a full year of operations and improved occupancy and rental rates from our historical portfolio.

Our increased cash outflow from investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2014 is due to the acquisition of 20 properties in 2014 as compared to two properties during the year ended December 31, 2013.

The increased cash flow from our financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2014 is substantially due to the completion of our three underwritten public offerings as well as $116 million of new mortgage debt origination following property acquisitions.

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Outstanding Indebtedness

The following table contains summary information concerning the indebtedness that encumbered our properties as of December 31, 2014 (dollars in thousands):

As of December 31, 2014 we were in compliance with all financial covenants contained in our indebtedness.

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The following table contains summary information concerning the indebtedness that encumbered our properties as of December 31, 2013:

The weighted average effective interest rate of our mortgage indebtedness was 3.6% as of December 31, 2014. As of December 31, 2014, RAIT held $38.1 million of our debt while $360.9 million was held by third parties. As of December 31, 2013, RAIT held $38.1 million of our debt while $62.7 million was held by third parties. For each of the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, we paid approximately $1.0 million of interest to RAIT.

Mortgage Indebtedness

Each of our mortgages is a non-recourse obligation subject to customary exceptions. The loan agreements contain customary events of default, including defaults in the payment of principal or interest, defaults in compliance with the covenants contained in the documents evidencing the loan, defaults in payments under any other security instrument covering any part of the property, whether junior or senior to the loan, and bankruptcy or other insolvency events.

On January 27, 2015 we entered into a loan agreement for a $22.9 million loan secured by a first mortgage on our Iron Rock Ranch property. The loan bears interest at a rate of 3.43% per annum, provides for monthly payments of interest only until the maturity date of February 1, 2025 when the principal balance, accrued interest and all other amounts due under the loan become due.

On December 29, 2014 we entered into a loan agreement for a $19.4 million loan secured by a first mortgage on our Stonebridge Crossing property. The loan bears interest at a rate of 3.41% per annum, provides for monthly payments of interest only until the maturity date of January 1, 2022 when the principal balance, accrued interest and all other amounts due under the loan become due.

On December 8, 2014 in connection with the acquisition of Prospect Park, we entered into a loan agreement for a $9.2 million loan secured by a first mortgage on the property. The loan bears interest at a fixed rate of 3.6% per annum, provides for monthly payments of interest only until the maturity date of January 1, 2025 when the principal balance, accrued interest and all other amounts due under the loan become due.

On December 8, 2014 in connection with the acquisition of Brookside, we entered into a loan agreement for a $13.5 million loan secured by a first mortgage on the property. The loan bears interest at a fixed rate of 3.6% per annum, provides for monthly payments of interest only until the maturity date of January 1, 2025 when the principal balance, accrued interest and all other amounts due under the loan become due.

On December 8, 2014 in connection with the acquisition of Jamestown, we entered into a loan agreement for a $22.9 million loan secured by a first mortgage on the property. The loan bears interest at a fixed rate of 3.6% per annum, provides for monthly payments of interest only until the maturity date of January 1, 2025 when the principal balance, accrued interest and all other amounts due under the loan become due.

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On December 8, 2014 in connection with the acquisition of Meadows, we entered into a loan agreement for a $24.2 million loan secured by a first mortgage on the property. The loan bears interest at a fixed rate of 3.6% per annum, provides for monthly payments of interest only until the maturity date of January 1, 2025 when the principal balance, accrued interest and all other amounts due under the loan become due.

On December 8, 2014 in connection with the acquisition of Oxmoor, we entered into a loan agreement for a $35.8 million loan secured by a first mortgage on the property. The loan bears interest at a fixed rate of 3.6% per annum, provides for monthly payments of interest only until the maturity date of January 1, 2025 when the principal balance, accrued interest and all other amounts due under the loan become due.

On November 24, 2014 in connection with the acquisition of Bennington Pond, we entered into a loan agreement for a $11.4 million loan secured by a first mortgage on the property. The loan bears interest at a fixed rate of 3.7% per annum, provides for monthly payments of interest only until the maturity date of December 1, 2024 when the principal balance, accrued interest and all other amounts due under the loan become due.

On October 24, 2014 we entered into a loan agreement for a $16.0 million loan secured by a first mortgage on our Lenoxplace property. The loan bears interest at a fixed rate of 3.7% per annum, provides for monthly payments of interest only until the maturity date of November 1, 2021 when the principal balance, accrued interest and all other amounts due under the loan become due.

On September 15, 2014, we entered into a loan agreement for a $18.7 million loan secured by a first mortgage on our Walnut Hill property. The loan bears interest at a fixed rate of 3.4% per annum, provides for monthly payments of interest only until the maturity date of October 1, 2021 when the principal balance, accrued interest and all other amounts due under the loan become due.

On July 15, 2014, we entered into a loan agreement for a $13.2 million loan secured by a first mortgage on our Arbors property. The loan bears interest at a fixed rate of 4.0% per annum, provides for monthly payments of interest only until the maturity date of August 1, 2024 when the principal balance, accrued interest and all other amounts due under the loan become due.

On July 15, 2014, we entered into a loan agreement for a $14.2 million loan secured by a first mortgage on our Carrington property. The loan bears interest at a fixed rate of 4.0% per annum, provides for monthly payments of interest only until the maturity date of August 1, 2024 when the principal balance, accrued interest and all other amounts due under the loan become due.

On May 27, 2014, we entered into a loan agreement for a $15.3 million loan secured by a first mortgage on our Crossings property. The loan bears interest at a fixed rate of 3.9% per annum, provides for monthly payments of interest only until the maturity date of June 1, 2024 when the principal balance, accrued interest and all other amounts due under the loan become due.

On March 31, 2014, in connection with the acquisition of King’s Landing, we assumed $21.2 million of an existing loan secured by the property. The loan bears interest at a fixed rate of 4.0% per annum, provides for monthly payments of interest only until June 1, 2017 when principal and interest payments will be due monthly based on a 30-year amortization schedule, and matures on June 1, 2022.

On February 28, 2014, in connection with the acquisition of the OKC Portfolio we assumed $45.8 million of an existing loan secured by the property. The Loan bears interest at a fixed rate of 5.6% per annum, provides for monthly payments of principal and interest based on a 30-year amortization schedule and matures on April 1, 2016. We recorded the debt assumed at its fair value of $48.3 million based on a market rate of 2.8% for the remaining term. The resulting premium of $2.5 million will be amortized to interest expense over the remaining term of the mortgage.

On February 7, 2014, we entered into a loan agreement for an $18.9 million loan secured by a first mortgage on our Reserve at Eagle Ridge property. The loan bears interest at a fixed rate of 4.7% per annum, provides for monthly payments of interest only until the maturity date of March 1, 2024 when the principal balance, accrued interest and all other amounts due under the loan become due.

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On December 27, 2013, we entered into a loan agreement for an $8.6 million loan secured by a first mortgage on our Berkshire Square property. We used a portion of the loan to repay an advance of approximately $8.0 million made with respect to the property pursuant to our Secured Credit Facility. The loan bears interest at a fixed rate of 4.42% per annum, provides for monthly payments of interest only until February 2016 and for payments of principal and interest thereafter. The loan matures on January 1, 2021 and $7.5 million will be due upon maturity. The loan cannot be prepaid or defeased until September 26, 2016. Thereafter, the loan may be defeased pursuant to the terms of the note and loan agreement. The loan may be prepaid in full without additional consideration during the last three months of the loan term.

Secured Credit Facility

On October 25, 2013, we entered into a $20.0 million secured revolving credit agreement with The Huntington National Bank to be used to acquire properties, for capital expenditures and for general corporate purposes. On September 9, 2014 we amended this agreement increasing the facility to $30.0 million. The facility has a 3-year term, bears interest at LIBOR plus 2.50% and contains customary financial covenants for this type of revolving credit agreement. As of December 31, 2014, there was $11.6 million of availability under this facility.

Stockholder Equity

Common Shares

On November 25, 2014, we completed an underwritten public offering selling 6,000,000 shares of our common stock for $9.60 per share raising gross and estimated net proceeds of $57.6 million and $54.7 million, respectively.

On July 21, 2014, we completed an underwritten public offering selling 8,050,000 shares of our common stock for $9.50 per share raising gross and net proceeds of $76.5 million and $72.0 million, respectively.

On January 29, 2014, we completed an underwritten public offering selling 8,050,000 shares of our common stock for $8.30 per share resulting in gross and net proceeds of $66.8 million and $62.7 million, respectively.

On August 13, 2013, we engaged in an underwritten public offering of 4,000,000 shares of our common stock for $8.50 per share for total gross proceeds of approximately $34.0 million.

Our board of directors declared the following dividends for the months of January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November and December 2014:

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On January 19, 2015, our board of directors declared the following dividends for January, February and March 2015:

On February 28, 2013, our board of directors authorized and declared distributions on our common stock for the months of January through June 2013. For the months of January through March 2013, the distributions were payable to the holders of our common stock at a rate of $0.00163934 per share per day. For the months of April through June 2013, our board of directors authorized and declared distributions on our common stock at a rate of $0.00171233 per share per day. The distributions for each month were aggregated and paid on or before the fifteenth day following the completion of each respective month. All distributions were paid in cash.

Our board of directors declared the following dividends for the months of July, August, September, October, November and December 2013:

Preferred Shares

On February 28, 2013, our board of directors authorized and declared distributions on our Series A Preferred Stock for the period beginning on January 1, 2013, and ending on June 30, 2013. The distributions are payable to the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock of record at a rate of $0.34722222 per day, which is an amount that is equivalent to a 12.5% annualized distribution rate based on a share price of $1,000. The distributions were aggregated and paid in cash on June 28, 2013, pursuant to the requirements of our charter.

On July 25, 2013, our board of directors authorized setting aside amounts sufficient to redeem our Series A Preferred Stock with the proceeds of our underwritten offering.

On August 19, 2013, we redeemed 125 shares of our 12.5% Series A Cumulative Non-Voting Preferred Stock for an aggregate redemption price of approximately $140. The redemption of the Series A Preferred Stock was funded with cash received from the August 2013 offering. After the redemption date, there were no shares of Series A Preferred Stock outstanding, and all rights of the holders of such shares and units were terminated.

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Contractual Commitments

The table below summarizes our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2014 (dollars in thousands):

Terms of Leases and Tenant Characteristics

The leases for our portfolio typically follow standard forms customarily used between landlords and tenants in the geographic area in which the relevant property is located. Under such leases, the tenant typically agrees to pay an initial deposit (generally one month’s rent) and pays rent on a monthly basis. As landlord, we are directly responsible for all real estate taxes, sales and use taxes, special assessments, property-level utilities, insurance and building repairs, and other building operation and management costs. Individual tenants are responsible for the utility costs of their unit. Our lease terms generally range from six months to two years and average twelve months.

Our apartment tenant composition varies across the regions in which we operate, includes single and family renters and is generally reflective of the principal employers in the relevant region. For example, in our Norfolk, Virginia market, many of our tenants are employees of the U.S. military. Our apartment properties predominantly consist of one-bedroom and two-bedroom units, although some of our apartment properties also have three-bedroom units.

Critical Accounting Estimates and Policies

We consider the accounting policies discussed below to be critical to an understanding of how we report our financial condition and results of operations because their application places the most significant demands on the judgment of our management.

Our financial statements are prepared on the accrual basis of accounting in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make use of estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Revenue Recognition

Minimum rents are recognized on an accrual basis, over the terms of the related leases on a straight-line basis. Any above-market lease values and the capitalized below-market lease values are amortized as an adjustment to rental income over the lease term. Recoveries from residential tenants for utility costs are recognized as revenue in the period that the applicable costs are incurred.

Investments in Real Estate

Allocation of Purchase Price of Acquired Assets

We account for acquisitions of properties in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 805, “Business Combinations”. The fair value of the real estate acquired is allocated to the acquired tangible assets, consisting of land, building and tenant improvements, and identified intangible assets and liabilities, consisting of the value of above-market and below-market leases for acquired in-place leases and the value of tenant relationships, based in each case on their fair values. Purchase accounting is applied to assets and liabilities associated with the real estate acquired. Transaction costs and fees incurred related to acquisitions are expensed as incurred. Transaction costs and fees incurred related to the financing of an acquisition are capitalized and amortized over the life of the loan.

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Upon the acquisition of properties, we estimate the fair value of acquired tangible assets (consisting of land, building and improvements) and identified intangible assets and liabilities (consisting of above and below-market leases, in-place leases and tenant relationships), and assumed debt at the date of acquisition, based on the evaluation of information and estimates available at that date. Based on these estimates, we allocate the initial purchase price to the applicable assets and liabilities. As final information regarding fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed is received and estimates are refined, appropriate adjustments will be made to the purchase price allocation, in no case later than twelve months of the acquisition date.

In determining the fair value of the identified intangible assets and liabilities of an acquired property, above-market and below-market in-place lease values are recorded based on the present value (using an interest rate which reflects the risks associated with the leases acquired) of the differences between (i) the contractual amounts to be paid pursuant to the in-place leases and (ii) management’s estimate of fair market lease rates for the corresponding in-place leases, measured over a period equal to the remaining term of the lease. The capitalized above-market lease values and the capitalized below-market lease values are amortized as an adjustment to rental income over the lease term.

The aggregate value of in-place leases is determined by evaluating various factors, including an estimate of carrying costs during the expected lease-up periods, current market conditions and similar leases. In estimating carrying costs, management includes real estate taxes, insurance and other operating expenses, and estimates of lost rental revenue during the expected lease-up periods based on current market demand. Management also estimates costs to execute similar leases including leasing commissions, legal and other related costs. The value assigned to this intangible asset is amortized over the remaining lease terms.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Management evaluates the recoverability of its investment in real estate assets, including related identifiable intangible assets, in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 360, “Property, Plant and Equipment.” This statement requires that long-lived assets be reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that recoverability of the assets is not assured.

Management reviews its long-lived assets on an ongoing basis and evaluates the recoverability of the carrying value when there is an indicator of impairment. An impairment charge is recorded when it is determined that the carrying value of the assets exceeds the fair value. The estimated cash flows used for the impairment analysis and the determination of estimated fair value are based on our plans for the respective assets and our views of market and economic conditions. The estimates consider matters such as current and historical rental rates, occupancies for the respective and/or comparable properties, and recent sales data for comparable properties. Changes in estimated future cash flows due to changes in our plans or views of market and economic conditions could result in recognition of impairment losses, which, under the applicable accounting guidance, could be substantial.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In April 2014, the FASB issued an accounting standard classified under FASB ASC Topic 205, “Presentation of Financial Statements”. This accounting standard amends existing guidance to change reporting requirements for discontinued operations by requiring the disposal of an entity to be reported in discontinued operations if the disposal represents a strategic shift that has or will have a major effect on an entity’s operations and financial results. This standard is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning on or after December 15, 2014. Management does not anticipate that future disposals of real estate properties would qualify for discontinued operations under the new standard.

In May 2014, the FASB issued an accounting standard classified under FASB ASC Topic 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”. This accounting standard generally replaces existing guidance by requiring an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. This standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016. Management is currently evaluating the impact that this standard may have on our consolidated financial statements.

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Market risk is the adverse effect on the value of a financial instrument that results from a change in interest rates. We may be exposed to interest rate changes primarily as a result of long-term debt used to maintain liquidity, fund capital expenditures and expand our real estate investment portfolio and operations. Market fluctuations in real estate financing may affect the availability and cost of funds needed to expand our investment portfolio. In addition, restrictions upon the availability of real estate financing or high interest rates for real estate loans could adversely affect our ability to dispose of real estate in the future. We seek to limit the impact of interest rate changes on earnings and cash flows and to lower our overall borrowing costs. We may use derivative financial instruments to hedge exposures to changes in interest rates on loans secured by our assets. The market risk associated with interest-rate contracts is managed by establishing and monitoring parameters that limit the types and degree of market risk that may be undertaken. With regard to variable rate financing, our advisor assesses our interest rate cash flow risk by continually identifying and monitoring changes in interest rate exposures that may adversely impact expected future cash flows and by evaluating hedging opportunities. Our advisor maintains risk management control systems to monitor interest rate cash flow risk attributable to both our outstanding and forecasted debt obligations as well as our potential offsetting hedge positions. While this hedging strategy is designed to minimize the impact on our net income and funds from operations of changes in interest rates, the overall returns on any investment in our securities may be reduced. We currently have limited exposure to financial market risks.

We may also be exposed to credit risk in derivative contracts we may use. Credit risk is the failure of the counterparty to perform under the terms of the derivative contract. If the fair value of a derivative contract is positive, the counterparty will owe us, which creates credit risk for us. If the fair value of a derivative contract is negative, we will owe the counterparty and, therefore, do not have credit risk. We seek to minimize the credit risk in derivative instruments by entering into transactions with high-quality counterparties.

Interest Rate Risk and Sensitivity

Interest rates may be affected by economic, geo-political, monetary and fiscal policy, market supply and demand and other factors generally outside our control, and such factors may be highly volatile. A change in market interest rates applicable to the fixed-rate portion of our indebtedness affects the fair value, but it has no effect on interest incurred or cash flows. A change in market interest rates applicable to the variable portion of our indebtedness affects the interest incurred and cash flows, but does not affect the fair value.

As of December 31, 2014, our only interest rate sensitive assets or liabilities related to our $417.4 million of outstanding indebtedness, of which $56.5 million is floating-rate and $360.9 million is fixed-rate indebtedness. We monitor interest rate risk routinely and seek to minimize the possibility that a change in interest rates would impact the interest incurred and our cash flows. To mitigate such risk, we may use interest rate derivative contracts. As of December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013, we did not have any interest rate derivatives in effect.

As of December 31, 2014, the fair value of our $360.9 million of fixed-rate indebtedness was $373.6 million. The fair value estimate of our fixed rate debt was estimated using a discounted cash flow analysis utilizing rates we would expect to pay for debt of a similar type and remaining maturity if the loans were originated at December 31, 2014. As we expect to hold our fixed rate instruments to maturity and the amounts due under such instruments would be limited to the outstanding principal balance and any accrued and unpaid interest, we do not expect that fluctuations in interest rates, and the resulting change in fair value of our fixed rate instruments, would have a significant impact on our operations.

The following table summarizes the interest income and interest expense for a 12-month period, and the change in the net fair value of our investments and indebtedness assuming an instantaneous increase or decrease of 100 basis points in the LIBOR interest rate curve, both adjusted for the effects of our interest rate hedging activities (dollars in thousands):

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INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

OF INDEPENDENCE REALTY TRUST, INC.

(A Maryland Corporation)

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The Board of Directors and Stockholders

Independence Realty Trust, Inc.:

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Independence Realty Trust, Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, and the related consolidated statements of operations, equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2014. In connection with our audits of the consolidated financial statements, we have also audited the financial statement schedule as listed in the accompanying index. These consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule are the responsibility of Independence Realty Trust, Inc.’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Independence Realty Trust, Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2014, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also in our opinion, the related financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Independence Realty Trust, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (1992) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), and our report dated March 16, 2015, expressed an adverse opinion on the effectiveness of Independence Realty Trust, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting.

/s/ KPMG LLP

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

March 16, 2015

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The Board of Directors and Stockholders

Independence Realty Trust, Inc.:

We have audited Independence Realty Trust, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (1992) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Independence Realty Trust, Inc.’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A(b). Our responsibility is to express an opinion on Independence Realty Trust Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. A material weakness related to a lack of sufficient qualified resources to ensure the appropriate design and operating effectiveness of the Company’s reconciliation controls, management review controls, and controls over accounting estimates has been identified and included in management’s assessment. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of Independence Realty Trust, Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, and the related consolidated statements of operations, equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2014, and our report dated March 16, 2015 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

In our opinion, because of the effect of the aforementioned material weakness on the achievement of the objectives of the control criteria, Independence Realty Trust, Inc. has not maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (1992) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

/s/ KPMG LLP

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

March 16, 2015

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Independence Realty Trust, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)