Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc. - Annual Report: 2013 (Form 10-K)
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
(Mark One)
ý | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013
or
¨ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
For the Transition Period from to
Commission file number 001-34385
Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Maryland | 26-2749336 | |
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) | |
1555 Peachtree Street, N.E., Suite 1800 Atlanta, Georgia | 30309 | |
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code) | |
(404) 892-0896
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934:
Title of Each Class | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered | |
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share | New York Stock Exchange | |
7.75% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock | New York Stock Exchange | |
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934: None
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Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No ý
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ý
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act (check one):
Large accelerated filer | ý | Accelerated filer | ¨ | ||
Non-accelerated filer | ¨ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) | Smaller reporting company | ¨ | ||
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ¨ No ý
The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates was $2,237,930,986 based on the closing sales price on the New York Stock Exchange on June 28, 2013. As of February 21, 2014, there were 123,073,930 outstanding shares of common stock of Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc.
Documents Incorporated by Reference
Part III of this Form 10-K incorporates by reference certain information (solely to the extent explicitly indicated) from the registrant’s proxy statement for the 2014 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A.
Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Forward-Looking Statements
We make forward-looking statements in this Report and other filings we make with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended or the Exchange Act, and such statements are intended to be covered by the safe harbor provided by the same. Forward-looking statements are subject to substantial risks and uncertainties, many of which are difficult to predict and are generally beyond our control. These forward-looking statements include information about possible or assumed future results of our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations, plans and objectives. When we use the words “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “plan,” “continue,” “intend,” “should,” “may” or similar expressions, we intend to identify forward-looking statements. Statements regarding the following subjects, among others, may be forward-looking:
• | our business and investment strategy; |
• | our investment portfolio; |
• | our projected operating results; |
• | actions and initiatives of the U.S. governmental agencies and changes to U.S. government policies, including the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”), mortgage loan modification programs and the reduction of the Federal Reserve long-term asset purchases and our ability to respond to and comply with such actions, initiatives and changes; |
• | our ability to obtain additional financing arrangements and the terms of such arrangements; |
• | financing and advance rates for our target assets; |
• | changes to our expected leverage; |
• | general volatility of the markets in which we invest; |
• | general volatility of foreign financial markets and their governments’ responses; |
• | our expected investments; |
• | our expected book value per share of common stock; |
• | interest rate mismatches between our target assets and our borrowings used to fund such investments; |
• | the adequacy of our cash flow from operations and borrowings to meet our short-term liquidity needs; |
• | our ability to maintain sufficient liquidity to meet any margin calls; |
• | changes in the credit rating of the U.S. government; |
• | changes in interest rates and interest rate spreads and the market value of our target assets; |
• | changes in prepayment rates on our target assets; |
• | the impact of any deficiencies in foreclosure practices of third parties and related uncertainty in the timing of collateral disposition; |
• | our reliance on third parties in connection with services related to our target assets; |
• | effects of hedging instruments on our target assets; |
• | rates of default or decreased recovery rates on our target assets; |
• | modifications to whole loans or loans underlying securities; |
• | the degree to which our hedging strategies may or may not protect us from interest rate volatility; |
• | the degree to which derivative contracts expose us to contingent liabilities; |
• | counterparty defaults; |
• | changes in governmental regulations, tax law and rates, and similar matters and our ability to respond to such changes; |
• | our ability to maintain our qualification as a real estate investment trust for U.S. federal income tax purposes; |
• | our ability to maintain our exception from the definition of “investment company” under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”); |
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• | availability of investment opportunities in mortgage-related, real estate-related and other securities; |
• | availability of U.S. Government Agency guarantees with regard to payments of principal and interest on securities; |
• | the market price and trading volume of our capital stock; |
• | availability of qualified personnel; |
• | the relationship with our Manager; |
• | estimates relating to taxable income and our ability to continue to make distributions to our shareholders in the future; |
• | estimates relating to fair value of our target assets and loan loss reserves; |
• | our understanding of our competition; |
• | changes to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”); and |
• | market trends in our industry, interest rates, real estate values, the debt securities markets or the general economy. |
The forward-looking statements are based on our beliefs, assumptions and expectations of our future performance, taking into account all information currently available to us. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. These beliefs, assumptions and expectations can change as a result of many possible events or factors, not all of which are known to us. Some of these factors are described under the headings “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Business.” If a change occurs, our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations may vary materially from those expressed in our forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made. New risks and uncertainties arise over time, and it is not possible for us to predict those events or how they may affect us. Except as required by law, we are not obligated to, and do not intend to, update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
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PART I
Item 1. Business.
Our Company
We are a Maryland corporation primarily focused on investing in, financing and managing residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities and mortgage loans. Our objective is to provide attractive risk-adjusted returns to our investors, primarily through dividends and secondarily through capital appreciation. To achieve this objective, we selectively acquire our target assets to construct a diversified investment portfolio designed to produce returns across a variety of market conditions and economic cycles.
Our target assets consist of residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”) for which a U.S. government agency, such as the Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”), or a federally chartered corporation, such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”) or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”), guarantees payments of principal and interest on the securities. We refer to these securities as Agency RMBS. Our Agency RMBS investments include mortgage pass-through securities and may include collateralized mortgage obligations (“CMOs”). Our target assets also include RMBS that are not issued or guaranteed by a U.S. government agency or federally-chartered corporation (“non-Agency RMBS”), commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”), residential and commercial mortgage loans and other real estate-related financing arrangements.
We finance our Agency RMBS, non-Agency RMBS and CMBS investments through short-term borrowings structured as repurchase agreements. We finance our residential loans through asset-backed securities ("ABS"). We have also issued exchangeable notes to finance investments in our target assets. In addition, we may use other sources of financing.
We are a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Accordingly, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes on our taxable income to the extent that we annually distribute all of our taxable income to our shareholders and maintain our qualification as a REIT. We operate our business in a manner that permits us to maintain our exclusion from the definition of "Investment Company" under the 1940 Act.
Capital Activities
On January 28, 2013, we completed a public offering of 15,000,000 shares of common stock and an issuance of an additional 2,250,000 shares of common stock pursuant to the underwriters’ full exercise of their over-allotment option at $21.00 per share, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $359.0 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and offering costs. In the first quarter of 2013, a wholly-owned subsidiary issued $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 5.00% Exchangeable Senior Notes due 2018, resulting in total net proceeds of $387.7 million, after deducting financing expenses.
During the year ended December 31, 2013, we issued 1,770,106 shares of common stock at an average price of $21.31 under the share repurchase feature of our Dividend Reinvestment and Share Purchase Plan (“DRSPP”) with total proceeds of $37.7 million, net of issuance costs of $219,000.
For the quarter and year ended December 31, 2013, we repurchased 10,720,003 shares of our common stock at an average price of $14.97 per share for a net cost of $160.5 million, including acquisition expenses. On December 2, 2013, our board of directors authorized the repurchase of an additional 20,000,000 shares of our common stock with no stated expiration date. Our board of directors has approved an aggregate repurchase of 27,000,000 shares of our common stock to date.
Our Manager
We are externally managed and advised by Invesco Advisers, Inc. (our "Manager"), an SEC-registered investment adviser and indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of Invesco Ltd. (NYSE: IVZ) (“Invesco”), a global investment management firm.
Pursuant to the terms of the management agreement, our Manager provides us with our management team, including our officers, along with appropriate support personnel. Each of our officers is an employee of our Manager or one of its affiliates. We do not have any employees. With the exception of our Chief Financial Officer, our Manager and its affiliates do not dedicate any of their respective employees exclusively to us, nor is our Manager and its affiliates or their respective employees obligated to dedicate any specific portion of its or their time to our business. Our Manager is at all times subject to the supervision and oversight of our board of directors and has only such functions and authority as our board of directors delegates to it.
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Our Competitive Advantages
We believe that our competitive advantages include the following:
Significant Experience of Our Manager and Our Senior Management
Our senior management team has a long track record and broad experience in managing residential and commercial mortgage-related assets through a variety of credit and interest rate environments and has demonstrated the ability to generate attractive risk-adjusted returns under different market conditions and cycles. In addition, through our Manager, we benefit from the insight and capabilities of WL Ross & Co. LLC (“WL Ross”) and Invesco’s real estate team. Through WL Ross and Invesco’s real estate team, we have access to broad and deep teams of experienced investment professionals in real estate and distressed investing. Through these teams, we have real time access to research and data on the mortgage and real estate industries. We believe having in-house access to these resources and expertise provides us with a competitive advantage over other companies investing in our target assets who have less internal resources and expertise.
Extensive Strategic Relationships and Experience of our Manager and its Affiliates
Our Manager maintains extensive long-term relationships with other financial intermediaries, including primary dealers, leading investment banks, brokerage firms, leading mortgage originators and commercial banks. We believe these relationships enhance our ability to source, finance and hedge investment opportunities and, thus, will enable us to grow in various credit and interest rate environments.
Disciplined Investment Approach
We seek to maximize our risk-adjusted returns through our disciplined investment approach, which relies on rigorous quantitative and qualitative analysis. Our Manager monitors our overall portfolio risk and evaluates the characteristics of our investments in our target assets including, but not limited to, asset type, interest rate, interest rate type, loan balance distribution, geographic concentration, property type, occupancy, loan-to-value ratio and credit score. In addition, with respect to any particular target asset, our Manager’s investment team evaluates, among other things, relative valuation, supply and demand trends, shape of yield curves, prepayment rates, loan delinquencies, default rates and loss severity rates. We believe this strategy and our commitment to capital preservation provide us with a competitive advantage when operating in a variety of market conditions.
Access to Our Manager’s Sophisticated Analytical Tools, Infrastructure and Expertise
Our Manager has created and maintains analytical and portfolio management capabilities to aid in asset selection and risk management. We capitalize on the market knowledge and ready access to data across our target markets that our Manager and its affiliates obtain through their established platform. We focus on in-depth analysis of the numerous factors that influence our target assets, including: (1) fundamental market and sector review; (2) rigorous cash flow analysis; (3) disciplined asset selection; (4) controlled risk exposure; and (5) prudent balance sheet management. Through the use of these tools, we analyze factors that affect the rate at which mortgage prepayments occur, including changes in the level of interest rates, trends in residential and commercial real estate prices, general economic conditions, the locations of the properties securing the mortgage loans and other social and demographic conditions in order to acquire our target assets.
We also benefit from our Manager’s and its affiliates’ comprehensive financial and administrative infrastructure, including its risk management and financial reporting operations, as well as its business development, legal and compliance teams.
Investment Strategy
We invest in a diversified pool of mortgage assets that generate attractive risk adjusted returns. Our target assets generally include Agency RMBS, non-Agency RMBS, CMBS, residential and commercial mortgage loans and other real estate-related financing arrangements. In addition to direct purchases of our target assets, we also invest in equity investments, which, in turn, invests in our target assets.
Agency RMBS
Agency RMBS are residential mortgage-backed securities for which a U.S. government agency such as Ginnie Mae, or a federally chartered corporation such as Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac guarantees payments of principal and interest on the securities. Payments of principal and interest on Agency RMBS, not the market value of the securities themselves, are guaranteed. Agency RMBS differ from other forms of traditional debt securities, which normally provide for periodic payments of interest in fixed amounts with principal payments at maturity or on specified call dates. Instead, Agency RMBS provide for
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monthly payments, which consist of both principal and interest. In effect, these payments are a “pass-through” of scheduled and prepaid principal payments and the monthly interest payments made by the individual borrowers on the mortgage loans, net of any fees paid to the servicers, guarantors or other related parties of the securities.
The principal may be prepaid at any time due to prepayments on the underlying mortgage loans. These differences can result in significantly greater price and yield volatility than is the case with other fixed-income securities.
Various factors affect the rate at which mortgage prepayments occur, including changes in the level and directional trends in housing prices, interest rates, general economic conditions, the age of the mortgage loan, the location of the property, social and demographic conditions, government initiated refinance programs, legislative regulations, and industry capacity. Generally, prepayments on Agency RMBS increase during periods of falling mortgage interest rates and decrease during periods of rising mortgage interest rates. However, this may not always be the case. We may reinvest principal repayments at a yield that is higher or lower than the yield on the repaid investment, thus affecting our net interest income by altering the average yield on our assets.
However, when interest rates are declining, the value of Agency RMBS with prepayment options may not increase as much as other fixed income securities. The rate of prepayments on underlying mortgages will affect the price and volatility of Agency RMBS and may have the effect of shortening or extending the duration of the security beyond what was anticipated at the time of purchase. When interest rates rise, our holdings of Agency RMBS may experience reduced returns if the owners of the underlying mortgages pay off their mortgages slower than anticipated. This is generally referred to as extension risk.
Mortgage pass-through certificates, CMOs, Freddie Mac Gold Certificates, Fannie Mae Certificates and Ginnie Mae Certificates are types of Agency RMBS that are collateralized by either fixed-rate mortgage loans (“FRMs”), adjustable-rate mortgage loans (“ARMs”), or hybrid ARMs. FRMs have an interest rate that is fixed for the term of the loan and do not adjust. The interest rates on ARMs generally adjust annually (although some may adjust more frequently) to an increment over a specified interest rate index. Hybrid ARMs have interest rates that are fixed for a specified period of time (typically three, five, seven or ten years) and, thereafter, adjust to an increment over a specified interest rate index. ARMs and hybrid ARMs generally have periodic and lifetime constraints on how much the loan interest rate can change on any predetermined interest rate reset date. Our allocation of our Agency RMBS collateralized by FRMs, ARMs or hybrid ARMs will depend on various factors including, but not limited to, relative value, expected future prepayment trends, supply and demand, costs of hedging, costs of financing, expected future interest rate volatility and the overall shape of the U.S. Treasury and interest rate swap yield curves. We take these factors into account when we make investments.
Non-Agency RMBS
Non-Agency RMBS are residential mortgage-backed securities that are not issued or guaranteed by a U.S. government agency. Like Agency RMBS, non-Agency RMBS represent interests in “pools” of mortgage loans secured by residential real property. The mortgage loan collateral for non-Agency RMBS generally consists of residential mortgage loans that do not conform to the U.S. government agency underwriting guidelines due to certain factors including mortgage balance in excess of such guidelines, borrower characteristics, loan characteristics and level of documentation.
A re-securitization of a real estate mortgage investment conduit (“Re-REMIC”) is a transaction in which an existing security or securities is transferred to a special purpose entity that has formed a securitization vehicle that will issue multiple classes of securities secured by and payable from cash flows on the underlying securities. A number of our non-Agency RMBS are structured as Re-REMICs.
Government-sponsored Enterprise Risk-Sharing Securities
Government-sponsored enterprise ("GSE") risk-sharing securities are general obligations of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac that are structured to provide credit protection to the issuer with respect to defaults and other credit events within pools of residential mortgage loans that collateralize mortgage-backed securities ("MBS") issued and guaranteed by the GSEs. This credit protection is achieved by allowing the GSEs to reduce the outstanding class principal balance of the securities as designated credit events on the loans arise. The GSEs make monthly payments of accrued interest and periodic payments of principal to the holders of the securities. To date, all GSE risk-sharing securities have paid a floating interest rate benchmarked to 1-month LIBOR.
CMBS
CMBS are securities backed by obligations (including certificates of participation in obligations) that are principally secured by commercial mortgages on real property or interests therein having a multifamily or commercial use, such as
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regional malls, retail space, office buildings, industrial or warehouse properties, hotels, apartments, nursing homes and senior living facilities.
CMBS are typically issued in multiple tranches whereby the more senior classes are entitled to priority distributions to make specified interest and principal payments on such tranches. Losses and other shortfalls from expected amounts to be received on the mortgage pool are borne by the most subordinate classes, which receive payments only after the more senior classes have received all principal and/or interest to which they are entitled. The credit quality of CMBS depends on the credit quality of the underlying mortgage loans, which is a function of factors such as the principal amount of loans relative to the value of the related properties, the mortgage loan terms, such as amortization, market assessment and geographic location, construction quality of the property, and the creditworthiness of the borrowers.
Residential Mortgage Loans
Residential mortgage loans are loans secured by residential real properties. We generally focus our residential mortgage loan acquisition efforts on the purchase of loan portfolios that are first lien, single-family FRMs, ARMs and Hybrid ARMs with original terms to maturity of not more than 30 years and that are either fully amortizing or are interest-only for up to ten years, and fully amortizing thereafter.
Prime and Jumbo Prime Mortgage Loans
Prime mortgage loans are mortgage loans that generally require borrower credit histories, debt-to-income ratios and loan-to-value ratios similar to those dictated by U.S. government agency underwriting guidelines, though in certain cases they may not meet the same income documentation or other requirements. Jumbo prime mortgage loans are mortgage loans with requirements similar to prime mortgage loans except that the mortgage balance exceeds the maximum amount permitted by U.S. government agency underwriting guidelines.
Alt-A Mortgage Loans
Alt-A mortgage loans are mortgage loans made to borrowers whose qualifying mortgage characteristics do not conform to U.S. government agency underwriting guidelines, but whose borrower characteristics may. Generally, Alt-A mortgage loans allow homeowners to qualify for a mortgage loan with reduced or alternative forms of documentation. The credit quality of Alt-A borrowers generally exceeds the credit quality of subprime borrowers.
Subprime Mortgage Loans
Subprime mortgage loans are loans that do not conform to U.S. government agency underwriting guidelines. Subprime borrowers generally have imperfect or impaired credit histories and low credit scores.
Commercial Mortgage Loans
Commercial mortgage loans are mortgage loans secured by first or second liens on commercial properties such as regional malls, retail space, office buildings, industrial or warehouse properties, hotels, apartments, nursing homes and senior living facilities. These loans, which tend to range in term from five to 15 years, can carry either fixed or floating interest rates. They generally permit pre-payments before final maturity but may require the payment to the lender of yield maintenance pre-payment penalties. First lien loans represent the senior lien on a property while second lien loans or second mortgages represent a subordinate or second lien on a property.
Mezzanine Loans
Mezzanine loans are generally structured to represent a senior position in the borrower’s equity in, and subordinate to a first mortgage loan, on a property. These loans are generally secured by pledges of ownership interests, in whole or in part, in entities that directly or indirectly own the real property. At times, mezzanine loans may be secured by additional collateral, including letters of credit, personal guarantees, or collateral unrelated to the property. Mezzanine loans may be structured to carry either fixed or floating interest rates as well as carry a right to participate in a percentage of gross revenues and a percentage of the increase in the fair market value of the property securing the loan. Mezzanine loans may also contain prepayment lockouts, penalties, minimum profit hurdles and other mechanisms to protect and enhance returns to the lender. Mezzanine loans usually have maturities that match the maturity of the related mortgage loan but may have shorter or longer terms.
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Equity Investments
The Company has investments in unconsolidated ventures. In circumstances where the Company has a non-controlling interest but is deemed to be able to exert significant influence over the affairs of the enterprise, the Company utilizes the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method of accounting, the initial investment is increased each period for additional capital contributions and a proportionate share of the entity’s earnings and decreased for cash distributions and a proportionate share of the entity’s losses.
Financing Strategy
We finance our investments in our target assets, primarily through short-term borrowings structured as repurchase agreements, committed facilities and other forms of private financing. We finance our residential loans through ABS. We have also issued exchangeable notes to finance investments in our target assets.
Repurchase Agreements
Repurchase agreements are financings pursuant to which we sell our target assets to the repurchase agreement counterparty, the buyer, for an agreed upon price with the obligation to repurchase these assets from the buyer at a future date and at a price higher than the original purchase price. The amount of financing we receive under a repurchase agreement is limited to a specified percentage of the estimated market value of the assets we sell to the buyer. The difference between the sale price and repurchase price is the cost, or interest expense, of financing under a repurchase agreement. Under repurchase agreement financing arrangements, certain buyers require us to provide additional cash collateral, referred to as margin call, to re-establish the ratio of value of the collateral to the amount of borrowing.
Leverage
We use leverage on our target assets to achieve our return objectives. We generally limit our repurchase agreement financing debt-to-equity ratio to approximately 7 times. Our leverage ratio may periodically exceed this amount as we adjust our portfolio allocations and related borrowings to obtain the best available financing sources and minimize total interest expense.
Risk Management Strategy
Market Risk Management
Risk management is an integral component of our strategy to deliver returns to our shareholders. Because we invest in MBS, investment losses from prepayment, interest rate volatility or other risks can meaningfully impact our earnings and our distributions to shareholders. In addition, because we employ financial leverage in funding our investment portfolio, mismatches in the maturities of our assets and liabilities can create the need to continually renew or otherwise refinance our liabilities. Our results are dependent upon a positive spread between the returns on our asset portfolio and our overall cost of funding. To minimize the risks to our portfolio, we actively employ portfolio-wide and security-specific risk measurement and management processes in our daily operations. Our Manager’s risk management tools include software and services licensed or purchased from third parties, in addition to proprietary software and analytical methods developed by Invesco.
Interest Rate Hedging
We engage in a variety of interest rate management techniques that seek to mitigate the influence of interest rate changes on the costs of liabilities and help us achieve our risk management objective. Specifically, we seek to hedge our exposure to potential interest rate mismatches between the interest we earn on our investments and our borrowing costs caused by fluctuations in short-term interest rates. In utilizing leverage and interest rate hedges, we seek to improve risk-adjusted returns and, where possible, to lock in, on a long-term basis, a favorable spread between the yield on our assets and the cost of our financing. We may utilize various derivative financial instruments, including, puts and calls on securities or indices of securities, futures, interest rate swaps and swaptions, interest rate caps, exchange-traded derivatives, U.S. Treasury securities and options on U.S. Treasury securities and interest rate floors to hedge all or a portion of the interest rate risk associated with the financing of our investment portfolio.
Credit Risk
We believe our investment strategy generally keeps our credit losses and financing costs low. However, we retain the risk of potential credit losses on all of the residential and commercial mortgage loans, as well as the loans underlying the non-Agency RMBS and CMBS we hold. We seek to manage this risk through our pre-acquisition due diligence process and continuous re-evaluation of the portfolio. In addition, with respect to any particular target asset, our Manager’s investment team
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evaluates, among other things, relative valuation, supply and demand trends, shape of yield curves, prepayment rates, loan delinquencies, default rates and loss severity rates of various collateral types.
Investment Guidelines
Our board of directors has adopted the following investment guidelines:
• | no investment shall be made that would cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes; |
• | no investment shall be made that would cause us to be regulated as an investment company under the 1940 Act; |
• | our assets will be invested within our target assets; and |
• | until appropriate investments can be identified, our Manager may pay off short-term debt or invest the proceeds of any offering in interest-bearing, short-term investments, including funds that are consistent with maintaining our REIT qualification. |
These investment guidelines may be changed from time to time by our board of directors without the approval of our shareholders.
Investment Committee
Our investment committee is comprised of certain of our officers and certain of our Manager’s investment professionals. The investment committee periodically reviews our investment portfolio for risk characteristics, investment performance, liquidity, portfolio composition, leverage and other applicable items. It also reviews its compliance with our investment policies and procedures, including our investment guidelines, and our Manager provides our board of directors an investment report at the end of each quarter in conjunction with its review of our quarterly results.
Investment Process
Our Manager’s investment team has a strong focus on asset selection and on the relative value of various sectors within the mortgage market. Our Manager utilizes this expertise to build a diversified portfolio. Our Manager incorporates its views on the economic environment and the outlook for the mortgage market, including relative valuation, supply and demand trends, the level of interest rates, the shape of the yield curve, prepayment rates, financing and liquidity, housing prices, delinquencies, default rates and loss severity rates of various collateral types.
Our investment process includes sourcing and screening investment opportunities, assessing investment suitability, conducting interest rate and prepayment analysis, evaluating cash flow and collateral performance, reviewing legal structure and servicer and originator information and investment structuring, as appropriate, to ensure an attractive return commensurate with the risk we are bearing. Upon identification of an investment opportunity, the investment will be screened and monitored by our Manager to determine its impact on maintaining our REIT qualification and our exemption from registration under the 1940 Act. We make investments in sectors where our Manager has strong core competencies and where we believe market risk and expected performance can be reasonably quantified.
Our Manager evaluates each of our investment opportunities based on its expected risk-adjusted return relative to the returns available from other, comparable investments. In addition, we evaluate new opportunities based on their relative expected returns compared to assets held in our portfolio. The terms of any leverage available to us for use in funding an investment purchase are also taken into consideration, as are any risks posed by illiquidity or correlations with other assets in the portfolio. Our Manager also develops a macro outlook with respect to each target asset class by examining factors in the broader economy such as gross domestic product, interest rates, unemployment rates and availability of credit, among other factors. Our Manager analyzes fundamental trends in the relevant target asset class sector to adjust or maintain its outlook for that particular target asset class. These macro decisions guide our Manager’s assumptions regarding model inputs and portfolio allocations among target assets. Additionally, our Manager conducts extensive diligence with respect to each target asset class by, among other things, examining and monitoring the capabilities and financial wherewithal of the parties responsible for the origination, administration and servicing of relevant target assets.
Competition
Our net income depends, in large part, on our ability to acquire assets at favorable spreads over our borrowing costs. In acquiring our investments, we compete with other REITs, specialty finance companies, mortgage bankers, insurance companies, mutual funds, institutional investors, investment banking firms, financial institutions, governmental bodies and other entities. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Market Conditions.” In addition, there are numerous REITs with similar asset acquisition objectives. These other REITs increase
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competition for the available supply of mortgage assets suitable for purchase. Many of our competitors are significantly larger than we are, have access to greater capital and other resources and may have other advantages over us. In addition, some of our competitors may have higher risk tolerances or different risk assessments, which could allow them to consider a wider variety of investments and establish more relationships than we can. Market conditions may attract more competitors, which may increase the competition for sources of financing. An increase in the competition for sources of financing could adversely affect the availability and cost of financing.
We have access to our Manager’s professionals and their industry expertise, which we believe provides us with a competitive advantage. These professionals help us assess investment risks and determine appropriate pricing for certain potential investments. These relationships enable us to compete more effectively for attractive investment opportunities. Despite certain competitive advantages, we may not be able to achieve our business goals or expectations due to the competitive risks that we face. For additional information concerning these competitive risks, see “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Investments — We operate in a highly competitive market for investment opportunities and competition may limit our ability to acquire desirable investments in our target assets and could also affect the pricing of these securities.”
Staffing
We are managed by our Manager pursuant to the management agreement between our Manager and us. See “Certain Relationships, Related Transactions, and Director Independence” for a discussion of the management fee and our relationship with our Manager. All of our officers are employees of Invesco. We do not have any employees.
Our Corporate Information
Our principal executive offices are located at 1555 Peachtree Street, N.E., Suite 1800, Atlanta, Georgia 30309. Our telephone number is (404) 892-0896. Our website is www.invescomortgagecapital.com. We make available free of charge, through our corporate website, our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. The information on our website is not intended to form a part of or be incorporated by reference into this Report.
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
Set forth below are the material risks and uncertainties that, if they were to occur, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and the trading price of our securities.
Risks Related to Our Investments
Difficult conditions in the mortgage, residential and commercial real estate markets may cause us to experience market losses related to our holdings.
Our results of operations are materially affected by conditions in the mortgage market, the residential and commercial real estate markets, the financial markets and the economy generally. Ongoing concerns about the mortgage market and a weak real estate market, as well as inflation, energy costs, geopolitical issues and the availability and cost of credit, continue to contribute to market volatility. The mortgage market has been severely affected by changes in the lending landscape and there is no assurance that these conditions have stabilized or that they will not worsen. The disruption in the mortgage market had an impact on demand for homes, which has compressed the home ownership rates and weighed heavily on home price performance. There is a strong correlation between home price growth rates and mortgage loan delinquencies. Any further deterioration of the real estate market may cause us to experience losses related to our assets and to sell assets at a loss.
Declines in the market values of our investments may adversely affect our results of operations and credit availability, which may reduce earnings and, in turn, cash available for distribution to our shareholders. In addition, a substantial portion of our assets are classified for accounting purposes as “available-for-sale.” Changes in the market values of those assets will be directly charged or credited to stockholders' equity. As a result, a decline in values may reduce our book value.
We may invest in investments with which our shareholders may not agree.
Our shareholders will be unable to evaluate the manner in which we invest or the economic merit of our expected investments and, as a result, we may invest in investments with which our shareholders may not agree. The failure of our management to find investments that meet our investment criteria, could cause a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations and ability to make distributions to our shareholders, and could cause the value of our capital stock to decline.
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Because assets we acquire may experience periods of illiquidity, we may lose profits or be prevented from earning capital gains if we cannot sell mortgage-related assets at an opportune time.
We bear the risk of being unable to dispose of our target assets at advantageous times or in a timely manner because mortgage-related assets generally experience periods of illiquidity. The lack of liquidity may result from the absence of a willing buyer or an established market for these assets, as well as legal or contractual restrictions on resale or the unavailability of financing for these assets. As a result, our ability to vary our portfolio in response to changes in economic and other conditions may be relatively limited, which may cause us to incur losses.
In addition, some of the assets that comprise our investment portfolio and that we acquire are not publicly traded. These securities may be less liquid than publicly-traded securities. The illiquidity of our investments may make it difficult for us to sell such investments if the need or desire arises. In addition, if we are required to liquidate all or a portion of our portfolio quickly, we may realize significantly less than the value at which we have previously recorded our investments. Further, we may face other restrictions on our ability to liquidate an investment in a business entity to the extent that we or our Manager has or could be attributed with material, non-public information regarding such business entity. As a result, our ability to vary our portfolio in response to changes in economic and other conditions may be relatively limited, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Our investments may be concentrated and will be subject to risk of default.
While we diversify and intend to continue to diversify our portfolio of investments, we are not required to observe specific diversification criteria, except as may be set forth in the investment guidelines adopted by our board of directors. Therefore, our investments in our target assets may at times be concentrated in certain property types that are subject to higher risk of foreclosure, or secured by properties concentrated in a limited number of geographic locations. To the extent that our portfolio is concentrated in any one region or type of security, downturns relating generally to such region or type of security may result in defaults on a number of our investments within a short time period, which may reduce our net income and the value of our capital stock and accordingly reduce our ability to pay dividends to our shareholders.
We operate in a highly competitive market for investment opportunities and competition may limit our ability to acquire desirable investments in our target assets and could also affect the pricing of these securities.
We operate in a highly competitive market for investment opportunities. Our profitability depends, in large part, on our ability to acquire our target assets at attractive prices. In acquiring our target assets, we compete with a variety of institutional investors, including other REITs, specialty finance companies, public and private funds (including other funds managed by Invesco), commercial and investment banks, commercial finance and insurance companies and other financial institutions. Many of our competitors are substantially larger and have considerably greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources than we do. Some competitors may have a lower cost of funds and access to funding sources that may not be available to us, such as funding from the U.S. government, if we are not eligible to participate in programs established by the U.S. government. Many of our competitors are not subject to the operating constraints associated with REIT tax compliance or maintenance of an exemption from the 1940 Act. In addition, some of our competitors may have higher risk tolerances or different risk assessments, which could allow them to consider a wider variety of investments and establish more relationships. Furthermore, competition for investments in our target assets may lead to the price of such assets increasing, which may further limit our ability to generate desired returns. We cannot assure you that the competitive pressures we face will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Also, as a result of this competition, desirable investments in our target assets may be limited in the future and we may not be able to take advantage of attractive investment opportunities from time to time, as we can provide no assurance that we will be able to identify and make investments that are consistent with our investment objectives.
We acquire mortgage-backed securities and loans that are subject to defaults, foreclosure timeline extension, fraud and residential and commercial price depreciation, and unfavorable modification of loan principal amount, interest rate and amortization of principal, which could result in losses to us.
Mortgage-backed securities are secured by mortgage loans (primarily single family residential properties for RMBS and single commercial mortgage loans or a pool of commercial mortgage loans for CMBS). Accordingly, the MBS we invest in are subject to all the risks of the respective underlying mortgage loans, including risks of defaults, foreclosure timeline extension, fraud and price depreciation and unfavorable modification of loan principal amount, interest rate and amortization of principal, accompanying the underlying mortgage loans.
The ability of a borrower to repay a mortgage loan secured by a residential property is dependent in part upon the income and assets of the borrower. A number of factors over which we have no control may impair a borrower’s ability to repay their loans.
Commercial mortgage loans are secured by multifamily or commercial property and are subject to risks of delinquency and foreclosure, and risks of loss that may be greater than similar risks associated with loans made on the security of single-family residential property. The ability of a borrower to repay a loan secured by an income-producing property typically is
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dependent primarily upon the successful operation of such property rather than upon the existence of independent income or assets of the borrower. If the net operating income of the property is reduced, the borrower’s ability to repay the loan may be impaired. Net operating income of an income-producing property can be affected by a number of factors over which we have no control.
In the event of any default under a mortgage loan held directly by us, we bear a risk of loss of principal to the extent of any deficiency between the value of the collateral and the principal and accrued interest of the mortgage loan, which could have a material adverse effect on our cash flow from operations. In the event of defaults on the mortgage loans that underlie our investments and the exhaustion of any underlying or any additional credit support, we may not realize our anticipated return on our investments and we may incur a loss on these investments.
Our investments include non-Agency RMBS collateralized by Alt-A and subprime mortgage loans, which are subject to increased risks.
Our investments include non-Agency RMBS backed by collateral pools of mortgage loans that have been originated using underwriting standards that are less restrictive than those used in underwriting “prime mortgage loans,” known as “Alt-A mortgage loans,” or “subprime mortgage loans.” These lower standards include mortgage loans made to borrowers having imperfect or impaired credit histories, mortgage loans where the amount of the loan at origination is 80% or more of the value of the mortgage property, mortgage loans made to borrowers with low credit scores, mortgage loans made to borrowers who have other debt that represents a large portion of their income and mortgage loans made to borrowers whose income is not required to be disclosed or verified. Due to economic conditions, including lower home prices, as well as aggressive lending practices, many Alt-A and subprime mortgage loans have experienced increased rates of delinquency, foreclosure, bankruptcy and loss, and they are likely to continue to experience delinquency, foreclosure, bankruptcy and loss rates that are higher, and that may be substantially higher, than those experienced by mortgage loans underwritten in a more traditional manner. Thus, because of the higher delinquency rates and losses associated with many Alt-A and subprime mortgage loans, the performance of non-Agency RMBS backed by subprime mortgage loans that we may acquire could be correspondingly adversely affected, which could adversely impact our results of operations, financial condition and business.
Our subordinated RMBS assets may be in the “first loss” position, subjecting us to greater risks of loss.
We invest in certain tranches of RMBS that are only entitled to a portion of the principal and interest payments made on mortgage loans underlying the securities issued by the trust. In general, losses on a mortgage loan included in a RMBS trust will be borne first by the equity holder of the issuing trust if any, and then by the “first loss” subordinated security holder and then by the “second loss” subordinate holder and so on. For RMBS and CMBS assets, losses on a mortgaged property securing a mortgage loan included in a securitization will be borne first by the equity holder of the property, then by a cash reserve fund or letter of credit, if any, then by the holder of a mezzanine loan or B-Note, if any, then by the “first loss” subordinated security holder (generally, the “B-Piece” buyer) and then by the holder of a higher-rated security.
We may acquire securities at every level of such a trust, from the equity position to the most senior tranche. In the event of default and the exhaustion of any classes of securities junior to those which we acquire, our securities will suffer losses as well. In addition, if we overvalue the underlying mortgage portfolio, or if the values subsequently decline and, as a result, less collateral is available to satisfy interest and principal payments due on the related MBS, the securities which we acquire may effectively become the “first loss” position behind the more senior securities, which may result in significant losses. The prices of lower credit quality securities are generally less sensitive to interest rate changes than more highly rated securities, but more sensitive to adverse economic downturns or individual issuer developments. A projection of an economic downturn could cause a decline in the value of lower credit quality securities because the ability of obligors of mortgages underlying MBS to make principal and interest payments may be impaired. In such event, existing credit support in the securitization structure may be insufficient to protect us against loss of our principal on these securities.
We may not control the special servicing of the mortgage loans included in the MBS in which we invest and, in such cases, the special servicer may take actions that could adversely affect our interests.
With respect to each series of MBS in which we invest, overall control over the special servicing of the related underlying mortgage loans is held by a “directing certificate holder” or a “controlling class representative,” which is appointed by the holders of the most subordinate class of MBS in such series. Depending on the class of MBS in which we invest, we may not have the right to appoint the directing certificate holder. In connection with the servicing of the specially serviced mortgage loans, the related special servicer may, at the direction of the directing certificate holder, take actions with respect to the specially serviced mortgage loans that could adversely affect our interests.
If our Manager underestimates the collateral loss on our investments, we may experience losses.
Our Manager values our potential investments based on loss-adjusted yields, taking into account estimated future losses on the mortgage loans that collateralize the investments, and the estimated impact of these losses on expected future cash flows.
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Our Manager’s loss estimates may not prove accurate, as actual results may vary from estimates. In the event that our Manager underestimates the pool level losses relative to the price we pay for a particular investment, we may experience losses with respect to such investment.
We and our third party loan originators and servicers’ due diligence of potential assets may not reveal all of the liabilities associated with such assets and may not reveal other weaknesses in such assets, which could lead to losses.
Before making an asset acquisition, we will assess the strengths and weaknesses of the originator or issuer of the asset as well as other factors and characteristics that are material to the performance of the asset. In making the assessment and otherwise conducting customary due diligence, we will rely on resources available to us, including our third party loan originators and servicers. This process is particularly important with respect to newly formed originators or issuers because there may be little or no information publicly available about these entities and assets. There can be no assurance that our due diligence process will uncover all relevant facts or that any asset acquisition will be successful, which could lead to losses in the value of our portfolio.
We depend on third-party service providers, including mortgage servicers, for a variety of services related to our RMBS. We are, therefore, subject to the risks associated with third-party service providers.
We depend on a variety of services provided by third-party service providers related to our RMBS. We rely on the mortgage servicers who service the mortgage loans backing our RMBS to, among other things, collect principal and interest payments on the underlying mortgages and perform loss mitigation services. Mortgage servicers and other service providers to our RMBS, such as trustees, bond insurance providers and custodians, may not perform in a manner that promotes our interests.
For example, recent legislation intended to reduce or prevent foreclosures through, among other things, loan modifications may reduce the value of mortgage loans underlying our RMBS. Mortgage servicers may be incentivized by the federal government to pursue such loan modifications, as well as forbearance plans and other actions intended to prevent foreclosure, even if such loan modifications and other actions are not in the best interests of the beneficial owners of the mortgage loans. Similarly, legislation delaying the initiation or completion of foreclosure proceedings on specified types of residential mortgage loans or otherwise limiting the ability of mortgage servicers to take actions that may be essential to preserve the value of the mortgage loans may also reduce the value of mortgage loans underlying our RMBS. Any such limitations are likely to cause delayed or reduced collections from mortgagors and generally increase servicing costs. As a consequence of the foregoing matters, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.
In addition, federal and state governmental and regulatory bodies have pursued settlement agreements with a number of mortgage servicers to address alleged servicing and foreclosure abuses related to deficiencies in foreclosure documentation. These agreements may result in the temporary delay of foreclosure proceedings while servicers modify their foreclosure practices. The extension of foreclosure timelines may increase the inventory backlog of distressed homes on the market and create greater uncertainty about housing prices. Prior to making investments in non-Agency RMBS, we carefully consider many factors, including housing prices and foreclosure timelines, and formulate loss assumptions. The concerns about deficiencies in foreclosure practices of servicers may impact our loss assumptions and affect the values of, and our returns on, our investments in non-Agency RMBS.
Our mezzanine loan assets involve greater risks of loss than senior loans secured by income-producing properties.
We may acquire mezzanine loans, which take the form of subordinated loans secured by second mortgages on the underlying property or loans secured by a pledge of the ownership interests of either the entity owning the property or the entity that owns the interest in the entity owning the property. These types of assets involve a higher degree of risk than long-term senior mortgage lending secured by income-producing real property, because the loan may become unsecured as a result of foreclosure by the senior lender. In the event of a bankruptcy of the entity providing the pledge of its ownership interests as security, we may not have full recourse to the assets of such entity, or the assets of the entity may not be sufficient to satisfy our mezzanine loan. If a borrower defaults on our mezzanine loan or debt senior to our loan, or in the event of a borrower bankruptcy, our mezzanine loan will be satisfied only after the senior debt. As a result, we may not recover some or all of our initial expenditure. In addition, mezzanine loans may have higher loan-to-value ratios than conventional mortgage loans, resulting in less equity in the property and increasing the risk of loss of principal. Significant losses related to our mezzanine loans would result in operating losses for us and may limit our ability to make distributions to our shareholders.
When we foreclose on an asset, we may come to own and operate the property securing the loan, which would expose us to the risks inherent in that activity.
When we foreclose on an asset, we may take title to the property securing that asset, and if we do not or cannot sell the property, we would then come to own and operate it as “real estate owned.” Owning and operating real property involves risks that are different (and in many ways more significant) than the risks faced in owning an asset secured by that property. In addition, we may end up owning a property that we would not otherwise have decided to acquire directly at the price of our original investment or at all. We may not manage these properties as well as they might be managed by another owner, and our
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returns to investors could suffer. If we foreclose on and come to own property, our financial performance and returns to shareholders could suffer.
Liability relating to environmental matters may impact the value of properties that we may acquire or foreclose on.
If we acquire or foreclose on properties with respect to which we have extended mortgage loans, we may be subject to environmental liabilities arising from such foreclosed properties. Under various U.S. federal, state and local laws, an owner or operator of real property may become liable for the costs of removal of certain hazardous substances released on its property. These laws often impose liability without regard to whether the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the release of such hazardous substances.
The presence of hazardous substances may adversely affect an owner’s ability to sell real estate or borrow using real estate as collateral. To the extent that an owner of a property underlying one of our debt investments becomes liable for removal costs, the ability of the owner to make payments to us may be reduced, which in turn may adversely affect the value of the relevant mortgage asset held by us and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. If we acquire any properties, the presence of hazardous substances on a property may adversely affect our ability to sell the property and we may incur substantial remediation costs, thus harming our financial condition. The discovery of material environmental liabilities attached to such properties could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
Fluctuations in interest rates could adversely affect the value of our investments and cause our interest expense to increase, which could result in reduced earnings, affect our profitability and dividends as well as the cash available for distribution to our shareholders.
Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary and tax policies, domestic and international economic and political considerations and other factors beyond our control. Interest rate fluctuations present a variety of risks, including the risk of a narrowing of the difference between asset yields and borrowing rates, flattening or inversion of the yield curve and fluctuating prepayment rates, and may adversely affect our income and the value of our assets and capital stock.
We invest in Agency RMBS, non-Agency RMBS, CMBS and mortgage loans that are subject to risks related to interest rate fluctuations. In a normal yield curve environment, short-term interest rates are lower than long-term interest rates. Fluctuations in short- or long-term interest rates could have adverse effects on our operations and financial condition, which may negatively affect cash available for distribution to our shareholders. This may include the following:
• | If long-term rates increased significantly, the market value of investments in our target assets would decline, and the duration and weighted average life of the investments would increase. We could realize a loss if the securities were sold. Further, declines in market value may reduce book value and ultimately reduce earnings or result in losses to us. |
• | An increase in short-term interest rates would increase the amount of interest owed on the repurchase agreements we enter into to finance the purchase of our investments. |
• | If short-term interest rates rise disproportionately relative to longer-term interest rates (a flattening of the yield curve), our borrowing costs may increase more rapidly than the interest income earned on our assets. Because we expect our investments, on average, generally will bear interest based on longer-term rates than our borrowings, a flattening of the yield curve would tend to decrease our net income and the market value of our net assets. Additionally, to the extent cash flows from investments that return scheduled and unscheduled principal are reinvested, the spread between the yields on the new investments and available borrowing rates may decline, which would likely decrease our net income. |
• | If short-term interest rates exceed longer-term interest rates (a yield curve inversion), our borrowing costs may exceed our interest income and we could incur operating losses. |
• | If interest rates fall, we may recognize losses on our swap positions that are not offset by gains on our assets, which may adversely affect our liquidity and financial position. |
In a period of rising interest rates, our operating results will depend in large part on the difference between the income from our assets and financing costs. We anticipate that, in most cases, the income from such assets will respond more slowly to interest rate fluctuations than the cost of our borrowings. Consequently, changes in interest rates, particularly short-term interest rates, may significantly influence our net income. Increases in these rates will tend to decrease our net income and market value of our assets and may negatively affect cash available for distribution to our shareholders.
In addition, market values of our investments may decline without any general increase in interest rates for a number of reasons, such as increases or expected increases in defaults, or increases or expected increases in voluntary prepayments for
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those investments that are subject to prepayment risk or widening of credit spreads, which may negatively affect cash available for distribution to our shareholders.
An increase in interest rates may cause a decrease in the volume of certain of our target assets which could adversely affect our ability to acquire target assets that satisfy our investment objectives and to generate income and pay dividends.
Rising interest rates generally reduce the demand for mortgage loans due to the higher cost of borrowing. A reduction in the volume of mortgage loans originated may affect the volume of target assets available to us, which could adversely affect our ability to acquire assets that satisfy our investment objectives. Rising interest rates may also cause our target assets that were issued prior to an interest rate increase to provide yields that are below prevailing market interest rates. If rising interest rates cause us to be unable to acquire a sufficient volume of our target assets with a yield that is above our borrowing cost, our ability to satisfy our investment objectives and to generate income and pay dividends may be materially and adversely affected.
We may experience a decline in the market value of our assets and interest rate swaps.
A decline in the market value of our assets and interest rate swaps may require us to recognize an “other-than-temporary” impairment against such assets under U.S. GAAP if we were to determine that, with respect to any assets in unrealized loss positions, we do not have the ability and intent to hold such assets to maturity or for a period of time sufficient to allow for recovery to the amortized cost of such assets. If such a determination were to be made, we would recognize unrealized losses through earnings and write down the amortized cost of such assets to a new cost basis, based on the fair market value of such assets on the date they are considered to be other-than-temporarily impaired. Such impairment charges reflect non-cash losses at the time of recognition; subsequent disposition or sale of such assets could further affect our future losses or gains, as they are based on the difference between the sale price received and adjusted amortized cost of such assets at the time of sale.
Some of our portfolio investments are recorded at estimated fair value and, as a result, there is uncertainty as to the value of these investments.
Some of our portfolio investments are in the form of securities that are not publicly traded. The fair value of securities and other investments that are not publicly traded may not be readily determinable. We value these investments quarterly at fair value, which may include unobservable inputs. Because such valuations are subjective, the fair value of certain of our assets may fluctuate over short periods of time and our determinations of fair value may differ materially from the values that would have been used if a ready market for these securities existed. The value of our capital stock could be adversely affected if our determinations regarding the fair value of these investments were materially higher than the values that we ultimately realize upon their disposal.
Prepayment rates may adversely affect the value of our investment portfolio.
Pools of residential mortgage loans underlie the RMBS that we acquire. In the case of residential mortgage loans, there are seldom any restrictions on borrowers’ abilities to prepay their loans. We generally receive prepayments of principal that are made on these underlying mortgage loans. When borrowers prepay their mortgage loans faster than expected, the prepayments on the RMBS are also faster than expected. Faster than expected prepayments could adversely affect our profitability, including in the following ways:
• | We may purchase RMBS that have a higher interest rate than the market interest rate at the time. In exchange for this higher interest rate, we may pay a premium over the par value to acquire the security. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, we may amortize this premium over the estimated term of the RMBS. If the RMBS is prepaid in whole or in part prior to its maturity date, however, we may be required to expense the premium that was prepaid at the time of the prepayment. |
• | A substantial portion of our adjustable-rate RMBS may bear interest rates that are lower than their fully indexed rates, which are equivalent to the applicable index rate plus a margin. If an adjustable-rate RMBS is prepaid prior to or soon after the time of adjustment to a fully-indexed rate, we will have held that RMBS while it was least profitable and lost the opportunity to receive interest at the fully indexed rate over the remainder of its expected life. |
• | If we are unable to acquire new RMBS similar to the prepaid RMBS, our financial condition, results of operation and cash flow would suffer. Prepayment rates generally increase when interest rates fall and decrease when interest rates rise, but changes in prepayment rates are difficult to predict. Prepayment rates also may be affected by conditions in the housing and financial markets, general economic conditions and the relative interest rates on FRMs and ARMs. |
While we seek to minimize prepayment risk to the extent practical, in selecting investments we must balance prepayment risk against other risks and the potential returns of each investment. No strategy can completely insulate us from prepayment risk.
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Ongoing market conditions may upset the historical relationship between interest rate changes and prepayment trends, which would make it more difficult for us to analyze our investment portfolio.
Our success depends on our ability to analyze the relationship of changing interest rates on prepayments of the mortgage loans that underlie our RMBS and mortgage loans we acquire. Changes in interest rates and prepayments affect the market price of the target assets. As part of our overall portfolio risk management, we analyze interest rate changes and prepayment trends separately and collectively to assess their effects on our investment portfolio. In conducting our analysis, we depend on certain assumptions based upon historical trends with respect to the relationship between interest rates and prepayments under normal market conditions. If dislocations in the mortgage market or other developments change the way that prepayment trends have historically responded to interest rate changes, our ability to (1) assess the market value of our investment portfolio, (2) implement our hedging strategies, and (3) implement techniques to reduce our prepayment rate volatility would be significantly affected, which could materially adversely affect our financial position and results of operations.
Risks Related to Financing and Hedging
We use leverage in executing our business strategy, which may adversely affect the return on our assets and may reduce cash available for distribution to our shareholders, as well as increase losses when economic conditions are unfavorable.
We use leverage to finance our assets through borrowings from repurchase agreements and other secured and unsecured forms of borrowing, and we contribute capital to equity investments. Although we are not required to maintain any particular debt-to-equity leverage ratio, the amount of leverage we may deploy for particular assets will depend upon our Manager’s assessment of the credit and other risks of those assets.
Our access to financing depends upon a number of factors over which we have little or no control, including:
•general market conditions;
•the lender’s view of the quality of our assets, valuation of our assets and our liquidity;
•the lender’s perception of our growth potential;
•our current and potential future earnings and cash distributions; and
•the market price of the shares of our capital stock.
Any weakness or volatility in the financial markets, the residential and commercial mortgage markets or the economy generally could adversely affect the factors listed above. In addition, such weakness or volatility could adversely affect one or more of our potential lenders and could cause one or more of our potential lenders to be unwilling or unable to provide us with financing or to increase the costs of that financing. Current market conditions have affected different types of financing for mortgage-related assets to varying degrees, with some sources generally being unavailable, others being available but at a higher cost, with still others being largely unaffected. Some of our target assets may be more difficult to finance than others and the market for such financing can change based on many factors over which we have little or no control.
The return on our assets and cash available for distribution to our shareholders may be reduced to the extent that market conditions prevent us from leveraging our assets or cause the cost of our financing to increase relative to the income that can be derived from the assets acquired. Our financing costs will reduce cash available for distributions to shareholders. We may not be able to meet our financing obligations and, to the extent that we cannot, we risk the loss of some or all of our assets to liquidation or sale to satisfy the obligations.
As a result of ongoing market conditions, including the contraction among and failure of certain lenders, it may be more difficult for us to secure financing.
Our results of operations are materially affected by conditions in the financial markets and the economy generally. Continuing concerns over inflation, energy price volatility, geopolitical issues, unemployment, the availability and cost of credit, the mortgage market and a weak real estate market contribute to market volatility.
In recent years, dramatic declines in the residential and commercial real estate markets, decreased home prices and increased foreclosures and unemployment, resulted in significant asset write-downs by financial institutions, which caused many financial institutions to seek additional capital, to merge with other institutions and, in some cases, to fail. We rely significantly on the availability of repurchase agreement financing to acquire many of our target assets. Institutions from which we seek to obtain financing may have owned or financed residential or commercial mortgage loans, real estate-related securities and real estate loans which have declined in value and caused losses. Many lenders and institutional investors have
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reduced and, in some cases, ceased to provide funding to borrowers, including other financial institutions. As a result of ongoing market conditions it may be more difficult for us to secure financing as there are fewer institutional lenders and those remaining lenders have tightened their lending standards. Our profitability may be adversely affected if we are unable to secure financing for our assets.
If a counterparty to our repurchase transactions defaults on its obligation to resell the underlying security back to us at the end of the transaction term, if the value of the underlying security has declined as of the end of that term, or if we default on our obligations under the repurchase agreement, we will lose money on our repurchase transactions.
When we engage in repurchase transactions, we generally sell securities to lenders (repurchase agreement counterparties) and receive cash from these lenders. The lenders are obligated to resell the same or similar securities back to us at the end of the term of the transaction. Because the cash we receive from the lender when we initially sell the securities to the lender is less than the value of those securities (this difference is the haircut), if the lender defaults on its obligation to resell the same securities back to us we may incur a loss on the transaction equal to the amount of the haircut (assuming there was no change in the value of the securities). We would also lose money on a repurchase transaction if the value of the underlying securities has declined as of the end of the transaction term, as we would have to repurchase the securities for their initial value but would receive securities worth less than that amount. Further, if we default on one of our obligations under a repurchase transaction, the lender can terminate the transaction and cease entering into any other repurchase transactions with us. Some of our repurchase agreements contain cross-default provisions, so that if a default occurs under any one agreement, the lenders under our other agreements could also declare a default. Any losses we incur on our repurchase transactions could adversely affect our earnings and thus our cash available for distribution to our shareholders.
Our use or future use of repurchase agreements to finance our target assets may give our lenders greater rights in the event that either we or a lender files for bankruptcy.
Our borrowings or future borrowings under repurchase agreements for our target assets may qualify for special treatment under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, giving our lenders the ability to avoid the automatic stay provisions of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code and to take possession of and liquidate the assets that we have pledged under their repurchase agreements without delay in the event that we file for bankruptcy. Furthermore, the special treatment of repurchase agreements under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code may make it difficult for us to recover our pledged assets in the event that a lender party to such agreement files for bankruptcy. Therefore, our use of repurchase agreements to finance our investments exposes our pledged assets to risk in the event of a bankruptcy filing by either a lender or us.
We depend on repurchase agreement financing to acquire our target assets and our inability to access this funding could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and business.
We use repurchase agreement financing as a strategy to increase the return on our assets. However, we may not be able to achieve our desired leverage ratio for a number of reasons, including if the following events occur:
•our lenders do not make repurchase agreement financing available to us at acceptable rates;
•certain of our lenders exit the repurchase market;
•our lenders require that we pledge additional collateral to cover our borrowings, which we may be unable to do; or
•we determine that the leverage would expose us to excessive risk.
Our ability to fund our target assets may be impacted by our ability to secure repurchase agreement financing on acceptable terms. We can provide no assurance that lenders will be willing or able to provide us with sufficient financing. In addition, because repurchase agreements are short-term commitments of capital, lenders may respond to market conditions making it more difficult for us to secure continued financing. During certain periods of the credit cycle, lenders may curtail their willingness to provide financing. For example, in response to market conditions lenders have in the past and may in the future increase financing rates and decrease advance rates. Repurchase agreement counterparties have taken these steps in order to compensate themselves for a perceived increased risk due to the illiquidity of the underlying collateral. In some cases, margin calls have forced borrowers to liquidate collateral in order to meet the capital requirements of these margin calls, resulting in losses. In addition, if major market participants were to exit the repurchase agreement financing business, the value of our portfolio could be negatively impacted, thus reducing net shareholder equity, or book value. Furthermore, if many of our current or potential lenders are unwilling or unable to provide us with repurchase agreement financing, we could be forced to sell our assets at an inopportune time when prices are depressed. In addition, if the regulatory capital requirements imposed on our lenders change, they may be required to significantly increase the cost of the financing that they provide to us. Our lenders also may revise their eligibility requirements for the types of assets they are willing to finance or the terms of such financings, based on, among other factors, the regulatory environment and their management of perceived risk, particularly with respect to assignee liability.
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Foreign financial market volatility and foreign governments’ responses may negatively impact our results of operations, financial condition or business.
Foreign financial markets have experienced significant volatility related to events such as the European debt crisis, declining currencies in certain emerging markets and their governments’ responses. Such responses have included the implementation of various financial reforms including but not limited to development of the Basel III standards by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. The final package of Basel III reforms was approved by the G20 leaders in November 2010. In January 2013, the Basel committee agreed to delay implementation of the rules and expanded the scope of assets permitted to be included in a bank’s liquidity measurement. Financial institutions will have until 2019, rather than 2015, to fully comply with the Basel III standards. Adoption of the Basel III standards by U.S. banking regulators could raise capital requirements for, and could place capital constraints, on the financial institutions from which we borrow, possibly limiting our access to financing or affecting the terms of our future financing arrangements. Further, ongoing concerns regarding the financial weaknesses of the European Union sovereign nations and emerging markets could renew concerns of instability in financial systems worldwide. There can be no assurance that actions by foreign governments to stabilize the financial markets will be effective or that these actions and continued volatility will not negatively impact our results of operations, financial condition and business.
The repurchase agreements that we use to finance our investments may require us to provide additional collateral and may restrict us from leveraging our assets as fully as desired.
The amount of financing we receive, or may in the future receive, under our repurchase agreements is directly related to the lenders’ valuation of the assets that secure the outstanding borrowings. Typically, repurchase agreements grant the respective lender the absolute right to reevaluate the market value of the assets that secure outstanding borrowings at any time. If a lender determines in its sole discretion that the value of the assets has decreased, it has the right to initiate a margin call. A margin call would require us to transfer additional assets to such lender without any advance of funds from the lender for such transfer or to repay a portion of the outstanding borrowings. Any such margin call could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, business, liquidity and ability to make distributions to our shareholders, and could cause the value of our capital stock to decline. We may be forced to sell assets at significantly depressed prices to meet such margin calls and to maintain adequate liquidity, which could cause us to incur losses. Moreover, to the extent we are forced to sell assets at such time, given market conditions, we may be selling at the same time as others facing similar pressures, which could exacerbate a difficult market environment and which could result in our incurring significantly greater losses on our sale of such assets. In an extreme case of market duress, a market may not even be present for certain of our assets at any price. Such a situation would likely result in a rapid deterioration of our financial condition and possibly necessitate a filing for bankruptcy protection.
Further, financial institutions providing the repurchase facilities may require us to maintain a certain amount of cash uninvested or to set aside non-levered assets sufficient to maintain a specified liquidity position which would allow us to satisfy our collateral obligations. As a result, we may not be able to leverage our assets as fully as we would choose, which could reduce our return on equity. If we are unable to meet these collateral obligations, our financial condition could deteriorate rapidly.
An increase in our borrowing costs relative to the interest we receive on investments in our target assets may adversely affect our profitability and our cash available for distribution to our shareholders.
As our financings mature, we will be required either to enter into new borrowings or to sell certain of our investments. An increase in short-term interest rates at the time that we seek to enter into new borrowings would reduce the spread between our returns on our assets and the cost of our borrowings. This would adversely affect our returns on our assets, which might reduce earnings and, in turn, cash available for distribution to our shareholders.
We enter into hedging transactions that could expose us to contingent liabilities in the future.
Part of our investment strategy involves entering into hedging transactions that could require us to fund cash payments in certain circumstances (such as the early termination of the hedging instrument caused by an event of default or other early termination event, or the decision by a counterparty to request margin securities it is contractually owed under the terms of the hedging instrument). The amount due would be equal to the unrealized loss of the open swap positions with the respective counterparty and could also include other fees and charges. Such economic losses would be reflected in our results of operations, and our ability to fund these obligations would depend on the liquidity of our assets and access to capital at the time, and the need to fund these obligations could adversely impact our financial condition.
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Hedging against interest rate exposure may adversely affect our earnings, which could reduce our cash available for distribution to our shareholders.
We pursue various hedging strategies to seek to reduce our exposure to adverse changes in interest rates. Our hedging activity varies in scope based on the level and volatility of interest rates, the type of assets held and other changing market conditions. Interest rate hedging may fail to protect or could adversely affect us because, among other things:
•interest rate hedging can be expensive, particularly during periods of rising and volatile interest rates;
•available interest rate hedges may not correspond directly with the interest rate risk for which protection is sought;
•due to a credit loss, the duration of the hedge may not match the duration of the related liability;
• | the amount of income that a REIT may earn from hedging transactions (other than hedging transactions that satisfy certain requirements of the Internal Revenue Code or that are done through a taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”)) to offset interest rate losses is limited by U.S. federal tax provisions governing REITs; |
• | the credit quality of the hedging counterparty owing money on the hedge may be downgraded to such an extent that it impairs our ability to sell or assign our side of the hedging transaction; and |
•the hedging counterparty owing money in the hedging transaction may default on its obligation to pay.
Our hedging transactions, which are intended to limit losses, may actually adversely affect our earnings, which could reduce our cash available for distribution to our shareholders.
In addition, the enforceability of agreements underlying hedging transactions may depend on compliance with applicable statutory and commodity and other regulatory requirements and, depending on the identity of the counterparty, applicable international requirements. Recently, new regulations have been promulgated by U.S. and foreign regulators attempting to strengthen oversight of derivative contracts. Any actions taken by regulators could constrain our investment strategy and could increase our costs either of which could materially and adversely impact our results of operations. In particular, the Dodd-Frank Act requires certain derivatives, including certain interest rate and credit default swaps, to be executed on a regulated market and cleared through a central counterparty, which may result in increased margin requirements and costs.
The business failure of a hedging counterparty with whom we enter into a hedging transaction will most likely result in its default. Default by a party with whom we enter into a hedging transaction may result in the loss of unrealized profits and force us to cover our commitments, if any, at the then current market price. Although generally we seek to reserve the right to terminate our hedging positions, it may not always be possible to dispose of or close out a hedging position without the consent of the hedging counterparty and we may not be able to enter into an offsetting contract in order to cover our risk. We cannot assure you that a liquid secondary market will exist for hedging instruments purchased or sold, and we may be required to maintain a position until exercise or expiration, which could result in losses.
We may enter into derivative contracts that expose us to contingent liabilities and those contingent liabilities may not appear on our balance sheet. We may invest in synthetic securities, credit default swaps, and other credit derivatives, which expose us to additional risks.
We have entered and may again in the future enter into derivative contracts that could require us to make cash payments in certain circumstances. Potential payment obligations would be contingent liabilities and may not appear on our balance sheet. Our ability to satisfy these contingent liabilities depends on the liquidity of our assets and our access to capital and cash. The need to fund these contingent liabilities could adversely impact our financial condition.
We may directly or through our equity investments, invest in synthetic securities, credit default swaps, and other credit derivatives that reference other real estate securities or indices. These investments may present risks in excess of those resulting from the referenced security or index. These investments are typically a contractual relationship with counterparties and not an acquisition of a referenced security or other asset. In these types of investments, we have no right to directly enforce compliance with the terms of the referenced security or other assets and we have no voting or other consensual rights of ownership with respect to the referenced security or other assets. In the event of insolvency of a counterparty, we will be treated as a general creditor of the counterparty and will have no claim of title with respect to the referenced security.
The markets for these types of investments have, in some cases, only existed for a few years and may not be liquid. Many of these investments incorporate “pay as you go” credit events which have been introduced into the market fairly recently. For example, the terms of credit default swaps are still evolving and may change significantly, which could make it more difficult to assign such an instrument or determine the “loss” pursuant to the underlying agreement. In a credit default swap, the party wishing to “buy” protection will pay a premium. When interest rates change, the spreads change, or the prevailing credit premiums on credit default swaps change, the amount of the termination payment due could change by a substantial amount. In an illiquid market, the determination of this change could be difficult to ascertain and, as a result, we may not achieve the
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desired benefit of entering into this contractual relationship. To date, we have entered into a limited number of these agreements. We may over time increase our exposure to these types of investments as the market for them grows and during times when acquiring other real estate loans and securities may be difficult. We may find credit default swaps and other forms of synthetic securities to be a more efficient method of providing credit-enhancement on specific pools of real estate loans. Our efforts to manage the risk associated with these investments, including counterparty risks may prove to be insufficient in enabling us to generate the returns anticipated.
Risks Related to Our Company
Maintaining 1940 Act exclusions for our subsidiaries imposes limits on our operations. Failure to maintain an exclusion could have a material negative impact on our operations.
We conduct our operations so that neither we, nor our operating partnership, IAS Operating Partnership LP (the “Operating Partnership”) nor the subsidiaries of the Operating Partnership are required to register as an investment company under the 1940 Act.
Section 3(a)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act defines an investment company as any issuer that is or holds itself out as being engaged primarily in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities. Section 3(a)(1)(C) of the 1940 Act defines an investment company as any issuer that is engaged or proposes to engage in the business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities and owns or proposes to acquire investment securities having a value exceeding 40% of the value of the issuer’s total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis, which we refer to as the 40% test. Excluded from the term “investment securities,” among other things, are U.S. government securities and securities issued by majority-owned subsidiaries that are not themselves investment companies and are not relying on the exception from the definition of investment company set forth in Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7) of the 1940 Act.
We are a holding company that conducts its businesses through the Operating Partnership and the Operating Partnership’s wholly-owned or majority-owned subsidiaries. Both we and the Operating Partnership conduct our operations so that we comply with the 40% test. Accordingly, the securities issued by these subsidiaries that are excepted from the definition of "investment company" under Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7) of the 1940 Act, together with any other investment securities the Operating Partnership may own, may not have a value in excess of 40% of the value of the Operating Partnership's total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis. Compliance with the 40% test limits the types of businesses in which we are permitted to engage through our subsidiaries. Furthermore, IAS Asset I LLC and certain of the Operating Partnership’s other subsidiaries that we may form in the future intend to rely upon an exception from the definition of investment company under Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the 1940 Act, which is available for entities “primarily engaged in the business of purchasing or otherwise acquiring mortgages and other liens on and interests in real estate.” This exception generally requires that at least 55% of a subsidiary’s portfolio must be comprised of qualifying assets and at least 80% of its portfolio must be comprised of qualifying assets and real estate-related assets (and no more than 20% comprised of miscellaneous assets). For purposes of the exclusions provided by Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the 1940 Act, we classify our investments based in large measure on no-action letters issued by the SEC staff and other SEC interpretive guidance and, in the absence of SEC guidance, on our view of what constitutes a qualifying real estate asset and a real estate-related asset. Qualifying assets for this purpose generally include mortgage loans and other assets, such as whole pool Agency and non-Agency RMBS, that the SEC staff in various no-action letters has determined are the functional equivalent of mortgage loans for the purposes of the 1940 Act. We treat as real estate-related assets CMBS, debt and equity securities of companies primarily engaged in real estate businesses, agency partial pool certificates and securities issued by pass-through entities of which substantially all of the assets consist of qualifying assets and/or real estate-related assets.
Qualification for exception from the definition of investment company under the 1940 Act will limit our ability to make certain investments, including investments in real estate-related assets and miscellaneous assets. Therefore, IAS Asset I LLC and the Operating Partnership’s other subsidiaries may need to adjust their respective assets and strategy from time-to-time in order to continue to rely on the exception from the definition of investment company under Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the 1940 Act. Any such adjustment in assets or strategy is not expected to have a material adverse effect on our business or strategy. Although we monitor our portfolio periodically and prior to each investment acquisition, there can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain this exception from the definition of investment company for IAS Asset I LLC and the Operating Partnership’s other subsidiaries intending to rely on Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the 1940 Act.
We may in the future organize one or more subsidiaries that seek to rely on the 1940 Act exception provided to certain structured financing vehicles by Rule 3a-7. Any such subsidiary would need to be structured to comply with any guidance that may be issued by the SEC staff on the restrictions contained in Rule 3a-7. We expect that the aggregate value of the Operating Partnership’s interests in subsidiaries that seek to rely on Rule 3a-7 will comprise less than 20% of the Operating Partnership’s (and, therefore, our) total assets on an unconsolidated basis.
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We believe neither we nor our Operating Partnership will be considered an investment company under Section 3(a)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act because neither we nor our Operating Partnership will engage primarily or hold ourselves out as being engaged primarily in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities. Rather, through our Operating Partnership’s wholly-owned or majority-owned subsidiaries, we and our Operating Partnership will be primarily engaged in the non-investment company businesses of these subsidiaries, namely the business of purchasing or otherwise acquiring real property, mortgages and other interests in real estate.
There can be no assurance that the laws and regulations governing the 1940 Act status of REITs, including the SEC staff providing more specific or different guidance regarding these exemptions, will not change in a manner that adversely affects our operations or inhibits our ability to pursue our strategies. If we, the Operating Partnership or its subsidiaries fail to maintain an exception or exemption from the 1940 Act, we could, among other things, be required to (a) change the manner in which we conduct our operations to avoid being required to register as an investment company, (b) effect sales of our assets in a manner that, or at a time when, we would not otherwise choose to do so, or (c) register as an investment company, any of which could negatively affect the value of our capital stock, the sustainability of our business model, and our ability to make distributions which could have an adverse effect on our business and the market price for our shares of capital stock.
We may be adversely affected by the current and future economic, regulatory and other actions of the U.S. government and its agencies.
In response to the financial crisis of 2008, the U.S. government, Federal Reserve, U.S. Treasury, Securities and Exchange Commission and other governmental and regulatory bodies have taken a number of economic actions and regulatory initiatives designed to stabilize and stimulate the economy and the financial markets, and additional actions and initiatives may occur in the future. These actions may include the development and implementation of programs that could result in a flattening in the yield curve and lower long-term interest rates, among other potential impacts. Lower long-term interest rates could result in increased prepayment rates and a narrowing of our net interest margin.
There can be no assurance that, in the long term, actions the government and regulatory bodies have taken in the past or may take in the future will improve the efficiency and stability of mortgage or U.S. financial markets. To the extent the financial markets do not respond favorably to any of these actions or such actions do not function as intended, our business may be harmed. In addition, because the programs are designed, in part, to improve the markets for certain of our target assets, the establishment of these programs may result in increased competition for attractive opportunities in our target assets or, in the case of government-backed refinancing and modification programs, may have the effect of reducing the revenues associated with certain of our target assets. We cannot predict whether or when additional actions or initiatives to stabilize and stimulate the economy and the financial markets may occur, and such actions could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We may change any of our strategies, policies or procedures without shareholder consent.
We may change any of our strategies, policies or procedures with respect to investments, acquisitions, growth, operations, indebtedness, capitalization and distributions at any time without the consent of our shareholders, which could result in an investment portfolio with a different risk profile. A change in our investment strategy may increase our exposure to interest rate risk, default risk and real estate market fluctuations. Furthermore, a change in our asset allocation could result in our making investments in asset categories different from those described in this Report. These changes could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, the market price of our capital stock and our ability to make distributions to our shareholders.
We are highly dependent on information systems and systems failures could significantly disrupt our business, which may, in turn, negatively affect the market price of our capital stock and our ability to pay dividends.
Our business is highly dependent on Invesco’s information systems. Any failure or interruption of Invesco’s systems or cyber-attacks or security breaches could cause delays or other problems in our securities trading activities, which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and negatively affect the market price of our capital stock and our ability to pay dividends to our shareholders. In addition, we also face the risk of operational failure, termination or capacity constraints of any of the third parties with which we do business or that facilitate our business activities, including clearing agents or other financial intermediaries we use to facilitate our securities transactions.
Computer malware, viruses and computer hacking and phishing attacks have become more prevalent in our industry and may occur on our Manager's systems in the future. We rely heavily on our and our third party providers’ financial, accounting and other data processing systems. It is difficult to determine what, if any, negative impact may directly result from any specific interruption or cyber-attacks or security breaches of such networks or systems or any failure to maintain the
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performance, reliability and security of our technical infrastructure. As a result, any computer malware, viruses and computer hacking and phishing attacks may negatively affect our operations.
Risks Related to Accounting
Reclassification of securities financed with repurchase agreements may adversely affect our operations and our reported profitability.
In February 2008, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued final guidance regarding the accounting and financial statement presentation for transactions that involve the acquisition of securities from a counterparty and the subsequent financing of these securities through repurchase agreements with the same counterparty. If we fail to meet the criteria under guidance to account for the transactions on a gross basis, our accounting treatment would not affect the economics of these transactions, but would affect how these transactions are reported on our financial statements. Although we would not expect this change in presentation to have a material impact on our net income, it could have an adverse impact on our operations. It could have an impact on our ability to include certain securities purchased and simultaneously financed from the same counterparty as qualifying real estate interests or real estate-related assets used to qualify under the exemption to not have to register as an investment company under the 1940 Act. It could also limit our investment opportunities as we may need to limit our purchases of securities that are simultaneously financed with the same counterparty.
We have discontinued hedge accounting for interest rate swap agreements which may result in volatility in our U.S. GAAP earnings.
We enter into derivative transactions to reduce the impact that changes in interest rates will have on our net interest margin. Effective December 31, 2013, we discontinued hedge accounting for interest rate swap agreements which had previously been accounted for as cash flow hedges under ASC Topic 815. In accordance with ASC Topic 815, interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges are recorded at fair value as assets and liabilities on the balance sheet with any changes in fair value recorded in other comprehensive income. As a result of discontinuing hedge accounting, future changes in the fair value of the Company's interest rate swap agreements will be recorded in the Company's consolidated statement of operations as a portion of “fair value adjustments, net” and may result in volatility in our U.S. GAAP earnings. The total changes in fair value may exceed our consolidated net income in any period or for a full year. Volatility in our net income may adversely affect the price of our capital stock.
The preparation of our financial statements involves use of estimates, judgments and assumptions, and our financial statements may be materially affected if our estimates prove to be inaccurate.
Financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP require the use of estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts. Different estimates, judgments and assumptions reasonably could be used that would have a material effect on the financial statements, and changes in these estimates, judgments and assumptions are likely to occur from period to period in the future. Significant areas of accounting requiring the application of management’s judgment include, but are not limited to, determining the fair value of investment securities and reserves for loan losses. These estimates, judgments and assumptions are inherently uncertain, and, if they prove to be wrong, then we face the risk that charges to income will be required. Any such charges could significantly harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and the price of our securities. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Critical Accounting Policies” for a discussion of the accounting estimates, judgments and assumptions that we believe are the most critical to an understanding of our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our reported U.S. GAAP financial results differ from the taxable income results that impact our dividend distribution requirements and, therefore, our U.S. GAAP results may not be an accurate indicator of future taxable income and dividend distributions.
Generally, the cumulative net income we report over the life of an asset will be the same for U.S. GAAP and tax purposes, although the timing of this income recognition over the life of the asset could be materially different. Differences exist in the accounting for U.S. GAAP net income and REIT taxable income which can lead to significant variances in the amount and timing of when income and losses are recognized under these two measures. Due to these differences, our reported U.S. GAAP financial results could materially differ from our determination of taxable income, which impacts our dividend distribution requirements. Therefore, our U.S. GAAP results may not be an accurate indicator of future taxable income and dividend distributions. Capital gains and losses in a period may impact taxable income and impact the dividend paid in future periods.
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Risks Related to Our Relationship with Our Manager
We are dependent on our Manager and its key personnel for our success.
We have no separate facilities and are completely reliant on our Manager. We do not have any employees. Our executive officers are employees of our Manager or one of its affiliates. Our Manager has significant discretion as to the implementation of our investment and operating policies and strategies. Accordingly, we believe that our success depends to a significant extent upon the efforts, experience, diligence, skill and network of business contacts of the executive officers and key personnel of our Manager. The executive officers and key personnel of our Manager evaluate, negotiate, close and monitor our investments; therefore, our success depends on their continued service. The departure of any of the executive officers or key personnel of our Manager who provide management services to us could have a material adverse effect on our performance. In addition, we offer no assurance that our Manager will remain our investment manager or that we will continue to have access to our Manager’s principals and professionals. The initial term of our management agreement with our Manager expired on July 1, 2011. The agreement automatically renews for successive one-year terms, and the management agreement is currently in a renewal term. If the management agreement is terminated and no suitable replacement is found to manage us, we may not be able to execute our business plan. Moreover, with the exception of our Chief Financial Officer, our Manager is not obligated to dedicate certain of its personnel exclusively to us nor is it obligated to dedicate any specific portion of its time to our business.
There are conflicts of interest in our relationship with our Manager and Invesco, which could result in decisions that are not in the best interests of our shareholders.
We are subject to conflicts of interest arising out of our relationship with Invesco and our Manager. Specifically, each of our officers and certain members of our board of directors are employees of our Manager or one of its affiliates. Our Manager and our executive officers may have conflicts between their duties to us and their duties to, and interests in, Invesco. We compete for investment opportunities directly with other clients of our Manager or Invesco and its subsidiaries. A substantial number of separate accounts managed by our Manager have limited exposure to our target assets. In addition, in the future our Manager may have additional clients that compete directly with us for investment opportunities. Our Manager has investment allocation policies in place intended to enable us to share equitably with the other clients of our Manager or Invesco and its subsidiaries. There is no assurance that our Manager’s allocation policies that address some of the conflicts relating to our access to investment and financing sources will be adequate to address all of the conflicts that may arise. Therefore, we may compete for investment or financing opportunities sourced by our Manager and, as a result, we may either not be presented with the opportunity or have to compete with other clients of our Manager or clients of Invesco and its subsidiaries to acquire these investments or have access to these sources of financing. Our Manager and our executive officers may choose to allocate favorable investments to other clients of Invesco instead of to us. Further, when there are turbulent conditions in the mortgage markets, distress in the credit markets or other times when we will need focused support and assistance from our Manager, Invesco or entities for which our Manager also acts as an investment manager will likewise require greater focus and attention, placing our Manager’s resources in high demand. In such situations, we may not receive the level of support and assistance that we may receive if we were internally managed or if our Manager did not act as a manager for other entities.
We pay our Manager substantial management fees regardless of the performance of our portfolio. Our Manager’s entitlement to a management fee, which is not based upon performance metrics or goals, might reduce its incentive to devote its time and effort to seeking investments that provide attractive risk-adjusted returns for our portfolio. This in turn could hurt both our ability to make distributions to our shareholders and the market price of our capital stock.
Our Manager would have a conflict in recommending our participation in any equity investment it manages.
Our Manager has a conflict of interest in recommending our participation in any equity investment it manages because the fees payable to it may be greater than the fees payable by us under the management agreement. With respect to certain equity investments we have made, our Manager has agreed to waive fees at the equity investment level to avoid duplication. To address any potential conflict of interest, we require the terms of any equity investment managed by our Manager to be approved by our audit committee consisting of our independent directors. However, there can be no assurance that all conflicts of interest will be eliminated.
The management agreement with our Manager was not negotiated on an arm’s-length basis and may not be as favorable to us as if it had been negotiated with an unaffiliated third party and may be costly and difficult to terminate.
Our executive officers and certain members of our board of directors are employees of our Manager or one of its affiliates. Our management agreement with our Manager was negotiated between related parties and its terms, including fees payable, may not be as favorable to us as if it had been negotiated with an unaffiliated third party.
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Termination of the management agreement with our Manager without cause is difficult and costly. Our independent directors review our Manager’s performance and the management fees annually and the management agreement may be terminated annually upon the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of our independent directors based upon: (1) our Manager’s unsatisfactory performance that is materially detrimental to us, or (2) a determination that the management fees payable to our Manager are not fair, subject to our Manager’s right to prevent termination based on unfair fees by accepting a reduction of management fees agreed to by at least two-thirds of our independent directors. Our Manager will be provided 180 days prior notice of any such termination. Additionally, upon such a termination, the management agreement provides that we will pay our Manager a termination fee equal to three times the sum of the average annual management fee received by our Manager during the prior 24-month period before such termination, calculated as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal quarter. These provisions may increase the cost of terminating the management agreement and adversely affect our ability to terminate our Manager without cause. If the management agreement is terminated and no suitable replacement is found to manage us, we may not be able to execute our business plan.
Pursuant to the management agreement, our Manager does not assume any responsibility other than to render the services called for thereunder and is not responsible for any action of our board of directors in following or declining to follow its advice or recommendations. Our Manager maintains a contractual, as opposed to a fiduciary, relationship with us. Under the terms of the management agreement, our Manager, its officers, shareholders, members, managers, partners, directors and personnel, any person controlling or controlled by our Manager and any person providing sub-advisory services to our Manager will not be liable to us, any subsidiary of ours, our directors, our shareholders or any subsidiary’s shareholders or partners for acts or omissions performed in accordance with and pursuant to the management agreement, except because of acts constituting bad faith, willful misconduct, gross negligence, or reckless disregard of their duties under the management agreement, as determined by a final non-appealable order of a court of competent jurisdiction. We have agreed to indemnify our Manager, its officers, shareholders, members, managers, directors and personnel, any person controlling or controlled by our Manager and any person providing sub-advisory services to our Manager with respect to all expenses, losses, damages, liabilities, demands, charges and claims arising from acts of our Manager not constituting bad faith, willful misconduct, gross negligence, or reckless disregard of duties, performed in good faith in accordance with and pursuant to the management agreement.
Our board of directors approved very broad investment guidelines for our Manager and does not approve each investment and financing decision made by our Manager.
Our Manager is authorized to follow very broad investment guidelines. Our board of directors will periodically review our investment guidelines and our investment portfolio but does not, and is not required to, review all of our proposed investments, except that an investment in a security structured or issued by an entity managed by Invesco must be approved by a majority of our independent directors prior to such investment. In addition, in conducting periodic reviews, our board of directors may rely primarily on information provided to them by our Manager. Furthermore, our Manager may use complex strategies, and transactions entered into by our Manager may be costly, difficult or impossible to unwind by the time they are reviewed by our board of directors. Our Manager has great latitude within the broad parameters of our investment guidelines in determining the types and amounts of Agency RMBS, non-Agency RMBS, CMBS, mortgage loans and mortgage and real-estate financing arrangements (including mezzanine debt and private equity interests) it may decide are attractive investments for us, which could result in investment returns that are substantially below expectations or that result in losses, which would materially and adversely affect our business operations and results.
Risks Related to Our Capital Stock
The market price and trading volume of our capital stock may be volatile.
The market price of our capital stock may be highly volatile and be subject to wide fluctuations. In addition, the trading volume in our capital stock may fluctuate and cause significant price variations to occur. If the market price of our capital stock declines significantly, our shareholders may be unable to resell their shares at or above the price our shareholders paid for their shares. We cannot assure you that the market price of our capital stock will not fluctuate or decline significantly in the future. Some of the factors that could negatively affect our share price or result in fluctuations in the price or trading volume of our capital stock include:
•actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly operating results or distributions;
• | changes in our earnings estimates or publication of research reports about us or the real estate or specialty finance industry; |
• | decreases in the market valuations of our target assets; |
• | increased difficulty in maintaining or obtaining financing on attractive terms, or at all; |
• | increases in market interest rates that lead our shareholders to demand a higher yield; |
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• | changes in market valuations of similar companies; |
• | adverse market reaction to any increased indebtedness we incur in the future; |
• | additions or departures of key management personnel; |
• | actions by institutional shareholders; |
• | speculation in the press or investment community; |
• | general market and economic conditions; and |
• | changes to U.S. federal income tax laws or regulations governing REITS or the administrative interpretation of those laws. |
Common stock eligible for future sale may have adverse effects on our share price.
We cannot predict the effect, if any, of future sales of our common stock, or the availability of shares for future sales, on the market price of our common stock. Sales of substantial amounts of common stock or the perception that such sales could occur may adversely affect the prevailing market price for our common stock. Also, we may issue additional shares in public offerings or private placements to make new investments or for other purposes. We are not required to offer any such shares to existing shareholders on a preemptive basis. Therefore, it may not be possible for existing shareholders to participate in such future share issuances, which may dilute existing shareholders’ interests in us.
We have not established a minimum distribution payment level, and we cannot assure our shareholders of our ability to pay distributions in the future.
We pay quarterly distributions and make other distributions to our shareholders in an amount such that we distribute all or substantially all of our REIT taxable income in each year, subject to certain adjustments. We have not established a minimum distribution payment level and our ability to pay distributions may be adversely affected by a number of factors, including the risk factors described in this Report. All distributions will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our earnings, our financial condition, debt covenants, maintenance of our REIT qualification, applicable provisions of Maryland law and other factors as our board of directors may deem relevant from time to time. We believe that a change in any one of the following factors could adversely affect our results of operations and impair our ability to pay distributions to our shareholders:
•our ability to make profitable investments;
•margin calls or other expenses that reduce our cash flow;
•defaults in our asset portfolio or decreases in the value of our portfolio; and
•the fact that anticipated operating expense levels may not prove accurate, as actual results may vary from estimates.
We cannot assure our shareholders that we will achieve investment results that will allow us to make a specified level of cash distributions or year-to-year increases in cash distributions in the future. In addition, some of our distributions may include a return in capital.
Investing in our capital stock may involve a high degree of risk.
The investments we make in accordance with our investment objectives may result in a high amount of risk when compared to alternative investment options and volatility or loss of principal. Our investments may be highly speculative and aggressive, and therefore an investment in our capital stock may not be suitable for someone with lower risk tolerance.
A change in market interest rates may cause a material decrease in the market price of our capital stock.
One of the factors that investors may consider in deciding whether to buy or sell shares of our capital stock is our distribution rate as a percentage of our share price relative to market interest rates. If the market price of our capital stock is based primarily on the earnings and return that we derive from our investments and income with respect to our investments and our related distributions to stockholders, and not from the market value of the investments themselves, then interest rate fluctuations and capital market conditions are likely to adversely affect the market price of our capital stock. For instance, if market rates rise without an increase in our distribution rate, the market price of our capital stock could decrease as potential investors may require a higher distribution yield or seek other securities paying higher distributions or interest.
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Future offerings of debt or equity securities, which would rank senior to our common stock, may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
We have issued Series A Preferred Stock and 5.00% Exchangeable Senior Notes due 2018. If we decide to issue debt or equity securities in the future, which would rank senior to our common stock, it is likely that they will be governed by an indenture or other instrument containing covenants restricting our operating flexibility. Any convertible or exchangeable securities that we issue in the future may have rights, preferences and privileges more favorable than those of our common stock and may result in dilution to owners of our common stock. For example, preferred shares and debt, if issued, have a preference on liquidating distributions or a preference on dividend or interest payments that could limit our ability to make a distribution to the holders of our common stock. We and, indirectly, our shareholders, will bear the cost of issuing and servicing such securities. Because our decision to issue debt or equity securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings.
Holders of our common stock are not entitled to preemptive rights or other protections against dilution. Thus holders of our common stock will bear the risk of our future offerings reducing the market price of our common stock and diluting the value of their stock holdings in us. Holders of our common stock also bear the risk of holders of our exchangeable notes making an election to exchange their notes for common stock, which could result in significant dilution to our existing stockholders. In addition, future issuances and sales of preferred stock on parity to our Series A Preferred Stock, or the perception that such issuances and sales could occur, may also cause prevailing market prices for the Series A Preferred Stock and our common stock to decline and may adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital in the financial markets at times and prices favorable to us.
Risks Related to Our Organization and Structure
Certain provisions of Maryland law could inhibit changes in control.
Certain provisions of the Maryland General Corporation Law (the “MGCL”), may have the effect of deterring a third party from making a proposal to acquire us or of impeding a change in control under circumstances that otherwise could provide the holders of our common stock with the opportunity to realize a premium over the then-prevailing market price of our common stock. Under the MGCL, certain “business combinations” (including a merger, consolidation, share exchange, or, in circumstances specified in the statute, an asset transfer or issuance or reclassification of equity securities) between us and an “interested shareholder” (defined generally as any person who beneficially owns 10% or more of our then outstanding voting capital stock or an affiliate or associate of ours who, at any time within the two-year period prior to the date in question, was the beneficial owner of 10% or more of our then outstanding voting capital stock) or an affiliate thereof are prohibited for five years after the most recent date on which the shareholder becomes an interested shareholder. After the five-year prohibition, any business combination between us and an interested shareholder generally must be recommended by our board of directors and approved by the affirmative vote of at least (1) 80% of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of outstanding shares of our voting capital stock; and (2) two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of voting capital stock of the corporation other than shares held by the interested shareholder with whom or with whose affiliate the business combination is to be effected or held by an affiliate or associate of the interested shareholder. These super-majority vote requirements do not apply if our common shareholders receive a minimum price, as defined under Maryland law, for their shares in the form of cash or other consideration in the same form as previously paid by the interested shareholder for its shares. These provisions of the MGCL also do not apply to business combinations that are approved or exempted by a board of directors prior to the time that the interested shareholder becomes an interested shareholder. Pursuant to the statute, our board of directors has by resolution exempted business combinations between us and any other person, provided that such business combination is first approved by our board of directors (including a majority of our directors who are not affiliates or associates of such person).
The “control share” provisions of the MGCL provide that “control shares” of a Maryland corporation (defined as shares which, when aggregated with other shares controlled by the shareholder (except solely by virtue of a revocable proxy), entitle the shareholder to exercise one of three increasing ranges of voting power in electing directors) acquired in a “control share acquisition” (defined as the direct or indirect acquisition of ownership or control of “control shares”) have no voting rights except to the extent approved by our shareholders by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of all the votes entitled to be cast on the matter, excluding votes entitled to be cast by the acquiror of control shares, our officers and our employees who are also our directors. Our bylaws contain a provision exempting from the control share acquisition statute any and all acquisitions by any person of shares of our stock. There can be no assurance that this provision will not be amended or eliminated at any time in the future.
The “unsolicited takeover” provisions of the MGCL permit our board of directors, without shareholder approval and regardless of what is currently provided in our charter or bylaws, to implement takeover defenses, some of which (for example, a classified board) we do not yet have. These provisions may have the effect of inhibiting a third party from making an acquisition proposal for us or of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of us under circumstances that otherwise could provide the holders of shares of common stock with the opportunity to realize a premium over the then current market
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price. Our charter contains a provision whereby we have elected to be subject to the provisions of Title 3, Subtitle 8 of the MGCL relating to the filling of vacancies on our board of directors.
Ownership limitations may restrict change of control of business combination opportunities in which our shareholders might receive a premium for their shares.
In order for us to qualify as a REIT, no more than 50% in value of our outstanding capital stock may be owned, directly or indirectly, by five or fewer individuals during the last half of any calendar year. “Individuals” for this purpose include natural persons, private foundations, some employee benefit plans and trusts, and some charitable trusts. To preserve our REIT qualification, among other purposes, our charter generally prohibits any person from directly or indirectly owning more than 9.8% in value or in number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of the outstanding shares of our capital stock or more than 9.8% in value or in number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of the outstanding shares of our common stock. This ownership limitation could have the effect of discouraging a takeover or other transaction in which holders of our common stock might receive a premium for their shares over the then prevailing market price or which holders might believe to be otherwise in their best interests.
Our authorized but unissued shares of capital stock may prevent a change in our control.
Our charter authorizes us to issue additional authorized but unissued shares of common or preferred stock. In addition, our board of directors may, without shareholder approval, amend our charter to increase the aggregate number of our shares of stock or the number of shares of stock of any class or series that we have authority to issue and classify or reclassify any unissued shares of common or preferred stock and set the preferences, rights and other terms of the classified or reclassified shares. As a result, our board of directors may establish a series of shares of common or preferred stock that could delay or prevent a transaction or a change in control that might involve a premium price for our shares of common stock or otherwise be in the best interest of our shareholders.
The change of control conversion feature of our Series A Preferred Stock and our Exchangeable Senior Notes may make it more difficult for a party to acquire us or discourage a party from acquiring us.
The change of control conversion feature of our Series A Preferred Stock and our Exchangeable Senior Notes may have the effect of discouraging a third party from making an acquisition proposal for us or of delaying, deferring or preventing certain of our change of control transactions under circumstances that otherwise could provide the holders of our common stock and Series A Preferred Stock with the opportunity to realize a premium over the then-current market price of such stock or that shareholders may otherwise believe is in their best interests.
We are the sole general partner of our Operating Partnership and could become liable for the debts and other obligations of our Operating Partnership beyond the amount of our initial expenditure.
We are the sole general partner of our Operating Partnership and directly or indirectly conduct all of our business activities through the Operating Partnership and its subsidiaries. As the sole general partner, we are liable for our Operating Partnership’s debts and other obligations. Therefore, if our Operating Partnership is unable to pay its debts and other obligations, we will be liable for such debts and other obligations beyond the amount of our expenditure for ownership interests in our Operating Partnership. These obligations could include unforeseen contingent liabilities and could materially adversely affect our financial condition, operating results and ability to make distributions to our shareholders.
Our exchangeable senior notes are recourse obligations to us.
In 2013, our Operating Partnership issued $400,000,000 in aggregate principal amount of its 5.00% Exchangeable Senior Notes due 2018 (the “Notes”). Because the Company is the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership, these amounts are full recourse obligations of the Company. If we are not able to extend, refinance or repurchase the Notes, we may not have the ability to repay these amounts when they come due. Our inability to repay the Notes could cause the acceleration of our other borrowings, which would have a material adverse effect on our business.
The indenture governing the Notes contains cross-default provisions whereby a default or acceleration of borrowings under other agreements could result in a default under the indenture. If a cross-default occurred, we may not be able to pay our liabilities or access capital from external sources in order to refinance our borrowings. If some or all of our borrowings default and it causes a default under other borrowings, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
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Tax Risks
Investment in our capital stock has various U.S. federal income tax risks.
This summary of certain tax risks is limited to the U.S. federal tax risks addressed below. Additional risks or issues may exist that are not addressed in this Report and that could affect the U.S. federal income tax treatment of us or our shareholders.
We strongly urge you to seek advice based on your particular circumstances from an independent tax advisor concerning the effects of U.S. federal, state and local income tax law on an investment in our capital stock and on your individual tax situation.
Our failure to qualify as a REIT would subject us to U.S. federal income tax and potentially increased state and local taxes, which would reduce the amount of cash available for distribution to our shareholders.
We believe that we have been organized and operated and we intend to continue to operate in a manner that enabled us to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. However, qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Internal Revenue Code provisions for which only a limited number of judicial and administrative interpretations exist. Even an inadvertent or technical mistake could jeopardize our REIT status. Our continued qualification as a REIT will depend on our satisfaction of certain asset, income, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership and other requirements on a continuing basis.
Moreover, new legislation, court decisions or administrative guidance, in each case possibly with retroactive effect, may make it more difficult or impossible for us to qualify as a REIT. Thus, while we intend to operate so that we will qualify as a REIT, given the highly complex nature of the rules governing REITs, the ongoing importance of factual determinations, and the possibility of future changes in our circumstances, no assurance can be given that we will so qualify for any particular year.
If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, and we do not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, we would be required to pay U.S. federal income tax on our taxable income, and distributions to our shareholders would not be deductible by us in determining our taxable income. In such a case, we might need to borrow money or sell assets in order to pay our taxes. Our payment of income tax would decrease the amount of our income available for distribution to our shareholders. Furthermore, if we fail to maintain our qualification as a REIT, we no longer would be required to distribute substantially all of our taxable income to our shareholders. In addition, unless we were eligible for certain statutory relief provisions, we could not re-elect to qualify as a REIT until the fifth calendar year following the year in which we failed to qualify.
Complying with REIT requirements may cause us to forego otherwise attractive investment opportunities or financing or hedging strategies.
To qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we must continually satisfy various tests regarding the sources of our income, the nature and diversification of our assets, and the amounts we distribute to our shareholders. To meet these tests, we may be required to forego investments we might otherwise make or financing or hedging strategies we might otherwise employ. We may be required to make distributions to shareholders at disadvantageous times or when we do not have funds readily available for distribution. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our investment performance.
Complying with REIT requirements may force us to liquidate otherwise attractive investments.
To qualify as a REIT, we generally must ensure that at the end of each calendar quarter at least 75% of the value of our total assets consists of cash, cash items, government securities and qualifying real estate assets, including certain mortgage loans and MBS. The remainder of our investment in securities (other than government securities, securities of our TRSs and qualifying real estate assets) generally cannot include more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer or more than 10% of the total value of the outstanding securities of any one issuer. In addition, in general, no more than 5% of the value of our assets can consist of the securities of any one issuer (other than government securities, securities of our TRSs and qualifying real estate assets), and no more than 25% of the value of our total securities can be represented by securities of one or more TRSs. If we fail to comply with these requirements at the end of any quarter, we must correct the failure within 30 days after the end of such calendar quarter or qualify for certain statutory relief provisions to avoid losing our REIT qualification and suffering adverse tax consequences. As a result, we may be required to liquidate from our portfolio otherwise attractive investments. These actions could have the effect of reducing our income and amounts available for distribution to our shareholders.
REIT distribution requirements could adversely affect our ability to execute our business plan and may require us to incur debt, sell assets or take other actions to make such distributions.
To qualify as a REIT, we must distribute to our shareholders each calendar year at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (including certain items of non-cash income), determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net
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capital gain. To the extent that we satisfy the 90% distribution requirement, but distribute less than 100% of our taxable income, we will be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on our undistributed income. In addition, we will incur a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the amount, if any, by which our distributions in any calendar year are less than a minimum amount specified under U.S. federal income tax laws. We intend to make sufficient distributions to our shareholders to satisfy the 90% distribution requirement and to avoid both corporate income tax and the 4% nondeductible excise tax.
Our taxable income may be substantially different from our net income as determined by U.S. GAAP, because, for example, realized capital losses will be deducted in determining our U.S. GAAP net income, but may not be deductible in computing our taxable income. In addition, differences in timing between the recognition of taxable income and the actual receipt of cash may occur. For example, we may invest in assets, including debt instruments requiring us to accrue original issue discount (“OID”) or recognize market discount income that generate taxable income in excess of economic income or in advance of the corresponding cash flow from the assets, referred to as “phantom income.” We may also acquire distressed debt investments that are subsequently modified by agreement with the borrower. If amendments to the outstanding debt are “significant modifications” under applicable Treasury Regulations, the modified debt may be considered to have been reissued to us in a debt-for-debt exchange with the borrower, with gain recognized by us to the extent that the principal amount of the modified debt exceeds our cost of purchasing it prior to modification. Finally, we may be required under the terms of the indebtedness that we incur, whether to private lenders or pursuant to government programs, to use cash received from interest payments to make principal payment on that indebtedness, with the effect that we will recognize income but will not have a corresponding amount of cash available for distribution to our shareholders.
As a result of the foregoing, we may find it difficult or impossible to meet the REIT distribution requirements in certain circumstances. In such circumstances, we may be required to (1) sell assets in adverse market conditions, (2) borrow on unfavorable terms, (3) distribute amounts that would otherwise be invested in future acquisitions, capital expenditures or repayment of debt, or (4) make a taxable distribution of our shares of common stock as part of a distribution in which shareholders may elect to receive shares of common stock or (subject to a limit measured as a percentage of the total distribution) cash, in order to comply with the REIT distribution requirements. Thus, compliance with the REIT distribution requirements may hinder our ability to grow, which could adversely affect the value of our common stock.
We may choose to pay dividends in our own stock, in which case our shareholders may be required to pay income taxes in excess of the cash dividends received.
We may distribute taxable dividends that are payable in cash and in shares of our common stock at the election of each shareholder. Taxable shareholders receiving such dividends will be required to include the full amount of the dividend in income to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits for federal income tax purposes. As a result, a U.S. shareholder may be required to pay income taxes with respect to such dividends in excess of the cash dividends received. If a U.S. shareholder sells the stock it receives as a dividend in order to pay this tax, the sales proceeds may be less than the amount included in income with respect to the dividend, depending on the market price of our stock at the time of the sale. Furthermore, with respect to non-U.S. shareholders, we may be required to withhold U.S. tax with respect to such dividends, including in respect of all or a portion of such dividend that is payable in stock. In addition, if a significant number of our shareholders determine to sell shares of our common stock in order to pay taxes owed on dividends, it may put downward pressure on the trading price of our common stock.
Our ownership of and relationship with any TRS that we may form or acquire is subject to limitations, and a failure to comply with the limits would jeopardize our REIT qualification and may result in the application of a 100% excise tax.
A REIT may own up to 100% of the stock of one or more TRSs. A TRS may earn income that would not be qualifying income if earned directly by the parent REIT. Both the subsidiary and the REIT must jointly elect to treat the subsidiary as a TRS. Overall, no more than 25% of the value of a REIT’s assets may consist of stock or securities of one or more TRSs at the end of any calendar quarter. A TRS will pay federal, state and local income tax at regular corporate rates on any income that it earns. In addition, the TRS rules impose a 100% excise tax on certain transactions between a TRS and its parent REIT that are not conducted on an arm’s length basis. There can be no assurance that we will be able to comply with the TRS limitations or to avoid application of the 100% excise tax discussed above.
Our domestic TRSs would pay U.S. federal, state and local income tax on its taxable income, and its after-tax net income would be available for distribution to us but would not be required to be distributed to us. If we were to organize a TRS as a non-U.S. corporation (or entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes), we may generate income inclusions relating to the earnings of the non-U.S. TRS, the treatment of which under the REIT gross income tests is not clear.
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Liquidation of our assets to repay obligations to our lenders may jeopardize our REIT qualification.
To qualify as a REIT, we must comply with requirements regarding our assets and our sources of income. If we are compelled to liquidate our investments to repay obligations to our lenders, we may be unable to comply with these requirements, ultimately jeopardizing our qualification as a REIT.
Characterization of the repurchase agreements we enter into to finance our investments as sales for tax purposes rather than as secured borrowing transactions, or the failure of a mezzanine loan to qualify as a real estate asset, could adversely affect our ability to qualify as a REIT.
We may enter into repurchase agreements with a variety of counterparties to achieve our desired amount of leverage for the assets in which we invest. When we enter into a repurchase agreement, we generally sell assets to our counterparty to the agreement and receive cash from the counterparty. The counterparty is obligated to resell the assets back to us at the end of the term of the transaction. We believe that, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we will be treated as the owner of the assets that are the subject of repurchase agreements and that the repurchase agreements will be treated as secured borrowing transactions notwithstanding that such agreements may transfer record ownership of the assets to the counterparty during the term of the agreement. It is possible, however, that the IRS could successfully assert that we did not own these assets during the term of the repurchase agreements, in which case we could fail to qualify as a REIT.
In addition, we may acquire mezzanine loans, which are loans secured by equity interests in a partnership or limited liability company that directly or indirectly owns real property. In Revenue Procedure 2003-65, the IRS provided a safe harbor pursuant to which a mezzanine loan, if it meets each of the requirements contained in the Revenue Procedure, will be treated by the IRS as a real estate asset for purposes of the REIT asset tests, and interest derived from the mezzanine loan will be treated as qualifying mortgage interest for purposes of the 75% gross income test. Although the Revenue Procedure provides a safe harbor on which taxpayers may rely, it does not prescribe rules of substantive tax law. We may acquire mezzanine loans that may not meet all of the requirements for reliance on this safe harbor. In the event we own a mezzanine loan that does not meet the safe harbor, the IRS could challenge such loan’s treatment as a real estate asset for purposes of the REIT asset and income tests, and if such a challenge were sustained, we could fail to qualify as a REIT.
The “taxable mortgage pool” rules may limit our financing options.
Securitizations and certain other financing structures could result in the creation of taxable mortgage pools for federal income tax purposes. A taxable mortgage pool owned by our Operating Partnership would be treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes and may cause us to fail the REIT asset tests. Accordingly, if we were to consider a securitization that would create a taxable mortgage pool, we would have to undertake such securitization through a TRS or a subsidiary that qualified as a REIT. These rules may limit our financing options.
The tax on prohibited transactions will limit our ability to engage in transactions, including certain methods of securitizing mortgage loans, which would be treated as sales for federal income tax purposes.
A REIT’s net income from prohibited transactions is subject to a 100% tax. In general, prohibited transactions are sales or other dispositions of property, other than foreclosure property, but including mortgage loans, held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. We might be subject to this tax if we were to dispose of or securitize loans in a manner that was treated as a sale of the loans for federal income tax purposes. Therefore, in order to avoid the prohibited transactions tax, we may choose not to engage in certain sales of loans at the REIT level and may limit the structures we utilize for our securitization transactions, even though the sales or structures might otherwise be beneficial to us.
Complying with REIT requirements may limit our ability to hedge effectively.
The REIT provisions of the Internal Revenue Code limit our ability to enter into hedging transactions. In order to qualify as a REIT, we must satisfy two gross income tests annually. For these purposes, income with respect to certain hedges of our liabilities or foreign currency risks will be disregarded. Income from other hedges will be non-qualifying income for purposes of both gross income tests. As a result, we might have to limit our use of advantageous hedging techniques or implement those hedges through a TRS. This could increase the cost of our hedging activities or expose us to greater risks associated with changes in interest rates than we would otherwise want to bear.
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Purchases of mortgages at a discount may affect our ability to satisfy the REIT asset and gross income tests.
Whether our loan holdings are treated as real estate assets and interest income thereon is treated as qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test depends on whether the loans are adequately secured by real property. Treasury regulations, as interpreted in in Revenue Procedure 2011-16, provide that if a mortgage loan is secured by both real property and personal property and the value of the real property at the time the REIT commits to make or acquire the loan is less than the highest principal amount (i.e., the face amount) of the loan during the year, interest on the loan will be treated as qualifying income only in proportion to the ratio of the value of the real property at the time the REIT commits to make or acquire the loan to the highest principal amount of the loan during the year. Similarly, the IRS issued guidance for determining the extent to which an interest in an “eligible REMIC” (relating to the HARP program) is treated as a real estate asset and generates qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test. Failure to accurately apply these rules and manage our income and assets could cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT.
We may be required to report taxable income for certain investments in excess of the economic income we ultimately realize from them.
We acquire debt instruments in the secondary market for less than their face amount. The discount at which such debt instruments are acquired may reflect doubts about their ultimate collectibility rather than current market interest rates. The amount of such discount will nevertheless generally be treated as “market discount” for federal income tax purposes. Accrued market discount is reported as income when, and to the extent that, any payment of principal of the debt instrument is made. If we collect less on the debt instrument than our purchase price plus the market discount we had previously reported as income, we may not be able to benefit from any offsetting loss deductions.
Some of the debt instruments that we acquire may have been issued with original issue discount. We will be required to report such original issue discount based on a constant yield method and will be taxed based on the assumption that all future projected payments due on such debt instruments will be made. If such debt instruments or MBS turn out not to be fully collectible, an offsetting loss deduction will become available only in the later year that uncollectibility is provable.
In addition, we may acquire debt instruments that are subsequently modified by agreement with the borrower. If the amendments to the outstanding instrument are "significant modifications" under the applicable Treasury regulations, the modified instrument will be considered to have been reissued to us in a debt-for-debt exchange with the borrower. In that event, we may be required to recognize taxable gain to the extent the principal amount of the modified instrument exceeds our adjusted tax basis in the unmodified instrument, even if the value of the instrument or the payment expectations have not changed. Following such a taxable modification, we would hold the modified loan with a cost basis equal to its principal amount for federal tax purposes.
Finally, in the event that any debt instruments acquired by us are delinquent as to mandatory principal and interest payments, or in the event payments with respect to a particular instrument are not made when due, we may nonetheless be required to continue to recognize the unpaid interest as taxable income as it accrues, despite doubt as to its ultimate collectibility. Similarly, we may be required to accrue interest income with respect to debt instruments at its stated rate regardless of whether corresponding cash payments are received or are ultimately collectible. In each case, while we would in general ultimately have an offsetting loss deduction available to us when such interest was determined to be uncollectible, the utility of that deduction could depend on our having taxable income in that later year or thereafter.
Even if we qualify as a REIT, we may face tax liabilities that reduce our cash flow.
Even if we qualify as a REIT, we may be subject to certain U.S. federal, state and local taxes on our income and assets, including taxes on any undistributed income, tax on income from some activities conducted as a result of a foreclosure, and state or local income, franchise, property and transfer taxes, including mortgage-related taxes.
We may be subject to adverse legislative or regulatory tax changes that could reduce the market price of our capital stock.
At any time, the U.S. federal income tax laws or regulations governing REITs or the administrative interpretations of those laws or regulations may be amended. We cannot predict when or if any new U.S. federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation, or any amendment to any existing federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation, will be adopted, promulgated or become effective. Any such law, regulation or interpretation may take effect retroactively. We and our shareholders could be adversely affected by any such change in, or any new, federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation.
Dividends paid by REITs do not qualify for the reduced tax rates that apply to other corporate dividends.
The maximum tax rate for “qualified dividends” paid by corporations to individuals is currently 20%. Dividends paid by REITs, however, generally are not “qualified dividends” and generally are taxed at the normal ordinary income rates, currently subject to a maximum rate of 39.6% in the case of non-corporate taxpayers. The more favorable rates applicable to qualified
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dividends could cause potential investors who are individuals to perceive investments in REITs to be relatively less attractive than investments in the stocks of non-REIT corporations that pay qualified dividends, which could adversely affect the value of the stock of REITs, including our capital stock.
Dividends paid by REITs may be subject to Unearned Income Medicare tax.
High-income U.S. individuals, estates, and trusts will be subject to an additional 3.8% tax on net investment income. For these purposes, net investment income includes dividends and gains from sales of stock. In the case of an individual, the tax will be 3.8% of the lesser of the individuals’ net investment income or the excess of the individuals’ modified adjusted gross income over $250,000 in the case of a married individual filing a joint return or a surviving spouse, $125,000 in the case of a married individual filing a separate return, or $200,000 in the case of a single individual.
Tax-exempt shareholders may realize unrelated business taxable income if we generate excess inclusion income.
If we acquire REMIC residual interests or equity interests in taxable mortgage pools (in a manner consistent with our REIT qualification) and generate “excess inclusion income,” a portion of our dividends received by a tax-exempt shareholder will be treated as unrelated business taxable income.
Our qualification as a REIT may depend upon the accuracy of legal opinions or advice rendered or given or statements by the issuers of assets we acquire.
When purchasing securities, we may rely on opinions or advice of counsel for the issuer of such securities, or statements made in related offering documents, for purposes of determining, among other things, whether such securities represent debt or equity securities for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the value of such securities, and also to what extent those securities constitute qualified real estate assets for purposes of the REIT asset tests and produce qualified income for purposes of the 75% gross income test. The inaccuracy of any such opinions, advice or statements may adversely affect our ability to qualify as a REIT and result in significant corporate-level tax.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.
None.
Item 2. Properties.
Our principal executive office is located at 1555 Peachtree Street, NE, Suite 1800, Atlanta, Georgia 30309. As part of our management agreement, our Manager is responsible for providing office space and office services required in rendering services to us.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
From time to time, we may be involved in various claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. As of December 31, 2013, we were not involved in any such legal proceedings.
Item 4. Mine and Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
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PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
Market Information
Our common stock is traded on the NYSE under the symbol “IVR.” The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the high and low sale price of our common stock as reported on the NYSE.
High | Low | ||||||
2013 | |||||||
Fourth quarter | $ | 16.60 | $ | 14.41 | |||
Third quarter | $ | 17.08 | $ | 14.40 | |||
Second quarter | $ | 21.60 | $ | 16.38 | |||
First quarter | $ | 22.26 | $ | 20.06 | |||
2012 | |||||||
Fourth quarter | $ | 21.64 | $ | 17.40 | |||
Third quarter | $ | 21.55 | $ | 18.18 | |||
Second quarter | $ | 18.94 | $ | 16.28 | |||
First quarter | $ | 18.52 | $ | 13.90 | |||
Holders
As of February 21, 2014, there were 105 shareholders of record.
Dividends
U.S. federal income tax law generally requires that a REIT distribute annually at least 90% of its REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gains, and that it pay tax at regular corporate rates on its undistributed taxable income. We intend to continue to pay regular quarterly dividends to our shareholders. Before we pay any dividend, whether for U.S. federal income tax purposes or otherwise, we must first meet both our operating requirements and debt service on our repurchase agreements and other debt payable. If our cash available for distribution is less than our taxable income, we could be required to sell assets or borrow funds to make cash distributions, or we may make a portion of the required distribution in the form of a taxable stock distribution or distribution of debt securities.
The following table sets forth the dividends declared per share of our common stock for the periods indicated.
Date Declared | Dividends Declared Per Share | ||||
Amount | Date Paid | ||||
2013 | |||||
December 17, 2013 | $ | 0.50 | January 28, 2014 | ||
September 16, 2013 | $ | 0.50 | October 28, 2013 | ||
June 17, 2013 | $ | 0.65 | July 26, 2013 | ||
March 19, 2013 | $ | 0.65 | April 26, 2013 | ||
2012 | |||||
December 14, 2012 | $ | 0.65 | January 28, 2013 | ||
September 13, 2012 | $ | 0.65 | October 29, 2012 | ||
June 14, 2012 | $ | 0.65 | July 27, 2012 | ||
March 15, 2012 | $ | 0.65 | April 27, 2012 | ||
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The following table sets forth the dividends declared per share of our common stock and the related tax characterization for the fiscal tax years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012.
Tax Characterization of Dividends | |||||||||
Fiscal Tax Year | Dividends Declared | Ordinary Dividends | Capital Gain Distribution | ||||||
Common Stock Dividends | |||||||||
Fiscal tax year 2013 | 2.300000 | 2.300000 | — | ||||||
Fiscal tax year 2012(1) | 2.740460 | 2.438630 | 0.301830 | ||||||
(1) | Includes $0.140460 of undistributed taxable income carried-forward from fiscal tax year 2011. |
Performance Graph
The following graph matches the cumulative 54-month total return of holders of Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc.'s common stock with the cumulative total returns of the S&P 500 index and the FTSE NAREIT Mortgage REITs index. The graph assumes that the value of the investment in our common stock and in each of the indices (including reinvestment of dividends) was $100 on June 30, 2009 and tracks it through December 31, 2013.
Index | 6/30/2009 | 12/31/2009 | 6/30/2010 | 12/31/2010 | 6/30/2011 | 12/31/2011 | 6/30/2012 | 12/31/2012 | 6/30/2013 | 12/31/2013 |
Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc. | 100.00 | 125.82 | 118.58 | 141.39 | 149.56 | 109.05 | 152.90 | 175.01 | 157.45 | 148.89 |
S&P 500 | 100.00 | 122.59 | 114.43 | 141.05 | 149.55 | 144.03 | 157.70 | 167.08 | 190.18 | 221.20 |
FTSE NAREIT Mortgage REITs | 100.00 | 118.98 | 123.50 | 145.86 | 151.89 | 142.34 | 168.51 | 170.64 | 170.32 | 167.30 |
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The stock price performance included in this graph is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.
Use of Proceeds
We used all of the net proceeds from our common and preferred stock offerings to acquire our target assets in accordance with our objectives and strategies described above. See “Business — Investment Strategy.” Our focus is on purchasing Agency RMBS, non-Agency RMBS, CMBS, certain residential and commercial mortgage loans and other real estate-related financing arrangements, subject to our investment guidelines and to the extent consistent with maintaining our REIT qualification. Our Manager will make determinations as to the percentage of our equity that will be invested in each of our target assets.
Repurchases of Equity Securities
The following table shows share repurchase activity during the quarter ended December 31, 2013:
Month | Total Number of Shares Purchased | Average Price Paid Per Share | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs(1) | Maximum Number at end of period of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs(1) | |||||||
October 1 - 31, 2013 | — | — | — | 7,000,000 | |||||||
November 1 - 30, 2013 | 5,674,181 | 15.05 | 5,674,181 | 1,325,819 | |||||||
December 1 - 31, 2013 | 5,045,822 | 14.89 | 5,045,822 | 16,279,997 | |||||||
10,720,003 | 14.97 | 10,720,003 | |||||||||
(1) | On December 12, 2011, our board of directors approved a share repurchase program of up to 7,000,000 of our common shares with no stated expiration date. On December 2, 2013, our board of directors approved an additional share repurchase of up to 20,000,000 of our common shares with no stated expiration date. The shares may be repurchased from time to time through privately negotiated transactions or open market transactions, including pursuant to a trading plan in accordance with Rules 10b5-1 and 10b-18 under Exchange Act or by any combination of such methods. The manner, price, number and timing of share repurchases will be subject to a variety of factors, including market conditions and applicable SEC rules. |
Item 6. Selected Financial Data.
The selected historical financial information as of and for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010 and 2009 presented in the tables below have been derived from our audited financial statements. The information presented below is not necessarily indicative of the trends in our performance.
The information presented below is only a summary and does not provide all of the information contained in our historical financial statements, including the related notes. You should read the information below in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our historical financial statements, including the related notes, included elsewhere in this Report.
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Balance Sheet Data
As of December 31, | ||||||||||||||
$ in thousands | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2009 | |||||||||
Mortgage-backed securities, at fair value | 17,348,657 | 18,470,563 | 14,214,149 | 5,578,333 | 802,592 | |||||||||
Residential loans, held-for-investment, net of loan loss reserves | 1,810,262 | — | — | — | — | |||||||||
Commercial loans, held-for-investment, net of loan loss reserves | 64,599 | — | — | — | — | |||||||||
Total assets | 20,350,979 | (1) | 18,914,760 | 14,772,167 | 5,862,399 | 853,400 | ||||||||
Repurchase agreements | 15,451,675 | 15,720,460 | 12,253,038 | 4,344,659 | 545,975 | |||||||||
Asset-backed securities | 1,643,741 | (1) | — | — | — | — | ||||||||
Exchangeable senior notes | 400,000 | — | — | — | — | |||||||||
TALF financing(2) | — | — | — | — | 80,377 | |||||||||
Total shareholders’ equity | 2,376,115 | 2,558,098 | 1,892,338 | 1,019,150 | 180,515 | |||||||||
Non-controlling interest | 27,120 | 31,422 | 25,075 | 31,664 | 29,795 | |||||||||
Total equity | 2,403,235 | 2,589,520 | 1,917,413 | 1,050,814 | 210,310 | |||||||||
(1) | Our consolidated balance sheets include assets of consolidated variable interest entities (“VIEs”) that can only be used to settle obligations and liabilities of the VIEs for which creditors do not have recourse to the primary beneficiary (IAS Asset I LLC, an indirect subsidiary of Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc.). As of December 31, 2013, total assets of the consolidated VIEs were $1,819,295, and total liabilities of the consolidated VIEs were $1,648,400. Refer to Note 3 - "Variable Interest Entities" for further discussion. |
(2) | In 2009, we financed our investments in CMBS with financing under the U.S. Government's Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facilities ("TALF") which was repaid in 2010 and replaced with repurchase agreements. |
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Statements of Operations Data
For the Years ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||
$ in thousands, except per share data | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2009 | |||||||||
Interest income | 682,360 | 566,830 | 453,352 | 134,229 | 23,529 | |||||||||
Interest expense | 332,252 | 237,405 | 155,241 | 29,556 | 4,627 | |||||||||
Net interest income | 350,108 | 329,425 | 298,111 | 104,673 | 18,902 | |||||||||
Provision for loan losses | 884 | — | — | — | — | |||||||||
Net interest income after provision for loan losses | 349,224 | 329,425 | 298,111 | 104,673 | 18,902 | |||||||||
Other income (loss) | (152,974 | ) | 54,267 | 18,804 | 11,145 | 2,073 | ||||||||
Expenses | 53,144 | 39,684 | 30,118 | 12,093 | 3,464 | |||||||||
Net income | 143,106 | 344,008 | 286,797 | 103,725 | 17,511 | |||||||||
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest | 1,486 | 4,123 | 4,882 | 5,326 | 2,417 | |||||||||
Net income attributable to Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc. | 141,620 | 339,885 | 281,915 | 98,399 | 15,094 | |||||||||
Dividends to preferred shareholders | 10,851 | 5,395 | — | — | — | |||||||||
Net income attributable to common shareholders | 130,769 | 334,490 | 281,915 | 98,399 | 15,094 | |||||||||
Earnings per share: | ||||||||||||||
Net income attributable to common shareholders | ||||||||||||||
Basic | 0.99 | 2.89 | 3.27 | 3.78 | 3.37 | |||||||||
Diluted | 0.99 | 2.89 | 3.27 | 3.78 | 3.37 | |||||||||
Dividends declared per common share | 2.30 | 2.60 | 3.42 | 3.49 | 1.66 | |||||||||
Weighted average number of shares of common stock: | ||||||||||||||
Basic | 132,714 | 115,559 | 86,365 | 26,039 | 4,480 | |||||||||
Diluted | 134,174 | 117,012 | 87,804 | 27,468 | 5,198 | |||||||||
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes to our consolidated financial statements, which are included in the Part IV. Item 15. of this Report.
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Overview
We are a Maryland corporation primarily focused on investing in, financing and managing residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities ("MBS") and mortgage loans. We are externally managed and advised by Invesco Advisers, Inc., our Manager, which is an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of Invesco Ltd. We are a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Accordingly, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes to the extent that we annually distribute all of our taxable income to our shareholders and maintain our qualification as a REIT. We operate our business in a manner that permits us to maintain our exclusion from the definition of “Investment Company” under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”).
Our objective is to provide attractive risk-adjusted returns to our investors, primarily through dividends and secondarily through capital appreciation. To achieve this objective, we primarily invest in the following:
• | Agency residential mortgage-backed securities ("RMBS"), for which a U.S. government agency such as the Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”) or a federally-chartered corporation such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”) or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”) guarantees payments of principal and interest on the securities; |
• | Non-Agency RMBS, which are RMBS that are not issued or guaranteed by a U.S. government agency or a federally chartered corporation; |
• | Commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”); |
• | Residential and commercial mortgage loans; and |
• | Other real estate-related financing arrangements. |
We finance our investments in Agency RMBS, non-Agency RMBS and CMBS, primarily through short-term borrowings structured as repurchase agreements, committed facilities and other forms of private financing. We finance our residential loans through asset-backed securities ("ABS"). We have also issued exchangeable notes to finance investments in our target assets.
Capital Activities
On January 28, 2013, we completed a public offering of 15,000,000 shares of common stock and an issuance of an additional 2,250,000 shares of common stock pursuant to the underwriters’ full exercise of their over-allotment option at $21.00 per share, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $359.0 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and offering costs. In the first quarter of 2013, a wholly-owned subsidiary issued $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 5.00% Exchangeable Senior Notes due 2018, resulting in total net proceeds of $387.7 million, after deducting financing expenses.
During the year ended December 31, 2013, we issued 1,770,106 shares of common stock at an average price of $21.31 under the share repurchase feature of our Dividend Reinvestment and Share Purchase Plan (“DRSPP”) with total proceeds of $37.7 million, net of issuance costs of $219,000.
For the quarter and year ended December 31, 2013, we repurchased 10,720,003 shares of our common stock at an average price of $14.97 per share for a net cost of $160.5 million, including acquisition expenses. On December 2, 2013, our board of directors authorized the repurchase of an additional 20,000,000 shares of our common stock with no stated expiration date. Our board of directors has approved an aggregate repurchase of 27,000,000 shares of our common stock to date.
Factors Impacting Our Operating Results
Our operating results can be affected by a number of factors and primarily depend on, among other things, the level of our net interest income, the market value of our assets and the supply of, and demand for, the target assets in which we invest. Our net interest income, which includes the amortization of purchase premiums and accretion of purchase discounts, varies primarily as a result of changes in market interest rates and prepayment speeds, as measured by the constant prepayment rate (“CPR”) on our target assets. Interest rates and prepayment speeds vary according to the type of investment, conditions in the financial markets, competition and other factors, none of which can be predicted with any certainty.
Market Conditions
Market conditions continue to improve as the U.S. economy moves forward from the financial crisis. Residential mortgage delinquencies in the U.S. continued to decline in 2013 to 6.41% of all loans according to the Mortgage Bankers Association as of September 2013 data from 7.40% a year earlier. Better delinquencies are, in part, the result of unemployment declining from 7.9% to 6.7%, and existing home sales median prices increasing by 9.7% on a nationwide basis in 2013
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according to the National Association of Realtors, as well as further progress in resolving the shadow inventory of distressed properties. In this improved housing environment, legacy non-Agency RMBS not guaranteed by a GSE and issued prior to the crisis performed well in 2013. Private label securitization of new mortgages was constrained as modest demand for senior tranches negatively impacted transaction economics. In July, the first of three GSE risk-sharing transactions was priced and found healthy demand from institutional investors.
The delinquency rate for commercial real estate loans collateralizing CMBS decreased in 2013, and stands at 7.43% as of December 2013 data versus 9.71% a year ago. Commercial real estate prices have recovered 79.9% of their peak to trough decline, according to Moody's Commercial Property Price Indices. CMBS issued prior to the crisis performed well in 2013. New issuances of CMBS continued to grow in 2013 and were met with reasonably strong demand.
The U.S. Federal Reserve has communicated that the quantitative easing ("QE") program will be reduced, or “tapered,” beginning with a $10 billion reduction in January purchases of Agency RMBS. Further reduction in purchases will be announced from time-to-time by the Federal Reserve and likely will be dependent on prospective economic data. The Federal Reserve purchasing program is expected to end in late 2014. The expected timing and degree of the reduction in QE has the potential to adversely impact Treasury and Agency RMBS valuations going forward by reducing overall demand for these assets and potentially increasing price volatility.
In response to the Federal Reserve's announced plans to reduce purchases of Agency RMBS, the interest rate on ten year U.S. Treasury Notes rose 1.27% in 2013 to 3.03% as of December 31, 2013 as economic activity improved despite inflation remaining low. The largest term interest rate increases occurred in May and June following comments from the Federal Reserve regarding the possibility of QE tapering of bond purchases in late 2013. During that two-month period interest rate volatility spiked and rates on current coupon Agency RMBS rose nearly a full 1% while U.S. Treasury ten year rates rose 0.81%. As a result, prices on 30 year current coupon Agency RMBS fell by approximately 7% during those two months. RMBS and CMBS prices also fell in those two months along with other fixed rate bonds as demand for fixed income assets generally fell out of concern over rising interest rates.
While we use hedging strategies in an attempt to reduce interest rate exposure, the sharp increase in interest rates caused a net reduction in our book value. Investors responded to these declines in book value and we saw the value of our stock price decline the second half of 2013. With the Federal Reserve’s decision to taper, we increased our efforts to lower the interest rate sensitivity of our portfolio. One of the steps that we took was to sell fixed-rate Agency RMBS, which led us to record a loss on sale of assets in the third and fourth quarters of 2013. The total losses in those quarters were greater than the earnings from our portfolio and as such we recorded a net loss for those periods.
We believe we have reduced the interest rate sensitivity of our portfolio, resulting in greater book value stability beginning in the fourth quarter of 2013. As interest rates increased during the fourth quarter, our book value improved 1.9%. Prices of Agency RMBS could continue to come under pressure as the market adjusts to the Federal Reserve tapering of QE. It is possible that we may realize further losses on the sale of assets in future periods and these losses may exceed our earnings. In addition, as of December 31, 2013 we have elected to discontinue hedge accounting for our portfolio of interest rate swaps. As a result, changes in the value of our swaps will be recorded as part of net income rather than Other Comprehensive Income (Loss). This change will cause our net income to be more volatile in future periods. Refer to Note 9 - "Derivatives and Hedging Activities" for further information.
The Dodd-Frank Act, enacted in July 2010, contains numerous provisions affecting the financial and mortgage industries, many of which may have an impact on our operating environment and the target assets in which we invest. Several of the provisions are described later in this paragraph. Consequently, the Dodd-Frank Act may affect our cost of doing business, may limit our investment opportunities and may affect the competitive balance within our industry and market areas. Under the Dodd-Frank Act, new underwriting requirements for residential mortgage loans have been adopted. The Ability-to-Repay (“ATR”) rule requires lenders to make a reasonable, good-faith determination that the borrower has a reasonable ability to repay the loan. In addition to the ATR rule, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau adopted a Qualified Mortgage (“QM”) framework that provides certain legal protections to originators originating residential mortgage loans under the QM framework. While substantially similar to ATR underwriting requirements, QM requires the originator to consider additional factors when originating a new loan. While we are not directly subject to compliance with the implementation of rules regarding the origination of residential mortgage loans, the effect of these regulations and others could affect our ability to securitize or invest in newly originated loans in the future.
The Federal Housing Finance Agency (“FHFA”) and the Department of the Treasury introduced the Home Affordable Refinance Program (“HARP”) in early 2009. HARP provides borrowers, who may not otherwise qualify for refinancing because of declining home values or reduced access to mortgage insurance, the ability to refinance their mortgages into a lower interest rate and/or more stable mortgage product. We do not expect the current HARP or future modifications to have a material impact on our results of operations in future periods.
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Investment Activities
Entering 2013 we began positioning the portfolio to take advantage of opportunities created by an improving housing market and our belief that there would be better availability of credit for borrowers. We believed the improving market would help private label securitization volumes grow and that a pilot program for risk-sharing between GSEs and private investors would begin. During 2013, we participated in five residential loan securitizations that are consolidated on our balance sheet, and participated in risk-sharing transactions issued by both Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. We also began a commercial real estate lending program and originated four loans in addition to investing in securitized mezzanine loans. While we did participate in new opportunities, the size of these investments is still a relatively small portion of our equity. We expect to pursue opportunities to increase the percentage of our equity invested in three areas during 2014: commercial mortgage loans, subordinate interests in residential loan securitizations and GSE risk-sharing transactions.
The interest rate environment and our views on how it will change have a significant impact on our portfolio decisions. During 2013, we focused on transitioning the portfolio to be less sensitive to interest rate movements. This included investing in credit assets, reducing repurchase agreement leverage and increasing our hedging positions. To provide economic stimulus, the Federal Reserve has been purchasing Agency RMBS which has had the effect of holding mortgage interest rates low. In May, the Federal Reserve announced it would reduce purchases later in 2013. As a result of this announcement, we sold lower coupon 30-year fixed-rate Agency RMBS replacing them with Agency hybrid adjustable-rate mortgages ("ARM") and credit assets. In addition, we increased our hedging with interest rate swaps from $8.0 billion notional at December 31, 2012 to $12.8 billion at December 31, 2013, or by 60.0%, and increased the average remaining term of the swaps from 4.0 to 5.1 years. We also entered into payer swaptions to further reduce interest rate risk in the second quarter. As a result of all of these actions we believe we have significantly reduced interest rate and funding risk relative to the prior year.
As of December 31, 2013, 49.2% (2012: 48.6%) of our equity was invested in Agency RMBS, 35.3% (2012: 28.9%) in non-Agency RMBS, 24.4% (2012: 21.1%) in CMBS, 3.0% (2012: 0%) in residential loans, held-for-investment, 2.7% (2012: 0%) in commercial loans, held-for-investment and 1.9% (2012: 1.4%) in unconsolidated joint ventures.
We own 30 year fixed-rate Agency RMBS securities that offer higher coupons and call protection based on the collateral attributes. In addition, we hold 15 year fixed-rate Agency RMBS securities, Agency hybrid ARM RMBS and Agency ARM RMBS we believe to have similar durations based on the prepayment speeds. In addition, we own Agency collateralized mortgage obligations ("CMO") that are interest only securities. During 2013, we adjusted our portfolio to reduce interest rate exposure. This included reducing our position in 30 year and 15 year fixed-rate Agency RMBS both through sale of assets as well as through principal prepayments.
The table below shows the breakdown of our investment portfolio:
$ in thousands | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2012 | |||
Agency RMBS: | |||||
30 year fixed-rate, at fair value | 6,702,153 | 10,008,737 | |||
15 year fixed-rate, at fair value | 1,744,281 | 2,130,896 | |||
Hybrid ARM, at fair value | 1,770,558 | 587,168 | |||
ARM, at fair value | 253,282 | 115,766 | |||
Agency CMO, at fair value | 474,514 | 504,439 | |||
Non-Agency RMBS, at fair value | 3,775,309 | 3,079,036 | |||
CMBS, at fair value | 2,628,560 | 2,044,521 | |||
Residential loans, at amortized cost | 1,810,262 | — | |||
Commercial loans, at amortized cost | 64,599 | — | |||
Total MBS and Loans portfolio | 19,223,518 | 18,470,563 | |||
Our portfolio of investments that have credit exposure include non-Agency RMBS, CMBS and residential and commercial real estate loans. We use our proprietary models to perform a detailed review of each investment which often includes loan level analysis of expected performance. We do not place any reliance on ratings by various agencies as we believe our models evaluate the performance based on our assumptions about market conditions and are updated more frequently than agency ratings. As shown in the table above, during 2013, we increased our exposure to credit assets as we view the improving economy will provide better risk adjusted returns for this asset class while having lower interest rate exposure.
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With respect to our non-Agency RMBS portfolio, we primarily invest in RMBS consisting of prime and Alt-A loans. In addition, we have invested in re-securitization of real estate mortgage investment conduit ("Re-REMIC") senior RMBS that we believe provide attractive risk adjusted returns based on the significant credit subordination they contain. Based on our view of the improving housing market, we added to our position of non-Agency RMBS during 2013.
Our CMBS portfolio generally consists of assets originated prior to 2008, assets originated after 2010 (“CMBS 2.0”) and multi-family CMBS issued by Freddie Mac under their “K” program (“Freddie K”). During 2013, we grew our CMBS portfolio approximately $584.0 million based on our view of the improving risk and return offered by this asset class. The primary focus of our investments was in the CMBS 2.0 where we grew the percentage of our total CMBS portfolio to approximately 66.6% in 2013 from approximately 56.1% in 2012.
During 2013, we expanded our portfolio of credit assets by adding residential and commercial real estate loans. Our residential loan portfolio consists of prime jumbo mortgages that generally have been originated in 2011 or later. We believe these loans have high credit quality based on their risk characteristics including but not limited to high FICO scores, low or no delinquencies and low loan-to-value ratios based on current home values. For further details on the loan portfolio, refer to Note 5 - "Residential Loans Held-for-Investment."
Our commercial real estate loan portfolio includes mezzanine loans we originated. These loans are secured by the borrower’s ownership interest in a single purpose entity that owns commercial property, rather than a lien on the commercial property. As these are floating rate loans we believe these assets provide an attractive risk adjusted return without interest rate exposure.
Portfolio Characteristics
The table below represents the vintage of our MBS credit assets as of December 31, 2013:
2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Re-REMIC Senior (1) | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | 0.3 | % | — | % | 0.7 | % | 3.1 | % | 25.4 | % | 8.5 | % | 0.3 | % | 38.3 | % | |||||||||||
Prime | 0.4 | % | 0.8 | % | 4.5 | % | 4.1 | % | 9.2 | % | 2.3 | % | — | % | — | % | 0.2 | % | — | % | 18.4 | % | 39.9 | % | |||||||||||
Alt-A | — | % | 0.3 | % | 8.8 | % | 5.6 | % | 6.5 | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | 21.2 | % | |||||||||||
Subprime | — | % | — | % | — | % | 0.1 | % | 0.5 | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | 0.6 | % | |||||||||||
Total Non-Agency | 0.4 | % | 1.1 | % | 13.3 | % | 9.8 | % | 16.5 | % | 2.3 | % | 0.7 | % | 3.1 | % | 25.6 | % | 8.5 | % | 18.7 | % | 100.0 | % | |||||||||||
CMBS | — | % | — | % | 12.3 | % | 13.3 | % | 0.8 | % | — | % | — | % | 11.2 | % | 28.7 | % | 14.9 | % | 18.8 | % | 100.0 | % | |||||||||||
(1) | For Re-REMIC Seniors, the table reflects the year in which the resecuritizations were issued. The vintage distribution of the securities that collateralize the Company’s Re-REMIC Senior investments is 10.1% 2005, 37.6% 2006 and 52.3% 2007. Additionally, 10.4% of our Re-REMIC holdings are not senior classes. |
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The tables below represent the geographic concentration of the underlying collateral for our MBS portfolio as of December 31, 2013:
Non-Agency RMBS State | Percentage | CMBS State | Percentage | |||||
California | 46.4 | % | California | 14.9 | % | |||
Florida | 6.8 | % | New York | 12.6 | % | |||
New York | 6.0 | % | Texas | 9.5 | % | |||
Virginia | 3.7 | % | Florida | 6.0 | % | |||
New Jersey | 3.4 | % | Illinois | 5.0 | % | |||
Maryland | 3.3 | % | Pennsylvania | 3.9 | % | |||
Washington | 3.1 | % | Ohio | 3.0 | % | |||
Illinois | 2.5 | % | New Jersey | 2.9 | % | |||
Massachusetts | 2.3 | % | Virginia | 2.7 | % | |||
Arizona | 2.2 | % | North Carolina | 2.7 | % | |||
Other | 20.3 | % | Other | 36.8 | % | |||
Total | 100.0 | % | Total | 100.0 | % | |||
The vintage and geographic concentrations have not significantly changed since December 31, 2012.
The following table displays certain characteristics of our residential loans held-for-investment at December 31, 2013 by year of origination.
$ in thousands | 2013 | 2012 | 2009 | 2008 | Total | |||||||||
Portfolio Characteristics: | ||||||||||||||
Number of Loans(1) | 1,694 | 592 | 5 | 1 | 2,292 | |||||||||
Current Principal Balance | 1,286,127 | 495,016 | 2,188 | 652 | 1,783,983 | |||||||||
Net Weighted Average Coupon Rate | 3.54 | % | 3.50 | % | 3.54 | % | 5.58 | % | 3.53 | % | ||||
Weighted Average Maturity (years) | 29.34 | 29.03 | 25.56 | 24.33 | 29.25 | |||||||||
Current Performance: | ||||||||||||||
Current | 1,284,612 | 495,016 | 2,188 | 652 | 1,782,468 | |||||||||
30 Day Delinquent | 1,515 | — | — | — | 1,515 | |||||||||
60 Days Delinquent | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||
90+ Days Delinquent | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||
Bankruptcy/Foreclosure | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||
Total | 1,286,127 | 495,016 | 2,188 | 652 | 1,783,983 | |||||||||
(1) None for 2011 and 2010.
The following table presents the five largest geographic concentrations of our residential loans at December 31, 2013 based on principal balance outstanding:
State | Percent | |
California | 49.8 | % |
Illinois | 6.2 | % |
Massachusetts | 5.1 | % |
Virginia | 4.1 | % |
Maryland | 4.1 | % |
Other states (none greater than 4%) | 30.7 | % |
Total | 100.0 | % |
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Financing and Other Liabilities.
We enter into repurchase agreements to finance the majority of our target assets. These agreements are secured by our Agency RMBS, non-Agency RMBS and CMBS and bear interest at rates that have historically moved in close relationship to the London Interbank Offer Rate (“LIBOR”). As of December 31, 2013, we had entered into repurchase agreements totaling $15.5 billion (2012: $15.7 billion). The decrease in the amount of the repurchase agreement balance was due to the repositioning of our portfolio.
We also committed to invest up to $100.0 million in the Invesco Mortgage Recovery Feeder Fund L.P. managed by the Company’s Manager (“Invesco IMRF Fund”) and Invesco Mortgage Recovery Loans AIV, L.P. (“AIV Fund”), which, in turn, invests in our target assets. As of December 31, 2013, $94.6 million (2012: $82.9 million) of our commitment to the Invesco IMRF Fund and AIV Fund has been called. On December 31, 2013, the investment period ended. We are committed to fund an additional $5.4 million in capital to cover future expenses should they occur.
The Company records the liability for MBS purchased for which settlement has not taken place as an investment related payable. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company had investment related payables of $28.8 million and $63.7 million, respectively, of which no items were outstanding greater than thirty days. The change in balance was due to a decrease in unsettled MBS purchases at December 31, 2013. The Company records a receivable for MBS sold for which settlement has not taken place as an investment-related receivable. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company had investment related receivables of $515.4 million and $41.4 million, respectively, of which no items were outstanding greater than thirty days. The change in balance was due to an increase in unsettled sold MBS as of December 31, 2013.
Hedging Instruments. We generally hedge as much of our interest rate risk as we deem prudent in light of market conditions. No assurance can be given that our hedging activities will have the desired beneficial impact on our results of operations or financial condition. Our investment policies do not contain specific requirements as to the percentages or amount of interest rate risk that we are required to hedge.
Interest rate hedging may fail to protect or could adversely affect us because, among other things:
• | available interest rate hedging may not correspond directly with the interest rate risk for which protection is sought; |
• | the duration of the hedge may not match the duration of the related liability; |
• | the party owing money in the hedging transaction may default on its obligation to pay; |
• | the credit quality of the party owing money on the hedge may be downgraded to such an extent that it impairs our ability to sell or assign our side of the hedging transaction; and |
• | the value of derivatives used for hedging may be adjusted from time to time in accordance with accounting rules to reflect changes in fair value. Downward adjustments or mark-to-market losses would reduce our shareholders’ equity. |
On December 31, 2013, we discontinued hedge accounting for our interest rate swap agreements by de-designating the swaps as cash flow hedges. No interest rate swaps were terminated in conjunction with this action, and our risk management and hedging practices are not impacted. However, our accounting for these transactions will change prospectively. All of our swaps had previously been accounted for as cash flow hedges under the applicable guidance. As a result of discontinuing hedge accounting, beginning January 1, 2014, changes in the fair value of our interest rate swap agreements will be recorded in other income (loss) in our consolidated statements of operations, rather than in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Also, net interest paid or received under the interest rate swaps, which up through December 31, 2013 was recognized in interest expense will instead be recognized in other income (loss) in our consolidated statements of operations. This change had no impact on our results of operations for the three or twelve month periods ended December 31, 2013. Refer to Note 9 - "Derivatives and Hedging Activities" for further information.
As of December 31, 2013, we have entered into interest rate swap agreements designed to mitigate the effects of increases in interest rates under a portion of our repurchase agreements. These swap agreements provide for fixed interest rates indexed off of one-month LIBOR and effectively fix the floating interest rates on $12.8 billion (2012: $8.0 billion) of borrowings under our repurchase agreements. As of December 31, 2013, included in this amount we had forward starting swaps with a total notional amount of $2.0 billion, with starting dates ranging from February 24, 2015 to February 5, 2016. The increase in the amount of interest rate swaps was due to our view of interest rate risk and the expected duration of our investment portfolio and liabilities.
As of December 31, 2013, we held approximately $1.2 billion in interest rate swaptions (2012: $850 million) with an unrealized loss of $17.0 million (2012: $3.9 million unrealized loss). During the year ended December 31, 2013, we sold
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interest rate swaptions with a notional amount of $4.2 billion and recognized a realized gain of $56.3 million. We did not sell any interest rate swaptions in 2012. We purchase interest swaptions to reduce the impact that interest rate volatility has on our portfolio. The increase in the notional amount of swaptions held was due to our views on the potential for higher interest rate volatility as the Federal Reserve tapers QE.
As of December 31, 2013, we held $100.0 million (2012: $0) in notional amount of short U.S. Treasury futures and an unrealized gain of $2.6 million. During the year ended December 31, 2013, we sold U.S. Treasury futures of $100.0 million notional amount and recognized a loss of $2.4 million. We invest in U.S. Treasury futures to help mitigate the potential impact of change in interest rates on the performance of our portfolio.
Book Value per Share
Our book value per common share was $17.97, $20.83 and $16.41 as of December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively, on a fully diluted basis, after giving effect to our units of limited partnership interest in our operating partnership, which may be converted to common shares at the sole election of the Company. The change in our book value was primarily due to the change in valuation of our investment portfolio and our interest rate hedges that are recorded in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) on our balance sheet. Refer to Note 4 – “Mortgage-Backed Securities” for the impact of changes in accumulated other comprehensive income on our investment portfolio. The value of our assets and liabilities change daily based on market conditions. Refer to Item 7A. “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risks” for interest rate risk and its impact on fair value.
Critical Accounting Policies
Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which requires the use of estimates and assumptions that involve the exercise of judgment and use of assumptions as to future uncertainties. Accounting estimates and assumptions discussed in this section are those that we consider to be the most critical to an understanding of our financial statements because they involve significant judgments and uncertainties. All of these estimates reflect our best judgment about current, and for some estimates, future economic and market conditions and their effects based on information available as of the date of these financial statements. If conditions change from those expected, it is possible that the judgments and estimates described below could change, which may result in a change in valuation of our investment portfolio, future impairments of our MBS, change in our interest income recognition, allowance for loan losses, inclusion of the change in derivative values in our income rather than other comprehensive income and an increase in our tax liability among other effects.
Securities. We record our MBS as available-for-sale and report them at fair value based on prices received from third-party sources. The valuation service uses various observable inputs which may change with market conditions. It is possible that changes in these inputs could change the valuation estimate and lead to impairment of our MBS portfolio. Further information is provided in Note 2 - "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" and Note 4 - “Mortgage-Backed Securities."
Other-than-temporary Impairment. We regularly review our available-for-sale portfolio for other-than-temporary impairment. This determination involves both qualitative and quantitative data. It is possible that estimates may be incorrect, economic conditions may change or we are forced to sell the investment before recovery of our amortized cost. Further information is provided in Note 2 - "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" and Note 4 - “Mortgage-Backed Securities."
Residential and Commercial loans. Residential loans held-for-investment are carried at unpaid principal balance net of any allowance for loan losses. Commercial loans held-for-investment, are carried at cost net of any allowance for loan losses. An allowance for loan losses is established based on credit losses inherent in the portfolio. These estimates require consideration of various observable inputs including, but not limited to, historical loss experience, delinquency status, borrower credit scores, geographic concentrations and loan-to-value ratios are adjusted for current economic conditions as deemed necessary by management. In addition, since we have not incurred any direct losses on our portfolio, we use national historical credit performance information from a third party vendor to assist in our analysis. Changes in our estimates can significantly impact the allowance for loan losses and provision expense. It is also possible that we will experience credit losses that are different from our current estimates or that the timing of those losses may differ from our estimates. Further information on the allowance for loan losses is provided in Note 2 - “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.”
Interest Income Recognition. Interest income on available-for-sale securities, which includes accretion of discounts and amortization of premiums, is recognized over the life of the investment using the effective interest method. Management estimates, at the time of purchase, the future expected cash flows and determines the effective interest rate based on these estimated cash flows and the Company’s purchase price. As needed, these estimated cash flows are updated and a revised yield is computed based on the current amortized cost of the investment. In estimating these cash flows, there are a number of assumptions that are subject to uncertainties and contingencies, including the rate and timing of principal payments
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(prepayments, repurchases, defaults and liquidations), the pass through or coupon rate and interest rate fluctuations. In addition, management must use its judgment to estimate interest payment shortfalls due to delinquencies on the underlying mortgage loans. These uncertainties and contingencies are difficult to predict and are subject to future events that may impact management’s estimates and interest income. Interest income from the Company’s residential loans is recognized on an accrual basis with the related premiums being amortized into interest income using the effective interest method over the weighted average life of these loans. As needed, these estimated cash flows are updated and a revised yield is computed based on the current amortized cost of the investment. Interest is recognized as revenue when earned and deemed collectible or until a loan becomes past due based on the terms of the loan agreement.
Accounting for Derivative Financial Instruments. We use derivatives to manage interest rate risk. Accounting for derivatives as hedges requires that, at inception and over the term of the arrangement, the derivative meet the requirements for hedge accounting. The rules and interpretations related to hedge accounting are complex. Failure to apply this complex guidance correctly will result in changes in the fair value of the derivative being reported in earnings rather than other comprehensive income. Further information including information on our discontinued use of hedge accounting effective on December 31, 2013 is provided in Note 9 - “Derivatives and Hedging Activities.”
Income Taxes. We have elected to be taxed as a REIT. Accordingly, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal and applicable state and local corporate income tax to the extent that we make qualifying distributions and provided we satisfy on a continuing basis, through actual investment and operating results, the REIT requirements including certain asset, income, distribution and stock ownership tests. The REIT qualifications rules are complex and failure to apply them correctly could subject the Company to U.S. federal, state and local income taxes.
Expected Impact of New Authoritative Guidance on Future Financial Information
None.
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Results of Operations
The table below presents certain information from our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011.
Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||
$ in thousands, except per share data | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | |||||
Interest Income | ||||||||
Mortgage-backed securities | 646,787 | 566,830 | 453,352 | |||||
Residential loans | 34,122 | — | — | |||||
Commercial loans | 1,451 | — | — | |||||
Total interest income | 682,360 | 566,830 | 453,352 | |||||
Interest Expense | ||||||||
Repurchase agreements | 287,547 | 237,405 | 155,241 | |||||
Exchangeable senior notes | 18,023 | — | — | |||||
Asset-backed securities | 26,682 | — | — | |||||
Total interest expense | 332,252 | 237,405 | 155,241 | |||||
Net interest income | 350,108 | 329,425 | 298,111 | |||||
Provision for loan losses | 884 | — | — | |||||
Net interest income after provision for loan losses | 349,224 | 329,425 | 298,111 | |||||
Other income (loss) | ||||||||
Gain (loss) on sale of investments, net | (199,449 | ) | 48,215 | 10,959 | ||||
Equity in earnings and fair value change in unconsolidated ventures | 5,345 | 7,169 | 3,301 | |||||
Realized and unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate derivative instruments | 40,003 | (4,232 | ) | (764 | ) | |||
Realized and unrealized credit default swap income | 1,127 | 3,115 | 5,308 | |||||
Total other income (loss) | (152,974 | ) | 54,267 | 18,804 | ||||
Expenses | ||||||||
Management fee — related party | 42,639 | 35,658 | 26,259 | |||||
General and administrative | 10,505 | 4,026 | 3,859 | |||||
Total expenses | 53,144 | 39,684 | 30,118 | |||||
Net income | 143,106 | 344,008 | 286,797 | |||||
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest | 1,486 | 4,123 | 4,882 | |||||
Net income attributable to Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc. | 141,620 | 339,885 | 281,915 | |||||
Dividends to preferred shareholders | 10,851 | 5,395 | — | |||||
Net income attributable to common shareholders | 130,769 | 334,490 | 281,915 | |||||
Earnings per share: | ||||||||
Net income attributable to common shareholders | ||||||||
Basic | 0.99 | 2.89 | 3.27 | |||||
Diluted | 0.99 | 2.89 | 3.27 | |||||
Weighted average number of shares of common stock: | ||||||||
Basic | 132,714 | 115,559 | 86,365 | |||||
Diluted | 134,174 | 117,012 | 87,804 | |||||
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The table below presents certain information for our portfolio as of and for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011.
As of and for the Years Ended | ||||||||
December 31, | ||||||||
$ in thousands | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | |||||
Average Balances*: | ||||||||
Agency RMBS: | ||||||||
15 year fixed-rate, at amortized cost | 1,897,780 | 2,302,218 | 2,171,988 | |||||
30 year fixed-rate, at amortized cost | 10,217,822 | 8,395,560 | 4,547,867 | |||||
ARM, at amortized cost | 122,225 | 150,377 | 86,177 | |||||
Hybrid ARM, at amortized cost | 758,625 | 1,028,432 | 998,933 | |||||
MBS-CMO, at amortized cost | 496,607 | 465,469 | 91,861 | |||||
Non-Agency RMBS, at amortized cost | 3,602,772 | 2,524,635 | 2,057,477 | |||||
CMBS, at amortized cost | 2,412,694 | 1,461,359 | 1,006,164 | |||||
Residential loans, at amortized cost | 1,006,374 | — | — | |||||
Commercial loans, at amortized cost | 14,858 | — | — | |||||
Average MBS and Loans portfolio | 20,529,757 | 16,328,050 | 10,960,467 | |||||
Average Portfolio Yields: (1) | ||||||||
Agency RMBS: | ||||||||
15 year fixed-rate | 2.32 | % | 2.54 | % | 2.96 | % | ||
30 year fixed-rate | 2.88 | % | 3.12 | % | 3.59 | % | ||
ARM | 2.35 | % | 2.51 | % | 2.99 | % | ||
Hybrid ARM | 2.18 | % | 2.60 | % | 2.58 | % | ||
MBS-CMO | 2.26 | % | 2.02 | % | 3.39 | % | ||
Non-Agency RMBS | 4.60 | % | 5.16 | % | 6.79 | % | ||
CMBS | 4.64 | % | 5.22 | % | 5.44 | % | ||
Residential loans | 3.30 | % | n/a | n/a | ||||
Commercial loans | 9.77 | % | n/a | n/a | ||||
Average portfolio | 3.32 | % | 3.47 | % | 4.14 | % | ||
Average Borrowings*: | ||||||||
Agency RMBS | 12,107,119 | 11,161,176 | 7,146,066 | |||||
Non-Agency RMBS | 2,854,423 | 1,902,754 | 1,536,245 | |||||
CMBS | 1,900,365 | 1,108,438 | 791,212 | |||||
Exchangeable senior notes | 321,111 | — | — | |||||
Asset-backed securities | 916,786 | — | — | |||||
Total borrowed funds | 18,099,804 | 14,172,368 | 9,473,523 | |||||
Maximum borrowings during the period (2) | 19,710,901 | 16,227,024 | 12,253,038 | |||||
Average Cost of Funds: (3) | ||||||||
Agency RMBS | 0.40 | % | 0.39 | % | 0.27 | % | ||
Non-Agency RMBS | 1.60 | % | 1.76 | % | 1.47 | % | ||
CMBS | 1.45 | % | 1.55 | % | 1.35 | % | ||
Exchangeable senior notes | 5.61 | % | n/a | n/a | ||||
Asset-backed securities | 2.91 | % | n/a | n/a | ||||
Unhedged cost of funds | 0.92 | % | 0.67 | % | 0.56 | % | ||
Hedged cost of funds | 1.84 | % | 1.68 | % | 1.64 | % | ||
Average Equity: (4) | 2,577,817 | 2,262,851 | 1,625,794 | |||||
Average debt/equity ratio (average during period) | 7.0x | 6.3x | 5.8x | |||||
Debt/equity ratio (as of period end) | 7.3x | 6.1x | 6.4x | |||||
* | Average amounts for each period are based on weighted month-end balances. |
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(1) | Average portfolio yield for the period was calculated by dividing interest income, including amortization of premiums and discounts, by our average of the amortized cost of the investments. All yields are annualized. |
(2) | Amount represents the maximum borrowings at month-end during each of the respective periods. |
(3) | Average cost of funds is calculated by dividing interest expense, by our average borrowings. |
(4) | Average equity is calculated based on a weighted balance basis. |
Net Income Summary
For the year ended December 31, 2013, our net income attributable to common shareholders was $130.8 million (2012: $334.5 million; 2011: $281.9 million), or $0.99 (2012: $2.89; 2011: $3.27) basic and diluted net income per average share available to common shareholders.
The decrease to net income attributable to common shareholders for the year ended December 31, 2013 versus 2012 is primarily attributable to the sale of MBS at a loss during 2013. During 2013, interest rates on mortgage loans increased resulting in a decline in the value of certain MBS we owned. In response to the changing interest rate environment, we sold certain MBS realizing a net loss of $199.4 million and invested the proceeds in other target assets.
The increase to net income attributable to common shareholders for the year ended December 31, 2012 versus 2011 is primarily attributable to the growth in our average investment portfolio resulting from our preferred stock and common stock offerings during 2012 and 2011. Our average MBS portfolio increased $5.4 billion during 2012 over 2011.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Core earnings is a non-GAAP financial measure. We calculate core earnings as U.S. GAAP net income attributable to common shareholders excluding gain (loss) on sale of investments, net and realized and unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate derivative instruments. We record changes in the valuation of our investment portfolio and certain interest rate swaps in other comprehensive income. In addition, we use swaptions and invest in U.S. Treasury futures that do not qualify under U.S. GAAP for inclusion in other comprehensive income, and, as such, the changes in valuation are recorded in the period in which they occur. For internal portfolio analysis, our management deducts these gains and losses from U.S. GAAP net income to provide a consistent view of investment portfolio performance across reporting periods.
We believe the presentation of core earnings allows investors to evaluate and compare our performance to that of our peers because core earnings measures investment portfolio performance over multiple reporting periods by removing realized and unrealized gains and losses. As such, we believe that the disclosure of core earnings is useful and meaningful to our investors.
However, we caution that core earnings should not be considered as an alternative to net income (determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP), or an indication of our cash flow from operating activities (determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP), a measure of our liquidity, or an indication of amounts available to fund our cash needs, including our ability to make cash distributions. In addition, our methodology for calculating core earnings may differ from those employed by other companies for a similarly described measure and, therefore, may not be comparable.
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The table below provides a reconciliation of U.S. GAAP net income attributable to common shareholders to core earnings for the following periods:
Reconciliation of Net Income Attributable to Common Shareholders to Core Earnings
Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||
$ in thousands, except per share data | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | |||||
Net income attributable to common shareholders | 130,769 | 334,490 | 281,915 | |||||
Adjustments | ||||||||
(Gain) loss on sale of investments, net | 199,449 | (48,215 | ) | (10,959 | ) | |||
Realized gain on interest rate derivative instruments | (53,926 | ) | — | — | ||||
Unrealized loss on interest rate derivative instruments | 13,923 | 4,232 | 764 | |||||
Total adjustments | 159,446 | (43,983 | ) | (10,195 | ) | |||
Core earnings | 290,215 | 290,507 | 271,720 | |||||
Basic earnings per common share | 0.99 | 2.89 | 3.27 | |||||
Core earnings per share attributable to common shareholders | 2.19 | 2.52 | 3.15 | |||||
Interest Income and Average Earning Asset Yield
Our primary source of income is interest earned on our investment portfolio. During 2013, we had average earning assets of approximately $20.5 billion (2012: $16.3 billion; 2011: $11.0 billion) and earned interest income of $682.4 million (2012: $566.8 million; 2011: $453.4 million). The yield on our average investment portfolio was 3.32% (2012: 3.47%; 2011: 4.14%).
The change in our average assets and the portfolio yield for 2013 versus 2012 was primarily attributable to investing capital from our equity and debt offerings and by changing our portfolio composition. We continue to evaluate our investment portfolio and make adjustments based on our views of the market opportunities. The change in our average assets and the portfolio yield for 2012 versus 2011 was primarily the result of the increase in our investment portfolio in connection with adding leverage and utilizing proceeds from our preferred stock offerings during 2012 and a change in our portfolio composition as we increased our equity allocation to Agency RMBS at lower yields and higher leverage. Refer to the average balance table in the “Results of Operations” section above for changes in average portfolio balance and asset mix.
Our interest income is subject to interest rate risk. Refer to Item 7A. “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” for more information relating to interest rate risk and its impact on our operating results.
The CPR of our portfolio impacts the amount of premium and discount on the purchase of securities that is recognized into income. Our Agency and non-Agency RMBS had a weighted average CPR of 9.7 and 13.1 for the three months ended December 31, 2013 and September 30, 2013, respectively. The table below shows the three month CPR for our RMBS compared to bonds with similar characteristics (“Cohorts”):
December 31, 2013 | September 30, 2013 | ||||||||||
Company | Cohort | Company | Cohort | ||||||||
15 year Agency RMBS | 12.3 | 14.1 | 15.9 | 23.9 | |||||||
30 year Agency RMBS | 8.1 | 9.7 | 10.1 | 14.2 | |||||||
Agency Hybrid ARM RMBS | 6.4 | NA | 18.1 | NA | |||||||
Non-Agency RMBS | 12.4 | NA | 17.3 | NA | |||||||
Overall | 9.7 | NA | 13.1 | NA | |||||||
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Interest Expense and the Cost of Funds
Our largest expense is the interest expense on borrowed funds. For 2013, we had average borrowed funds of $18.1 billion (2012: $14.2 billion; 2011: $9.5 billion) and total interest expense of $332.3 million (2012: $237.4 million; 2011: $155.2 million).
The increase in average borrowed funds and interest expense for 2013 versus 2012 was primarily the result of increasing the size of our investment portfolio, hedging costs from additional interest rate swaps, the issuance of our exchangeable senior notes and costs attributed to ABS.
The increase in average borrowed funds for 2012 versus 2011 was primarily the result of increasing the size of our investment portfolio in connection with the investment of the proceeds of our preferred stock offering. The increase in interest expense for 2012 versus 2011 was primarily the result of increasing the size of our investment portfolio and hedging costs from additional interest rate swaps.
For the year ended December 31, 2013, our average hedged cost of funds was 1.84% (2012: 1.68%; 2011: 1.64%). Since a substantial portion of our repurchase agreements are short-term, changes in market rates are directly reflected in our interest expense. Interest expense includes borrowing costs under repurchase agreements, borrowing costs on our exchangeable senior notes, borrowing costs under our ABS, as well as any hedging costs.
Net Interest Income
Our net interest income, which equals interest income less interest expense, for the year ended December 31, 2013, totaled $350.1 million (2012: $329.4 million; 2011: $298.1 million). Our net interest rate margin for the year ended December 31, 2013, which equals the yield on our average assets for the period less the average cost of funds for the period, was 1.48% (2012: 1.79%; 2011: 2.50%).
The increase in net interest income for 2013 versus 2012 was primarily the result of increasing our investment portfolio, while the decrease in our net interest rate margin was a direct result of our change in asset mix in our portfolio composition and an increase in our cost of funds from additional interest rate swaps, the issuance of our exchangeable senior note and ABS. The increase in net interest income for 2012 versus 2011 was primarily the result of increasing our investment portfolio with the net proceeds of our preferred stock offering. The decrease in net interest margin was primarily due to a lower average earning asset yield. Refer to the average balance table in the “Results of Operations” section above for changes in average portfolio balance and asset mix.
Provision for Loan Losses
During 2013, we began investing in residential and commercial loans, held-for-investment and evaluated these investments to determine if it is probable that all amounts due will not be collected according to the terms of the loan agreements. Based upon this analysis, we recorded a loan loss reserve of $884,000 for the year ended December 31, 2013 (2012: $0; 2011: $0). During the year ended December 31, 2013 there were no charge-offs of loans.
Gain/Loss on Sale of Investments
As part of our investment process, all of our MBS are continuously reviewed to determine if they continue to meet our risk and return targets. This process involves looking at changing market assumptions and the impact those assumptions will have on the individual securities. During 2013, changes in interest rates resulted in a decline in the value of Agency RMBS. We repositioned the portfolio to be less sensitive to interest rate changes. We sold securities and recognized a net loss of approximately $199.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 (2012: net gain of $48.2 million; 2011: net gain of $11.0 million).
Loss on Other-Than-Temporary Impaired Securities
For the year ended December 31, 2013, we recognized no losses (2012: $0; 2011: $0) on other-than-temporarily impaired securities in the consolidated statements of operations which had been previously included in accumulated other comprehensive income. Refer to Note 4 – “Mortgage-Backed Securities” for the assessment of other-than-temporary impairment on our investment securities.
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Equity in Earnings and Change in Fair Value of Unconsolidated Ventures
For the year ended December 31, 2013, we recognized equity in earnings of approximately $1.6 million (2012: $3.0 million; 2011: $6.0 million) and unrealized gain on the change in fair value of our investment in the Invesco IMRF Fund of approximately $1.5 million (2012: unrealized gain of $671,000; 2011: unrealized loss of $3.8 million), respectively. The decrease in equity in earnings and increase in unrealized income on the change in fair value was primarily the result of realizing less gains on investments sold during 2013 and a decrease in the fair value of investments remaining in the Invesco IMRF Fund at December 31, 2013.
In 2011, we invested in a portfolio of commercial mortgage loans by contributing $16.9 million, net of distributions, of equity to IMRF Loan Portfolio Member LLC (“IMRF LLC”). For the year ended December 31, 2013, we recognized equity in earnings and unrealized gain on the change in fair value of our investment in the IMRF LLC of approximately $1.2 million (2012: $3.8 million; 2011: $759,000) and $1.1 million (2012: unrealized loss of $315,000; 2011: unrealized gain of $325,000), respectively.
Other Income
We finance our activities primarily through repurchase agreements, which are generally settled on a short-term basis, usually from one to twelve months. At each settlement date, we refinance each repurchase agreement at the market interest rate at that time. Since the interest rate on repurchase agreements change on a one to twelve month basis, we are continuously exposed to changing interest rates. Our objectives in using interest rate derivatives are to add stability to interest expense and to manage our exposure to interest rate movements. To accomplish these objectives, we primarily use derivative instruments, including interest rate swaps, swaptions and U.S. Treasury futures, as part of our interest rate risk management strategy. Interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for us making fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount. The interest rate swaption provides us the option to enter into an interest rate swap agreement for a predetermined notional amount, stated term and pay and receive interest rates in the future. The premium paid for interest rate swaptions is reported as an asset in our consolidated balance sheets. The premium is valued at an amount equal to the fair value of the swaption that would have the effect of closing the position adjusted for nonperformance risk, if any.
On December 31, 2013, we discontinued hedge accounting for our interest rate swap agreements by de-designating the swaps as cash flow hedges. Refer to Note 9 - "Derivatives and Hedging Activities" for further information.
The tables below summarize our realized and unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate derivative instruments for the following periods:
Year ended December 31, 2013 | ||||||||
$ in thousands | Realized gain (loss) on interest rate derivative instruments | Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate derivative instruments | Realized and Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate derivative instruments | |||||
Derivative instruments: | ||||||||
Interest rate swaps, ineffective portion | — | 535 | 535 | |||||
Interest rate swaptions | 56,279 | (17,048 | ) | 39,231 | ||||
U.S. Treasury future contracts | (2,353 | ) | 2,590 | 237 | ||||
Total | 53,926 | (13,923 | ) | 40,003 | ||||
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Year ended December 31, 2012 | ||||||||
$ in thousands | Realized gain (loss) on interest rate derivative instruments | Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate derivative instruments | Realized and Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate derivative instruments | |||||
Derivative instruments: | ||||||||
Interest rate swaps, ineffective portion | — | (369 | ) | (369 | ) | |||
Interest rate swaptions | — | (3,863 | ) | (3,863 | ) | |||
U.S. Treasury future contracts | — | — | — | |||||
Total | — | (4,232 | ) | (4,232 | ) | |||
Year ended December 31, 2011 | ||||||||
$ in thousands | Realized gain (loss) on interest rate derivative instruments | Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate derivative instruments | Realized and Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate derivative instruments | |||||
Derivative instruments: | ||||||||
Interest rate swaps, ineffective portion | — | (764 | ) | (764 | ) | |||
Interest rate swaptions | — | — | — | |||||
U.S. Treasury future contracts | — | — | — | |||||
Total | — | (764 | ) | (764 | ) | |||
In 2010, we entered into a credit default swap (“CDS”) contract. For the year ended December 31, 2013, we recognized income of $1.1 million (2012: $3.1 million; 2011: $5.3 million) on our investment in the CDS of which $865,000 (2012: $180,000 gain; 2011: $1.3 million gain) is an unrealized loss based on change in the fair market value of the CDS and $2.0 million (2012: $2.9 million; 2011: $4.0 million) represents premium payments we receive for providing protection. The decrease in income from 2012 to 2013 was due to a lower average notional amount of the CDS outstanding and a mark-to-market adjustment recorded in 2012 that did not repeat in 2013.
Expenses
For the year ended December 31, 2013, we incurred management fees of $42.6 million (2012: $35.7 million; 2011: $26.3 million), which are payable to our Manager under our management agreement. The increase in management fees is attributable to an increase in shareholders’ equity resulting from our follow-on common stock and preferred stock offerings in 2012 and 2013. Refer to Note 12 – “Related Party Transactions” for a discussion of the management fee and our relationship with our Manager.
For the year ended December 31, 2013, our general and administrative expense of $10.5 million (2012: $4.0 million; 2011: $3.9 million) includes operating expenses not covered under our management agreement. These expenses primarily consist of directors and officers insurance, accounting services, auditing and tax services, filing fees, and miscellaneous general and administrative costs. The increase in general and administrative costs is partly attributable to acquisition and direct operating costs of five consolidated VIEs acquired during 2013, which amounted to $3.7 million in 2013. In addition, costs for audit and tax services, accounting and legal services increased due to an increase in investment activities in 2013.
Net Income after Preferred Dividends and Return on Average Equity
For the year ended December 31, 2013, our net income after preferred dividends was $132.3 million (2012: $338.6 million; 2011: $286.8 million) and our annualized return on average equity was 5.13% (2012: 14.96%; 2011: 17.64%). The change in net income after preferred dividends and return on average equity was primarily the result of the changes in our portfolio composition in 2013 and 2012 and the increase in realized and unrealized losses on sale of MBS and derivative instruments. The decrease in return on average equity was the result of realized and unrealized gains on interest rate swaptions offset by a lower asset yields on the portfolio as a result of the interest rate environment.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity is a measurement of our ability to meet potential cash requirements, including ongoing commitments to pay dividends, fund investments, repayment of borrowings and other general business needs. Our primary sources of funds for liquidity consist of the net proceeds from our common and preferred equity offerings, net cash provided by operating activities, cash from repurchase agreements and other financing arrangements and future issuances of equity and/or debt securities. We also have sought, and may continue to finance our assets under, and may otherwise participate in, programs established by the U.S. government.
We currently believe that we have sufficient liquidity and capital resources available for the acquisition of additional investments, repayments on borrowings, margin requirements and the payment of cash dividends as required for continued qualification as a REIT. We generally maintain liquidity to pay down borrowings under repurchase arrangements to reduce borrowing costs and otherwise efficiently manage our long-term investment capital. Because the level of these borrowings can be adjusted on a daily basis, the level of cash and cash equivalents carried on our consolidated balance sheets is significantly less important than our potential liquidity available under borrowing arrangements. However, there can be no assurance that we will maintain sufficient levels of liquidity to meet any margin calls.
We held cash and cash equivalents of $210.6 million at December 31, 2013 (2012: $286.5 million). Our cash and cash equivalents decreased due to normal fluctuations in cash balances related to the timing of principal and interest payments, repayments of debt, and asset purchases and sales.
Our operating activities provided net cash of approximately $490.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 (2012: $427.5 million; 2011: $305.4 million). The cash provided by operating activities increased due to the increase in net interest income earned by our portfolio, which resulted from the increase in average interest earning assets of $20.5 billion in investments, including residential and commercial loans at December 31, 2013 as compared to $16.3 billion at December 31, 2012 and $11.0 billion at December 31, 2011.
Our investing activities used net cash of $2.3 billion for the year ended December 31, 2013 (2012: $3.7 billion; 2011: $9.1 billion). During the year ended December 31, 2013 we utilized cash to purchase $8.3 billion in securities and $1.9 billion in residential loans which were offset by proceeds from asset sales of $5.0 billion, principal payments of $2.8 billion and principal repayments on residential loans of $44.0 million. In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2013 we originated commercial loans of $64.0 million. During the year ended December 31, 2012 we utilized cash to purchase $9.2 billion in securities, sold $2.9 billion of securities and received principal payments of $2.6 billion. During the year ended December 31, 2011 we utilized cash to purchase $13.7 billion in securities and sold $3.1 billion of securities and received principal payments of $1.5 billion. During 2013 and 2012, we utilized proceeds generated from our financing activities to increase our investment portfolio, resulting in an increase in purchases of MBS and residential loans.
Our financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2013 consisted of net proceeds from our common stock offering and our dividend reinvestment and share purchase plan (“DRSPP”) in which we raised approximately $396.5 million in equity, net proceeds from the issuance of our exchangeable senior notes of $400.0 million, and net proceeds from our ABS of $1.7 billion, reduced by financing costs incurred of $16.2 million and offset by principal repayments of ABS of $41.7 million and net principal repayments on our repurchase agreements of $240.9 million. In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2013 we repurchased shares of common stock totaling $160.5 million.
Our financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2012 primarily consisted of net proceeds from our preferred stock offering in which we raised approximately $135.4 million in equity and net proceeds from our repurchase agreements of $3.4 billion.
Our financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2011 primarily consisted of net proceeds from our follow-on common stock offerings in which we raised approximately $1.3 billion in equity and net proceeds from our repurchase agreements of $7.9 billion.
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The table below shows the allocation of our equity and repurchase agreement debt-to-equity ratio as of December 31, 2013. The amount of equity allocated to an asset class as well as the amount of leverage applied has a direct impact on our interest income. Repurchase agreement borrowings are short-term and subject to refinancing risk. The leverage on each class of assets may periodically exceed the stated ranges as we adjust our portfolio allocations and related borrowings to obtain the best available financing sources and minimize total interest expense.
$ in millions | Agency | Non-Agency | CMBS | Total | |||||||
Repurchase agreements(1) | 10,282 | 3,088 | 2,082 | 15,452 | |||||||
Equity allocation(2) | 1,182 | 921 | 587 | 2,690 | |||||||
Repurchase Agreement Debt / Equity Ratio | 8.7 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 5.7 | |||||||
(1) | Non-Agency repurchase agreements include borrowings that are collateralized by securities that are eliminated in consolidation. |
(2) | Equity allocation is generally equal to the asset balances for the listed category less borrowings. We also allocate other balance sheet assets and liabilities to each asset type. The total equity allocated to repurchase agreements exceeds the total equity on our consolidated balance sheets since we do not allocate the exchangeable senior notes to individual asset categories. |
As of December 31, 2013, the weighted average margin requirement, or the percentage amount by which the collateral value must exceed the loan amount, which we also refer to as the “haircut,” under our repurchase agreements for Agency RMBS was 4.51% (weighted by borrowing amount), under our repurchase agreements for non-Agency RMBS was 18.3% and under our repurchase agreements for CMBS was 18.68%. Across our repurchase facilities for Agency RMBS, the haircuts range from a low of 3% to a high of 10%, for non-Agency RMBS range from a low of 10% to a high of 50% and for CMBS range from a low of 10% to a high of 30%. Our hedged cost of funds was 1.84% and 1.68% as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Declines in the value of our securities portfolio can trigger margin calls by our lenders under our repurchase agreements. An event of default or termination event would give some of our counterparties the option to terminate all repurchase transactions existing with us and require any amount due by us to the counterparties to be payable immediately.
Our total debt-to-equity ratio, which includes longer term financing, was 7.3x as of December 31, 2013 (2012: 6.1x). The increase in total debt-to-equity was primarily due to the issuance of our $400.0 million exchangeable senior notes and the addition of $1.6 billion in consolidated asset-backed securities that were new types of borrowings for 2013.
In 2011, we implemented the DRSPP. We have registered and reserved for issuance 15,000,000 shares of our common stock under the DRSPP. Under the terms of the DRSPP, shareholders who participate in the DRSPP may purchase shares of our common stock directly from us, in cash investments up to $10,000, or greater than $10,000 if we grant a request for waiver. At our sole discretion, we may accept optional cash investments in excess of $10,000 per month, which may qualify for a discount from the market price of 0% to 3%. The DRSPP participants may also automatically reinvest all or a portion of their dividends for additional shares of our stock. During the year ended December 31, 2013, we issued 1,770,106 shares of common stock (2012: 776,361 shares; 2011: 4,121,638 shares) at an average price of $21.31 under the DRSPP with total proceeds of approximately $37.7 million, of which 1,752,503 shares of common stock (2012: 11,521 shares; 2011: 11,912 shares) were issued at an average offering price of $21.35 under the waiver feature of the DRSPP.
On December 12, 2011, our board of directors approved a share repurchase program to purchase up to 7,000,000 shares of our common shares with no stated expiration date. On December 2, 2013, our board of directors approved an additional share repurchase of up to 20,000,000 of our common shares with no expiration date. Shares of the our common stock may be purchased in the open market, including through block purchases, or through privately negotiated transactions, or pursuant to any trading plan that may be adopted in accordance with Rules 10b5-1 and 10b-18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The timing, manner, price and amount of any repurchases will be determined at our discretion and the program may be suspended, terminated or modified at any time for any reason. The program does not obligate us to acquire any specific number of shares, and all repurchases will be made in accordance with Rule 10b-18, which sets certain restrictions on the method, timing, price and volume of stock repurchases.
During the twelve months ended December 31, 2013, we repurchased 10,720,003 shares of our common stock at an average repurchase price of $14.97 per share for a net cost of $160.5 million, including acquisition expenses. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2012, we did not repurchase any shares of our common stock. As of December 31, 2013, we had authority to purchase 16,279,997 shares of our common stock through this program.
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Effects of Margin Requirements, Leverage and Credit Spreads
Our securities have values that fluctuate according to market conditions and, as discussed above, the market value of our securities will decrease as prevailing interest rates or credit spreads increase. When the value of the securities pledged to secure a repurchase loan decreases to the point where the positive difference between the collateral value and the loan amount is less than the haircut, our lenders may issue a “margin call,” which means that the lender will require us to pay the margin call in cash or pledge additional collateral to meet that margin call. Under our repurchase facilities, our lenders have full discretion to determine the value of the securities we pledge to them. Most of our lenders will value securities based on recent trades in the market. Lenders also issue margin calls as the published current principal balance factors change on the pool of mortgages underlying the securities pledged as collateral when scheduled and unscheduled paydowns are announced monthly.
We experience margin calls in the ordinary course of our business. In seeking to effectively manage the margin requirements established by our lenders, we maintain a position of cash and unpledged securities. We refer to this position as our “liquidity.” The level of liquidity we have available to meet margin calls is directly affected by our leverage levels, our haircuts and the price changes on our securities. If interest rates increase as a result of a yield curve shift or for another reason or if credit spreads widen, then the prices of our collateral (and our unpledged assets that constitute our liquidity) will decline, we will experience margin calls, and we will use our liquidity to meet the margin calls. There can be no assurance that we will maintain sufficient levels of liquidity to meet any margin calls. If our haircuts increase, our liquidity will proportionately decrease. In addition, if we increase our borrowings, our liquidity will decrease by the amount of additional haircut on the increased level of indebtedness.
We intend to maintain a level of liquidity in relation to our assets that enables us to meet reasonably anticipated margin calls but that also allows us to be substantially invested in securities. We may misjudge the appropriate amount of our liquidity by maintaining excessive liquidity, which would lower our investment returns, or by maintaining insufficient liquidity, which would force us to liquidate assets into unfavorable market conditions and harm our results of operations and financial condition.
Forward-Looking Statements Regarding Liquidity
Based upon our current portfolio, leverage rate and available borrowing arrangements, we believe that cash flow from operations and available borrowing capacity, will be sufficient to enable us to meet anticipated short-term (one year or less) liquidity requirements to fund our investment activities, pay fees under our management agreement, fund our distributions to shareholders and for other general corporate expenses.
Our ability to meet our long-term (greater than one year) liquidity and capital resource requirements will be subject to obtaining additional debt financing. We may increase our capital resources by obtaining long-term credit facilities or through public or private offerings of equity or debt securities, possibly including classes of preferred stock, common stock, and senior or subordinated notes. Such financing will depend on market conditions for capital raises and our ability to invest such offering proceeds. If we are unable to renew, replace or expand our sources of financing on substantially similar terms, it may have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
Contractual Obligations
We have entered into an agreement with our Manager pursuant to which our Manager is entitled to receive a management fee and the reimbursement of certain expenses. The management fee is calculated and payable quarterly in arrears in an amount equal to 1.50% of our shareholders’ equity, per annum. Our Manager uses the proceeds from its management fee in part to pay compensation to its officers and personnel who, notwithstanding that certain of those individuals are also our officers, receive no cash compensation directly from us. We are required to reimburse our Manager for operating expenses related to us incurred by our Manager, including certain salary expenses and other expenses relating to legal, accounting, due diligence and other services. Expense reimbursements to our Manager are made in cash on a monthly basis following the end of each month. Our reimbursement obligation is not subject to any dollar limitation. Refer to Note 12 – “Related Party Transactions” for details of our reimbursements to our Manager.
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Contractual Commitments
As of December 31, 2013, we had the following contractual commitments and commercial obligations:
Payments Due by Period | ||||||||||||||
$ in thousands | Total | Less than 1 year | 1-3 years | 3-5 years | After 5 years | |||||||||
Obligations of Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc. | ||||||||||||||
Repurchase agreements | 15,451,675 | 15,451,675 | — | — | — | |||||||||
Invesco IMRF Fund and AIV Fund | 5,422 | 5,422 | — | — | — | |||||||||
Commercial loans | 15,376 | 15,376 | — | — | — | |||||||||
Exchangeable senior notes | 400,000 | — | — | 400,000 | — | |||||||||
Total contractual obligations | 15,872,473 | 15,472,473 | — | 400,000 | — | |||||||||
Obligations of entities consolidated for financial reporting purposes | ||||||||||||||
Consolidated ABS (1) | 1,633,688 | 168,505 | 293,382 | 241,118 | 930,683 | |||||||||
Anticipated interest payments on ABS (2) | 897,353 | 51,225 | 99,502 | 95,311 | 651,315 | |||||||||
Total obligations of entities consolidated for financial reporting purposes | 2,531,041 | 219,730 | 392,884 | 336,429 | 1,581,998 | |||||||||
Total consolidated obligations and commitments | 18,403,514 | 15,692,203 | 392,884 | 736,429 | 1,581,998 | |||||||||
(1) | All consolidated ABS issued by VIEs are collateralized by residential mortgage loans. The ABS obligations will pay down as the principal balances of these residential mortgage loans pay down. The amounts shown are the estimated principal repayments, adjusted for projected prepayments and losses. |
(2) | The anticipated interest payments on consolidated ABS issued by VIEs are calculated based on estimated principal balances, adjusted for projected prepayments and losses. |
As of December 31, 2013, we have approximately $16.0 million and $91.2 million in contractual interest payments related to our repurchase agreements and exchangeable senior notes, respectively.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We committed to invest up to $100.0 million in the Invesco IMRF Fund and AIV Fund, which, in turn, invests in our target assets. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, approximately $94.6 million and $82.9 million of our commitment to the Invesco IMRF Fund and AIV Fund has been called, respectively. On December 31, 2013, the investment period ended. We are committed to fund an additional $5.4 million in capital to cover future expenses should they occur.
We also utilize credit derivatives, such as credit default swaps, to provide credit event protection based on a financial index or specific security in exchange for receiving a fixed-rate fee or premium over the term of the contract. These instruments enable us to synthetically assume the credit risk of a reference security, portfolio of securities or index of securities. The counterparty pays a premium to us and we agree to make a payment to compensate the counterparty for losses upon the occurrence of a specified credit event. Although contract-specific, credit events generally include bankruptcy, failure to pay, restructuring, obligation acceleration, obligation default, or repudiation/moratorium. Upon the occurrence of a defined credit event, the difference between the value of the reference obligation and the CDS’s notional amount is recorded as realized loss in the statements of operations.
Our only CDS contract was entered into on December 30, 2010. We sold protection against losses on a specific pool of non-Agency RMBS in the event they exceed a specified loss limit of 25% of the balance of the non-Agency RMBS on the trade date. The maximum exposure is the remaining unpaid principal balance of the underlying RMBS in excess of the specified loss threshold. In exchange, we are paid a stated fixed rate fee of 3%. We are required to post collateral as security for potential loss payments. We posted collateral to secure potential loss payments of $8.0 million as of December 31, 2013 (2012: $12.4 million). The remaining notional amount of the CDS is $51.8 million at December 31, 2013 compared to $79.8 million at December 31, 2012, and we estimated the fair market value of the CDS to be $654,000 at December 31, 2013 compared to $1.5 million at December 31, 2012. As of December 31, 2013, we have not made any payments related to the CDS contract.
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Shareholders’ Equity
On January 28, 2013, we completed a public offering of 15,000,000 shares of our common stock and an issuance of an additional 2,250,000 shares of common stock pursuant to the underwriters’ full exercise of their over-allotment option at $21.00 per share, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $359.0 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and offering costs.
During the year ended December 31, 2013, we issued 1,770,106 shares of common stock (2012: $787,882 shares) at an average price of $21.31 (2012: $20.94) under the DRSPP with total proceeds to us of approximately $37.7 million (2012: $16.4 million), of which 1,752,503 shares of common stock (2012: 11,521) were issued at an average offering price of $21.35 (2012: $18.73) under the waiver feature of the DRSPP.
During the twelve months ended December 31, 2013, we repurchased 10.7 million shares of our common stock at an average repurchase price of $14.97 per share for a net cost of $160.5 million, including acquisition expenses. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2012, we did not repurchase any shares of our common stock. As of December 31, 2013, we had authority to purchase 16.3 million shares of our common stock through this program.
Unrealized Gains and Losses
Since we account for our investment securities as “available-for-sale,” unrealized fluctuations in market values of assets do not impact our U.S. GAAP income but rather are reflected on our balance sheet by changing the carrying value of the asset and shareholders’ equity under “Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss).” In addition, unrealized fluctuations in market values of our cash flow hedges that qualify for hedge accounting are also reflected in “Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss).” For the year ended December 31, 2013, net unrealized loss included in shareholders’ equity is $245.9 million (2012: $485.7 million loss; 2011: $423.9 million loss).
The decrease in net unrealized gain is primarily attributable to changes in the market values of our RMBS portfolio and our cash flow hedges that qualify for hedge accounting. Refer to Note 4 – “Mortgage-Backed Securities” and Note 9 – “Derivative and Hedging Activities” for more details on the unrealized gains and losses in both our investment securities and our cash flow hedges.
As a result of this mark-to-market accounting treatment, our book value and book value per share are likely to fluctuate far more than if we used historical amortized cost accounting. As a result, comparisons with companies that use historical cost accounting for some or all of their balance sheet may not be meaningful.
On December 31, 2013, we discontinued hedge accounting for our interest rate swap agreements by de-designating the swaps as cash flow hedges. Refer to Note 9 - "Derivatives and Hedging Activities" for further information.
Share-Based Compensation
We established the 2009 Equity Incentive Plan for grants of restricted common stock and other equity based awards to our independent, non-executive directors, and to the officers and employees of the Manager (the “Incentive Plan”). Under the Incentive Plan, a total of 1,000,000 shares are currently reserved for issuance. Unless terminated earlier, the Incentive Plan will terminate in 2019, but will continue to govern the unexpired awards. Effective July 1, 2013, our three independent, non-executive directors are each eligible to receive $60,000 in restricted common stock annually. For the year ended December 31, 2013, we recognized compensation expense of approximately $165,000 (2012: $166,000; 2011: $143,000) and issued 8,946 shares (2012: 8,767 shares; 2011: 7,053 shares) of restricted stock to our independent, non-executive directors pursuant to the Incentive Plan. The number of shares issued was determined based on the closing price of our common stock on the New York Stock Exchange on the actual date of grant.
During March 2013, we issued 16,835 restricted stock units to non-executive employees of the Manager, of which 237 units were forfeited during the year ended December 31, 2013. The restricted stock units vest equally in four installments on the anniversary date of each award. Compensation related to stock awards to employees of the Manager is recorded at the estimated fair value of the award during the vesting period. We make an upward or downward adjustment to compensation expense for the difference in fair value at the date of grant and date the award was earned.
During the year ended December 31, 2013, we issued 5,697 shares of common stock (net of tax withholding) in exchange for 8,783 restricted stock units that vested under the Incentive Plan and 509 restricted stock units were forfeited.
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Dividends
We intend to continue to make regular quarterly distributions to holders of our common stock and preferred stock. U.S. federal income tax law generally requires that a REIT to distribute annually at least 90% of its REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gains, and that it pay tax at regular corporate rates to the extent that it annually distributes less than 100% of its taxable income. We intend to pay regular quarterly dividends to our shareholders. Before we pay any dividend, whether for U.S. federal income tax purposes or otherwise, we must first meet both our operating requirements and debt service on our repurchase agreements and other debt payable. If our cash available for distribution is less than our taxable income, we could be required to sell assets or borrow funds to make cash distributions, or we may make a portion of the required distribution in the form of a taxable stock distribution or distribution of debt securities.
Inflation
Virtually all of our assets and liabilities are interest rate sensitive in nature. As a result, interest rates and other factors influence our performance far more than inflation. Changes in interest rates do not necessarily correlate with inflation rates or changes in inflation rates.
Unrelated Business Taxable Income
We have not engaged in transactions that would result in a portion of our income being treated as unrelated business taxable income.
Other Matters
We believe that we satisfied each of the asset tests in Section 856(c)(4) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) at the end of each calendar quarter in 2013. We also believe that our revenue qualifies for the 75% source of income test and for the 95% source of income test rules for the period ended December 31, 2013. Consequently, we believe we met the REIT income and asset test as of December 31, 2013. We also met all REIT requirements regarding the ownership of our common stock and the distribution of dividends of our net income as of December 31, 2013. Therefore, as of December 31, 2013, we believe that we qualified as a REIT under the Code.
At all times, we intend to conduct our business so that neither we nor our Operating Partnership nor the subsidiaries of our Operating Partnership are required to register as an investment company under the 1940 Act. If we were required to register as an investment company, then our use of leverage would be substantially reduced. Because we are a holding company that conducts our business through our Operating Partnership and the Operating Partnership’s wholly-owned or majority-owned subsidiaries, the securities issued by these subsidiaries that are excepted from the definition of “investment company” under Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7) of the 1940 Act, together with any other investment securities the Operating Partnership may own, may not have a combined value in excess of 40% of the value of the Operating Partnership’s total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis, which we refer to as the 40% test. This requirement limits the types of businesses in which we are permitted to engage in through our subsidiaries. In addition, we believe neither we nor the Operating Partnership are considered an investment company under Section 3(a)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act because they do not engage primarily or hold themselves out as being engaged primarily in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities. Rather, through the Operating Partnership’s wholly-owned or majority-owned subsidiaries, we and the Operating Partnership are primarily engaged in the non-investment company businesses of these subsidiaries. IAS Asset I LLC and certain of the Operating Partnership’s other subsidiaries that we may form in the future rely upon the exclusion from the definition of “investment company” under the 1940 Act provided by Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the 1940 Act, which is available for entities “primarily engaged in the business of purchasing or otherwise acquiring mortgages and other liens on and interests in real estate.” This exclusion generally requires that at least 55% of each subsidiary’s portfolio be comprised of qualifying assets and at least 80% be comprised of qualifying assets and real estate-related assets (and no more than 20% comprised of miscellaneous assets). Qualifying assets for this purpose generally include mortgage loans fully secured by real estate and other assets, such as whole pool Agency and non-Agency RMBS, that the SEC or its staff in various no-action letters has determined are the functional equivalent of mortgage loans fully secured by real estate. We treat as real estate-related assets CMBS, debt and equity securities of companies primarily engaged in real estate businesses, Agency partial pool certificates and securities issued by pass-through entities of which substantially all of the assets consist of qualifying assets and/or real estate-related assets. Additionally, unless certain mortgage securities represent all the certificates issued with respect to an underlying pool of mortgages, the MBS may be treated as securities separate from the underlying mortgage loans and, thus, may not be considered qualifying interests for purposes of the 55% requirement. We calculate that as of December 31, 2013, we conducted our business so as not to be regulated as an investment company under the 1940 Act.
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Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.
The primary components of our market risk are related to interest rate, principal prepayment and market value. While we do not seek to avoid risk completely, we believe the risk can be quantified from historical experience and to actively manage that risk, to earn sufficient compensation to justify taking those risks and to maintain capital levels consistent with the risks we undertake.
Interest Rate Risk
Interest rate risk is highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental, monetary and tax policies, domestic and international economic and political considerations, and other factors beyond our control. We are subject to interest rate risk in connection with our investments and our repurchase agreements. Our repurchase agreements are typically of limited duration and will be periodically refinanced at current market rates. We mitigate this risk through utilization of derivative contracts, primarily interest rate swap agreements, interest rate caps and interest rate floors.
Interest Rate Effect on Net Interest Income
Our operating results depend in large part upon differences between the yields earned on our investments and our cost of borrowing and interest rate hedging activities. Most of our repurchase agreements provide financing based on a floating rate of interest calculated on a fixed spread over LIBOR. The fixed spread will vary depending on the type of underlying asset which collateralizes the financing. Accordingly, the portion of our portfolio which consists of floating interest rate assets are match-funded utilizing our expected sources of short-term financing, while our fixed interest rate assets are not match-funded. During periods of rising interest rates, the borrowing costs associated with our investments tend to increase while the income earned on our fixed interest rate investments may remain substantially unchanged. This increase in borrowing costs results in the narrowing of the net interest spread between the related assets and borrowings and may even result in losses. Further, during this portion of the interest rate and credit cycles, defaults could increase and result in credit losses to us, which could adversely affect our liquidity and operating results. Such delinquencies or defaults could also have an adverse effect on the spread between interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities.
Hedging techniques are partly based on assumed levels of prepayments of our RMBS. If prepayments are slower or faster than assumed, the life of the RMBS will be longer or shorter, which would reduce the effectiveness of any hedging strategies we may use and may cause losses on such transactions. Hedging strategies involving the use of derivative securities are highly complex and may produce volatile returns.
Interest Rate Effects on Fair Value
Another component of interest rate risk is the effect that changes in interest rates will have on the market value of the assets that we acquire. We face the risk that the market value of our assets will increase or decrease at different rates than those of our liabilities, including our hedging instruments.
We primarily assess our interest rate risk by estimating the duration of our assets and the duration of our liabilities. Duration measures the market price volatility of financial instruments as interest rates change. We generally calculate duration using various financial models and empirical data. Different models and methodologies can produce different duration numbers for the same securities.
The impact of changing interest rates on fair value can change significantly when interest rates change materially. Therefore, the volatility in the fair value of our assets could increase significantly in the event interest rates change materially. In addition, other factors impact the fair value of our interest rate-sensitive investments and hedging instruments, such as the shape of the yield curve, market expectations as to future interest rate changes and other market conditions. Accordingly, changes in actual interest rates may have a material adverse effect on us.
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Prepayment Risk
As we receive prepayments of principal on our investments, premiums paid on these investments are amortized against interest income. In general, an increase in prepayment rates will accelerate the amortization of purchase premiums, thereby reducing the interest income earned on the investments. Conversely, discounts on such investments are accreted into interest income. In general, an increase in prepayment rates will accelerate the accretion of purchase discounts, thereby increasing the interest income earned on the investments.
Extension Risk
We compute the projected weighted-average life of our investments based upon assumptions regarding the rate at which the borrowers will prepay the underlying mortgages. In general, when a fixed-rate or hybrid adjustable-rate security is acquired with borrowings, we may, but are not required to, enter into an interest rate swap agreement or other hedging instrument that effectively fixes our borrowing costs for a period close to the anticipated average life of the fixed-rate portion of the related assets. This strategy is designed to protect us from rising interest rates, because the borrowing costs are fixed for the duration of the fixed-rate portion of the related target asset.
However, if prepayment rates decrease in a rising interest rate environment, then the life of the fixed-rate portion of the related assets could extend beyond the term of the swap agreement or other hedging instrument. This could have a negative impact on our results from operations, as borrowing costs would no longer be fixed after the end of the hedging instrument, while the income earned on the hybrid adjustable-rate assets would remain fixed. This situation may also cause the market value of our hybrid adjustable-rate assets to decline, with little or no offsetting gain from the related hedging transactions. In extreme situations, we may be forced to sell assets to maintain adequate liquidity, which could cause us to incur losses.
Market Risk
Market Value Risk
Our available-for-sale securities are reflected at their estimated fair value with unrealized gains and losses excluded from earnings and reported in other comprehensive income pursuant to ASC Topic 320. The estimated fair value of these securities fluctuates primarily due to changes in interest rates and other factors. Generally, in a rising interest rate environment, the estimated fair value of these securities would be expected to decrease; conversely, in a decreasing interest rate environment, the estimated fair value of these securities would be expected to increase.
The sensitivity analysis table presented below shows the estimated impact of an instantaneous parallel shift in the yield curve, up and down 50 and 100 basis points, on the market value of our interest rate-sensitive investments and net interest income, at December 31, 2013, assuming a static portfolio. When evaluating the impact of changes in interest rates, prepayment assumptions and principal reinvestment rates are adjusted based on our Manager’s expectations. The analysis presented utilized assumptions, models and estimates of our Manager based on our Manager’s judgment and experience.
Change in Interest Rates | Percentage Change in Projected Net Interest Income | Percentage Change in Projected Portfolio Value | |||
+1.00% | 13.80 | % | (1.14 | )% | |
+0.50% | 19.86 | % | (0.71 | )% | |
-0.50% | (27.08 | )% | 0.13 | % | |
-1.00% | (62.77 | )% | 0.29 | % | |
Real Estate Risk
Residential and commercial property values are subject to volatility and may be adversely affected by a number of factors, including, but not limited to: national, regional and local economic conditions (which may be adversely affected by industry slowdowns and other factors); local real estate conditions (such as the supply of housing stock); changes or continued weakness in specific industry segments; construction quality, age and design; demographic factors; and retroactive changes to building or similar codes. In addition, decreases in property values reduce the value of the collateral and the potential proceeds available to a borrower to repay our loans, which could also cause us to suffer losses.
60 | ||
Credit Risk
We believe that our investment strategy will generally keep our credit losses and financing costs low. However, we retain the risk of potential credit losses on all of the residential and commercial mortgage loans, as well as the loans underlying the non-Agency RMBS and CMBS in our portfolio. We seek to manage this risk through our pre-acquisition due diligence process. In addition, with respect to any particular asset, our Manager’s investment team evaluates, among other things, relative valuation, supply and demand trends, shape of yield curves, prepayment rates, loan delinquencies, default rates, and loss severity rates of various collateral types.
Risk Management
To the extent consistent with maintaining our REIT qualification, we seek to manage risk exposure to protect our investment portfolio against the effects of major interest rate changes. We generally seek to manage this risk by:
• | monitoring and adjusting, if necessary, the reset index and interest rate related to our target assets and our financings; |
• | attempting to structure our financing agreements to have a range of different maturities, terms, amortizations and interest rate adjustment periods; |
• | using hedging instruments, primarily interest rate swap agreements but also financial futures, options, interest rate cap agreements, floors and forward sales to adjust the interest rate sensitivity of our target assets and our borrowings; and |
• | actively managing, on an aggregate basis, the interest rate indices, interest rate adjustment periods, and gross reset margins of our target assets and the interest rate indices and adjustment periods of our financings. |
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
The financial statements and supplementary data are included under Item 15 of this Report.
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information we are required to disclose in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include controls and procedures designed to ensure that the required information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
We have evaluated, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2013. There are inherent limitations to the effectiveness of any system of disclosure controls and procedures, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of the controls and procedures. Accordingly, even effective disclosure controls and procedures can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives. Based upon our evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the applicable rules and forms, and that it is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in the Exchange Act, Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to
61 | ||
future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Under the supervision and with the participation of the chief executive officer and chief financial officer, management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control — Integrated Framework. Based on this assessment, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2013.
Our independent auditors, Grant Thornton LLP, audited our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013. Their report dated March 3, 2014, which is included herein, expressed an unqualified opinion on our internal control over financial reporting.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
No change occurred in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) during our fourth fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2013 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Item 9B. Other Information.
None.
62 | ||
PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
We will provide information that is responsive to certain portions of this Item 10 in our definitive proxy statement or in an amendment to this Report not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Report, in either case under the captions “Information about Director Nominees,” “Information about the Executive Officers of the Company,” “Corporate Governance,” “Information about the Board and its Committees,” “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance,” and possibly elsewhere therein. That information is incorporated into this Item 10 by reference.
Each year, the chief executive officer of each company listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) must certify to the NYSE that he or she is not aware of any violation by us of NYSE corporate governance listing standards as of the date of certification, qualifying the certification to the extent necessary. Our chief executive officer submitted our first required certification to the NYSE in August of 2010, and will submit a similar certification within 30 days of our 2014 annual shareholders’ meeting. In addition, we have filed, as exhibits to this Report, the certifications of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer required under Section 302 and 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
Item 11. Executive Compensation.
We will provide information that is responsive to this Item 11 in our definitive proxy statement or in an amendment to this Report not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Report, in either case under the captions “Director Compensation,” “Executive Compensation,” “Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation,” and possibly elsewhere therein. That information is incorporated into this Item 11 by reference.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
We will provide information that is responsive to this Item 12 in our definitive proxy statement or in an amendment to this Report not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Report, in either case under the caption “Security Ownership of Principal Stockholders,” “Security Ownership of Management,” and possibly elsewhere therein. That information is incorporated into this Item 12 by reference.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.
We will provide information that is responsive to this Item 13 in our definitive proxy statement or in an amendment to this Report not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Report, in either case under the captions “Corporate Governance,” “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions,” “Related Person Transaction Policy,” and possibly elsewhere therein. That information is incorporated into this Item 13 by reference.
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.
We will provide information that is responsive to this Item 14 in our definitive proxy statement or in an amendment to this Report not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Report, in either case under the captions “Fees Paid to Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm,” “Pre-Approval Process and Policy,” and possibly elsewhere therein. That information is incorporated into this Item 14 by reference.
PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.
(a)(1) Financial Statements: The financial statements contained herein are set forth on pages 69-108 of this Report.
(a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules: See Index to Financial Statement Schedules contained herein on page 66 of this Report.
(a)(3) Exhibits: See Exhibit Index starting on page 64 of this Report.
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Exhibit Index
Exhibit No. | Description | |
3.1 | Articles of Amendment and Restatement of Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed with the SEC on August 12, 2009. | |
3.2 | Articles Supplementary of 7.75% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to our Registration Statement on Form 8-A, filed with the SEC on July 23, 2012. | |
3.3 | Amended and Restated Bylaws of Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to Amendment No. 8 to our Registration Statement on Form S-11 (No. 333-151665), filed with the SEC on June 18, 2009 (“Pre-Effective Amendment No. 8”). | |
4.1 | Specimen Common Stock Certificate of Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 8. | |
4.2 | Specimen 7.75% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock Certificate, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to our Registration Statement on Form 8-A, filed with the SEC on July 23, 2012. | |
4.3 | Indenture, dated March 12, 2013, by and among IAS Operating Partnership LP, as issuer, Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc., as guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee, including the form of 5.00% Exchangeable Senior Notes due 2018 and the related guarantee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on March 15, 2013. | |
10.1 | Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of July 1, 2009, among Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc. (formally known as Invesco Agency Securities Inc.), Invesco Advisers, Inc. (formally known as Invesco Institutional (N.A.), Inc.) and Invesco Investments (Bermuda) Ltd., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed with the SEC on August 12, 2009. | |
10.2 | Registration Rights Agreement, dated March 12, 2013, among IAS Operating Partnership LP, Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc., Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC, Citigroup Global Markets Inc. and Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on March 15, 2013. | |
10.3 | Management Agreement, dated as of July 1, 2009, among Invesco Advisers, Inc. (formally known as Invesco Institutional (N.A.), Inc.), Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc. and IAS Operating Partnership LP., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed with the SEC on August 12, 2009. | |
10.4 | Amendment to Management Agreement, dated as of May 24, 2011, by and among Invesco Advisers, Inc. (formally known as Invesco Institutional (N.A.), Inc.), Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc., IAS Operating Partnership LP., and IAS Asset I LLC, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed with the SEC on August 9, 2011. | |
10.5 | First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership, dated as of July 1, 2009, of IAS Operating Partnership LP., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed with the SEC on August 12, 2009. | |
10.6 | First Amendment to First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of IAS Operating Partnership LP, dated as of July 23, 2012. | |
10.7 | Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc. 2009 Equity Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed with the SEC on November 9, 2009. | |
10.8 | Amendment No. 1 to Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc. 2009 Equity Incentive Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed with the SEC on August 13, 2010. | |
10.9 | Form of Restricted Common Stock Award Agreement, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 8. | |
10.10 | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on March 24, 2010. | |
21.1 | Subsidiaries of the Registrant. | |
23.1 | Consent of Grant Thornton LLP. | |
31.1 | Certification of Richard J. King pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. | |
64 | ||
31.2 | Certification of Donald R. Ramon pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. | |
32.1 | Certification of Richard J. King pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. | |
32.2 | Certification of Donald R. Ramon pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. | |
101 | The following series of audited XBRL-formatted documents are collectively included herewith as Exhibit 101. The financial information is extracted from Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc.’s audited consolidated financial statements and notes that are included in this Form 10-K Report. | |
101.INS XBRL Instance Document | ||
101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document | ||
101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document | ||
101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document | ||
101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document | ||
101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document | ||
§ Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
(b) Exhibits: See (a)(3) above.
(c) Financial Statement Schedules: See (a)(2) above.
65 | ||
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Page | |
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Schedules other than the one listed above are omitted because they are not applicable or deemed not material.
66 | ||
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
Board of Directors and Shareholders
Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc.
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc. (a Maryland corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2013. Our audits of the basic consolidated financial statements included the financial statement schedule listed in the index appearing under Item 15(a)(2). These financial statements and financial statement schedule are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and financial statement schedule based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2013, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the related financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, present fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013, based on criteria established in the 1992 Internal Control -Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) and our report dated March 3, 2014, expressed an unqualified opinion.
/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
March 3, 2014
67 | ||
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
Board of Directors and Shareholders
Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc.
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc. (a Maryland Corporation) and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2013, based on criteria established in the 1992 Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013, based on criteria established in the 1992 Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by COSO.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 2013, and our report dated March 3, 2014, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.
/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
March 3, 2014
68 | ||
INVESCO MORTGAGE CAPITAL INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
$ in thousands, except share and per share amounts | As of | ||||
ASSETS | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2012 | |||
Mortgage-backed securities, at fair value | 17,348,657 | 18,470,563 | |||
Residential loans, held-for-investment, net of loan loss reserve | 1,810,262 | — | |||
Commercial loans, held-for-investment, net of loan loss reserve | 64,599 | — | |||
Cash and cash equivalents | 210,612 | 286,474 | |||
Due from counterparties | 1,500 | — | |||
Investment related receivable | 515,404 | 41,429 | |||
Investments in unconsolidated ventures, at fair value | 44,403 | 35,301 | |||
Accrued interest receivable | 68,246 | 62,977 | |||
Derivative assets, at fair value | 262,059 | 6,469 | |||
Deferred securitization and financing costs | 13,894 | — | |||
Other investments | 10,000 | 10,000 | |||
Other assets | 1,343 | 1,547 | |||
Total assets(1) | 20,350,979 | 18,914,760 | |||
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY | |||||
Liabilities: | |||||
Repurchase agreements | 15,451,675 | 15,720,460 | |||
Asset-backed securities | 1,643,741 | — | |||
Exchangeable senior notes | 400,000 | — | |||
Derivative liability, at fair value | 263,204 | 436,440 | |||
Dividends and distributions payable | 66,087 | 79,165 | |||
Investment related payable | 28,842 | 63,715 | |||
Accrued interest payable | 26,492 | 15,275 | |||
Collateral held payable | 52,698 | — | |||
Accounts payable and accrued expenses | 4,304 | 877 | |||
Due to affiliate | 10,701 | 9,308 | |||
Total liabilities(1) | 17,947,744 | 16,325,240 | |||
Equity: | |||||
Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share; 50,000,000 shares authorized, 7.75% series A cumulative redeemable, 5,600,000 shares issued and outstanding ($140,000 aggregate liquidation preference) at December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively | 135,356 | 135,362 | |||
Common Stock: par value $0.01 per share; 450,000,000 shares authorized, 124,510,246 and 116,195,500 shares issued and outstanding, at December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively | 1,245 | 1,162 | |||
Additional paid in capital | 2,552,464 | 2,316,290 | |||
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | (156,993 | ) | 86,436 | ||
Retained earnings (distributions in excess of earnings) | (155,957 | ) | 18,848 | ||
Total shareholders’ equity | 2,376,115 | 2,558,098 | |||
Non-controlling interest | 27,120 | 31,422 | |||
Total equity | 2,403,235 | 2,589,520 | |||
Total liabilities and equity | 20,350,979 | 18,914,760 | |||
(1) | The Company's consolidated balance sheets include assets of consolidated variable interest entities (“VIEs”) that can only be used to settle obligations and liabilities of the VIEs for which creditors do not have recourse to the primary beneficiary (IAS Asset I LLC, an indirect subsidiary of the Company). As of December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, total assets of the consolidated VIEs were $1,819,295 and $0, respectively, and total liabilities of the consolidated VIEs were $1,648,400 and $0, respectively. Refer to Note 3 - "Variable Interest Entities" for further discussion. |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
69 | ||
INVESCO MORTGAGE CAPITAL INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||
$ in thousands, except per share data | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | |||||
Interest Income | ||||||||
Mortgage-backed securities | 646,787 | 566,830 | 453,352 | |||||
Residential loans | 34,122 | — | — | |||||
Commercial loans | 1,451 | — | — | |||||
Total interest income | 682,360 | 566,830 | 453,352 | |||||
Interest Expense | ||||||||
Repurchase agreements | 287,547 | 237,405 | 155,241 | |||||
Exchangeable senior notes | 18,023 | — | — | |||||
Asset-backed securities | 26,682 | — | — | |||||
Total interest expense | 332,252 | 237,405 | 155,241 | |||||
Net interest income | 350,108 | 329,425 | 298,111 | |||||
Provision for loan losses | 884 | — | — | |||||
Net interest income after provision for loan losses | 349,224 | 329,425 | 298,111 | |||||
Other income (loss) | ||||||||
Gain (loss) on sale of investments, net | (199,449 | ) | 48,215 | 10,959 | ||||
Equity in earnings and fair value change in unconsolidated ventures | 5,345 | 7,169 | 3,301 | |||||
Realized and unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate derivative instruments | 40,003 | (4,232 | ) | (764 | ) | |||
Realized and unrealized credit default swap income | 1,127 | 3,115 | 5,308 | |||||
Total other income (loss) | (152,974 | ) | 54,267 | 18,804 | ||||
Expenses | ||||||||
Management fee — related party | 42,639 | 35,658 | 26,259 | |||||
General and administrative | 10,505 | 4,026 | 3,859 | |||||
Total expenses | 53,144 | 39,684 | 30,118 | |||||
Net income | 143,106 | 344,008 | 286,797 | |||||
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest | 1,486 | 4,123 | 4,882 | |||||
Net income attributable to Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc. | 141,620 | 339,885 | 281,915 | |||||
Dividends to preferred shareholders | 10,851 | 5,395 | — | |||||
Net income attributable to common shareholders | 130,769 | 334,490 | 281,915 | |||||
Earnings per share: | ||||||||
Net income attributable to common shareholders | ||||||||
Basic | 0.99 | 2.89 | 3.27 | |||||
Diluted | 0.99 | 2.89 | 3.27 | |||||
Weighted average number of shares of common stock: | ||||||||
Basic | 132,714 | 115,559 | 86,365 | |||||
Diluted | 134,174 | 117,012 | 87,804 | |||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
70 | ||
INVESCO MORTGAGE CAPITAL INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||
$ in thousands | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | |||||
Net income | 143,106 | 344,008 | 286,797 | |||||
Other comprehensive income (loss) | ||||||||
Unrealized gain (loss) on mortgage-back securities | ||||||||
Change in fair value | (874,545 | ) | 573,158 | (21,526 | ) | |||
Reclassification adjustments for (gain) loss included in gain (loss) on sale of investments, net | 199,449 | (48,215 | ) | (10,959 | ) | |||
Unrealized gain (loss) on mortgage-backed securities, net | (675,096 | ) | 524,943 | (32,485 | ) | |||
Unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives | ||||||||
Change in fair value | 263,135 | (182,272 | ) | (494,053 | ) | |||
Reclassification adjustments for loss included in unrealized gain on interest rate derivative instruments | 166,016 | 142,982 | 102,632 | |||||
Unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives, net | 429,151 | (39,290 | ) | (391,421 | ) | |||
Total Other comprehensive income (loss) | (245,945 | ) | 485,653 | (423,906 | ) | |||
Comprehensive income (loss) | (102,839 | ) | 829,661 | (137,109 | ) | |||
Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest | 1,029 | (10,049 | ) | 1,718 | ||||
Less: Dividends to preferred shareholders | (10,851 | ) | (5,395 | ) | — | |||
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to common shareholders | (112,661 | ) | 814,217 | (135,391 | ) | |||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated statements.
71 | ||
INVESCO MORTGAGE CAPITAL INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
Attributable to Common Shareholders | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
$ in thousands, except per share amounts | Preferred Stock | Common Stock | Additional Paid in Capital | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (loss) | Retained Earnings (Distributions in excess of earnings) | Total Shareholders’ Equity | Non- Controlling Interest | Total Equity | |||||||||||||||||||||
Shares | Amount | Shares | Amount | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balance at December 31, 2010 | — | — | 49,854,196 | 499 | 1,002,809 | 24,015 | (8,173 | ) | 1,019,150 | 31,664 | 1,050,814 | ||||||||||||||||||
Net income | — | — | — | — | — | — | 281,915 | 281,915 | 4,882 | 286,797 | |||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive loss | — | — | — | — | — | (417,306 | ) | — | (417,306 | ) | (6,600 | ) | (423,906 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net of offering costs | — | — | 65,533,550 | 655 | 1,296,545 | — | — | 1,297,200 | — | 1,297,200 | |||||||||||||||||||
Stocks awards | — | — | 7,949 | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||
Common stock dividends | — | — | — | — | — | — | (288,810 | ) | (288,810 | ) | — | (288,810 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Common unit dividends | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (4,874 | ) | (4,874 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
Amortization of equity-based compensation | — | — | — | — | 189 | — | — | 189 | 3 | 192 | |||||||||||||||||||
Balance at December 31, 2011 | — | — | 115,395,695 | 1,154 | 2,299,543 | (393,291 | ) | (15,068 | ) | 1,892,338 | 25,075 | 1,917,413 | |||||||||||||||||
Net income | — | — | — | — | — | — | 339,885 | 339,885 | 4,123 | 344,008 | |||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive income | — | — | — | — | — | 479,727 | — | 479,727 | 5,926 | 485,653 | |||||||||||||||||||
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net of offering costs | — | — | 787,882 | 8 | 16,415 | — | — | 16,423 | — | 16,423 | |||||||||||||||||||
Proceeds from issuance of preferred stock, net of offering costs | 5,600,000 | 135,362 | — | — | — | — | — | 135,362 | — | 135,362 | |||||||||||||||||||
Stocks awards | — | — | 11,923 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||
Common stock dividends | — | — | — | — | — | — | (300,574 | ) | (300,574 | ) | — | (300,574 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Common unit dividends | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (3,706 | ) | (3,706 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
Preferred stock dividends | — | — | — | — | — | — | (5,395 | ) | (5,395 | ) | — | (5,395 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Amortization of equity-based compensation | — | — | — | — | 332 | — | — | 332 | 4 | 336 | |||||||||||||||||||
Balance at December 31, 2012 | 5,600,000 | 135,362 | 116,195,500 | 1,162 | 2,316,290 | 86,436 | 18,848 | 2,558,098 | 31,422 | 2,589,520 | |||||||||||||||||||
Net income | — | — | — | — | — | — | 141,620 | 141,620 | 1,486 | 143,106 | |||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive loss | — | — | — | — | — | (243,429 | ) | — | (243,429 | ) | (2,516 | ) | (245,945 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net of offering costs | — | — | 19,020,106 | 190 | 396,280 | — | — | 396,470 | — | 396,470 | |||||||||||||||||||
(Cost) proceeds from issuance of preferred stock, net of offering costs | — | (6 | ) | — | — | — | — | — | (6 | ) | — | (6 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Repurchase of shares of common stock | — | — | (10,720,003 | ) | (107 | ) | (160,419 | ) | — | — | (160,526 | ) | — | (160,526 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Stocks awards | — | — | 14,643 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||
Common stock dividends | — | — | — | — | — | — | (305,574 | ) | (305,574 | ) | — | (305,574 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Common unit dividends | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (3,276 | ) | (3,276 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
Preferred stock dividends | — | — | — | — | — | — | (10,851 | ) | (10,851 | ) | — | (10,851 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Amortization of equity-based compensation | — | — | — | — | 313 | — | — | 313 | 4 | 317 | |||||||||||||||||||
Balance at December 31, 2013 | 5,600,000 | 135,356 | 124,510,246 | 1,245 | 2,552,464 | (156,993 | ) | (155,957 | ) | 2,376,115 | 27,120 | 2,403,235 | |||||||||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of this consolidated financial statement.
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INVESCO MORTGAGE CAPITAL INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
$ in thousands | Years Ended December 31, | |||||||
2013 | 2012 | 2011 | ||||||
Cash Flows from Operating Activities | ||||||||
Net income | 143,106 | 344,008 | 286,797 | |||||
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: | ||||||||
Amortization of mortgage-backed securities premiums and discounts, net | 180,121 | 139,624 | 50,110 | |||||
Amortization of residential loan and asset-backed securities premiums (discounts) | 994 | — | — | |||||
Amortization of commercial loan origination fees | (26 | ) | — | — | ||||
Origination fee received net of cost paid | 50 | — | — | |||||
Provision for loan losses | 884 | — | — | |||||
Unrealized loss on interest rate derivative instruments | 13,923 | 4,232 | 764 | |||||
Unrealized (gain) loss on credit default swap | 865 | (180 | ) | (1,339 | ) | |||
(Gain) loss on sale of mortgage-backed securities | 199,449 | (48,215 | ) | (10,959 | ) | |||
(Gain) loss on termination of interest rate swaptions | (56,279 | ) | — | — | ||||
Equity in earnings and fair value change in unconsolidated ventures | (5,345 | ) | (7,169 | ) | (3,301 | ) | ||
Amortization of equity-based compensation | 317 | 336 | 192 | |||||
Amortization of deferred securitization and financing costs | 2,446 | — | — | |||||
Non cash interest income capitalized in commercial loans | (832 | ) | — | — | ||||
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | ||||||||
(Increase) decrease in accrued interest receivable | (5,269 | ) | (8,810 | ) | (31,664 | ) | ||
(Increase) decrease in other assets | (11 | ) | 83 | (288 | ) | |||
Increase in accrued interest payable | 11,217 | 2,898 | 9,798 | |||||
Increase in due to affiliate | 1,392 | 306 | 5,595 | |||||
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable and accrued expenses | 3,490 | 337 | (342 | ) | ||||
Net cash provided by operating activities | 490,492 | 427,450 | 305,363 | |||||
Cash Flows from Investing Activities | ||||||||
Purchase of mortgage-backed securities | (8,323,891 | ) | (9,171,750 | ) | (13,747,267 | ) | ||
(Contributions) distributions (from) to investment in unconsolidated ventures, net | (3,757 | ) | 40,661 | (9,335 | ) | |||
Principal payments from mortgage-backed securities | 2,818,987 | 2,618,003 | 1,492,900 | |||||
Proceeds from sale of mortgage-backed securities | 5,041,249 | 2,851,711 | 3,115,184 | |||||
Proceeds from termination of interest rate swaptions | 114,538 | — | — | |||||
Payment of premiums for interest rate swaptions | (72,723 | ) | (8,813 | ) | — | |||
Purchase of residential loans | (1,857,673 | ) | — | — | ||||
Principal payments from residential loans | 43,869 | — | — | |||||
Origination of commercial loans, net of origination fees | (63,791 | ) | — | — | ||||
Change on investment in other assets | — | (10,000 | ) | — | ||||
Net cash used in investing activities | (2,303,192 | ) | (3,680,188 | ) | (9,148,518 | ) | ||
Cash Flows from Financing Activities | ||||||||
Proceeds from issuance of common stock | 396,465 | 16,316 | 1,297,069 | |||||
Repurchase of common stock | (160,527 | ) | — | — | ||||
(Cost) proceeds (of) from issuance of preferred stock | (6 | ) | 135,362 | — | ||||
Due from counterparties | (1,500 | ) | 74,496 | 38,871 | ||||
Collateral held payable | 46,904 | (17,324 | ) | — | ||||
Proceeds from repurchase agreements | 182,456,110 | 153,409,971 | 92,911,002 | |||||
Principal repayments of repurchase agreements | (182,697,053 | ) | (149,970,390 | ) | (85,002,623 | ) | ||
Proceeds from issuance of exchangeable senior notes | 400,000 | — | — | |||||
Proceeds from asset-backed securities | 1,687,127 | — | — | |||||
Principal repayments of asset-backed securities | (41,722 | ) | — | — | ||||
Payments of deferred costs | (16,181 | ) | — | — | ||||
Payments of dividends and distributions | (332,779 | ) | (306,443 | ) | (267,492 | ) | ||
Net cash provided by financing activities | 1,736,838 | 3,341,988 | 8,976,827 | |||||
Net change in cash and cash equivalents | (75,862 | ) | 89,250 | 133,672 | ||||
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period | 286,474 | 197,224 | 63,552 | |||||
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period | 210,612 | 286,474 | 197,224 | |||||
Supplement Disclosure of Cash Flow Information | ||||||||
Interest paid | 320,253 | 234,507 | 145,443 | |||||
Non-cash Investing and Financing Activities Information | ||||||||
Net change in unrealized gain (loss) on mortgage-backed securities and derivatives | (245,945 | ) | 485,653 | (423,906 | ) | |||
Net change in unconsolidated ventures | — | — | (1,432 | ) | ||||
Net change in due from counterparties | — | — | (12,223 | ) | ||||
Dividends and distributions declared not paid | 66,087 | 79,165 | 75,933 | |||||
(Receivable) / payable for mortgage-backed securities sold / purchased, net | (522,492 | ) | 121,056 | (431,732 | ) | |||
Repurchase agreements, not settled | (27,842 | ) | 27,841 | — | ||||
Collateral held payable, not settled | 5,794 | — | — | |||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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INVESCO MORTGAGE CAPITAL INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 1 – Organization and Business Operations
Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc. (the “Company”) is a Maryland corporation focused on investing in, financing and managing residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities and mortgage loans. The Company invests in residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”) for which a U.S. government agency such as the Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”), the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”) or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”) guarantees payments of principal and interest on the securities (collectively “Agency RMBS”). The Company’s Agency RMBS investments include mortgage pass-through securities and collateralized mortgage obligations (“CMOs”). The Company also invests in RMBS that are not issued or guaranteed by a U.S. government Agency (“non-Agency RMBS”), commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”), and residential and commercial mortgage loans. The Company is externally managed and advised by Invesco Advisers, Inc. (the “Manager”), a registered investment adviser and an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of Invesco Ltd. (“Invesco”), a leading independent global investment management firm.
The Company conducts its business through IAS Operating Partnership LP (the “Operating Partnership”) as its sole general partner. As of December 31, 2013 the Company owned 98.9% of the Operating Partnership and Invesco Investments (Bermuda) Ltd., a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of Invesco, owned the remaining 1.1%. The Company has one operating segment.
The Company finances its Agency RMBS, non-Agency RMBS and CMBS investments through short-term borrowings structured as repurchase agreements. The Company has secured commitments with a number of repurchase agreement counterparties. The Company finances its residential loans through asset-backed securities ("ABS"). In addition, the Company may use other sources of financing including committed borrowing facilities and other private financing.
The Company elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes under the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (“Code”), commencing with the Company’s taxable year ended December 31, 2009. To maintain the Company’s REIT qualification, the Company is generally required to distribute at least 90% of its taxable income to its shareholders annually.
Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, its subsidiaries and Variable Interest Entities ("VIEs") in which the Company is deemed the primary beneficiary. The underlying loans owned by the VIEs are shown under residential loans on our consolidated balance sheets. The ABS issued to third parties by the VIEs are shown under asset-backed securities. In our consolidated statements of operations, we record interest income on the residential loans owned by the VIEs and interest expense on the ABS issued by the VIEs. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.
Variable Interest Entity
A VIE is an entity that lacks one or more of the characteristics of a voting interest entity. A VIE is defined as an entity in which equity investors do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest or do not have sufficient equity at risk for the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support. The determination of whether an entity is a VIE includes both a qualitative and quantitative analysis. The Company reassesses its initial evaluation of an entity as a VIE upon the occurrence of certain reconsideration events. The entity that consolidates a VIE is known as its primary beneficiary and is generally the entity with (i) the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, and (ii) the right to receive benefits from the VIE or the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could be significant to the VIE. For VIEs that do not have substantial ongoing activities, the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance may be determined by an entity’s involvement with the design of the VIE.
Use of Estimates
The accounting and reporting policies of the Company conform to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP"). The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Examples of estimates include, but are not limited to, estimates of the fair values of financial instruments, interest income on mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”), allowance for loan losses and other-than-temporary impairment charges. Actual results may differ from those estimates.
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Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers all highly liquid investments that have original or remaining maturity dates of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. At December 31, 2013, the Company had cash and cash equivalents, including amounts restricted, in excess of the FDIC deposit insurance limit of $250,000 per institution. The Company mitigates its risk of loss by actively monitoring the counterparties.
Due from Counterparties / Collateral Held Payable
Due from counterparties represents cash posted with its counterparties as collateral for the Company’s interest rate derivatives and repurchase agreements. Collateral held payable represents cash posted with the Company by its counterparties as collateral under the Company’s interest rate derivatives and repurchase agreements. In addition, Collateral held payable may include non-cash collateral in which the Company has the obligation to return the collateral upon the Company either selling or pledging the non-cash collateral. To the extent the Company receives collateral other than cash from its counterparties such assets are not included in the Company’s balance sheet. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if the Company either sells such assets or pledges the assets as collateral pursuant to a repurchase agreement, the cash received and the corresponding liability is reflected on the balance sheet.
Underwriting Commissions and Offering Costs
Underwriting commissions and direct costs incurred in connection with the Company’s initial public offering (“IPO”) and subsequent stock offerings are reflected as a reduction of additional paid-in-capital.
Deferred Costs
Included in deferred costs are costs associated with the issuance of beneficial interests by consolidated VIEs incurred by the Company and costs incurred in connection with the issuance by the Company of its exchangeable senior notes. These costs may include underwriting, rating agency, legal, accounting and other fees. These deferred costs are amortized as an adjustment to interest expense using the effective interest method, based upon actual repayments of the associated beneficial interest issued to third parties and over the stated legal maturity of the exchangeable senior notes.
Repurchase Agreements
The Company finances its Agency RMBS, non-Agency RMBS and CMBS investment portfolio through the use of repurchase agreements. Repurchase agreements are treated as collateralized financing transactions and are carried at their contractual amounts, including accrued interest, as specified in the respective agreements.
In instances where the Company acquires Agency RMBS, non-Agency RMBS or CMBS through repurchase agreements with the same counterparty from whom such assets were purchased, the Company accounts for the purchase commitment and repurchase agreement on a net basis and records a forward commitment to purchase such assets as a derivative instrument if the transaction does not comply with the criteria for gross presentation. All of the following criteria must be met for gross presentation in the circumstance where the repurchase assets are financed with the same counterparty:
• | the initial transfer of and repurchase financing cannot be contractually contingent; |
• | the repurchase financing entered into between the parties provides full recourse to the transferee and the repurchase price is fixed; |
• | the financial asset has an active market and the transfer is executed at market rates; and |
• | the repurchase agreement and financial asset do not mature simultaneously. |
If the transaction complies with the criteria for gross presentation, the Company records the assets and the related financing on a gross basis on its consolidated balance sheets, and the corresponding interest income and interest expense in its consolidated statements of operations. The Company reflects all proceeds from repurchase agreements borrowings and repayment of repurchase agreement borrowings on a gross basis on the consolidated statements of cash flows. Forward commitments are recorded at fair value with subsequent changes in fair value recognized in income. Additionally, the Company records the cash portion of its investment in Agency RMBS, non-Agency RMBS and CMBS as a mortgage related receivable from the counterparty on its consolidated balance sheets.
Asset-Backed Securities
ABS are recorded at principal balance net of unamortized premiums or discounts.
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Fair Value Measurements
The Company discloses the fair value of its financial instruments according to a fair value hierarchy (Levels 1, 2, and 3, as defined). In accordance with U.S. GAAP, the Company is required to provide enhanced disclosures regarding instruments in the Level 3 category (which require significant management judgment), including a separate reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for each major category of assets and liabilities.
To determine fair value of its financial instruments, the Company generally obtains one price per instrument from its primary valuation service. If this service cannot provide a price, the Company will seek a value from other vendors. The valuation services use various observable inputs which may include a combination of benchmark yields, trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, bids, offers and benchmark securities to determine prices. Both the Company and the pricing vendor continuously monitor market indicators and economic events to determine if any may have an impact on the valuations.
Overrides of prices from pricing vendors are rare in the current market environment and with the assets the Company holds. Examples of instances that would cause an override would be if the Company recently traded the same security or there is an indication of market activity that would cause the vendor price to be unreliable. In the rare instance where a price is adjusted, the Company has a control process to monitor the reason for such adjustment.
To gain comfort that vendor prices are representative of current market information, the Company compares the transaction prices of security purchases and sales to the valuation levels provided by the vendors. Price differences exceeding pre-defined tolerance levels are identified and investigated and may be challenged. Trends are monitored over time and if there are indications that the valuations are not comparable to market activity, the vendors are asked to provide detailed information regarding their methodology and inputs. Transparency tools are also available from the vendors which help clients observe data points and/or market inputs used for pricing securities.
In addition, the Company performs due diligence procedures on all vendors on at least an annual basis. A questionnaire is sent to vendors which requests information such as changes in methodologies, business recovery preparedness, internal controls and confirmation that evaluations are generated based on market data. Physical visits are also made to each vendor’s office.
As described in Note 11 - “Financial Instruments,” the Company evaluates the source used to provide the market price for each security and makes a determination on its categorization within the fair value hierarchy. If the price of a security is obtained from quoted prices for similar instruments or model-derived valuations whose inputs are observable, the security is classified as a level 2 security. If the inputs appear to be unobservable, the security would be classified as a level 3 security.
Additionally, U.S. GAAP permits entities to choose to measure many financial instruments and certain other items at fair value (the “fair value option”). Unrealized gains and losses on items for which the fair value option has been elected are recognized in earnings at each subsequent reporting date.
The Company elected the fair value option for its investments in unconsolidated ventures. The Company has the one-time option to elect fair value for these financial assets on the election date. The changes in the fair value of these instruments are recorded in equity in earnings and fair value change in unconsolidated ventures in the consolidated statements of operations.
For assets representing available-for-sale investment securities, any change in fair value is reported through consolidated other comprehensive income (loss) with the exception of impairment losses, which are recorded in the consolidated statements of operations.
Securities
The Company designates securities as held-to-maturity, available-for-sale, or trading depending on its ability and intent to hold such securities to maturity. Trading and securities available-for-sale are reported at fair value, while securities held-to-maturity are reported at amortized cost. Although the Company generally intends to hold most of its RMBS and CMBS until maturity, the Company may, from time to time, sell any of its RMBS or CMBS as part of its overall management of its investment portfolio and therefore classifies its RMBS and CMBS as available-for-sale securities.
All securities classified as available-for-sale are reported at fair value, based on market prices from third-party sources, with unrealized gains and losses excluded from earnings and reported as a separate component of shareholders’ equity. When applicable, included with available-for-sale securities are forward purchase commitments on to-be-announced securities (“TBA”). The Company records TBA purchases on the trade date and the corresponding payable is recorded as an outstanding
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liability as a payable for investments purchased until the settlement date of the transaction. This payable is presented in the “Investment related payable” line item on the consolidated balance sheets.
The Company considers its portfolio of Agency RMBS to be of high credit quality under the accounting guidance. For non-Agency RMBS and CMBS, the Company does not rely on ratings from third party agencies to determine the credit quality of the investment. To determine expected future losses, the Company uses internal models that analyze the individual loans underlying each security and evaluates factors including, but not limited to, delinquency status, loan-to-value ratios, borrower credit scores, occupancy status and geographic concentration to estimate the expected future cash flows and an expected yield. The Company places reliance on this internal model in determining credit quality and the corresponding accounting treatment.
While non-Agency RMBS and CMBS with expected future losses are generally purchased at a discount to par, the potential for a significant adverse change in expected cash flows remains. The Company therefore considers each security for other-than-temporary impairment at least quarterly and more frequently when economic or market conditions warrant such evaluation.
The determination of whether a security is other-than-temporarily impaired involves judgments and assumptions based on subjective and objective factors. Consideration is given to (i) the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost, (ii) the financial condition and near-term prospects of recovery in fair value of the security, and (iii) the Company’s intent and ability to retain its investment in the security for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value.
For debt securities, the amount of the other-than-temporary impairment related to a credit loss or impairments on securities that the Company has the intent or for which it is more likely than not that the Company will need to sell before recoveries are recognized in earnings and reflected as a reduction in the cost basis of the security. The amount of the other-than-temporary impairment on debt securities related to other factors is recorded consistent with changes in the fair value of all other available-for-sale securities as a component of consolidated shareholders’ equity in other comprehensive income or loss with no change to the cost basis of the security.
Residential Loans Held-For-Investment
Loans held-for-investment include securitized residential mortgage loans held by VIEs in which the Company has determined it is the primary beneficiary and which are included in the Company's consolidated balance sheets, and are carried at unpaid principal balance net of any premiums and allowance for loan losses. The Company expects that it will be required to continue to consolidate the VIEs in which such loans are held and generally does not have the authority to sell the residential loans held in the VIEs.
Commercial Loans Held-For-Investment
Commercial loans held-for-investment include mezzanine loans owned by the Company carried at cost, net of any allowance for loan losses. An allowance for loan losses will be recognized only if past and current events indicate it is probable that all amounts due will not be collected according to the terms of the loan agreement.
Interest Income Recognition
Interest income on available-for-sale MBS, which includes accretion of discounts and amortization of premiums on such MBS, is recognized over the life of the investment using the effective interest method. Management estimates, at the time of purchase, the future expected cash flows and determines the effective interest rate based on these estimated cash flows and the Company’s purchase price. As needed, these estimated cash flows are updated and a revised yield is computed based on the current amortized cost of the investment. In estimating these cash flows, there are a number of assumptions that are subject to uncertainties and contingencies, including the rate and timing of principal payments (prepayments, repurchases, defaults and liquidations), the pass through or coupon rate and interest rate fluctuations. In addition, management must use its judgment to estimate interest payment shortfalls due to delinquencies on the underlying mortgage loans. These uncertainties and contingencies are difficult to predict and are subject to future events that may impact management’s estimates and its interest income. Security transactions are recorded on the trade date. Realized gains and losses from security transactions are determined based upon the specific identification method and recorded as gain (loss) on sale of available-for-sale securities in the consolidated statements of operations.
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Residential Loans
Interest income from the Company’s residential loans is recognized on an accrual basis with the related premiums being amortized into interest income using the effective interest method over the weighted average life of these loans. In estimating these cash flows, there are a number of assumptions that are subject to estimation, including the interest rate and timing of principal payments (prepayments, repurchases, defaults and liquidations) and other factors. Coupon interest is recognized as revenue when earned and deemed collectible or until a loan becomes more than 90 days past due, at which point the loan is placed on nonaccrual status. Interest previously accrued for loans that have been placed on non-accrual status is reversed against interest income in the period it becomes nonaccrual. Residential loans delinquent more than 90 days or in foreclosure are characterized as delinquent. Cash principal and interest that is advanced from servicers subsequent to a loan becoming greater than 90 days past due is recorded as a liability due to the servicer. When a delinquent loan previously placed on nonaccrual status has cured, meaning all delinquent principal and interest have been remitted by the borrower, the loan is placed back on accrual status. Alternately, nonaccrual loans may be placed back on accrual status if restructured and after the loan is considered re-performing. A restructured loan is considered re-performing when the loan has been current for at least twelve months.
Commercial Loans
Interest is recognized as revenue when earned and deemed collectible or until a loan becomes past due based on the terms of the loan agreement with the related originating fees, net of origination cost, being amortized into interest income using the effective interest method over the life of the loan. Interest received subsequent to a loan becoming past due or impaired is used to reduce the outstanding loan principal balance. When a delinquent loan previously placed on nonaccrual status has cured, meaning all delinquent principal and interest have been remitted by the borrower, the loan is placed back on accrual status. Alternately, loans that have been individually impaired may be placed back on accrual status if restructured and after the loan is considered re-performing. A restructured loan is considered re-performing when the loan has been current for at least twelve months.
Allowance for Loan Losses
Residential Loans — Allowance for Loan Losses
For residential loans classified as held-for-investment, an allowance for loan losses is established based on the Company's estimate of credit losses. In calculating the allowance for loan losses, the Company assesses expected losses by estimating the probability of default and expected loss severities on the loans. The following factors are considered in evaluating the allowance for loan losses:
• | Loan-to-value ratios, property values, credit scores, occupancy status, geographic concentration and other observable data available from third party providers; |
• | Historical prepayments, default rates and loss severities; and |
• | Trends in delinquencies, loan liquidations, foreclosure timelines, liquidation expenses, servicer advances of delinquent principal and interest, and other observable data related to the servicing of the loans. |
Commercial Loans — Allowance for Loan Losses
For commercial loans classified as held-for-investment, we establish a specific allowance for loan losses for loans the Company has determined to be impaired at the reporting date. An individual loan is considered impaired when it is deemed probable that the Company will not be able to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan.
The Company's methodology for assessing the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses begins with a formal review of each commercial loan in the portfolio to determine whether the loan is impaired. Reviews are performed at least quarterly. The Company considers the following factors in evaluating each loan:
• | Loan to value ratios upon origination or acquisition of the loan; |
• | The most recent financial information available for each loan and associated properties, including net operating income, debt service coverage ratios, occupancy rates, rent rolls, as well as any other loss factors we consider relevant, such as, but not limited to, specific loan trigger events that would indicate an adverse change in expected cash flows or payment delinquency; |
• | Economic trends, both macroeconomic as well as those directly affecting the properties associated with our loans, and the supply and demand of competing projects in the sub-market in which the subject property is located; and |
• | The loan sponsor or borrowing entity’s ability to ensure that properties associated with the loan are managed and operated sufficiently. |
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Where an individual commercial loan is deemed to be impaired, the Company records an allowance to reduce the carrying value of the loan to the current present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective rate, with a corresponding charge to provision for loan losses on our consolidated statements of operations.
Investments in Unconsolidated Ventures
The Company has investments in unconsolidated ventures. In circumstances where the Company has a non-controlling interest but is deemed to be able to exert significant influence over the affairs of the enterprise, the Company utilizes the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method of accounting, the initial investment is increased each period for additional capital contributions and a proportionate share of the entity’s earnings and decreased for cash distributions and a proportionate share of the entity’s losses.
The Company elected the fair value option for its investments in unconsolidated ventures. The election was made upon initial recognition in the financial statements. The Company has elected the fair value option for the purpose of enhancing the transparency of its financial condition. The Company measures the fair value on the basis of the net asset value per share of the investments.
Dividends and Distributions Payable
Dividends and distributions payable represent dividends declared at the balance sheet date which are payable to common shareholders, preferred shareholders and distributions declared at the balance sheet date which are payable to non-controlling interest common unit holders of the Operating Partnership, respectively.
Earnings per Share
The Company calculates basic earnings per share by dividing net income attributable to common shareholders for the period by weighted-average shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding for that period. Diluted earnings per share takes into account the effect of dilutive instruments, such as units of limited partnership interest in the Operating Partnership (“OP Units”), exchangeable debt, and unvested restricted stock, but use the average share price for the period in determining the number of incremental shares that are to be added to the weighted-average number of shares outstanding.
Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Comprehensive income (loss) is comprised of net income, as presented in the consolidated statements of operations, adjusted for changes in unrealized gains or losses on available for sale securities and changes in the fair value of derivatives accounted for as cash flow hedges.
Accounting for Derivative Financial Instruments
U.S. GAAP provides disclosure requirements for derivatives and hedging activities with the intent to provide users of financial statements with an enhanced understanding of: (i) how and why an entity uses derivative instruments; (ii) how derivative instruments and related hedged items are accounted for; and (iii) how derivative instruments and related hedged items affect an entity’s financial position, financial performance, and cash flows. U.S. GAAP requires qualitative disclosures about objectives and strategies for using derivatives, quantitative disclosures about the fair value of and gains and losses on derivative instruments, and disclosures about credit-risk-related contingent features in derivative instruments.
The Company records all derivatives on the consolidated balance sheet at fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value of derivatives depends on the intended use of the derivative, whether the Company has elected to designate a derivative in a hedging relationship and apply hedge accounting and whether the hedging relationship has satisfied the criteria necessary to apply hedge accounting. Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to changes in the fair value of an asset, liability, or firm commitment attributable to a particular risk, such as interest rate risk, are considered fair value hedges. Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows, or other types of forecasted transactions, are considered cash flow hedges. Derivatives may also be designated as hedges of the foreign currency exposure of a net investment in a foreign operation. Hedge accounting generally provides for the matching of the timing of gain or loss recognition on the hedging instrument with the recognition of the changes in the fair value of the hedged asset or liability that are attributable to the hedged risk in a fair value hedge or the earnings effect of the hedged forecasted transactions in a cash flow hedge. The Company may enter into derivative contracts, such as credit default swaps, that are intended to economically hedge certain of its risk, even though hedge accounting does not apply or the Company elects not to apply hedge accounting under U.S. GAAP.
79 | ||
On December 31, 2013, the Company discontinued hedge accounting for its interest rate swap agreements by de-designating the interest rate swaps as cash flow hedges. No interest rate swaps were terminated in conjunction with this action, and the Company’s risk management and hedging practices were not impacted. However, the Company’s accounting for these transactions will change prospectively. All of the Company’s interest rate swaps had previously been accounted for as cash flow hedges under the applicable guidance. As a result of discontinuing hedge accounting, beginning January 1, 2014, changes in the fair value of the Company’s interest rate swap agreements will be recorded in other income (loss) in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations, rather than in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”). Also, net interest paid or received under the interest rate swaps, which up through December 31, 2013 was recognized in interest expense will instead be recognized in other income on the consolidated statements of operations. The interest rate swaps will continue to be reported as assets or liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets at their fair value.
As long as the forecasted transactions that were being hedged (i.e., rollovers of the Company’s repurchase agreement borrowings) are still expected to occur, the balance in AOCI from the interest rate swap activity up through December 31, 2013 will remain in AOCI and be recognized in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations as interest expense over the remaining term of the interest rate swaps. Refer to Note 9 - "Derivatives and Hedging Activities" for further information.
Income Taxes
The Company elected to be taxed as a REIT, commencing with the Company’s taxable year ended December 31, 2009. Accordingly, the Company will generally not be subject to U.S. federal and applicable state and local corporate income tax to the extent that the Company makes qualifying distributions to its common shareholders, and provided the Company satisfies on a continuing basis, through actual investment and operating results, the REIT requirements including certain asset, income, distribution and stock ownership tests. If the Company fails to qualify as a REIT, and does not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, it will be subject to U.S. federal, state and local income taxes and may be precluded from qualifying as a REIT for the subsequent four taxable years following the year in which the Company lost its REIT qualification. Accordingly, the Company’s failure to qualify as a REIT could have a material adverse impact on its results of operations and amounts available for distribution to its shareholders.
A REIT’s dividend paid deduction for qualifying dividends to the Company’s shareholders is computed using its taxable income as opposed to net income reported on the consolidated financial statements. Taxable income, generally, will differ from net income because the determination of taxable income is based on tax regulations and not financial accounting principles.
The Company may elect to treat certain of its future subsidiaries as taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRS”). In general, a TRS may hold assets and engage in activities that the Company cannot hold or engage in directly and generally may engage in any real estate or non-real estate-related business. A TRS is subject to U.S. federal, state and local corporate income taxes.
If a TRS generates net income, the TRS can declare dividends to the Company which will be included in its taxable income and necessitate a distribution to its shareholders. Conversely, if the Company retains earnings at a TRS level, no distribution is required and the Company can increase book equity of the consolidated entity. The Company has no adjustments regarding its tax accounting treatment of any uncertainties. The Company expects to recognize interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions, if any, as income tax expense, which will be included in general and administrative expense.
Share-Based Compensation
The Company has adopted an equity incentive plan under which its independent directors, as part of their compensation for serving as directors, are eligible to receive quarterly restricted stock awards. In addition, the Company may compensate the officers and employees of the Manager and its affiliates under this plan pursuant to the management agreement.
Share-based compensation arrangements include share options, restricted share plans, performance-based awards, share appreciation rights, and employee share purchase plans. Compensation costs relating to share-based payment transactions are recognized in the consolidated financial statements, based on the fair value of the equity or liability instruments issued on the date of grant, for awards to the Company’s independent directors. Compensation related to stock awards to officers and employees of the Manager and its affiliates are recorded at the estimated fair value of the award during the vesting period. The Company makes an upward or downward adjustment to compensation expense for the difference in the fair value at the date of grant and the date the award was earned.
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Dividend Reinvestment Plan
The Company has implemented a dividend reinvestment and stock purchase plan (the “DRSPP”). Under the terms of the DRSPP, shareholders who participate in the plan may purchase shares of common stock directly from the Company. Plan participants may also automatically reinvest all or a portion of their dividends for additional shares of common stock.
Reclassifications
The presentation of certain prior period reported amounts has been reclassified to be consistent with the current presentation. Such reclassifications had no impact on net income or equity attributable to common shareholders.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In January 2013, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2013-01, “Clarifying the Scope of Disclosure about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities” (“ASU 2013-01”). ASU 2013-01 clarified Accounting Standard Update 2011-11, “Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities” which was issued in December 2011. Entities are required to disclose both gross information and net information about both instruments and transactions eligible for offset in the statement of financial position and instruments and transaction subject to an agreement similar to a master netting arrangement. This scope would include derivatives, sale and repurchase agreements and reverse sale and repurchase agreements. The objective of this disclosure is to facilitate comparison between those entities that prepare their financial statements on a basis of U.S. GAAP basis and those entities that prepare their financial statements on the basis of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The guidance was effective for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2013, and interim periods within those annual periods. The additional disclosure requirements were incorporated into Note 10 “Offsetting Assets and Liabilities.”
In February 2013, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2013-02, “Reporting of Amounts Reclassified out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income” (“ASU 2013-02”), which adds new disclosure requirements for items reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income. ASU 2013-02 does not amend any existing requirements for reporting net income or other comprehensive income in the financial statements and is effective prospectively for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2012. Adoption of ASU 2013-02 resulted in increased disclosures related to items reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income, but did not have an effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
None
Note 3 – Variable Interest Entities
During 2013, the Company purchased through its indirect subsidiary interests in five securitization trusts, in which the Company determined it is the primary beneficiary. The trusts initially held pools of 2,324 fixed rate residential mortgage loans having an initial aggregate principal balance of $1.8 billion and issued a series of ABS having an aggregate original principal amount of $1.8 billion payable from the cash flows generated by the pools of residential mortgage loans. $1.7 billion of ABS were sold to unaffiliated third parties and the balance was purchased by the Company. The Company's interests in the trusts consist of classes of such ABS having an aggregate original principal balance of $152.4 million, which are either senior, subordinate in payment priority, pay interest only, or are payable from certain designated cash flows from the loans.
In determining if a securitized trust should be consolidated, the Company evaluated whether it was a VIE and, if so, whether the Company’s direct involvement in the VIE reflects a controlling financial interest that would result in the Company being deemed the primary beneficiary. The Company concluded that its interest in the securitized trusts purchased during the year ended December 31, 2013 were VIEs because such interests included the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIEs and the obligation to absorb losses or right to receive benefits that are potentially significant to the VIEs. The Company also reassessed its initial evaluation of an entity as a VIE upon the occurrence of certain reconsideration events. Accordingly, for financial statement reporting purposes, the Company consolidated the underlying assets and liabilities of the securitization trusts at their fair value and, as such, no gain or loss was recorded upon consolidation. The securitizations are non-recourse financing of the residential mortgage loans held-for-investment. The senior securities issued by the securitization trusts and not purchased by the Company, which were sold to unaffiliated third parties, are presented in the consolidated balance sheets as “Asset-backed securities.”
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The Company is not contractually required and has not provided any additional financial support to the VIEs for the period ended December 31, 2013. The following table presents a summary of the assets and liabilities of the VIEs. Intercompany balances have been eliminated for purposes of this presentation.
$ in thousands | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2012 | |||
Residential loans, held-for-investment | 1,810,262 | — | |||
Accrued interest receivable | 5,647 | — | |||
Deferred costs | 3,386 | — | |||
Total assets | 1,819,295 | — | |||
Accrued interest and accrued expenses payable | 4,659 | — | |||
Asset-backed securities | 1,643,741 | — | |||
Total liabilities | 1,648,400 | — | |||
Note 4 – Mortgage-Backed Securities
All of the Company’s MBS are classified as available-for-sale and, as such, are reported at fair value, which is determined by obtaining valuations from an independent source. If the fair value of a security is not available from a dealer or third-party pricing service, or such data appears unreliable, the Company may estimate the fair value of the security using a variety of methods including other pricing services, repurchase agreement pricing, discounted cash flow analysis, matrix pricing, option adjusted spread models and other fundamental analysis of observable market factors.
The following tables present certain information about the Company’s investment portfolio at December 31, 2013 and 2012.
December 31, 2013 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
$ in thousands | Principal Balance | Unamortized Premium (Discount) | Amortized Cost | Unrealized Gain/ (Loss), net | Fair Value | Net Weighted Average Coupon (1) | Period- end Weighted Average Yield (2) | Quarterly Weighted Average Yield (3) | |||||||||||||||
Agency RMBS: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
15 year fixed-rate | 1,637,988 | 83,799 | 1,721,787 | 22,494 | 1,744,281 | 4.02 | % | 2.54 | % | 2.61 | % | ||||||||||||
30 year fixed-rate | 6,494,723 | 435,680 | 6,930,403 | (228,250 | ) | 6,702,153 | 4.11 | % | 2.96 | % | 3.13 | % | |||||||||||
ARM | 251,693 | 992 | 252,685 | 597 | 253,282 | 2.80 | % | 2.62 | % | 2.41 | % | ||||||||||||
Hybrid ARM | 1,764,472 | 9,470 | 1,773,942 | (3,384 | ) | 1,770,558 | 2.69 | % | 2.46 | % | 2.06 | % | |||||||||||
Total Agency pass-through | 10,148,876 | 529,941 | 10,678,817 | (208,543 | ) | 10,470,274 | 3.82 | % | 2.80 | % | 2.90 | % | |||||||||||
Agency-CMO(4) | 1,532,474 | (1,051,777 | ) | 480,697 | (6,183 | ) | 474,514 | 2.76 | % | 3.82 | % | 3.47 | % | ||||||||||
Non-Agency RMBS(5) | 4,361,730 | (618,634 | ) | 3,743,096 | 32,213 | 3,775,309 | 3.74 | % | 3.75 | % | 4.60 | % | |||||||||||
CMBS(6) | 4,630,363 | (2,032,945 | ) | 2,597,418 | 31,142 | 2,628,560 | 3.38 | % | 4.62 | % | 4.51 | % | |||||||||||
Total | 20,673,443 | (3,173,415 | ) | 17,500,028 | (151,371 | ) | 17,348,657 | 3.63 | % | 3.30 | % | 3.51 | % | ||||||||||
____________________
(1) | Net weighted average coupon (“WAC”) as of December 31, 2013 is presented net of servicing and other fees. |
(2) | Weighted average yield based on amortized cost as of December 31, 2013 incorporates future prepayment and loss assumptions. |
(3) | Weighted average yield based on average amortized cost for the three months ended December 31, 2013 incorporates actual cash flows and future prepayment and loss assumptions. |
(4) | Included in the Agency-CMO are interest only securities which represent 25.0% of the balance based on fair value. |
(5) | Non-Agency RMBS held by the Company is 58.4% variable rate, 32.4% fixed rate, and 9.2% floating rate based on fair value. |
(6) | Included in the CMBS are interest-only securities and commercial real estate mezzanine loan pass-through certificates which represent 7.5% and 1.0% of the balance based on fair value, respectively. |
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December 31, 2012 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
$ in thousands | Principal Balance | Unamortized Premium (Discount) | Amortized Cost | Unrealized Gain, net | Fair Value | Net Weighted Average Coupon (1) | Period- end Weighted Average Yield (2) | Quarterly Weighted Average Yield (3) | |||||||||||||||
Agency RMBS: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
15 year fixed-rate | 1,964,999 | 102,058 | 2,067,057 | 63,839 | 2,130,896 | 4.09 | % | 2.37 | % | 2.37 | % | ||||||||||||
30 year fixed-rate | 9,168,196 | 601,592 | 9,769,788 | 238,949 | 10,008,737 | 4.21 | % | 2.89 | % | 2.88 | % | ||||||||||||
ARM | 109,937 | 3,464 | 113,401 | 2,365 | 115,766 | 3.15 | % | 2.06 | % | 2.02 | % | ||||||||||||
Hybrid ARM | 556,790 | 13,493 | 570,283 | 16,885 | 587,168 | 3.19 | % | 2.18 | % | 2.22 | % | ||||||||||||
Total Agency pass-through | 11,799,922 | 720,607 | 12,520,529 | 322,038 | 12,842,567 | 4.13 | % | 2.77 | % | 2.75 | % | ||||||||||||
Agency-CMO(4) | 1,322,043 | (819,530 | ) | 502,513 | 1,926 | 504,439 | 2.89 | % | 2.35 | % | 1.51 | % | |||||||||||
Non-Agency RMBS(5) | 3,339,683 | (308,885 | ) | 3,030,798 | 48,238 | 3,079,036 | 4.20 | % | 4.61 | % | 4.80 | % | |||||||||||
CMBS(6) | 1,868,928 | 24,070 | 1,892,998 | 151,523 | 2,044,521 | 5.27 | % | 4.96 | % | 4.82 | % | ||||||||||||
Total | 18,330,576 | (383,738 | ) | 17,946,838 | 523,725 | 18,470,563 | 4.17 | % | 3.30 | % | 3.27 | % | |||||||||||
____________________
(1) | Net WAC as of December 31, 2012 is presented net of servicing and other fees. |
(2) | Weighted average yield based on amortized cost as of December 31, 2012 incorporates future prepayment and loss assumptions. |
(3) | Weighted average yield based on average amortized cost for the three months ended December 31, 2012 incorporates future prepayment and loss assumptions. |
(4) | Included in the Agency-CMO are interest only securities which represent 14.1% of the balance based on fair value. |
(5) | Non-Agency RMBS held by the Company is 79.2% variable rate, 15.5% fixed rate, and 5.3% floating rate based on fair value. |
(6) | Included in the CMBS are interest-only securities and commercial real estate mezzanine loan pass-through certificates which represent 0% and 1.1% of the balance based on fair value, respectively. |
The following table summarizes our non-Agency RMBS portfolio by asset type as of December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively:
$ in thousands | December 31, 2013 | % of Non-Agency | December 31, 2012 | % of Non-Agency | |||||||
Re-REMIC Senior | 1,444,376 | 38.3 | % | 1,844,209 | 59.9 | % | |||||
Prime | 1,504,802 | 39.9 | % | 754,161 | 24.5 | % | |||||
Alt-A | 801,919 | 21.2 | % | 468,181 | 15.2 | % | |||||
Subprime | 24,212 | 0.6 | % | 12,485 | 0.4 | % | |||||
Total Non-Agency | 3,775,309 | 100.0 | % | 3,079,036 | 100.0 | % | |||||
The following table summarizes certain characteristics of our senior Re-REMIC Holdings as of December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012:
Percentage of Re-REMIC Holdings at Fair Value | ||||||
Re-REMIC Subordination(1) | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2012 | ||||
0-10 | 4.8 | % | 2.1 | % | ||
10-20 | 3.5 | % | 3.2 | % | ||
20-30 | 14.7 | % | 15.0 | % | ||
30-40 | 25.2 | % | 27.0 | % | ||
40-50 | 38.6 | % | 40.4 | % | ||
50-60 | 8.5 | % | 7.6 | % | ||
60-70 | 4.7 | % | 4.7 | % | ||
Total | 100.0 | % | 100.0 | % | ||
(1) | Subordination refers to the credit enhancement provided to the senior Re-REMIC tranche by the junior Re-REMIC tranche or tranches in a resecuritization. This figure reflects the percentage of the balance of the underlying security represented by the junior tranche or tranches at the time of resecuritization. Generally, principal losses on the underlying security in excess of the subordination amount would result in principal losses on the senior Re-REMIC tranche. |
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The components of the carrying value of the Company’s investment portfolio at December 31, 2013 and 2012 are presented below:
$ in thousands | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2012 | |||
Principal balance | 20,673,443 | 18,330,576 | |||
Unamortized premium | 646,189 | 788,716 | |||
Unamortized discount | (3,819,604 | ) | (1,172,454 | ) | |
Gross unrealized gains | 291,725 | 563,093 | |||
Gross unrealized losses | (443,096 | ) | (39,368 | ) | |
Fair value | 17,348,657 | 18,470,563 | |||
The following table summarizes certain characteristics of the Company’s investment portfolio, at fair value, according to estimated weighted average life classifications as of December 31, 2013 and 2012:
$ in thousands | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2012 | |||
Less than one year | 101,251 | 70,044 | |||
Greater than one year and less than five years | 5,958,852 | 13,146,577 | |||
Greater than or equal to five years | 11,288,554 | 5,253,942 | |||
Total | 17,348,657 | 18,470,563 | |||
The following tables present the estimated fair value, the gross unrealized losses and the number of securities of the Company’s MBS by length of time that such securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively:
December 31, 2013 | Less than 12 Months | 12 Months or More | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||
$ in thousands | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Number of Securities | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Number of Securities | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Number of Securities | |||||||||||||||||
Agency RMBS: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
15 year fixed-rate | 431,527 | (4,964 | ) | 18 | 11,100 | (259 | ) | 1 | 442,627 | (5,223 | ) | 19 | ||||||||||||||
30 year fixed-rate | 3,710,679 | (228,167 | ) | 126 | 641,259 | (56,754 | ) | 27 | 4,351,938 | (284,921 | ) | 153 | ||||||||||||||
ARM | 94,447 | (968 | ) | 7 | — | — | — | 94,447 | (968 | ) | 7 | |||||||||||||||
Hybrid ARM | 1,129,488 | (9,715 | ) | 48 | — | — | — | 1,129,488 | (9,715 | ) | 48 | |||||||||||||||
Total Agency pass through | 5,366,141 | (243,814 | ) | 199 | 652,359 | (57,013 | ) | 28 | 6,018,500 | (300,827 | ) | 227 | ||||||||||||||
Agency-CMO | 311,935 | (16,599 | ) | 13 | 8,883 | (3,736 | ) | 4 | 320,818 | (20,335 | ) | 17 | ||||||||||||||
Non-Agency RMBS | 1,307,036 | (58,326 | ) | 76 | 91,651 | (1,726 | ) | 8 | 1,398,687 | (60,052 | ) | 84 | ||||||||||||||
CMBS | 1,118,270 | (61,882 | ) | 84 | — | — | — | 1,118,270 | (61,882 | ) | 84 | |||||||||||||||
Total | 8,103,382 | (380,621 | ) | 372 | 752,893 | (62,475 | ) | 40 | 8,856,275 | (443,096 | ) | 412 | ||||||||||||||
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December 31, 2012 | Less than 12 Months | 12 Months or More | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||
$ in thousands | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Number of Securities | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Number of Securities | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Number of Securities | |||||||||||||||||
Agency RMBS: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
15 year fixed-rate | 31,269 | (279 | ) | 3 | — | — | — | 31,269 | (279 | ) | 3 | |||||||||||||||
30 year fixed-rate | 1,763,113 | (6,469 | ) | 47 | 78,640 | (832 | ) | 1 | 1,841,753 | (7,301 | ) | 48 | ||||||||||||||
Total Agency pass through | 1,794,382 | (6,748 | ) | 50 | 78,640 | (832 | ) | 1 | 1,873,022 | (7,580 | ) | 51 | ||||||||||||||
Agency-CMO | 31,719 | (7,796 | ) | 14 | 10,770 | (2,812 | ) | 6 | 42,489 | (10,608 | ) | 20 | ||||||||||||||
Non-Agency RMBS | 516,744 | (6,005 | ) | 35 | 490,503 | (12,895 | ) | 28 | 1,007,247 | (18,900 | ) | 63 | ||||||||||||||
CMBS | 187,349 | (1,267 | ) | 14 | 52,813 | (1,013 | ) | 3 | 240,162 | (2,280 | ) | 17 | ||||||||||||||
Total | 2,530,194 | (21,816 | ) | 113 | 632,726 | (17,552 | ) | 38 | 3,162,920 | (39,368 | ) | 151 | ||||||||||||||
Gross unrealized losses on the Company’s Agency RMBS were $300.8 million at December 31, 2013. Due to the inherent credit quality of Agency RMBS, the Company determined that at December 31, 2013, any unrealized losses on its Agency RMBS portfolio are temporary.
Gross unrealized losses on the Company’s MBS-CMO, non-Agency RMBS, and CMBS were $142.3 million at December 31, 2013. The Company does not consider these unrealized losses to be credit related, but rather due to non-credit related factors such as interest rate spreads, prepayment speeds, and market fluctuations. These investment securities are included in the Company’s assessment for other-than-temporary impairment on at least a quarterly basis.
The following table presents the impact of the Company’s MBS on its accumulated other comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011.
Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||
$ in thousands | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | |||||
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) from investment securities: | ||||||||
Unrealized gain (loss) on MBS at beginning of period | 523,725 | (1,218 | ) | 31,267 | ||||
Unrealized gain (loss) on MBS, net | (675,096 | ) | 524,943 | (32,485 | ) | |||
Balance at the end of period | (151,371 | ) | 523,725 | (1,218 | ) | |||
During the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 the Company reclassified $199.4 million of net unrealized losses, $48.2 million of net unrealized gain and $11.0 million of net unrealized gain respectively from other comprehensive income into gain (loss) on sale of investments as a result of the Company selling certain investments.
The Company assesses its investment securities for other-than-temporary impairment on at least a quarterly basis and more frequently when economic or market conditions warrant such evaluation. When the fair value of an investment is less than its amortized cost at the balance sheet date of the reporting period for which impairment is assessed, the impairment is designated as either “temporary” or “other-than-temporary.” The Company evaluates each security that has had a fair value less than amortized cost for three or more consecutive months for other-than-temporary impairment. This analysis includes evaluating the individual loans in each security to determine estimated future cash flows. Individual loan characteristics reviewed include, but are not limited to, delinquency status, loan-to-value ratios, borrower credit scores, occupancy status and geographic concentration. To the extent a security is deemed impaired, the amount by which the amortized cost exceeds the security's market value would be considered other-than-temporary impairment.
The Company did not have other-than-temporary impairments for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011.
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The following table presents a roll-forward of the credit loss component of other-than-temporary impairments for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011.
Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||
$ in thousands | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | |||||
Cumulative credit loss amount at the beginning of the period | — | — | 510 | |||||
Additions for credit losses for which other-than-temporary impairment had not been previously recognized | — | — | — | |||||
Reductions for securities sold | — | — | (510 | ) | ||||
Cumulative credit loss amount at end of period | — | — | — | |||||
The following table presents components of interest income on the Company’s MBS portfolio for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011.
For the Year ended December 31, 2013 | ||||||||
$ in thousands | Coupon Interest | Net (Premium Amortization)/Discount Accretion | Interest Income | |||||
Agency | 530,220 | (161,149 | ) | 369,071 | ||||
Non-Agency | 156,400 | 9,243 | 165,643 | |||||
CMBS | 140,094 | (28,215 | ) | 111,879 | ||||
Other | 194 | — | 194 | |||||
Total | 826,908 | (180,121 | ) | 646,787 | ||||
For the Year ended December 31, 2012 | ||||||||
$ in thousands | Coupon Interest | Net (Premium Amortization)/Discount Accretion | Interest Income (Loss) | |||||
Agency | 517,651 | (157,239 | ) | 360,412 | ||||
Non-Agency | 111,191 | 19,010 | 130,201 | |||||
CMBS | 77,701 | (1,395 | ) | 76,306 | ||||
Other | (89 | ) | — | (89 | ) | |||
Total | 706,454 | (139,624 | ) | 566,830 | ||||
For the Year ended December 31, 2011 | ||||||||
$ in thousands | Coupon Interest | Net (Premium Amortization)/Discount Accretion | Interest Income (Loss) | |||||
Agency | 344,447 | (85,566 | ) | 258,881 | ||||
Non-Agency | 104,547 | 35,230 | 139,777 | |||||
CMBS | 54,508 | 226 | 54,734 | |||||
Other | (40 | ) | — | (40 | ) | |||
Total | 503,462 | (50,110 | ) | 453,352 | ||||
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Note 5 – Residential Loans Held-for-Investment
Residential loans held-for-investment includes residential mortgage loans which are secured by a lien on the residential property. The following table details the carrying value for residential loans held-for-investment at December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012. These loans are held by the VIEs which the Company consolidates.
$ in thousands | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2012 | |||
Principal balance | 1,783,983 | — | |||
Unamortized premium (discount), net | 27,163 | — | |||
Recorded investment | 1,811,146 | — | |||
Allowance for loan losses | (884 | ) | — | ||
Carrying value | 1,810,262 | — | |||
The Company considers a number of factors when evaluating the credit risks associated with our residential loans held-for-investment portfolio, including but not limited to year of origination, delinquency status, historical losses, geographic concentration and existing economic conditions.
The following table displays certain characteristics of the Company's residential loans held-for-investment at December 31, 2013 by year of origination.
$ in thousands | 2013 | 2012 | 2009 | 2008 | Total | |||||||||
Portfolio Characteristics: | ||||||||||||||
Number of Loans(1) | 1,694 | 592 | 5 | 1 | 2,292 | |||||||||
Current Principal Balance | 1,286,127 | 495,016 | 2,188 | 652 | 1,783,983 | |||||||||
Net Weighted Average Coupon Rate | 3.54 | % | 3.50 | % | 3.54 | % | 5.58 | % | 3.53 | % | ||||
Weighted Average Maturity (years) | 29.34 | 29.03 | 25.56 | 24.33 | 29.25 | |||||||||
Current Performance: | ||||||||||||||
Current | 1,284,612 | 495,016 | 2,188 | 652 | 1,782,468 | |||||||||
30 Day Delinquent | 1,515 | — | — | — | 1,515 | |||||||||
60 Days Delinquent | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||
90+ Days Delinquent | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||
Bankruptcy/Foreclosure | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||
Total | 1,286,127 | 495,016 | 2,188 | 652 | 1,783,983 | |||||||||
(1) None for 2011 and 2010.
The following table presents the five largest geographic concentrations of the Company’s residential loans at December 31, 2013 based on principal balance outstanding:
State | Percent | |
California | 49.8 | % |
Illinois | 6.2 | % |
Massachusetts | 5.1 | % |
Virginia | 4.1 | % |
Maryland | 4.1 | % |
Other states (none greater than 4%) | 30.7 | % |
Total | 100.0 | % |
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The following table presents future minimum annual principal payments under the residential loans held-for-investment at December 31, 2013:
$ in thousands | ||
Scheduled Principal | December 31, 2013 | |
Within one year | 32,950 | |
One to three years | 69,764 | |
Three to five years | 75,257 | |
Greater than or equal to five years | 1,606,012 | |
Total | 1,783,983 | |
Allowance for Loan Losses on Residential Loans
For residential loans held-for-investment, the Company establishes an allowance for loan losses. The following table summarizes the activity in the allowance for loan losses for the year ended December 31, 2013:
$ in thousands | December 31, 2013 | |
Balance at beginning of period | — | |
Charge-offs, net | — | |
Provision for loan losses | (884 | ) |
Balance at end of period | (884 | ) |
During the year ended December 31, 2013 there were no charge-offs of residential loans.
Note 6 – Commercial Loans Held-for-Investment
Commercial loans held-for-investment includes mezzanine loans originated by the Company. These loans are secured by the borrower’s ownership interest in a single purpose entity that owns commercial property, rather than a lien on the commercial property. As of December 31, 2013, the Company had four outstanding commercial loans which were originated in 2013 and were not delinquent on payment. These loans were not impaired and no allowance for loan losses has been recorded.
Note 7 – Investments in Unconsolidated Ventures
The Company’s non-controlling, unconsolidated ownership interests in these unconsolidated entities are accounted for under the equity method. Capital contributions, distributions, profits and losses of the entities are allocated in accordance with the terms of the entities’ operating agreements. Such allocations may differ from the stated percentage interests, if any, as a result of preferred returns and allocation formulas as described in such agreements. The Company has made the fair value election for its investments in all unconsolidated ventures. The fair value measurement for the investments in unconsolidated ventures is based on the net asset value per share of the investment, or its equivalent.
Invesco Mortgage Recovery Feeder Fund, L.P. and Invesco Mortgage Recovery Loans AIV, L.P.
The Company invested in certain non-Agency RMBS, CMBS and residential and commercial mortgage loans by contributing equity capital to the Invesco Mortgage Recovery Feeder Fund L.P. managed by the Company’s Manager (“Invesco IMRF Fund”). In addition, the Manager identified a whole loan transaction for the Company, which resulted in the Company’s admission into an alternative investment vehicle, the Invesco Mortgage Recovery Loans AIV, L.P. (“AIV Fund”). The Company has a commitment to invest up to $100.0 million in the Invesco IMRF Fund and AIV Fund. As of December 31, 2013, $94.6 million of the Company's commitment has been called. On December 31, 2013, the investment period ended. The Company is committed to fund $5.4 million in additional capital to cover future expenses should they occur. The Company realized approximately $1.6 million (2012: $3.0 million; 2011: $6.0 million) of equity in earnings for the years ended December 31, 2013 related to these investments. The Company also realized $1.5 million of unrealized gain (2012: $671,000 of unrealized gain; 2011: $3.8 million of unrealized loss) from these investments for the year ended December 31, 2013.
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IMRF Loan Portfolio Member LLC
On December 31, 2012, the Company invested in a portfolio of commercial mortgage loans by contributing $16.9 million, net of distributions, of equity capital to IMRF Loan Portfolio Member LLC (“IMRF LLC”), a limited liability company managed by AIV Fund. The Company has fully funded its commitment to IMRF LLC. The Company realized approximately $1.2 million (2012: $3.8 million; 2011: $759,000) of equity in earnings and $1.1 million of unrealized appreciation (2012: $315,000 unrealized depreciation; 2011: $325,000 unrealized appreciation) from these investments for the year ended December 31, 2013.
Note 8 – Borrowings
The Company has entered into repurchase agreements and issued exchangeable senior notes to finance the majority of its portfolio of investments. The following table summarizes certain characteristics of the Company’s borrowings at December 31, 2013 and 2012:
$ in thousands | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2012 | ||||||||||||||
Amount Outstanding | Weighted Average Interest Rate | Weighted Average Remaining Maturity (Days) | Amount Outstanding | Weighted Average Interest Rate | Weighted Average Remaining Maturity (Days) | |||||||||||
Agency RMBS | 10,281,154 | 0.38 | % | 19 | 11,713,565 | 0.48 | % | 16 | ||||||||
Non-Agency RMBS | 3,088,064 | 1.54 | % | 33 | 2,450,960 | 1.75 | % | 23 | ||||||||
CMBS | 2,082,457 | 1.39 | % | 23 | 1,555,935 | 1.51 | % | 18 | ||||||||
Exchangeable Senior Notes | 400,000 | 5.00 | % | 1,535 | — | — | % | 0 | ||||||||
Total | 15,851,675 | 0.86 | % | 60 | 15,720,460 | 0.78 | % | 17 | ||||||||
Repurchase Agreements
The repurchase agreements bear interest at a contractually agreed rate. The repurchase obligations mature and typically reinvest every thirty days to one year. Repurchase agreements are being accounted for as secured borrowings since the Company maintains effective control of the financed assets. Under the repurchase agreements, the respective lender retains the right to mark the underlying collateral to fair value. A reduction in the value of pledged assets would require the Company to provide additional collateral or fund margin calls. In addition, the repurchase agreements are subject to certain financial covenants. The Company was in compliance with these covenants at December 31, 2013.
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The following tables summarize certain characteristics of the Company’s repurchase agreements at December 31, 2013 and 2012:
December 31, 2013 $ in thousands Repurchase Agreement Counterparties | Amount Outstanding | Percent of Total Amount Outstanding | Company MBS Held as Collateral | |||||||
Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC | 1,809,896 | 11.8 | % | 2,203,883 | (1 | ) | ||||
South Street Securities LLC | 1,236,812 | 8.0 | % | 1,286,384 | ||||||
Banc of America Securities LLC | 1,043,689 | 6.8 | % | 1,146,151 | ||||||
Citigroup Global Markets Inc. | 1,027,210 | 6.6 | % | 1,164,162 | ||||||
JP Morgan Securities Inc. | 875,201 | 5.7 | % | 1,001,116 | ||||||
Wells Fargo Securities, LLC | 857,824 | 5.6 | % | 996,151 | ||||||
Pierpont Securities LLC | 791,572 | 5.1 | % | 824,184 | ||||||
HSBC Securities (USA) Inc. | 787,462 | 5.1 | % | 809,230 | ||||||
RBS Securities Inc. | 720,457 | 4.7 | % | 854,978 | ||||||
Royal Bank of Canada | 710,705 | 4.6 | % | 850,870 | ||||||
Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated | 691,599 | 4.5 | % | 758,761 | ||||||
ING Financial Market LLC | 676,644 | 4.4 | % | 718,086 | ||||||
Mitsubishi UFJ Securities (USA), Inc. | 625,703 | 4.0 | % | 656,046 | ||||||
Nomura Securities International, Inc. | 578,265 | 3.7 | % | 608,193 | ||||||
Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Financial Services LLC | 493,906 | 3.2 | % | 518,775 | ||||||
BNP Paribas Securities Corp. | 471,372 | 3.1 | % | 499,106 | ||||||
Scotia Capital | 443,534 | 2.9 | % | 461,066 | ||||||
Deutsche Bank Securities Inc. | 423,405 | 2.7 | % | 468,939 | ||||||
Goldman, Sachs & Co. | 404,094 | 2.6 | % | 423,598 | ||||||
KGS-Alpha Capital Markets, L.P. | 202,677 | 1.3 | % | 214,033 | ||||||
Barclays Capital Inc. | 156,904 | 1.0 | % | 165,605 | ||||||
TD Securities | 155,099 | 1.0 | % | 163,512 | ||||||
Daiwa Capital Markets America Inc. | 112,309 | 0.7 | % | 117,551 | ||||||
Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. | 68,261 | 0.4 | % | 71,910 | ||||||
Mizuho Securities USA Inc. | 53,962 | 0.3 | % | 62,423 | ||||||
Guggenheim Liquidity Services, LLC | 33,113 | 0.2 | % | 34,664 | ||||||
Total | 15,451,675 | 100.0 | % | 17,079,377 | ||||||
(1) Includes $133.8 million of MBS held as collateral which are eliminated in consolidation.
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December 31, 2012 $ in thousands Repurchase Agreement Counterparties | Amount Outstanding | Percent of Total Amount Outstanding | Company MBS Held as Collateral | |||||
Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC | 1,600,331 | 10.2 | % | 1,919,676 | ||||
Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated | 1,275,616 | 8.1 | % | 1,397,846 | ||||
Nomura Securities International, Inc. | 1,240,231 | 7.9 | % | 1,350,901 | ||||
Mitsubishi UFJ Securities (USA), Inc. | 941,671 | 6.0 | % | 990,057 | ||||
Wells Fargo Securities, LLC | 941,556 | 6.0 | % | 1,079,194 | ||||
HSBC Securities (USA) Inc. | 883,726 | 5.6 | % | 918,551 | ||||
South Street Securities LLC | 819,524 | 5.2 | % | 871,963 | ||||
CitiGroup Global Markets Inc. | 780,020 | 5.0 | % | 882,517 | ||||
Banc of America Securities LLC | 728,609 | 4.6 | % | 838,216 | ||||
Scotia Capital | 708,750 | 4.5 | % | 744,692 | ||||
Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Financial Services LLC | 634,928 | 4.0 | % | 690,783 | ||||
Deutsche Bank Securities Inc. | 587,919 | 3.7 | % | 666,472 | ||||
ING Financial Market LLC | 573,116 | 3.6 | % | 622,944 | ||||
JP Morgan Securities Inc. | 561,426 | 3.6 | % | 697,602 | ||||
Royal Bank of Canada | 560,828 | 3.6 | % | 641,079 | ||||
BNP Paribas Securities Corp. | 488,375 | 3.1 | % | 516,770 | ||||
Goldman, Sachs & Co. | 468,806 | 3.0 | % | 509,660 | ||||
Daiwa Capital Markets America Inc. | 456,098 | 2.9 | % | 479,354 | ||||
Pierpont Securities LLC | 437,095 | 2.8 | % | 463,466 | ||||
Barclays Capital Inc. | 350,688 | 2.3 | % | 372,708 | ||||
RBS Securities Inc. | 348,741 | 2.2 | % | 427,183 | ||||
Mizuho Securities USA Inc. | 101,962 | 0.6 | % | 122,836 | ||||
Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. | 80,466 | 0.5 | % | 86,961 | ||||
KGS-Alpha Capital Markets, L.P. | 79,052 | 0.5 | % | 86,241 | ||||
Guggenheim Liquidity Services, LLC | 43,245 | 0.3 | % | 45,437 | ||||
TD Securities | 27,681 | 0.2 | % | 33,129 | ||||
Total | 15,720,460 | 100.0 | % | 17,456,238 | ||||
Company MBS held by counterparties as security for repurchase agreements was $17.1 billion and $17.5 billion at December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. This represents a collateral ratio (Company MBS Held as Collateral/Amount Outstanding) of 111% and 111% for 2013 and 2012, respectively.
No cash collateral was held by the counterparties at December 31, 2013 and 2012.
Asset-Backed Securities
During 2013, the Company purchased controlling interests in five securitization trusts which it determined to be VIEs. The securitization trusts securitized residential mortgage loans with an aggregate principal balance of $1.8 billion, and issued $1.8 billion aggregate principal amount of ABS, of which $1.4 billion were sold to unaffiliated third parties and the balance was purchased by the Company. The Company subsequently issued $260.0 million of the original principal balance to a third party. As a result, the ABS issued by the securitization trusts is recorded as a non-recourse liability in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. During 2013, ABS held by unaffiliated third parties was paid down by $41.7 million.
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The carrying value of the ABS is based on its amortized cost, which is equal to the remaining principal balance net of unamortized premiums or discounts. The following table provides summary information of the carrying value of the ABS, along with other relevant information, at December 31, 2013.
ABS | Residential loans | ||||
$ in thousands | Outstanding | Held as Collateral | |||
Principal balance | 1,633,688 | 1,783,983 | |||
Interest-only securities | 11,137 | — | |||
Unamortized premium | 9,906 | 27,163 | |||
Unamortized discount | (10,990 | ) | — | ||
Loan loss reserve | — | (884 | ) | ||
Carrying value | 1,643,741 | 1,810,262 | |||
Range of weighted average interest rates | 2.8% - 3.5% | ||||
Number of series | 5 | ||||
The following table presents the estimated principal repayment schedule of the VIE’s ABS at December 31, 2013, based on estimated cash flows of the residential mortgage loans, as adjusted for projected prepayments and losses on such loans.
$ in thousands | ||
Estimated principal repayment | December 31, 2013 | |
Within one year | 168,505 | |
One to three years | 293,382 | |
Three to five years | 241,119 | |
Greater than or equal to five years | 930,682 | |
Total | 1,633,688 | |
The maturity of the VIEs' ABS is dependent upon cash flows received from the underlying residential mortgage loans. The estimated principal repayments may differ from actual amounts to the extent prepayments and/or loan losses vary. Refer to Note 5 “Residential Loans Held-for-Investment” for a more detailed discussion of the residential loans collateralizing the VIEs' ABS.
Exchangeable Senior Notes
In the first quarter of 2013, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company issued $400.0 million in aggregate principal amount of Exchangeable Senior Notes (the “Notes”) due 2018. The total net proceeds to the Company after deducting financing expenses was $387.7 million.
The terms of the Notes are governed by an indenture (the “Indenture”) by and among the wholly-owned subsidiary, as issuer, the Company, as guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (the “Trustee”). The Notes bear interest at 5.00% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on March 15 and September 15 of each year, beginning September 15, 2013. The Notes may be exchanged for shares of the Company’s common stock at the applicable exchange rate at any time prior to the close of business on the second scheduled trading day prior to the maturity date. The initial exchange rate for each $1,000 aggregate principal amount of the Notes is 42.0893 shares of the Company’s common stock, equivalent to an exchange price of approximately $23.76 per share, and the maximum exchange rate is 48.4027 shares of the Company's common stock, equivalent to an exchange price of approximately $20.66 per share. The initial and maximum exchange rates of the Notes are subject to adjustment in certain events. The Notes have not been registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Pursuant to the registration rights agreement between the Company and the initial purchasers of the Notes, the Company filed a prospectus supplement in August 2013 registering for resale 605,034 shares of common stock issuable upon exchange of the Notes. The Company may be required to register additional shares of common stock issuable upon exchange of the Notes from time to time at the request of holders as required by the registration rights agreement. Accrued interest payable on the Notes was approximately $5.9 million as of December 31, 2013.
Note 9 – Derivatives and Hedging Activities
Risk Management Objective of Using Derivatives
The Company is exposed to certain risks arising from both its business operations and economic conditions. The Company principally manages its exposures to a wide variety of business and operational risks through management of its core
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business activities. The Company manages economic risks, including interest rate, liquidity, and credit risk primarily by managing the amount, sources, and duration of its investments, debt funding, and the use of derivative financial instruments. Specifically, the Company enters into derivative financial instruments to manage exposures that arise from business activities that result in the receipt or payment of future known and uncertain cash amounts, the value of which are determined by interest rates. The Company’s derivative financial instruments are used to manage differences in the amount, timing, and duration of the Company’s known or expected cash receipts and its known or expected cash payments principally related to the Company’s investments and borrowings.
The Company also utilizes credit derivatives such as credit default swaps (“CDS”) to provide credit event protection based on a financial index or specific security in exchange for receiving a fixed-rate fee or premium over the term of the contract. These instruments enable the Company to synthetically assume the credit risk of a reference security, portfolio of securities or index of securities. The counterparty pays a premium to the Company and the Company agrees to make a payment to compensate the counterparty for losses upon the occurrence of a specified credit event. Although contract-specific, credit events generally include bankruptcy, failure to pay, restructuring, obligation acceleration, obligation default, or repudiation/moratorium. Upon the occurrence of a defined credit event, the difference between the value of the reference obligation and the CDS’s notional amount is recorded as a realized loss in the consolidated statements of operations.
The Company’s only CDS contract was entered into in the fourth quarter of 2010. The Company sold protection against losses on a specific pool of non-Agency RMBS in the event they exceed a specified loss limit of 25% of the balance of the non-Agency RMBS on the trade date. The maximum exposure is the remaining unpaid principal balance of the underlying RMBS in excess of the specified loss threshold. In exchange, the Company is paid a stated fixed rate fee of 3% of the notional amount of the CDS. The remaining notional amount of the CDS at December 31, 2013 was $51.8 million ($79.8 million at December 31, 2012), and the Company estimated the fair market value of the CDS to be approximately $654,000 at December 31, 2013 ($1.5 million at December 31, 2012). As of December 31, 2013, the Company has not made any payments related to the CDS contract.
At December 31, 2013 and 2012, the open CDS sold by the Company is summarized as follows:
$ in thousands | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2012 | |||
Fair value amount | 654 | 1,519 | |||
Notional amount | 51,823 | 79,806 | |||
Maximum potential amount of future undiscounted payments | 51,823 | 79,806 | |||
Recourse provisions with third parties | — | — | |||
Collateral held by counterparty | 7,979 | 12,371 | |||
Cash Flow Hedges of Interest Rate Risk
The Company has purchased interest rate swaptions to help mitigate the potential impact of increases or decreases in interest rates on the performance of a portion of the Company’s investment portfolio (referred to as “convexity risk”). The interest rate swaptions provide the Company the option to enter into interest rate swap agreements for a predetermined notional amount, stated term and pay and receive interest rates in the future. The premium paid for interest rate swaptions is reported as an asset in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The premium is valued at an amount equal to the fair value of the swaption that would have the effect of closing the position adjusted for nonperformance risk, if any. The difference between the premium and the fair value of the swaption is reported in unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate swaps and swaptions, net in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. If a swaption expires unexercised, the loss on the swaption would be equal to the premium paid. If the Company sells or exercises a swaption, the realized gain or loss on the swaption would be equal to the difference between the cash or the fair value of the underlying interest rate swap received and the premium paid. The Company sold swaptions during the year ended December 31, 2013, realizing a net gain of $56.3 million. For the year ended December 31, 2013, the Company had $17.0 million of unrealized losses (2012: $3.9 million of unrealized losses), which represent the change in fair value of our interest rate swaptions that are recognized directly in earnings.
Prior to December 31, 2013, the Company elected cash flow hedge accounting for its interest rate swaps. Under cash flow hedge accounting, effective hedge gains or losses are initially recorded in AOCI and subsequently reclassified into earnings in the period that the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings. Ineffective hedge gains and losses are recorded on a current basis in earnings. The hedge ineffectiveness is primarily attributable to differences in the reset dates on the Company’s swaps versus the refinancing dates of its repurchase agreements.
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Effective December 31, 2013, the Company de-designated its interest rate swaps as cash flow hedges, thus terminating cash flow hedge accounting. As long as the forecasted rollovers of the Company’s repurchase agreements are still expected to occur, amounts reported in AOCI related to the cash flow hedges through December 31, 2013 will remain in AOCI and will continue to be reclassified to interest expense on the consolidated statements of operations as interest is accrued and paid on the related repurchase agreements. The resulting accumulated loss of approximately $6.1 million included in AOCI will be reclassified as an increase to interest expense in the Company's consolidated statement of operations over the remaining life of the interest rate swaps assuming rollovers of the Company's repurchase agreements. During the next 12 months, the Company estimates that $85.2 million will be reclassified as an increase to interest expense.
The Company will continue to hedge its exposure to variability in future funding costs via interest rate swaps. As a result of discontinuing hedge accounting, beginning January 1, 2014, changes in the fair value of the Company’s interest rate swaps will be recorded in other income (loss) in its consolidated statements of operations, consistent with the Company’s historical accounting for futures contracts, described below. Monthly net cash settlements under swaps will also be recorded in other income (loss) on the consolidated statements of operations, prospectively.
As of December 31, 2013, the Company had the following outstanding interest rate swaptions:
$ in thousands | Option | Underlying Swap | |||||||||||||||||
Swaption | Expiration | Cost | Fair Value | Average Months to Expiration | Notional Amount | Average Fixed Pay Rate | Average Receive Rate | Average Term (Years) | |||||||||||
Payer | < 6 Months | 23,275 | 2,365 | 2.4 | 1,150,000 | 3.51 | % | 3M Libor | 10.0 | ||||||||||
23,275 | 2,365 | 2.4 | 1,150,000 | 3.51 | % | 10.0 | |||||||||||||
The following table presents information with respect to our derivative instruments:
$ in thousands | Notional Amount as of January 1, 2013 | Additions | Settlement, Termination, Expiration or Exercise | Notional Amount as of December 31, 2013 | Amount of Realized Gain (loss), net on Interest Rate Derivative Instruments | ||||||||||
Swaption Contracts | 850,000 | 4,450,000 | (4,150,000 | ) | 1,150,000 | 56,279 | |||||||||
Interest Rate Swap | 8,000,000 | 5,100,000 | (300,000 | ) | 12,800,000 | — | |||||||||
U.S. Treasury Futures Contracts | — | 200,000 | (100,000 | ) | 100,000 | (2,353 | ) | ||||||||
Total | 8,850,000 | 9,750,000 | (4,550,000 | ) | 14,050,000 | 53,926 | |||||||||
The Company finances its activities primarily through repurchase agreements, which are usually settled on a short-term basis, usually from one to twelve months. At each settlement date, the Company refinances each repurchase agreement at the market interest rate at that time. Since the interest rate on its repurchase agreements change on a one to twelve month basis, the Company is exposed to changing interest rates. The Company’s objectives in using interest rate derivatives are to add stability to interest expense and to manage its exposure to interest rate movements. To accomplish this objective, the Company primarily uses interest rate swaps as part of its interest rate risk management strategy. Interest rate swaps, designated as cash flow hedges, involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount.
During the year ended December 31, 2013, the Company recorded $535,000 (2012: $369,000; 2011: $764,000) of unrealized swap losses in earnings as hedge ineffectiveness attributable primarily to differences in the reset dates on the Company’s swaps versus the refinancing dates of certain of its repurchase agreements.
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As of December 31, 2013, the Company had the following interest rate derivatives outstanding:
$ in thousands Counterparty | Notional | Maturity Date | Fixed Interest Rate in Contract | ||||||||
SunTrust Bank | 100,000 | 7/15/2014 | 2.79 | % | |||||||
Deutsche Bank AG | 200,000 | 1/15/2015 | 1.08 | % | |||||||
Deutsche Bank AG | 250,000 | 2/15/2015 | 1.14 | % | |||||||
Credit Suisse International | 100,000 | 2/24/2015 | 3.26 | % | |||||||
Credit Suisse International | 100,000 | 3/24/2015 | 2.76 | % | |||||||
Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. | 100,000 | 7/15/2015 | 2.85 | % | |||||||
Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. | 50,000 | 7/15/2015 | 2.44 | % | |||||||
Morgan Stanley Capital Services, LLC | 300,000 | 1/24/2016 | 2.12 | % | |||||||
The Bank of New York Mellon | 300,000 | 1/24/2016 | 2.13 | % | |||||||
Morgan Stanley Capital Services, LLC | 300,000 | 4/5/2016 | 2.48 | % | |||||||
Citibank, N.A. | 300,000 | 4/15/2016 | 1.67 | % | |||||||
Credit Suisse International | 500,000 | 4/15/2016 | 2.27 | % | |||||||
The Bank of New York Mellon | 500,000 | 4/15/2016 | 2.24 | % | |||||||
JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. | 500,000 | 5/16/2016 | 2.31 | % | |||||||
Goldman Sachs Bank USA | 500,000 | 5/24/2016 | 2.34 | % | |||||||
Goldman Sachs Bank USA | 250,000 | 6/15/2016 | 2.67 | % | |||||||
Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. | 250,000 | 6/15/2016 | 2.67 | % | |||||||
JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. | 500,000 | 6/24/2016 | 2.51 | % | |||||||
Citibank, N.A. | 500,000 | 10/15/2016 | 1.93 | % | |||||||
Deutsche Bank AG | 150,000 | 2/5/2018 | 2.90 | % | |||||||
ING Capital Markets LLC | 350,000 | 2/24/2018 | 0.95 | % | |||||||
Morgan Stanley Capital Services, LLC | 100,000 | 4/5/2018 | 3.10 | % | |||||||
ING Capital Markets LLC | 300,000 | 5/5/2018 | 0.79 | % | |||||||
JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. | 200,000 | 5/15/2018 | 2.93 | % | |||||||
UBS AG | 500,000 | 5/24/2018 | 1.10 | % | |||||||
ING Capital Markets LLC | 400,000 | 6/5/2018 | 0.87 | % | |||||||
The Royal Bank of Scotland Plc | 500,000 | 9/5/2018 | 1.04 | % | |||||||
CME Clearing House | (3) | (4) | 300,000 | 2/5/2021 | 2.50 | % | |||||
CME Clearing House | (3) | (4) | 300,000 | 2/5/2021 | 2.69 | % | |||||
Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. | 200,000 | 3/15/2021 | 3.14 | % | |||||||
Citibank, N.A. | 200,000 | 5/25/2021 | 2.83 | % | |||||||
HSBC Bank USA, National Association | (1) | 550,000 | 2/24/2022 | 2.45 | % | ||||||
The Royal Bank of Scotland Plc | (2) | 400,000 | 3/15/2023 | 2.39 | % | ||||||
UBS AG | (2) | 400,000 | 3/15/2023 | 2.51 | % | ||||||
HSBC Bank USA, National Association | 250,000 | 6/5/2023 | 1.91 | % | |||||||
HSBC Bank USA, National Association | 250,000 | 7/5/2023 | 1.97 | % | |||||||
The Royal Bank of Scotland Plc | 500,000 | 8/15/2023 | 1.98 | % | |||||||
CME Clearing House | (4) | 600,000 | 8/24/2023 | 2.88 | % | ||||||
UBS AG | 250,000 | 11/15/2023 | 2.23 | % | |||||||
HSBC Bank USA, National Association | 500,000 | 12/15/2023 | 2.20 | % | |||||||
Total | 12,800,000 | 2.12 | % | ||||||||
95 | ||
(1) | Forward start date of February 2015 |
(2) | Forward start date of March 2015 |
(3) | Forward start date of February 2016 |
(4) | Beginning June 10, 2013, regulations promulgated under The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act mandate that the Company clear new interest rate swap transactions through a central counterparty. Transactions that are centrally cleared result in the Company facing a clearing house, rather than a swap dealer, as counterparty. Central clearing requires the Company to post collateral in the form of initial and variation margin to the clearing house which reduces default risk. |
At December 31, 2013, the Company’s counterparties held $1.5 million cash margin deposits and approximately $320.1 million in Agency RMBS as collateral against its swap, CDS and futures contracts. In addition, several counterparties posted securities of approximately $207.0 million and $52.7 million of cash as collateral with the Company. Cash margin posted by the Company is classified as due from counterparties, and cash margin posted by counterparties that are restricted in use, if any, is classified as restricted cash on the consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company did not have any restricted cash. The Agency RMBS collateral posted by the Company is included in the mortgage-backed securities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Cash collateral that is not restricted for use by the Company is included in cash and cash equivalents and the liability to return the collateral is included in collateral held payable on the consolidated balance sheets. Non-cash collateral posted by counterparties to the Company would be recognized if any counterparty defaults or if the Company sold the pledged collateral. As of December 31, 2013, the Company did not recognize any non-cash collateral held as collateral.
U.S. Treasury Futures Contracts
The Company purchases or sells short U.S. Treasury futures contracts to help mitigate the potential impact of changes in interest rates on the performance of the Company's portfolio. Realized gains and losses, as well as unrealized gains and losses associated with the short sales of the U.S. Treasury futures contracts are recognized in realized and unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate derivative instruments in the Company's consolidated statements of operations.
Tabular Disclosure of the Effect of Derivative Instruments on the Balance Sheet
The table below presents the fair value of the Company’s derivative financial instruments, as well as their classification on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2013 and 2012.
$ in thousands | ||||||||||||||||||
Asset Derivatives | Liability Derivatives | |||||||||||||||||
As of December 31, 2013 | As of December 31, 2012 | As of December 31, 2013 | As of December 31, 2012 | |||||||||||||||
Balance Sheet | Fair Value | Balance Sheet | Fair Value | Balance Sheet | Fair Value | Balance Sheet | Fair Value | |||||||||||
Interest rate swap asset | 256,449 | Interest rate swap asset | — | Interest rate swap liability | 263,204 | Interest rate swap liability | 436,440 | |||||||||||
CDS | 654 | CDS | 1,519 | |||||||||||||||
Swaption | 2,365 | Swaption | 4,950 | |||||||||||||||
U.S. Treasury Futures | 2,591 | U.S. Treasury Futures | — | |||||||||||||||
96 | ||
Tabular Disclosure of the Effect of Derivative Instruments on the Income Statement
The table below presents the effect of the Company’s derivative financial instruments on the statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011.
Year ended December 31, 2013
$ in thousands | |||||||||||||
Derivative type for cash flow hedge | Amount of gain (loss) recognized in OCI on derivative (effective portion) | Location of gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated OCI into income (effective portion) | Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated OCI into income (effective portion) | Location of gain (loss) recognized in income on derivative (ineffective portion) | Amount of gain (loss) recognized in income on derivative (ineffective portion) | ||||||||
Interest Rate Swap | 263,135 | Interest Expense | (166,016 | ) | Realized and unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate derivative instruments | 535 | |||||||
Year ended December 31, 2012
$ in thousands | |||||||||||||
Derivative type for cash flow hedge | Amount of gain (loss) recognized in OCI on derivative (effective portion) | Location of gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated OCI into income (effective portion) | Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated OCI into income (effective portion) | Location of gain (loss) recognized in income on derivative (ineffective portion) | Amount of gain (loss) recognized in income on derivative (ineffective portion) | ||||||||
Interest Rate Swap | (182,272 | ) | Interest Expense | (142,982 | ) | Realized and unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate derivative instruments | (369 | ) | |||||
Year ended December 31, 2011
$ in thousands | |||||||||||||
Derivative type for cash flow hedge | Amount of gain (loss) recognized in OCI on derivative (effective portion) | Location of gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated OCI into income (effective portion) | Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated OCI into income (effective portion) | Location of gain (loss) recognized in income on derivative (ineffective portion) | Amount of gain (loss) recognized in income on derivative (ineffective portion) | ||||||||
Interest Rate Swap | (494,053 | ) | Interest Expense | (102,632 | ) | Realized and unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate derivative instruments | (764 | ) | |||||
Amount of unrealized gain (loss) recognized in income on derivative | |||||||||||
Derivative not designated as hedging instrument | Location of unrealized gain (loss) recognized in income on derivative | Year ended December 31, 2013 | Year ended December 31, 2012 | Year ended December 31, 2011 | |||||||
CDS Contract | Realized and unrealized credit default swap income | (865 | ) | 180 | 1,339 | ||||||
Swaption Contract | Realized and unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate derivative instruments | (17,048 | ) | 3,863 | — | ||||||
Futures Contract | Realized and unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate derivative instruments | 2,590 | — | — | |||||||
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The following table presents the impact of the Company’s derivative instruments on its accumulated other comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011.
Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||
$ in thousands | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | |||||
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) from derivative instruments | ||||||||
Unrealized gain (loss) on derivative instruments at beginning of period | (435,217 | ) | (395,926 | ) | (4,505 | ) | ||
Unrealized gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net | 429,151 | (39,291 | ) | (391,421 | ) | |||
Balance at the end of period | (6,066 | ) | (435,217 | ) | (395,926 | ) | ||
Credit-risk-related Contingent Features
The Company has agreements with each of its derivative counterparties. Some of those agreements contain a provision whereby if the Company defaults on any of its indebtedness, including default whereby repayment of the indebtedness has not been accelerated by the lender, then the Company could also be declared in default on its derivative obligations.
The Company’s agreements with certain of its derivative counterparties provide that if the Company’s net asset value declines by certain percentages over specified time periods, then the Company could be declared in default on its derivative obligations with that counterparty. The Company’s agreements with certain of its derivative counterparties provide that if the Company’s shareholders’ equity declines by certain percentages over specified time periods, then the Company could be declared in default on its derivative obligations with that counterparty.
The Company’s agreements with certain of its derivative counterparties provides that if the Company fails to maintain a minimum shareholders’ equity or market value of $100.0 million and $80.0 million, respectively, then the Company could be declared in default on its derivative obligations with that counterparty.
As of December 31, 2013, the fair value of derivatives in a net liability position, which includes accrued interest but excludes any adjustment for non-performance risk, related to these agreements was $268.7 million. The Company has minimum collateral posting thresholds with certain of its derivative counterparties and has posted collateral of $320.1 million of Agency RMBS and $1.5 million of cash as of December 31, 2013. If the Company had breached any of these provisions at December 31, 2013, it could have been required to settle its obligations under the agreements at their termination value.
The Company was in compliance with all of the financial provisions of these agreements through December 31, 2013.
Note 10 – Offsetting Assets and Liabilities
The following tables present information about certain assets and liabilities that are subject to master netting agreements (or similar agreements) and can potentially be offset on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012.
Offsetting of Derivative Assets
As of December 31, 2013
Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets | |||||||||||||||||
Gross Amounts of | Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated | Net Amounts of Assets presented in the | Cash | ||||||||||||||
$ in thousands | Recognized | Balance | Consolidated | Financial | Collateral | ||||||||||||
Description | Assets | Sheets | Balance sheets | Instruments (1) | Received | Net Amount | |||||||||||
Derivatives | 262,059 | — | 262,059 | (671 | ) | (48,607 | ) | 212,781 | |||||||||
Total | 262,059 | — | 262,059 | (671 | ) | (48,607 | ) | 212,781 | |||||||||
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Offsetting of Derivative Liabilities and Repurchase Agreements
As of December 31, 2013
Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets | |||||||||||||||||
Gross Amounts of | Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated | Net Amounts of Assets presented in the | Cash | ||||||||||||||
$ in thousands | Recognized | Balance | Consolidated | Financial | Collateral | ||||||||||||
Description | Liabilities | Sheets | Balance sheets | Instruments (2)(3) | Posted (2)(4) | Net Amount | |||||||||||
Derivatives | 263,204 | — | 263,204 | (263,204 | ) | — | — | ||||||||||
Repurchase Agreements | 15,451,675 | — | 15,451,675 | (15,451,675 | ) | — | — | ||||||||||
15,714,879 | — | 15,714,879 | (15,714,879 | ) | — | — | |||||||||||
Offsetting of Derivative Assets
As of December 31, 2012
Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets | |||||||||||||||||
Gross Amounts of | Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated | Net Amounts of Assets presented in the | Cash | ||||||||||||||
$ in thousands | Recognized | Balance | Consolidated | Financial | Collateral | ||||||||||||
Description | Assets | Sheets | Balance sheets | Instruments (1) | Received | Net Amount | |||||||||||
Derivatives | 6,469 | — | 6,469 | (6,469 | ) | — | — | ||||||||||
Total | 6,469 | — | 6,469 | (6,469 | ) | — | — | ||||||||||
Offsetting of Derivative Liabilities and Repurchase Agreements
As of December 31, 2012
Gross | Net Amounts | Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets | |||||||||||||||
Gross Amounts of | Amounts Offset in the Consolidated | of Assets presented in the | Cash | ||||||||||||||
$ in thousands | Recognized | Balance | Consolidated | Financial | Collateral | ||||||||||||
Description | Liabilities | Sheets | Balance sheets | Instruments (2)(3) | Posted (2)(4) | Net Amount | |||||||||||
Derivatives | 436,440 | — | 436,440 | (436,440 | ) | — | — | ||||||||||
Repurchase Agreements | 15,720,460 | — | 15,720,460 | (15,720,460 | ) | — | — | ||||||||||
16,156,900 | — | 16,156,900 | (16,156,900 | ) | — | — | |||||||||||
(1) | Amounts represent interest rate derivatives in an asset position which could potentially be offset against interest rate derivatives in a liability position at December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, subject to a netting arrangement. |
(2) | Amounts represent collateral pledged that is available to be offset against liability balances associated with repurchase agreements and interest rate derivatives. |
(3) | The fair value of securities pledged against our borrowing under repurchase agreements was $17.1 billion and $17.5 billion, respectively, including securities eliminated in consolidation of $133.8 million and $0, respectively, at December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012. |
(4) | Total cash received on our derivatives was $52.7 million and $0 at December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively. Total non-cash collateral received on our derivatives was $207.0 million and $0 at December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively. Total cash posted by the Company on derivatives was $1.5 million at December 31, 2013 and $0 at December 31, 2012. |
In the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, all balances associated with the repurchase agreement and derivatives transactions are presented on a gross basis.
99 | ||
Certain of the Company’s repurchase agreement and derivative transactions are governed by underlying agreements that generally provide for a right of setoff in the event of default or in the event of a bankruptcy of either party to the transaction. For one repurchase agreement counterparty, the underlying agreement provide for an unconditional right of setoff.
Note 11 – Financial Instruments
U.S. GAAP defines fair value, provides a consistent framework for measuring fair value under U.S. GAAP and Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 820 expands fair value financial statement disclosure requirements. ASC Topic 820 does not require any new fair value measurements and only applies to accounting pronouncements that already require or permit fair value measures, except for standards that relate to share-based payments.
Valuation techniques are based on observable and unobservable inputs. Observable inputs reflect readily obtainable data from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s market assumptions. The three levels are defined as follows:
• | Level 1 Inputs – Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets. |
• | Level 2 Inputs – Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations whose inputs are observable or whose significant value drivers are observable. |
• | Level 3 Inputs – Instruments with primarily unobservable value drivers. |
The fair values measured on a recurring basis of the Company’s MBS and interest rate hedges based on the level of inputs at December 31, 2013 and 2012 are summarized below:
December 31, 2013 | |||||||||||
Fair Value Measurements Using: | |||||||||||
$ in thousands | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total at Fair Value | |||||||
Assets | |||||||||||
Mortgage-backed securities(1) | — | 17,348,657 | — | 17,348,657 | |||||||
Investments in unconsolidated ventures | — | — | 44,403 | 44,403 | |||||||
Derivatives | 2,591 | 258,814 | 654 | 262,059 | |||||||
Total | 2,591 | 17,607,471 | 45,057 | 17,655,119 | |||||||
Liabilities | |||||||||||
Derivatives | — | 263,204 | — | 263,204 | |||||||
Total | — | 263,204 | — | 263,204 | |||||||
December 31, 2012 | |||||||||||
Fair Value Measurements Using: | |||||||||||
$ in thousands | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total at Fair Value | |||||||
Assets | |||||||||||
Mortgage-backed securities(1) | — | 18,470,563 | — | 18,470,563 | |||||||
Investments in unconsolidated ventures | — | — | 35,301 | 35,301 | |||||||
Derivatives | — | 4,950 | 1,519 | 6,469 | |||||||
Total | — | 18,475,513 | 36,820 | 18,512,333 | |||||||
Liabilities | |||||||||||
Derivatives | — | 436,440 | — | 436,440 | |||||||
Total | — | 436,440 | — | 436,440 | |||||||
(1) | For more detail about the fair value of our MBS, refer to Note 4 - Mortgage-Backed Securities in these consolidated financial statements. |
100 | ||
The following table presents additional information about the Company’s investments in unconsolidated ventures which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis for which the Company has utilized Level 3 inputs to determine fair value:
$ in thousands | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2012 | |||
Beginning balance | 35,301 | 68,793 | |||
Purchases | 11,717 | 4,218 | |||
Sales and settlements | (7,960 | ) | (44,879 | ) | |
Total net gains included in net income | |||||
Realized gains, net | 2,757 | 6,813 | |||
Unrealized gains, net | 2,588 | 356 | |||
Unrealized gain, net included in other comprehensive income | — | — | |||
Ending balance | 44,403 | 35,301 | |||
The following table presents additional information about the Company’s CDS contract which is measured at fair value on a recurring basis for which the Company has utilized Level 3 inputs to determine fair value:
$ in thousands | December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2012 | |||
Beginning balance | 1,519 | 1,339 | |||
Purchases | — | — | |||
Sales and settlements | — | — | |||
Total net gains/(losses) included in net income | |||||
Realized gains, net | — | — | |||
Unrealized gains/(losses), net | (865 | ) | 180 | ||
Unrealized gain, net included in other comprehensive income | — | — | |||
Ending balance | 654 | 1,519 | |||
The following table summarizes quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements:
Fair Value at | |||||||||||
$ in thousands | December 31, 2013 | Valuation Technique | Unobservable Input | Range | Weighted Average | ||||||
CDS Contract | 654 | Discounted cash flow | Swap Rate | 2.39 | % | ||||||
Discount Rate | 0.50 | % | |||||||||
Credit Spread | 0.25 | % | |||||||||
Constant Prepayment Rate | 1.0%—20.0% | 5.76 | % | ||||||||
Constant Default Rate | 0.8%—100.0% | 4.89 | % | ||||||||
Loss Severity | 3.0%—63.7% | 43.31 | % | ||||||||
The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the CDS contract are the swap rate, discount rate, credit spread, constant prepayment rate, constant default rate, and loss severity in the event of default. These inputs change according to market conditions and security performance expectations. Significant increases (decreases) in swap rate, discount rate, credit spread, constant prepayment rate, constant default rate or loss severity in isolation would result in a lower (higher) fair value measurement. Generally, a change in the assumption used for the constant default rate would likely be accompanied by a directionally similar change in the assumptions used for swap rate, credit spread and loss severity and a directionally opposite change in the assumption used for discount rate and constant prepayment rate. If the inputs had not changed during the quarter, the fair value of the CDS contract would have been $14,000 more than the actual fair value at December 31, 2013.
101 | ||
The following table presents the carrying value and estimated fair value of the Company's financial instruments that are not carried at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, at December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012:
December 31, 2013 | December 31, 2012 | ||||||||||
$ in thousands | Carrying Value | Estimated Fair Value | Carrying Value | Estimated Fair Value | |||||||
Financial Assets: | |||||||||||
Residential loans, held-for-investment | 1,810,262 | 1,709,385 | — | — | |||||||
Commercial loans, held-for-investment | 64,599 | 64,599 | — | — | |||||||
Other investments | 10,000 | 10,000 | 10,000 | 10,000 | |||||||
Total | 1,884,861 | 1,783,984 | 10,000 | 10,000 | |||||||
Financial Liabilities: | |||||||||||
Repurchase agreements | 15,451,675 | 15,459,452 | 15,720,460 | 15,730,387 | |||||||
Asset-backed securities | 1,643,741 | 1,543,217 | — | — | |||||||
Exchangeable senior notes | 400,000 | 368,250 | — | — | |||||||
Total | 17,495,416 | 17,370,919 | 15,720,460 | 15,730,387 | |||||||
The following describes the Company’s methods for estimating the fair value for financial instruments.
• | The fair value of residential loans, held-for-investment and commercial loans, held-for-investment are a Level 3 fair value measurement which is based on an expected present value technique. This method discounts future estimated cash flows using rates the Company determined best reflect current market interest rates that would be offered for loans with similar characteristics and credit quality. |
• | In December 2012, the Company acquired a $10.0 million debt security from a repurchase lending counterparty that matures October 31, 2016. The debt security pays interest quarterly at the rate of 4.0% above the three-month LIBOR rate. The debt security is included in “Other Investments” and its fair value is a Level 3 fair value measurement based on an expected present value technique. This method discounts future estimated cash flows using rates the Company determined best reflect current market interest rates that would be offered for securities with similar characteristics and credit quality. |
• | The fair value of repurchase agreements is a Level 3 fair value measurement, based on an expected present value technique. This method discounts future estimated cash flows using rates the Company determined best reflect current market interest rates that would be offered for repurchase agreements with similar characteristics and credit quality. |
• | The fair value of the ABS is a Level 3 fair value measurement based on an expected present value technique. This method discounts future estimated cash flows using rates the Company determined best reflect current market interest rates that would be offered for securities with similar characteristics and credit quality. |
• | The fair value of the exchangeable senior notes issued is a Level 2 fair value measurement based on obtaining valuations from an independent source. The value was based on a value obtained from a third-party pricing service. |
Note 12 – Related Party Transactions
The Company is externally managed and advised by the Manager. Pursuant to the terms of the management agreement, the Manager and its affiliates provide the Company with its management team, including its officers, along with appropriate support personnel. Each of the Company’s officers is an employee of the Manager or one of its affiliates. The Company does not have any employees. With the exception of the Company’s Chief Financial Officer, the Manager is not obligated to dedicate any of its employees exclusively to the Company, nor are the Manager or its employees obligated to dedicate any specific portion of its or their time to the Company’s business. The Manager is at all times subject to the supervision and oversight of the Company’s Board of Directors and has only such functions and authority as the Company delegates to it.
Management Fee
The Company pays the Manager a management fee equal to 1.50% of the Company’s shareholders’ equity per annum, which is calculated and payable quarterly in arrears. For purposes of calculating the management fee, shareholders’ equity is equal to the sum of the net proceeds from all issuances of equity securities since inception, (allocated on a pro rata daily basis for such issuances during the fiscal quarter of any such issuance), plus retained earnings at the end of the most recently
102 | ||
completed calendar quarter (without taking into account any non-cash equity compensation expense incurred in current or prior periods), less any amount paid to repurchase common stock since inception, and excluding any unrealized gains, losses or other items that do not affect realized net income (regardless of whether such items are included in other comprehensive income or loss, or in net income). This amount will be adjusted to exclude one-time events pursuant to changes in U.S. GAAP, and certain non-cash items after discussions between the Manager and the Company’s independent directors and approval by a majority of the Company’s independent directors.
The Manager has agreed to reduce (but not below zero) the management fee payable by the Company under the management agreement with respect to any equity investment managed by the Manager. The fee reduction occurs at the equity investment level.
For the year ended December 31, 2013, the Company incurred management fees of $42.6 million (2012: $35.7 million; 2011: $26.3 million) of which $10.5 million (2012: $9.3 million; 2011: $8.6 million) was accrued but has not been paid.
Expense Reimbursement
Pursuant to the management agreement, the Company is required to reimburse the Manager for operating expenses related to the Company incurred by the Manager, including directors and officers insurance, accounting services, auditing and tax services, filing fees, and miscellaneous general and administrative costs. The Company’s reimbursement obligation is not subject to any dollar limitation.
The Company incurred costs, originally paid by Invesco, of approximately $4.9 million (2012: $3.4 million; 2011: $5.3 million) for the year ended December 31, 2013. Approximately $4.4 million (2012: $3.1 million; 2011: $4.3 million) was either prepaid or expensed for the year ended December 31, 2013 and $418,000 (2012: $249,000; 2011: $969,000) was charged against equity as a cost of raising capital for the year ended December 31, 2013. Approximately $7,000 was capitalized to other assets as of December 31, 2013.
Termination Fee
A termination fee is due to the Manager upon termination of the management agreement by the Company equal to three times the sum of the average annual management fee earned by the Manager during the 24-month period prior to such termination, calculated as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal quarter.
Note 13 – Shareholders’ Equity
Securities Convertible into Shares of Common Stock
The limited partner who holds units of the Operating Partnership (“OP Units”) has the right to cause the Operating Partnership to redeem their OP Units for cash equal to the market value of an equivalent number of shares of common stock, or at the Company’s option, the Company may purchase their OP Units by issuing one share of common stock for each OP Unit redeemed. The Company has also adopted an equity incentive plan which includes the ability of the Company to grant securities convertible into the Company’s common stock to the independent directors and the executive officers of the Company and the personnel of the Manager and its affiliates.
Exchangeable Senior Notes
In the first quarter of 2013, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company issued $400.0 million in aggregate principal amount of the Notes due 2018. The total net proceeds to the Company after deducting financing expenses was $387.7 million. The Notes may be exchanged for shares of the Company’s common stock at the applicable exchange rate at any time prior to the close of business on the second scheduled trading day prior to the maturity date. The initial exchange rate for each $1,000 aggregate principal amount of the Notes is 42.0893 shares of the Company’s common stock, equivalent to an exchange price of approximately $23.76 per share, and the maximum exchange rate is 48.4027 shares of the Company's common stock, equivalent to an exchange price of approximately $20.66 per share. The initial and maximum exchange rates of the Notes are subject to adjustment in certain events.
Registration Rights
The Company entered into a registration rights agreement with regard to the common stock and OP Units owned by the Manager and Invesco Investments (Bermuda) Ltd., respectively, upon completion of the Company’s IPO and any shares of common stock that the Manager may elect to receive under the management agreement or otherwise. Pursuant to the
103 | ||
registration rights agreement, the Company has granted to the Manager and Invesco Investments (Bermuda) Ltd. (i) unlimited demand registration rights to have the shares purchased by the Manager or granted to it in the future and the shares that the Company may issue upon redemption of the OP Units purchased by Invesco Investments (Bermuda) Ltd. registered for resale and (ii) in certain circumstances, the right to “piggy-back” these shares in registration statements the Company might file in connection with any future public offering so long as the Company retains the Manager under the management agreement.
On March 12, 2013, in connection with the issuance and sale of the Notes, the Operating Partnership and the Company also entered into a registration rights agreement with the initial purchasers of the Notes. Pursuant to the registration rights agreement, the Company has designated its automatic shelf registration statement filed on April 2, 2013 to be used for resales of the common stock, if any, issuable upon exchange of the Notes. The Company has filed a supplement to the underlying prospectus in that shelf registration statement to cover resales of the common stock by one noteholder and has agreed to file additional prospectus supplements if requested by noteholders to add such noteholders as selling securityholders. If the shelf registration statement ceases to be effective, then subject to certain exceptions, additional interest will accrue on the Notes.
Common Stock Public Offerings
On January 28, 2013, the Company completed a public offering of 15,000,000 shares of its common stock and an issuance of an additional 2,250,000 shares of common stock pursuant to the underwriters’ full exercise of their over-allotment option at $21.00 per share, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $359.0 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and estimated offering costs.
During the year ended December 31, 2013, the Company issued 1,770,106 shares of common stock at an average price of $21.31 under the DRSPP with total proceeds to the Company of approximately $37.7 million, net of issuance costs of $219,000.
Preferred Stock
During 2012, the Company completed a public offering of 5.6 million shares of its 7.75% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, or the Series A Preferred Stock, with total proceeds of $135.4 million, net of issuance costs of $4.6 million. Holders of the Company’s Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to receive dividends at an annual rate of 7.75% of the liquidation preference of $25 per share or $1.9375 per share per annum. These dividends are cumulative and payable quarterly in arrears. The shares are not convertible into or exchangeable for any other property or any other securities of the Company at the election of the holders. However, the Company, at its option after July 26, 2017, may redeem the shares at a redemption price of $25.00, plus any accrued unpaid distributions through the date of the redemption.
Share Repurchase Program
On December 12, 2011, the Company's board of directors approved a share repurchase program to purchase up to 7,000,000 shares of its common shares with no stated expiration date. On December 2, 2013, the Company's board of directors approved an additional share repurchase of up to 20,000,000 of its common shares with no expiration date. Shares of the Company's common stock may be purchased in the open market, including through block purchases, or through privately negotiated transactions, or pursuant to any trading plan that may be adopted in accordance with Rules 10b5-1 and 10b-18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The timing, manner, price and amount of any repurchases will be determined at the Company's discretion and the program may be suspended, terminated or modified at any time for any reason. The program does not obligate the Company to acquire any specific number of shares, and all repurchases will be made in accordance with Rule 10b-18, which sets certain restrictions on the method, timing, price and volume of stock repurchases.
During the twelve months ended December 31, 2013, the Company repurchased 10,720,003 shares of its common stock at an average repurchase price of $14.97 per share for a net cost of $160.5 million, including acquisition expenses. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2012, the Company did not repurchase any shares of its common stock. As of December 31, 2013, the Company had authority to purchase 16,279,997 additional shares of its common stock through this program.
Share-Based Compensation
The Company established the 2009 Equity Incentive Plan for grants of restricted common stock and other equity based awards to the independent directors and the executive officers of the Company and personnel of the Manager and its affiliates (the “Incentive Plan”). Under the Incentive Plan, a total of 1,000,000 shares of common stock are currently reserved for issuance. Unless terminated earlier, the Incentive Plan will terminate in 2019, but will continue to govern the unexpired awards. The Company recognized compensation expense of approximately $165,000 (2012: $166,000; 2011: $143,000) for the year ended December 31, 2013. During the year ended December 31, 2013 the Company issued 8,946 shares (2012: 8,767 shares;
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2011: 7,053 shares) of restricted stock pursuant to the Incentive Plan to the Company’s non-executive directors. The fair market value of the shares granted was determined by the closing stock market price on the date of the grant.
The Company recognized compensation expense of approximately $197,000 (2012: $170,000; 2011: $60,000) for the year ended December 31, 2013 related to awards to officers and employees of the Manager and its affiliates which is reimbursed by the Manager under the management agreement.
During March 2013, the Company issued 5,697 shares of common stock (net of tax withholding) in exchange for 8,783 restricted stock units that vested under the Incentive Plan. In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2013, the Company awarded 16,835 restricted stock units to officers and employees of the Manager and its affiliates. During the year ended December 31, 2013, 509 units were forfeited.
Dividends
The following table sets forth the dividends declared per share of the Company's common stock.
Date Declared | Dividends Declared Per Share | ||||
Amount | Date of Payment | ||||
2013 | |||||
December 17, 2013 | $ | 0.50 | January 28, 2014 | ||
September 16, 2013 | $ | 0.50 | October 28, 2013 | ||
June 17, 2013 | $ | 0.65 | July 26, 2013 | ||
March 19, 2013 | $ | 0.65 | April 26, 2013 | ||
2012 | |||||
December 14, 2012 | $ | 0.65 | January 28, 2013 | ||
September 13, 2012 | $ | 0.65 | October 29, 2012 | ||
June 14, 2012 | $ | 0.65 | July 27, 2012 | ||
March 15, 2012 | $ | 0.65 | April 27, 2012 | ||
The following table sets forth the dividends declared per share of the Company's preferred stock.
Date Declared | Dividends Declared Per Share | ||||
Amount | Date of Payment | ||||
2013 | |||||
December 17, 2013 | $ | 0.4844 | January 27, 2014 | ||
September 16, 2013 | $ | 0.4844 | October 25, 2013 | ||
June 17, 2013 | $ | 0.4844 | July 25, 2013 | ||
March 19, 2013 | $ | 0.4844 | April 25, 2013 | ||
2012 | |||||
December 14, 2012 | $ | 0.4844 | January 25, 2013 | ||
September 13, 2012 | $ | 0.4790 | October 25, 2012 | ||
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The following table sets forth the dividends declared per share of the Company's preferred and common stock and their related tax characterization for the fiscal tax years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012.
Tax Characterization of Dividends | |||||||||
Fiscal Tax Year | Dividends Declared | Ordinary Dividends | Capital Gain Distribution | ||||||
Preferred Stock Dividends | |||||||||
Fiscal tax year 2013(1) | 1.937600 | 1.937600 | — | ||||||
Fiscal tax year 2012(2) | 0.479000 | 0.426244 | 0.052756 | ||||||
Common Stock Dividends | |||||||||
Fiscal tax year 2013 | 2.300000 | 2.300000 | — | ||||||
Fiscal tax year 2012(3) | 2.740460 | 2.438630 | 0.301830 | ||||||
(1) | Excludes preferred stock dividend of $0.4844 per share declared on December 17, 2013 having a record date of January 1, 2014, which for federal income tax purposes is a fiscal tax year 2014 dividend. |
(2) | Excludes preferred stock dividend of $0.4844 per share declared on December 14, 2012 having a record date of January 1, 2013, which for federal income tax purposes is a fiscal tax year 2013 dividend. |
(3) | Includes common stock dividend of $0.140460 undistributed taxable income carried-forward from fiscal tax year 2011. |
Note 14 – Earnings per Share
Earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 is computed as follows:
$ and share amounts in thousands | Years Ended December 31, | |||||||
2013 | 2012 | 2011 | ||||||
Numerator (Income) | ||||||||
Basic Earnings | ||||||||
Net income available to common shareholders | 130,769 | 334,490 | 281,915 | |||||
Effect of dilutive securities: | ||||||||
Income allocated to non-controlling interest | 1,486 | 4,123 | 4,882 | |||||
Dilutive net income available to shareholders | 132,255 | 338,613 | 286,797 | |||||
Denominator (Weighted Average Shares) | ||||||||
Basic Earnings: | ||||||||
Shares available to common shareholders | 132,714 | 115,559 | 86,365 | |||||
Effect of dilutive securities: | ||||||||
Restricted Stock Awards | 35 | 28 | 14 | |||||
OP Units | 1,425 | 1,425 | 1,425 | |||||
Dilutive Shares | 134,174 | 117,012 | 87,804 | |||||
Potential common shares of 13,607 (in thousands) were excluded from diluted earnings per common share for the year ended December 31, 2013 as the inclusion of the conversion of the exchangeable senior notes would have been anti-dilutive.
Note 15 – Non-controlling Interest – Operating Partnership
Non-controlling interest represents the aggregate OP Units in the Operating Partnership held by limited partners (the “Unit Holders”). Income allocated to the non-controlling interest is based on the Unit Holders’ ownership percentage of the Operating Partnership. The ownership percentage is determined by dividing the number of OP Units held by the Unit Holders by the total number of dilutive shares of common stock. The issuance of common stock (“Share” or “Shares”) or OP Units changes the percentage ownership of both the Unit Holders and the holders of common stock. Since an OP unit is generally redeemable for cash or Shares at the option of the Company, it is deemed to be equivalent to a Share. Therefore, such transactions are treated as capital transactions and result in an allocation between shareholders’ equity and non-controlling
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interest in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet to account for the change in the ownership of the underlying equity in the Operating Partnership. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, non-controlling interest related to the outstanding 1,425,000 OP Units represented a 1.1% and 1.2% interest in the Operating Partnership, respectively. Income allocated to the Operating Partnership non-controlling interest for the year ended December 31, 2013 was approximately $1.5 million (2012: $4.1 million; 2011: $4.9 million). For the year ended December 31, 2013, distributions paid to the non-controlling interest were $3.5 million (2012: $3.7 million; 2011: $5.3 million). As of December 31, 2013, distributions payable to the non-controlling interest were approximately $0.7 million (2012: $0.9 million; 2011: $0.9 million).
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Note 16 – Summarized Quarterly (Unaudited)
The following is a presentation of selected unaudited results of operations for the quarters ended:
$ in thousands, except per share data | Q413 | Q313 | Q213 | Q113 | Q412 | Q312 | Q212 | Q112 | |||||||||||||||
Interest Income | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Mortgage-backed securities | 160,168 | 157,539 | 168,736 | 160,344 | 145,389 | 140,477 | 139,004 | 141,960 | |||||||||||||||
Residential loans | 13,679 | 13,417 | 6,889 | 137 | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||
Commercial loans | 1,019 | 372 | 60 | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||
Total interest income | 174,866 | 171,328 | 175,685 | 160,481 | 145,389 | 140,477 | 139,004 | 141,960 | |||||||||||||||
Interest Expense | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Repurchase agreements | 79,061 | 73,695 | 68,463 | 66,328 | 65,093 | 60,327 | 56,700 | 55,285 | |||||||||||||||
Exchangeable senior notes | 5,620 | 5,621 | 5,622 | 1,160 | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||
Asset-backed securities | 10,960 | 10,266 | 5,377 | 79 | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||
Total interest expense | 95,641 | 89,582 | 79,462 | 67,567 | 65,093 | 60,327 | 56,700 | 55,285 | |||||||||||||||
Net interest income | 79,225 | 81,746 | 96,223 | 92,914 | 80,296 | 80,150 | 82,304 | 86,675 | |||||||||||||||
Provision for loan losses | 134 | 87 | 663 | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||
Net interest income after provision for loan losses | 79,091 | 81,659 | 95,560 | 92,914 | 80,296 | 80,150 | 82,304 | 86,675 | |||||||||||||||
Other income (loss) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Gain (loss) on sale of investments, net | (142,530 | ) | (69,323 | ) | 5,692 | 6,712 | 23,236 | 12,836 | 6,098 | 6,045 | |||||||||||||
Equity in earnings and fair value change in unconsolidated ventures | 176 | 1,422 | 2,157 | 1,590 | 937 | 3,262 | 1,961 | 1,009 | |||||||||||||||
Realized and unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate derivative instruments | (4,421 | ) | (6,887 | ) | 53,314 | (2,003 | ) | (1,382 | ) | (808 | ) | (1,533 | ) | (509 | ) | ||||||||
Realized and unrealized credit default swap income | 299 | 297 | 180 | 351 | 420 | 1,348 | 690 | 657 | |||||||||||||||
Total other income (loss) | (146,476 | ) | (74,491 | ) | 61,343 | 6,650 | 23,211 | 16,638 | 7,216 | 7,202 | |||||||||||||
Expenses | 14,193 | 13,204 | 13,850 | 11,897 | 10,177 | 10,012 | 9,726 | 9,769 | |||||||||||||||
Net income (loss) | (81,578 | ) | (6,036 | ) | 143,053 | 87,667 | 93,330 | 86,776 | 79,794 | 84,108 | |||||||||||||
Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest | (906 | ) | (63 | ) | 1,493 | 962 | 1,098 | 1,026 | 973 | 1,026 | |||||||||||||
Net income (loss) attributable to Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc. | (80,672 | ) | (5,973 | ) | 141,560 | 86,705 | 92,232 | 85,750 | 78,821 | 83,082 | |||||||||||||
Dividends to preferred shareholders | 2,712 | 2,713 | 2,713 | 2,713 | 2,713 | 2,682 | — | — | |||||||||||||||
Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders | (83,384 | ) | (8,686 | ) | 138,847 | 83,992 | 89,519 | 83,068 | 78,821 | 83,082 | |||||||||||||
Earnings (loss) per share: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Basic | (0.63 | ) | (0.06 | ) | 1.03 | 0.65 | 0.77 | 0.72 | 0.68 | 0.72 | |||||||||||||
Diluted | (0.63 | ) | (0.06 | ) | 0.95 | 0.64 | 0.77 | 0.72 | 0.68 | 0.72 | |||||||||||||
Note 17 – Subsequent Events
The Company has reviewed subsequent events occurring through the date that these consolidated financial statements were issued, and determined that no subsequent events occurred that would require accrual or additional disclosure.
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INVESCO MORTGAGE CAPITAL INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Schedule IV
Mortgage Loans on Real Estate
As of December 31, 2013
$ in thousands | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Asset Type | Description | Number | Interest Rate | Maturity Date | Periodic Payment Terms | Prior Liens | Face Amount of Mortgages | Carrying Amount of Mortgages | Principal Amount of Loans Subject to Delinquent Principal or Interest | ||||||||||||||
Residential Mortgage Loans Held in Securitization Trusts | Various | 2,292 | Fixed 2.7% to 5.9% | 1/1/ 2038 to 9/1/2043 | P&I | — | 1,783,983 | 1,810,262 | 1,515 | ||||||||||||||
Mezzanine Loans | Various | 3 | L+7% to 10.545% or Prime+9.35% | 11/9/2015 to 4/26/2016 | I | — | 44,624 | 44,511 | — | ||||||||||||||
First Mortgage Loans | Hospitality | 1 | L+8.5% with 8.75% floor | 10/31/2015 | I | — | 20,000 | 20,088 | — | ||||||||||||||
— | 1,848,607 | 1,874,861 | 1,515 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Reconciliation of Carrying Value of Mortgage Loans on Real Estate: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
2013 | 2012 | 2011 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Beginning Balance | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||
Additions | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Principal amount of new loans | 29,768 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||
Discount on the new loans | 832 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||
Amortization of premium and (discounts) | (2,632 | ) | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||
Deductions: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Collection of Principal | 43,869 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||
Charge off of loans | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||
Provision for loan loss | 884 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||
Ending Balance | 1,874,861 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc. | ||
By: | /s/ Richard J. King | |
Richard J. King President and Chief Executive Officer | ||
Date: | March 3, 2014 | |
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Signatures | Title | Date | |||
By: | /s/ Richard J. King | President and Chief Executive Officer | March 3, 2014 | ||
Richard J. King | (principal executive officer) | ||||
By: | /s/ Donald R. Ramon | Chief Financial Officer | March 3, 2014 | ||
Donald R. Ramon | (principal financial and accounting officer) | ||||
By: | /s/ G. Mark Armour | Director | March 3, 2014 | ||
G. Mark Armour | |||||
By: | /s/ Karen Dunn Kelley | Director | March 3, 2014 | ||
Karen Dunn Kelley | |||||
By: | /s/ James S. Balloun | Director | March 3, 2014 | ||
James S. Balloun | |||||
By: | /s/ John S. Day | Director | March 3, 2014 | ||
John S. Day | |||||
By: | Director | March 3, 2014 | |||
Edward J. Hardin* | |||||
By: | /s/ James R. Lientz, Jr. | Director | March 3, 2014 | ||
James R. Lientz, Jr. | |||||
*Mr. Hardin joined the Board of Directors on February 19, 2014. | |||||
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