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Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc. - Quarter Report: 2016 March (Form 10-Q)

Table of Contents


UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549 
_______________________________________________ 
FORM 10-Q 
_______________________________________________
(Mark One)
ý
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2016
OR 
o
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from                  to                 
Commission file number 001-34385

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)
_______________________________________________
Maryland
 
26-2749336
(State or Other Jurisdiction of
Incorporation or Organization)
 
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
 
 
1555 Peachtree Street, N.E., Suite 1800
Atlanta, Georgia
 
30309
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)
 
(Zip Code)
(404) 892-0896
(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code) 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ý    No  o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  ý    No  o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): 
Large Accelerated filer
 
ý
 
  
Accelerated filer
 
o
Non-Accelerated filer
 
o
(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)
  
Smaller reporting company
 
o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes  o    No  ý
As of May 2, 2016, there were 111,577,275 outstanding shares of common stock of Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc.

Table of Contents


INVESCO MORTGAGE CAPITAL INC.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
 
 
Page
 
 
 
Item 1.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Item 2.
 
 
 
Item 3.
 
 
 
Item 4.
 
 
 
 
 
Item 1.
 
 
 
Item 1A.
 
 
 
Item 2.
 
 
 
Item 3.
 
 
 
Item 4.
 
 
 
Item 5.
 
 
 
Item 6.

Table of Contents


PART I
ITEM 1.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
INVESCO MORTGAGE CAPITAL INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Unaudited)
  
As of
 $ in thousands except share amounts
March 31, 2016
 
December 31, 2015
ASSETS
 
Mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities, at fair value
15,134,066

 
16,065,935

Commercial loans, held-for-investment
277,701

 
209,062

Cash and cash equivalents
51,336

 
53,199

Due from counterparties
233,884

 
110,009

Investment related receivable
30,406

 
154,594

Accrued interest receivable
49,131

 
50,779

Derivative assets, at fair value
702

 
8,659

Other assets
115,878

 
115,072

Total assets
15,893,104

 
16,767,309

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
 
 
 
Liabilities:
 
 
 
Repurchase agreements
11,187,159

 
12,126,048

Secured loans
1,650,000

 
1,650,000

Exchangeable senior notes
395,187

 
394,573

Derivative liabilities, at fair value
398,143

 
238,148

Dividends and distributions payable
50,917

 
51,734

Investment related payable
18,782

 
167

Accrued interest payable
18,339

 
21,604

Collateral held payable
—

 
4,900

Accounts payable and accrued expenses
2,027

 
2,376

Due to affiliate
9,943

 
10,851

Total liabilities
13,730,497

 
14,500,401

Equity:
 
 
 
Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share; 50,000,000 shares authorized:
 
 
 
7.75% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock: 5,600,000 shares issued and outstanding ($140,000 aggregate liquidation preference)
135,356

 
135,356

7.75% Fixed-to-Floating Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock: 6,200,000 shares issued and outstanding ($155,000 aggregate liquidation preference)
149,860

 
149,860

Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share; 450,000,000 shares authorized; 111,577,275 and 113,619,471 shares issued and outstanding, respectively
1,116

 
1,136

Additional paid in capital
2,382,542

 
2,407,372

Accumulated other comprehensive income
426,504

 
303,110

Retained earnings (distributions in excess of earnings)
(957,735
)
 
(755,799
)
Total stockholders’ equity
2,137,643

 
2,241,035

Non-controlling interest
24,964

 
25,873

Total equity
2,162,607

 
2,266,908

Total liabilities and equity
15,893,104

 
16,767,309

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

 
1
 

Table of Contents


INVESCO MORTGAGE CAPITAL INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Unaudited)
 
 
Three Months Ended 
 March 31,
$ in thousands, except share amounts
2016
 
2015
Interest Income

 

Mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities
121,087

 
135,265

Residential loans (1)
—

 
29,374

Commercial loans
4,893

 
3,115

Total interest income
125,980

 
167,754

Interest Expense

 

Repurchase agreements
41,800

 
43,310

Secured loans
2,715

 
1,464

Exchangeable senior notes
5,613

 
5,607

Asset-backed securities (1)
—

 
21,898

Total interest expense
50,128

 
72,279

Net interest income
75,852

 
95,475

(Reduction in) provision for loan losses
—

 
(62
)
Net interest income after (reduction in) provision for loan losses
75,852

 
95,537

Other Income (loss)

 

Gain (loss) on investments, net
11,601

 
2,172

Equity in earnings of unconsolidated ventures
1,061

 
6,006

Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net
(238,543
)
 
(122,745
)
Realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net
8,410

 
21,362

Other investment income (loss), net
(318
)
 
(894
)
Total other income (loss)
(217,789
)
 
(94,099
)
Expenses
 
 
 
Management fee – related party
9,512

 
9,415

General and administrative
2,037

 
1,727

Consolidated securitization trusts (1)
—

 
2,156

Total expenses
11,549

 
13,298

Net income (loss)
(153,486
)
 
(11,860
)
Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest
(1,897
)
 
(136
)
Net income (loss) attributable to Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc.
(151,589
)
 
(11,724
)
Dividends to preferred stockholders
5,716

 
5,716

Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
(157,305
)
 
(17,440
)
Earnings (loss) per share:
 
 


Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
 
 

Basic
(1.39
)
 
(0.14
)
Diluted
(1.39
)
 
(0.14
)
Dividends declared per common share
0.40

 
0.45

(1)
The condensed consolidated statement of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2015 includes income and expenses of consolidated variable interest entities ("VIEs"). The Company deconsolidated these VIEs in December 2015. Refer to Note 2 - “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” for further discussion.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

 
2
 

Table of Contents


INVESCO MORTGAGE CAPITAL INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(Unaudited)
 
 
Three Months Ended 
 March 31,
$ in thousands
2016
 
2015
Net loss
(153,486
)
 
(11,860
)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
 
 
 
Unrealized gain (loss) on mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities, net
122,619

 
125,954

Reclassification of unrealized (gain) loss on sale of mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities to gain (loss) on investments, net
(10,544
)
 
(2,934
)
Reclassification of amortization of net deferred losses on de-designated interest rate swaps to repurchase agreements interest expense
12,924

 
19,145

Currency translation adjustments on investment in unconsolidated venture
(49
)
 
—

Total other comprehensive income
124,950

 
142,165

Comprehensive income (loss)
(28,536
)
 
130,305

Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest
341

 
(1,490
)
Less: Dividends to preferred stockholders
(5,716
)
 
(5,716
)
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
(33,911
)
 
123,099

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.


 
3
 

Table of Contents


INVESCO MORTGAGE CAPITAL INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF EQUITY
For the three months ended March 31, 2016
(Unaudited)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Attributable to Common Stockholders
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Additional
Paid in
Capital
 
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income
 
Retained
Earnings
(Distributions
in excess of
earnings)
 
Total
Stockholders’
Equity
 
Non-
Controlling
Interest
 
 
 
Series A
Preferred Stock
 
Series B
Preferred Stock
 
 
 
 
$ in thousands except
 share amounts
 
 
Common Stock
 
Total
Equity
Shares
 
Amount
 
Shares
 
Amount
 
Shares
 
Amount
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance at December 31, 2015
5,600,000

 
135,356

 
6,200,000

 
149,860

 
113,619,471

 
1,136

 
2,407,372

 
303,110

 
(755,799
)
 
2,241,035

 
25,873

 
2,266,908

Net loss
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 


 


 
—

 
—

 
(151,589
)
 
(151,589
)
 
(1,897
)
 
(153,486
)
Other comprehensive income
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
123,394

 
—

 
123,394

 
1,556

 
124,950

Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net of offering costs
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
3,201

 
—

 
35

 
—

 
—

 
35

 
—

 
35

Repurchase of shares of common stock
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(2,063,451
)
 
(20
)
 
(24,980
)
 
—

 
—

 
(25,000
)
 
—

 
(25,000
)
Stock awards
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
18,054

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Common stock dividends
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(44,631
)
 
(44,631
)
 
—

 
(44,631
)
Common unit dividends
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(570
)
 
(570
)
Preferred stock dividends
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(5,716
)
 
(5,716
)
 
—

 
(5,716
)
Amortization of equity-based compensation
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
115

 
—

 


 
115

 
2

 
117

Balance at March 31, 2016
5,600,000

 
135,356

 
6,200,000

 
149,860

 
111,577,275

 
1,116

 
2,382,542

 
426,504

 
(957,735
)
 
2,137,643

 
24,964

 
2,162,607

The accompanying notes are an integral part of this condensed consolidated financial statement.


 
4
 

Table of Contents


INVESCO MORTGAGE CAPITAL INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited)
  
Three Months Ended March 31,
$ in thousands
2016
 
2015
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
 
 
 
Net loss
(153,486
)
 
(11,860
)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:
 
 
 
Amortization of mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities premiums and (discounts), net
25,207

 
29,389

Amortization of residential loans and asset-backed securities premiums (discount), net
—

 
37

Amortization of commercial loan origination fees
(59
)
 
(6
)
Reduction in provision for loan losses
—

 
(62
)
Unrealized (gain) loss on derivative instruments, net
166,467

 
51,034

Unrealized (gain) loss on credit derivatives, net
(3,016
)
 
(15,976
)
(Gain) loss on investments, net
(11,601
)
 
(2,172
)
Realized (gain) loss on derivative instruments, net
42,985

 
26,103

Realized (gain) loss on credit derivatives, net
920

 
792

Equity in earnings of unconsolidated ventures
(1,061
)
 
(6,006
)
Amortization of equity-based compensation
117

 
155

Amortization of deferred securitization and financing costs
614

 
794

Amortization of net deferred losses on de-designated interest rate swaps to repurchase agreements interest expense
12,924

 
19,145

(Gain) loss on foreign currency transactions, net
1,125

 
1,500

Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
 
 
 
(Increase) decrease in operating assets
2,249

 
(53
)
Decrease in operating liabilities
(4,527
)
 
(5,392
)
Net cash provided by operating activities
78,858

 
87,422

Cash Flows from Investing Activities
 
 
 
Purchase of mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities
(47,716
)
 
(726,494
)
(Contributions) distributions (from) to investment in unconsolidated ventures, net
(116
)
 
8,761

Change in other assets
—

 
(7,250
)
Principal payments from mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities
528,138

 
570,110

Proceeds from sale of mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities
684,345

 
180,790

Payments on sale of credit derivatives
(920
)
 
(792
)
Payment of premiums for interest rate swaptions
—

 
(1,485
)
(Payments) proceeds (for) from termination of futures, forwards, swaps, swaptions and TBAs
(37,228
)
 
(2,360
)
Purchase of residential loans held-for-investment
—

 
(372,305
)
Principal payments from residential loans held-for-investment
—

 
138,210

Origination and advances of commercial loans, net of origination fees
(69,830
)
 
(1,944
)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities
1,056,673

 
(214,759
)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
 
 
 
Proceeds from issuance of common stock
35

 
70

Repurchase of common stock
(25,000
)
 
—

Cost of issuance of preferred stock
—

 
(15
)
Due from counterparties
(116,766
)
 
(23,626
)
Collateral held payable
(4,900
)
 
(10,590
)
Proceeds from repurchase agreements
29,578,250

 
35,603,951

Principal repayments of repurchase agreements
(30,517,139
)
 
(35,893,498
)
Proceeds from asset-backed securities issued by securitization trusts
—

 
336,077

Principal repayments of asset-backed securities issued by securitization trusts
—

 
(130,394
)
Proceeds from secured loans
125,000

 
600,000

Principal repayments on secured loans
(125,000
)
 
(300,000
)
Payments of deferred costs
(140
)
 
—

Payments of dividends and distributions
(51,734
)
 
(61,757
)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities
(1,137,394
)
 
120,218

Net change in cash and cash equivalents
(1,863
)
 
(7,119
)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period
53,199

 
164,144

Cash and cash equivalents, end of period
51,336

 
157,025

Supplement Disclosure of Cash Flow Information
 
 
 
Interest paid
43,110

 
59,713

Non-cash Investing and Financing Activities Information
 
 
 
Net change in unrealized gain on mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities
112,075

 
123,020

Dividends and distributions declared not paid
50,917

 
61,766

(Receivable) / payable for mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities, net
131,413

 
4,265

Repurchase agreements, not settled
—

 
(49
)
Swap terminated, not settled
4,272

 
19,055

Net change in due from counterparties
(7,109
)
 
(985
)
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

 
5
 

Table of Contents


INVESCO MORTGAGE CAPITAL INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
Note 1 – Organization and Business Operations
Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc. (the “Company”) is a Maryland corporation primarily focused on investing in, financing and managing residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities and mortgage loans. The Company conducts its business through IAS Operating Partnership LP (the “Operating Partnership”), a variable interest entity ("VIE"), as its sole general partner. As of March 31, 2016, the Company owned 98.7% of the Operating Partnership, and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Invesco owned the remaining 1.3%. The Company has one operating segment.
The Company primarily invests in:
•
Residential mortgage-backed securities ("RMBS") that are guaranteed by a U.S. government agency such as the Government National Mortgage Association, or a federally chartered corporation such as the Federal National Mortgage Association ("Fannie Mae") or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ("Freddie Mac") (collectively "Agency RMBS");
•
RMBS that are not guaranteed by a U.S. government agency (“non-Agency RMBS”);
•
Credit risk transfer securities that are unsecured obligations issued by government-sponsored enterprises ("GSE CRT");
•
Commercial mortgage-backed securities ("CMBS");
•
Residential and commercial mortgage loans; and
•
Other real estate-related financing agreements.
The Company is externally managed and advised by Invesco Advisers, Inc. (the "Manager"), a registered investment adviser and an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of Invesco Ltd. (“Invesco”), a leading independent global investment management firm. The Company elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes under the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, commencing with the Company's taxable year ended December 31, 2009. To maintain the Company’s REIT qualification, the Company is generally required to distribute at least 90% of its REIT taxable income to its stockholders annually. The Company operates its business in a manner that permits exclusion from the "Investment Company" definition under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.
Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation and Consolidation
Certain disclosures included in the Company’s Form 10-K are not required to be included on an interim basis in the Company’s quarterly reports on Form 10-Q. The Company has condensed or omitted these disclosures. Therefore, this Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015.
In the opinion of management, the condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring accruals, which are necessary for a fair presentation of the financial condition and results of operations for the periods presented. All significant intercompany transactions, balances, revenues and expenses are eliminated upon consolidation.
The condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and consolidate the financial statements of the Company and its controlled subsidiaries. During the period from January 1, 2015 through December 9, 2015, the condensed consolidated financial statements also include the results of operations of certain residential loan securitization trusts (the "Residential Securitizations") that meet the definition of a VIE. On December 9, 2015, the Company completed the sale of certain beneficial interests in the Residential Securitizations and deconsolidated the Residential Securitizations.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Examples of estimates include, but are not limited to, estimates of the fair values of financial instruments, interest income on mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities, allowance for loan losses and other-than-temporary impairment charges. Actual results may differ from those estimates.

 
6
 

Table of Contents


Significant Accounting Policies
There have been no significant changes to the Company's accounting policies included in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements of the Company’s 2015 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Reclassifications
Certain prior period reported amounts have been reclassified to be consistent with the current presentation. Such reclassifications had no impact on net income or equity attributable to common stockholders.
Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted and Pending Accounting Pronouncements
Effective January 1, 2016, the Company adopted the newly issued accounting guidance for presentation of debt issuance costs. Under the new standard, debt issuance costs are required to be presented in the consolidated balance sheets as a direct deduction from the carrying value of the associated debt liability. The Company adopted the accounting standard on a retrospective basis, which required the restatement of the Company's December 31, 2015 balance sheet. The adoption resulted in a $5.4 million reduction in exchangeable senior notes and a corresponding reduction in other assets.
    
In  August 2015, the FASB clarified the newly issued accounting guidance for debt issuance costs and stated that the SEC staff would not object to a company presenting debt issuance costs related to a line-of-credit arrangement on the balance sheet as a deferred asset, regardless of whether there were any outstanding borrowings at period-end. The Company did not have line of credit arrangements as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015.
Effective January 1, 2016, the Company adopted the newly issued accounting guidance for reporting entities that are required to determine whether they should consolidate certain legal entities. The Company adopted the accounting standard on a modified retrospective approach which did not require restatement of prior periods to conform to the post adoption presentation. The Company did not consolidate or deconsolidate any legal entities as a result of implementing the new guidance.
In January 2016, the FASB issued guidance to improve certain aspects of classification and measurement of financial instruments, including significant revisions in accounting related to the classification and measurement of investments in equity securities and presentation of certain fair value changes for financial liabilities when the fair value option is elected. The guidance also amends certain disclosure requirements associated with the fair value of financial instruments. The Company is required to adopt the new guidance in the first quarter of 2018. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact of the new guidance on its consolidated financial statements, as well as available transition methods.
Note 3 – Variable Interest Entities
The Company's maximum risk of loss in VIEs in which the Company is not the primary beneficiary at March 31, 2016 is presented in the table below.
$ in thousands
Carrying Amount
 
Company's Maximum Risk of Loss
Non-Agency RMBS
2,384,965

 
2,384,965

CMBS
2,701,950

 
2,701,950

Investments in unconsolidated ventures
39,541

 
39,541

Total
5,126,456

 
5,126,456

Refer to Note 4 - "Mortgage-Backed and Credit Risk Transfer Securities" and Note 6 - "Other Assets" for additional details regarding these investments.

 
7
 

Table of Contents


Note 4 – Mortgage-Backed and Credit Risk Transfer Securities
The following tables summarize the Company’s MBS and GSE CRT portfolio by asset type as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015.
March 31, 2016
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ in thousands
Principal
Balance
 
Unamortized
Premium
(Discount)
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Unrealized
Gain/
(Loss), net
 
Fair
Value
 
Net
Weighted
Average
Coupon (1)
 
Period-
end
Weighted
Average
Yield (2)
 
Quarterly
Weighted
Average
Yield (3)
Agency RMBS:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
15 year fixed-rate
1,472,653

 
68,699

 
1,541,352

 
23,813

 
1,565,165

 
3.71
%
 
2.53
%
 
2.40
%
30 year fixed-rate
3,661,911

 
239,352

 
3,901,263

 
64,988

 
3,966,251

 
4.23
%
 
2.96
%
 
2.97
%
ARM*
400,744

 
4,344

 
405,088

 
8,561

 
413,649

 
2.72
%
 
2.63
%
 
2.42
%
Hybrid ARM
2,944,182

 
54,561

 
2,998,743

 
41,983

 
3,040,726

 
2.72
%
 
2.54
%
 
2.28
%
Total Agency pass-through
8,479,490

 
366,956

 
8,846,446

 
139,345

 
8,985,791

 
3.55
%
 
2.73
%
 
2.61
%
Agency-CMO(4)
1,763,203

 
(1,365,561
)
 
397,642

 
12,927

 
410,569

 
2.12
%
 
3.65
%
 
2.80
%
Non-Agency RMBS(5)(6)(7)
4,587,878

 
(2,261,092
)
 
2,326,786

 
58,179

 
2,384,965

 
2.15
%
 
4.01
%
 
4.68
%
GSE CRT(8)(9)
647,500

 
21,811

 
669,311

 
(18,520
)
 
650,791

 
1.33
%
 
0.73
%
 
0.85
%
CMBS(10)
3,193,203

 
(557,871
)
 
2,635,332

 
66,618

 
2,701,950

 
3.86
%
 
4.25
%
 
4.38
%
Total
18,671,274

 
(3,795,757
)
 
14,875,517

 
258,549

 
15,134,066

 
3.04
%
 
3.13
%
 
3.18
%
* Adjustable-rate mortgage ("ARM")
 
(1)
Net weighted average coupon as of March 31, 2016 is presented net of servicing and other fees.
(2)
Period-end weighted average yield is based on amortized cost as of March 31, 2016 and incorporates future prepayment and loss assumptions but excludes changes in anticipated interest rates.
(3)
Quarterly weighted average portfolio yield for the period was calculated by dividing interest income, including amortization of premiums and discounts, by the Company's average of the amortized cost of the investments. All yields are annualized.
(4)
Agency collateralized mortgage obligation ("Agency-CMO") includes interest-only securities ("Agency IO"), which represent 83.2% of principal (notional) balance, 24.4% of amortized cost and 25.3% of fair value.
(5)
Non-Agency RMBS held by the Company is 46.4% variable rate, 46.8% fixed rate, and 6.8% floating rate based on fair value.
(6)
Of the total discount in non-Agency RMBS, $271.7 million is non-accretable.
(7)
Non-Agency RMBS includes interest-only securities, which represent 1.4% of the balance based on fair value.
(8)
The Company has elected the fair value option for GSE CRT purchased on or after August 24, 2015, which represent 1.9% of the balance based on fair value. As a result, GSE CRT accounted for under the fair value option are not bifurcated between the debt host contract and the embedded derivative.
(9)
GSE CRT weighted average coupon and weighted average yield excludes GSE CRT not accounted for under the fair value option as the embedded derivative coupon interest is recorded as realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net.
(10)
CMBS includes interest-only securities, which represent 0.9% of the balance based on fair value.


 
8
 

Table of Contents


December 31, 2015
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ in thousands
Principal
Balance
 
Unamortized
Premium
(Discount)
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Unrealized
Gain/
(Loss), net
 
Fair
Value
 
Net
Weighted
Average
Coupon (1)
 
Period-
end
Weighted
Average
Yield (2)
 
Quarterly
Weighted
Average
Yield (3)
Agency RMBS:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
15 year fixed-rate
1,527,877

 
72,389

 
1,600,266

 
10,664

 
1,610,930

 
3.72
%
 
2.47
%
 
2.40
%
30 year fixed-rate
3,796,091

 
249,285

 
4,045,376

 
18,581

 
4,063,957

 
4.24
%
 
2.81
%
 
2.85
%
ARM
417,424

 
4,625

 
422,049

 
3,976

 
426,025

 
2.72
%
 
2.58
%
 
2.26
%
Hybrid ARM
3,240,967

 
63,324

 
3,304,291

 
5,234

 
3,309,525

 
2.73
%
 
2.56
%
 
2.22
%
Total Agency pass-through
8,982,359

 
389,623

 
9,371,982

 
38,455

 
9,410,437

 
3.54
%
 
2.65
%
 
2.53
%
Agency-CMO(4)
1,774,621

 
(1,386,284
)
 
388,337

 
482

 
388,819

 
2.23
%
 
4.29
%
 
3.42
%
Non-Agency RMBS(5)(6)(7)
4,965,978

 
(2,348,080
)
 
2,617,898

 
74,589

 
2,692,487

 
2.20
%
 
4.00
%
 
4.80
%
GSE CRT(8)(9)
657,500

 
22,593

 
680,093

 
(21,865
)
 
658,228

 
1.32
%
 
0.72
%
 
0.62
%
CMBS(10)
3,429,655

 
(558,749
)
 
2,870,906

 
45,058

 
2,915,964

 
3.95
%
 
4.30
%
 
4.35
%
Total
19,810,113

 
(3,880,897
)
 
15,929,216

 
136,719

 
16,065,935

 
3.08
%
 
3.13
%
 
3.19
%
 
(1)
Net weighted average coupon as of December 31, 2015 is presented net of servicing and other fees.
(2)
Period-end weighted average yield based on amortized cost as of December 31, 2015 incorporates future prepayment and loss assumptions but excludes changes in anticipated interest rates.
(3)
Quarterly weighted average portfolio yield for the period was calculated by dividing interest income, including amortization of premiums and discounts, by the Company's average of the amortized cost of the investments. All yields are annualized.
(4)
Agency collateralized mortgage obligation ("Agency CMO") includes interest-only securities, which represent 84.4% of principal (notional) balance, 27.5% of amortized cost and 27.6% of fair value.
(5)
Non-Agency RMBS held by the Company is 48.4% variable rate, 45.2% fixed rate, and 6.4% floating rate based on fair value.
(6)
Of the total discount in non-Agency RMBS, $281.6 million is non-accretable.
(7)
Non-Agency RMBS includes interest-only securities, which represent 1.3% of the balance based on fair value.
(8)
The Company has elected the fair value option for GSE CRT purchased on or after August 24, 2015, which represent 1.9% of the balance based on fair value. As a result, GSE CRT accounted for under the fair value option are not bifurcated between the debt host contract and the embedded derivative.
(9)
GSE CRT weighted average coupon and weighted average yield excludes GSE CRT not accounted for under the fair value option as the embedded derivative coupon interest is recorded as realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net.
(10)
CMBS includes interest-only securities and commercial real estate mezzanine loan pass-through certificates, which represent 0.9% and 0.7% of the balance based on fair value, respectively.
The following table summarizes the Company's non-Agency RMBS portfolio by asset type based on fair value as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015.
$ in thousands
March 31, 2016
 
% of Non-Agency
 
December 31, 2015
 
% of Non-Agency
Prime
1,026,639

 
43.0
%
 
1,081,428

 
40.2
%
Re-REMIC
492,945

 
20.8
%
 
663,853

 
24.7
%
Alt-A
513,636

 
21.5
%
 
544,306

 
20.2
%
Subprime/reperforming
351,745

 
14.7
%
 
402,900

 
14.9
%
Total Non-Agency
2,384,965

 
100.0
%
 
2,692,487

 
100.0
%

 
9
 

Table of Contents


The following table summarizes the credit enhancement provided to the Company's re-securitization of real estate mortgage investment conduit ("Re-REMIC") holdings as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015.
  
Percentage of Re-REMIC Holdings at Fair Value
Re-REMIC Subordination(1)
March 31, 2016
 
December 31, 2015
0% - 10%
13.3
%
 
11.0
%
10% - 20%
7.0
%
 
5.6
%
20% - 30%
13.0
%
 
12.7
%
30% - 40%
16.2
%
 
20.8
%
40% - 50%
32.5
%
 
32.8
%
50% - 60%
15.4
%
 
13.3
%
60% - 70%
2.6
%
 
3.8
%
Total
100.0
%
 
100.0
%
 
(1)
Subordination refers to the credit enhancement provided to the Re-REMIC tranche held by the Company by any junior Re-REMIC tranche or tranches in a resecuritization. This figure reflects the percentage of the balance of the underlying securities represented by any junior tranche or tranches at the time of resecuritization. Generally, principal losses on the underlying securities in excess of the subordination amount would result in principal losses on the Re-REMIC tranche held by the Company. 28.8% of the Company's Re-REMIC holdings are not senior tranches.
The components of the carrying value of the Company’s MBS and GSE CRT portfolio at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 are presented below. 
$ in thousands
March 31, 2016
 
December 31, 2015
Principal balance
18,671,274

 
19,810,113

Unamortized premium
468,153

 
495,537

Unamortized discount
(4,263,910
)
 
(4,376,434
)
Gross unrealized gains
334,970

 
287,469

Gross unrealized losses
(76,421
)
 
(150,750
)
Fair value
15,134,066

 
16,065,935

The following table summarizes the Company’s MBS and GSE CRT portfolio according to estimated weighted average life classifications as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015. 
$ in thousands
March 31, 2016
 
December 31, 2015
Less than one year
301,799

 
427,678

Greater than one year and less than five years
8,651,266

 
6,237,547

Greater than or equal to five years
6,181,001

 
9,400,710

Total
15,134,066

 
16,065,935



 
10
 

Table of Contents


The following tables present the estimated fair value and gross unrealized losses of the Company's MBS and GSE CRTs by length of time that such securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015.
March 31, 2016
  
Less than 12 Months
 
12 Months or More
 
Total
$ in thousands
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Number
of
Securities
 
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Number
of
Securities
 
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Number
of
Securities
Agency RMBS:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
15 year fixed-rate
267,933

 
(814
)
 
19

 
181,040

 
(969
)
 
12

 
448,973

 
(1,783
)
 
31

30 year fixed-rate
336,431

 
(3,863
)
 
10

 
1,271,850

 
(18,519
)
 
53

 
1,608,281

 
(22,382
)
 
63

ARM
1,546

 
(13
)
 
1

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
1,546

 
(13
)
 
1

Hybrid ARM
327,101

 
(718
)
 
14

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
327,101

 
(718
)
 
14

Total Agency pass-through
933,011

 
(5,408
)
 
44

 
1,452,890

 
(19,488
)
 
65

 
2,385,901

 
(24,896
)
 
109

Agency-CMO (1)
47,765

 
(1,107
)
 
10

 
5,884

 
(1,775
)
 
7

 
53,649

 
(2,882
)
 
17

Non-Agency RMBS
774,913

 
(9,237
)
 
58

 
281,308

 
(8,037
)
 
22

 
1,056,221

 
(17,274
)
 
80

GSE CRT (2)
426,242

 
(8,224
)
 
14

 
112,988

 
(11,365
)
 
4

 
539,230

 
(19,589
)
 
18

CMBS
666,755

 
(11,190
)
 
50

 
34,260

 
(590
)
 
3

 
701,015

 
(11,780
)
 
53

Total
2,848,686

 
(35,166
)
 
176

 
1,887,330

 
(41,255
)
 
101

 
4,736,016

 
(76,421
)
 
277

(1) Fair value includes unrealized losses on Agency IO of $2.5 million and unrealized losses on CMO of $0.4 million.
(2) Fair value includes unrealized losses on both the debt host contract and the embedded derivative.
December 31, 2015
  
Less than 12 Months
 
12 Months or More
 
Total
$ in thousands
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Number
of
Securities
 
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Number
of
Securities
 
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Number
of
Securities
Agency RMBS:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
15 year fixed-rate
600,480

 
(8,081
)
 
33

 
77,506

 
(1,482
)
 
6

 
677,986

 
(9,563
)
 
39

30 year fixed-rate
776,065

 
(14,827
)
 
32

 
1,120,391

 
(39,497
)
 
47

 
1,896,456

 
(54,324
)
 
79

ARM
200,863

 
(501
)
 
11

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
200,863

 
(501
)
 
11

Hybrid ARM
1,913,872

 
(17,082
)
 
111

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
1,913,872

 
(17,082
)
 
111

Total Agency pass-through
3,491,280

 
(40,491
)
 
187

 
1,197,897

 
(40,979
)
 
53

 
4,689,177

 
(81,470
)
 
240

Agency-CMO (1)
166,754

 
(3,296
)
 
14

 
9,118

 
(6,934
)
 
9

 
175,872

 
(10,230
)
 
23

Non-Agency RMBS
832,978

 
(6,957
)
 
73

 
331,018

 
(10,326
)
 
28

 
1,163,996

 
(17,283
)
 
101

GSE CRT (2)
340,116

 
(10,050
)
 
16

 
120,877

 
(13,605
)
 
7

 
460,993

 
(23,655
)
 
23

CMBS
1,224,985

 
(17,328
)
 
85

 
31,533

 
(784
)
 
2

 
1,256,518

 
(18,112
)
 
87

Total
6,056,113

 
(78,122
)
 
375

 
1,690,443

 
(72,628
)
 
99

 
7,746,556

 
(150,750
)
 
474

(1) Fair value includes unrealized losses on Agency IO of $8.3 million and unrealized losses on CMO of $1.9 million.
(2) Fair value includes unrealized losses on both the debt host contract and the embedded derivative.
Gross unrealized losses on the Company’s Agency RMBS and CMO were $24.9 million and $0.4 million, respectively, at March 31, 2016. Due to the inherent credit quality of Agency RMBS and CMO, the Company determined that at March 31, 2016, any unrealized losses on its Agency RMBS and CMO portfolio are not other than temporary.
Gross unrealized losses on the Company’s Agency IO, non-Agency RMBS, GSE CRT and CMBS were $51.1 million at March 31, 2016. The Company does not consider these unrealized losses to be credit related, but rather due to non-credit related factors such as interest rate spreads, prepayment speeds, and market fluctuations. These investment securities are included in the Company’s assessment for other-than-temporary impairment on a quarterly basis.

 
11
 

Table of Contents


The Company assesses its investment securities for other-than-temporary impairment on a quarterly basis. When the fair value of an investment is less than its amortized cost at the balance sheet date of the reporting period for which impairment is assessed, the impairment is designated as either “temporary” or “other-than-temporary.” This analysis includes a determination of estimated future cash flows through an evaluation of the characteristics of the underlying loans and the structural features of the investment. Underlying loan characteristics reviewed include, but are not limited to, delinquency status, loan-to-value ratios, borrower credit scores, occupancy status and geographic concentration.
The Company recorded $5.7 million in other-than-temporary credit impairments during the three months ended March 31, 2016. The Company did not have other-than-temporary impairments ("OTTI") for the three months ended March 31, 2015. Other-than-temporary impairments are reported as gain (loss) on investments, net on the condensed consolidated statements of operations. As of March 31, 2016, the Company did not intend to sell the securities and determined that it was not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the securities.
The Company impaired certain RMBS interest-only securities during the three months ended March 31, 2016. As the changes in fair value on interest-only securities are already recorded in the Company's consolidated statement of operations, the $5.7 million in other-than-temporary credit impairments was recorded as a reclassification from an unrealized to a realized loss within gain (loss) in investments, net on the consolidated statements of operations.
The following table presents the changes in OTTI included in earnings for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015.
$ in thousands
Three Months 
 ended 
 March 31, 2016
 
Three Months 
 ended 
 March 31, 2015
Cumulative credit loss at beginning of period
—

 
—

Additions:


 
—

Other-than-temporary impairments not previously recognized
5,683

 
—

Cumulative credit loss at end of period
5,683

 
—

The following table presents the impact of the Company’s MBS and GSE CRT debt host contract on accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015.  The table excludes RMBS IOs and GSE CRTs that are accounted for under the fair value option.
$ in thousands
Three Months 
 ended 
 March 31, 2016
 
Three Months 
 ended 
 March 31, 2015
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) from MBS and GSE CRT securities:
 
 
 
Unrealized gain (loss) on MBS and GSE CRT at beginning of period
162,081

 
351,774

Unrealized gain (loss) on MBS and GSE CRT
122,619

 
125,954

Reclassification of unrealized (gain) loss on sale of MBS and GSE CRT to gain (loss) on investments, net
(10,544
)
 
(2,934
)
Balance at the end of period
274,156

 
474,794

During the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company reclassified $10.5 million and $2.9 million of net unrealized gains, respectively, from other comprehensive income into gain (loss) on investments, net as a result of the Company selling certain investments.

 
12
 

Table of Contents


The following table summarizes the components of the Company's total gain (loss) on investments, net for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015.
$ in thousands
Three Months 
 ended 
 March 31, 2016
 
Three Months 
 ended 
 March 31, 2015
Gross realized gain on sale of investments
13,015

 
2,964

Gross realized loss on sale of investments
(2,471
)
 
(30
)
Other-than-temporary credit impairment losses
(5,683
)
 
—

Net unrealized gain (loss) on RMBS IOs (fair value option)
6,676

 
(762
)
Net unrealized gain (loss) on GSE CRT (fair value option)
64

 
—

Total gains (loss) on investments, net
11,601

 
2,172

The following table presents components of interest income on the Company’s MBS and GSE CRT portfolio for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015. GSE CRT interest income excludes coupon interest associated with embedded derivatives not accounted for under the fair value option recorded in realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net.
For the three months ended March 31, 2016
$ in thousands
Coupon
Interest
 
Net (Premium
Amortization)/Discount
Accretion
 
Interest
Income
Agency
85,771

 
(24,185
)
 
61,586

Non-Agency
25,849

 
2,685

 
28,534

GSE CRT
2,197

 
(767
)
 
1,430

CMBS
32,264

 
(2,940
)
 
29,324

Other
213

 
—

 
213

Total
146,294

 
(25,207
)
 
121,087

For the three months ended March 31, 2015
$ in thousands
Coupon
Interest
 
Net (Premium
Amortization)/Discount
Accretion
 
Interest
Income
Agency
94,372

 
(26,859
)
 
67,513

Non-Agency
30,810

 
658

 
31,468

GSE CRT
1,568

 
(760
)
 
808

CMBS
37,905

 
(2,428
)
 
35,477

Other
(1
)
 
—

 
(1
)
Total
164,654

 
(29,389
)
 
135,265



 
13
 

Table of Contents


Note 5 – Commercial Loans Held-for-Investment
The following table summarizes commercial loans held-for-investment as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 that were purchased or originated by the Company.
March 31, 2016
$ in thousands
Number of
loans
 
Principal
Balance
 
Unamortized (fees)/
costs, net
 
Carrying
value
Mezzanine loans
10

 
278,162

 
(461
)
 
277,701

Total
10

 
278,162

 
(461
)
 
277,701

December 31, 2015
$ in thousands
Number of
loans
 
Principal
Balance
 
Unamortized (fees)/
costs, net
 
Carrying
value
Mezzanine loans
6

 
210,769

 
(1,707
)
 
209,062

Total
6

 
210,769

 
(1,707
)
 
209,062

These loans were not impaired, and no allowance for loan loss has been recorded as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015.
Note 6 – Other Assets
The following table summarizes the Company's other assets as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015.
$ in thousands
March 31, 2016
 
December 31, 2015
FHLBI stock
75,375

 
75,375

Investments in unconsolidated ventures
39,541

 
38,413

Prepaid expenses
962

 
1,284

Total
115,878

 
115,072

IAS Services LLC, the Company's wholly-owned subsidiary, is required to purchase and hold FHLBI stock as a condition of membership in the Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis ("FHLBI"). The stock is recorded at cost.
The Company has invested in unconsolidated ventures that are managed by an affiliate of the Company's Manager. The unconsolidated ventures invest in the Company's target assets. Refer to Note 15 - "Commitments and Contingencies" for additional details regarding the Company's commitments to these unconsolidated ventures.

 
14
 

Table of Contents


Note 7 – Borrowings
The Company has financed the majority of its investment portfolio through repurchase agreements, secured loans and exchangeable senior notes. The following table summarizes certain characteristics of the Company’s borrowings at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015.
$ in thousands
March 31, 2016
 
December 31, 2015
 
 
 
 
Weighted
 
 
 
 
 
Weighted
 
 
Weighted
 
Average
 
 
 
Weighted
 
Average
 
 
Average
 
Remaining
 
 
 
Average
 
Remaining
Amount
 
Interest
 
Maturity
 
Amount
 
Interest
 
Maturity
Outstanding
 
Rate
 
(days)
 
Outstanding
 
Rate
 
(days)
Repurchase Agreements:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Agency RMBS
7,916,802

 
0.66
%
 
16

 
8,389,643

 
0.65
%
 
24

Non-Agency RMBS
1,860,669

 
1.81
%
 
39

 
2,077,240

 
1.68
%
 
32

GSE CRT
396,753

 
2.07
%
 
38

 
488,275

 
1.91
%
 
19

CMBS
1,012,935

 
1.63
%
 
23

 
1,170,890

 
1.49
%
 
23

Secured Loans
1,650,000

 
0.68
%
 
2,957

 
1,650,000

 
0.55
%
 
2,937

Exchangeable Senior Notes (1)
400,000

 
5.00
%
 
714

 
400,000

 
5.00
%
 
805

Total
13,237,159

 
1.07
%
 
408

 
14,176,048

 
1.02
%
 
386

(1)
The carrying value of exchangeable senior notes is $395.2 million and $394.6 million as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. The carrying value is net of debt issuance costs of $4.8 million and $5.4 million as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.
Repurchase Agreements
Repurchase agreements bear interest at a contractually agreed upon rate and have maturities ranging from one month to twelve months. Repurchase agreements are accounted for as secured borrowings since the Company maintains effective control of the financed assets. Under the repurchase agreements, the respective lender retains the right to mark the underlying collateral to fair value. A reduction in the value of pledged assets would require the Company to provide additional collateral or fund margin calls. The Company intends to maintain a level of liquidity that will enable the Company to meet margin calls. In addition, the repurchase agreements are subject to certain financial covenants. The Company was in compliance with these covenants at March 31, 2016.


 
15
 

Table of Contents


The following tables summarize certain characteristics of the Company’s repurchase agreements at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015.
March 31, 2016
 
 
 
 
 
$ in thousands
Repurchase Agreement Counterparties
Amount Outstanding
 
Percent of Total Amount Outstanding
 
Company MBS and GSE CRTs Held as Collateral
HSBC Securities (USA) Inc
1,498,650

 
13.3
%
 
1,550,677

ING Financial Market LLC
1,084,730

 
9.7
%
 
1,159,981

Royal Bank of Canada
1,004,782

 
9.0
%
 
1,225,784

South Street Securities LLC
794,811

 
7.1
%
 
835,147

Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Financial Services LLC
698,273

 
6.2
%
 
736,743

Pierpont Securities LLC
672,291

 
6.0
%
 
700,740

JP Morgan Securities Inc.
601,806

 
5.4
%
 
702,519

Mitsubishi UFJ Securities (USA), Inc.
577,899

 
5.2
%
 
610,726

Scotia Capital
560,714

 
5.0
%
 
584,745

Citigroup Global Markets Inc.
461,318

 
4.1
%
 
583,809

BNP Paribas Securities Corp.
453,622

 
4.1
%
 
517,606

Goldman, Sachs & Co.
437,425

 
3.9
%
 
548,395

Wells Fargo Securities, LLC
388,085

 
3.5
%
 
465,418

KGS-Alpha Capital Markets, L.P.
375,376

 
3.4
%
 
395,307

Societe Generale
295,776

 
2.6
%
 
387,701

Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated
264,708

 
2.4
%
 
310,809

All other counterparties (1)
1,016,893

 
9.1
%
 
1,152,441

Total
11,187,159

 
100.0
%
 
12,468,548

(1) Represents amounts outstanding with ten counterparties.
 

 
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December 31, 2015
 
 
 
 
 
$ in thousands
Repurchase Agreement Counterparties
Amount Outstanding
 
Percent of Total Amount Outstanding
 
Company MBS and GSE CRTs Held as Collateral
HSBC Securities (USA) Inc
1,566,747

 
12.9
%
 
1,611,020

Royal Bank of Canada
1,148,480

 
9.5
%
 
1,383,839

ING Financial Market LLC
1,050,548

 
8.7
%
 
1,112,102

South Street Securities LLC
799,783

 
6.6
%
 
838,600

Pierpont Securities LLC
786,623

 
6.5
%
 
814,804

Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Financial Services LLC
695,933

 
5.7
%
 
730,941

Mitsubishi UFJ Securities (USA), Inc.
627,383

 
5.2
%
 
657,201

JP Morgan Securities Inc.
622,665

 
5.1
%
 
728,502

Citigroup Global Markets Inc.
585,632

 
4.8
%
 
725,882

Scotia Capital
576,137

 
4.8
%
 
598,343

BNP Paribas Securities Corp.
474,053

 
3.9
%
 
530,584

Wells Fargo Securities, LLC
463,673

 
3.8
%
 
551,667

Goldman, Sachs & Co.
428,799

 
3.5
%
 
552,549

KGS-Alpha Capital Markets, L.P.
380,286

 
3.1
%
 
400,758

Banc of America Securities LLC
380,520

 
3.1
%
 
442,801

Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated
273,124

 
2.3
%
 
320,484

Guggenheim Liquidity Services, LLC
265,709

 
2.2
%
 
279,345

All other counterparties
999,953

 
8.3
%
 
1,180,866

Total
12,126,048

 
100.0
%
 
13,460,288

(1) Represents amounts outstanding with nine counterparties.
The Company's repurchase agreement collateral ratio (Company MBS and GSE CRTs Held as Collateral/Amount Outstanding) was 111% as of March 31, 2016 ( December 31, 2015: 111%).
The Company posted cash of $710,000 (December 31, 2015: $710,000) with its repurchase agreement counterparties at March 31, 2016. Cash margin posted by the Company is classified as due from counterparties.
Secured Loans
The Company's wholly-owned subsidiary, IAS Services LLC is a member of the FHLBI. As a member of the FHLBI, IAS Services LLC may borrow funds from the FHLBI in the form of secured advances.
As of March 31, 2016, IAS Services LLC, had $1.65 billion in outstanding secured advances from the FHLBI. These secured advances have floating rates. Floating rates are based on the three-month FHLB swap rate plus a spread. For the three months ended March 31, 2016, IAS Services LLC had weighted average borrowings of $1.65 billion with a weighted average borrowing rate of 0.66% and a weighted average maturity of 8.10 years.
The Federal Housing Finance Agency’s ("FHFA") final rule governing Federal Home Loan Bank membership (the “FHFA Rule”) was effective on February 19, 2016. The FHFA Rule, among other provisions, excludes captive insurance companies from membership eligibility. The FHFA Rule permits existing captive insurance companies, such as IAS Services LLC, to remain members for a period of five years following the effective date of the FHFA Rule. New advances or renewals that mature beyond the five year period are prohibited. As permitted by the FHFA Rule, the FHLBI has indicated it will honor the contractual maturity dates of existing advances to IAS Services LLC that were made prior to the effective date of the final FHFA Rule and extend beyond the five year period. The Company does not expect there to be any impact to its existing FHLBI borrowings under the FHFA rule. The ability to borrow from the FHLBI is subject to the Company's continued creditworthiness, pledging of sufficient eligible collateral to secure advances, and compliance with certain agreements with FHLBI and FHFA rules.

 
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As of March 31, 2016, the FHLBI advances were collateralized by CMBS and Agency RMBS with a fair value of $1.4 billion and $588.0 million, respectively. The FHLBI retains the right to mark the underlying collateral for FHLBI advances to fair value. A reduction in the value of pledged assets would require IAS Services LLC to provide additional collateral.
As discussed in Note 6 - "Other Assets," IAS Services LLC is required to purchase and hold a certain amount of FHLBI stock, which is based, in part, upon the outstanding principal balance of secured advances from the FHLBI.
Note 8 – Derivatives and Hedging Activities
The following table presents information with respect to the Company's derivative instruments:
$ in thousands
Notional Amount as
of January 1, 2016
 
Additions
 
Settlement,
Termination,
Expiration
or Exercise
 
Notional Amount as
of March 31, 2016
Interest Rate Swaptions
300,000

 
—

 
(300,000
)
 
—

Interest Rate Swaps
11,450,000

 
—

 
(4,550,000
)
 
6,900,000

Currency Forward Contracts
76,324

 
79,821

 
(73,927
)
 
82,218

Credit Derivatives
645,000

 
—

 
(10,000
)
 
635,000

Total
12,471,324

 
79,821

 
(4,933,927
)
 
7,617,218

Credit Derivatives
The Company's GSE CRTs purchased prior to August 24, 2015 are accounted for as hybrid financial instruments consisting of a debt host contract and an embedded derivative and are reported at fair value. At March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, terms of the GSE CRT embedded derivatives are:
$ in thousand
March 31, 2016
 
December 31, 2015
Fair value amount
(22,706
)
 
(25,722
)
Notional amount
635,000

 
645,000

Maximum potential amount of future undiscounted payments
635,000

 
645,000

Interest Rate Swaps
The Company's repurchase agreements are usually settled on a short-term basis ranging from one to twelve months. At each settlement date, the Company typically refinances each repurchase agreement at the market interest rate at that time. In addition, the Company's secured loans have floating interest rates. As such, the Company is exposed to changing interest rates. The Company’s objectives in using interest rate derivatives are to add stability to interest expense and to manage its exposures to interest rate movements. To accomplish this objective, the Company primarily uses interest rate swaps as part of its interest rate risk management strategy. Interest rate swaps involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount.
Effective December 31, 2013, the Company voluntarily discontinued cash flow hedge accounting for its interest rate swaps to gain greater flexibility in managing interest rate exposures. Amounts recorded in AOCI prior to the Company discontinuing cash flow hedge accounting for its interest rate swaps are reclassified to interest expense on repurchase agreements on the condensed consolidated statements of operations as interest is accrued and paid on the related repurchase agreements over the remaining life of the interest rate swap agreements. The Company reclassified $12.9 million (March 31, 2015: $19.1 million) as an increase to interest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2016. During the next 12 months, the Company estimates that $14.1 million will be reclassified as a decrease to interest expense, repurchase agreements.


 
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As of March 31, 2016, the Company had the following interest rate swaps outstanding:
$ in thousands
Counterparty
 
Notional
 
Maturity Date
 
Fixed Interest Rate
in Contract
Deutsche Bank AG
 
150,000

 
2/5/2018
 
2.90
%
ING Capital Markets LLC
 
350,000

 
2/24/2018
 
0.95
%
UBS AG
 
500,000

 
5/24/2018
 
1.10
%
ING Capital Markets LLC
 
400,000

 
6/5/2018
 
0.87
%
CME Central Clearing
 
300,000

 
2/5/2021
 
2.50
%
CME Central Clearing
 
300,000

 
2/5/2021
 
2.69
%
Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.
 
200,000

 
3/15/2021
 
3.14
%
CME Central Clearing
(1
)
500,000

 
5/24/2021
 
2.25
%
Citibank, N.A.
 
200,000

 
5/25/2021
 
2.83
%
CME Central Clearing
(2
)
500,000

 
6/24/2021
 
2.44
%
HSBC Bank USA, National Association
 
550,000

 
2/24/2022
 
2.45
%
CME Central Clearing
 
1,000,000

 
6/9/2022
 
2.21
%
The Royal Bank of Scotland Plc
 
500,000

 
8/15/2023
 
1.98
%
CME Central Clearing
 
600,000

 
8/24/2023
 
2.88
%
UBS AG
 
250,000

 
11/15/2023
 
2.23
%
HSBC Bank USA, National Association
 
500,000

 
12/15/2023
 
2.20
%
CME Central Clearing
 
100,000

 
4/2/2025
 
2.04
%
Total
 
6,900,000

 
 
 
2.16
%
(1)
Forward start date of May 2016
(2)
Forward start date of June 2016
At March 31, 2016, the Company’s counterparties held $233.2 million in cash margin deposits and approximately $174.4 million in Agency RMBS as collateral against its interest rate swaps. Cash margin posted by the Company is classified as due from counterparties, and cash margin posted by counterparties that are restricted in use, if any, is classified as restricted cash. As of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Company did not have any restricted cash. The Agency RMBS collateral posted by the Company is included in total mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. Cash collateral that is not restricted for use by the Company is included in cash and cash equivalents and the liability to return the collateral is included in collateral held payable on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Non-cash collateral posted by counterparties to the Company would be recognized if any counterparty defaults or if the Company sold the pledged collateral. As of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Company did not recognize any non-cash collateral held as collateral.

 
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Interest Rate Swaptions
The Company has purchased interest rate swaptions to help mitigate the potential impact of increases or decreases in interest rates on the performance of a portion of the Company’s investment portfolio (referred to as “convexity risk”). The interest rate swaptions provide the Company the option to enter into interest rate swap agreements for a predetermined notional amount, stated term and pay and receive interest rates in the future. The premium paid for interest rate swaptions is reported as a derivative asset in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. The premium is valued at an amount equal to the fair value of the swaption that would have the effect of closing the position adjusted for nonperformance risk, if any. The difference between the premium and the fair value of the swaption is reported in gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations. If an interest rate swaption expires unexercised, the loss on the interest rate swaption would be equal to the premium paid. If the Company sells or exercises an interest rate swaption, the realized gain or loss on the interest rate swaption would be equal to the difference between the cash or the fair value of the underlying interest rate swap received and the premium paid. As of March 31, 2016, we have no outstanding interest rate swaptions.
The Company had $1.5 million and $4.7 million of realized loss for interest rate swaptions that expired unexercised during the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company had $1.5 million and $3.7 million of unrealized gain, respectively, which represents the change in fair value of the Company's interest rate swaptions that are recognized directly in earnings.
TBAs, Futures and Currency Forward Contracts
The Company purchases or sells certain TBAs and U.S. Treasury futures contracts to help mitigate the potential impact of changes in interest rates on the performance of the Company's portfolio. Realized and unrealized gains and losses associated with the purchase or sales of the TBAs and U.S. Treasury futures contracts are recognized in gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net in the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations.
The Company uses currency forward contracts to help mitigate the potential impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on the Company's investments denominated in foreign currencies. Realized and unrealized gains and losses associated with the purchases or sales of currency forward contracts are recognized in gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net in the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Tabular Disclosure of the Effect of Derivative Instruments on the Balance Sheet
The table below presents the fair value of the Company’s derivative financial instruments, as well as their classification on the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015.
$ in thousands
Derivative Assets
 
Derivative Liabilities
 
 
As of March 31, 2016
 
As of December 31, 2015
 
 
 
As of March 31, 2016
 
As of December 31, 2015
Balance
Sheet
 
Fair Value
 
Fair Value
 
Balance
Sheet
 
Fair Value
 
Fair Value
Interest Rate Swap Asset
 
—

 
6,795

 
Interest Rate Swap Liability
 
397,922

 
238,045

Currency Forward Contracts
 
702

 
1,864

 
Currency Forward Contracts
 
221

 
103

Embedded derivatives associated with GSE CRTs are recorded within mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities, at fair value, on the consolidated balance sheets. The fair value of the embedded derivatives associated with the GSE CRTs is a net liability of $22.7 million as of March 31, 2016 (December 31, 2015: $25.7 million).

 
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Tabular Disclosure of the Effect of Derivative Instruments on the Income Statement
The tables below present the effect of the Company’s derivative financial instruments on the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015.
$ in thousands
 
 
 
 
Derivative
not designated as
hedging instrument
 
Location of unrealized gain (loss)
recognized in income
on derivative
 
Three months ended March 31, 2016
 
Three months ended 
 March 31, 2015
CDS Contract
 
Realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net
 
—

 
(62
)
GSE CRT Embedded Derivatives
 
Realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net
 
2,096

 
16,038

Total
 
 
 
2,096

 
15,976

The following table summarizes the effect of interest rate swaps, swaption contracts, TBAs, futures contracts and currency forward contracts reported in gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net on the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015:
$ in thousands
Three months ended March 31, 2016
Derivative
not designated as
hedging instrument
Realized gain (loss) on settlement, termination, expiration or exercise, net
 
 Contractual interest expense
 
Unrealized gain (loss), net
 
Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net
Interest Rate Swaps
(43,895
)
 
(29,091
)
 
(166,671
)
 
(239,657
)
Interest Rate Swaptions
(1,485
)
 
—

 
1,485

 
—

Currency Forward Contracts
2,395

 
—

 
(1,281
)
 
1,114

Total
(42,985
)
 
(29,091
)
 
(166,467
)
 
(238,543
)
$ in thousands
Three months ended March 31, 2015
Derivative
not designated as
hedging instrument
Realized gain (loss) on settlement, termination, expiration or exercise, net
 
 Contractual interest expense
 
Unrealized gain (loss), net
 
Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net
Interest Rate Swaps
(19,055
)
 
(45,608
)
 
(55,957
)
 
(120,620
)
Interest Rate Swaptions
(4,688
)
 
—

 
3,679

 
(1,009
)
TBAs
(2,292
)
 
—

 
558

 
(1,734
)
Futures Contracts
(943
)
 
—

 
(90
)
 
(1,033
)
Currency Forward Contracts
875

 
—

 
776

 
1,651

Total
(26,103
)
 
(45,608
)
 
(51,034
)
 
(122,745
)
Credit-risk-related Contingent Features
The Company has agreements with each of its bilateral derivative counterparties. Some of those agreements contain a provision whereby if the Company defaults on any of its indebtedness, including default whereby repayment of the indebtedness has not been accelerated by the lender, the Company could be declared in default on its derivative obligations.
At March 31, 2016, the fair value of derivatives in a net liability position, which includes accrued interest but excludes any adjustment for non-performance risk related to these agreements, was $171.8 million. The Company has minimum collateral posting thresholds with certain of its derivative counterparties and has posted collateral of $174.4 million of Agency RMBS and $233.2 million of cash as of March 31, 2016. If the Company had breached any of these provisions at March 31, 2016, it could have been required to settle its obligations under the agreements at their termination value.
In addition, as of March 31, 2016, the Company has an agreement with a central clearing counterparty. The fair value of such derivatives in a net liability position, which includes accrued interest but excludes any adjustment for non-performance risk related to this agreement, was $236.7 million.

 
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The Company was in compliance with all of the financial provisions of these counterparty agreements as of March 31, 2016.
Note 9 – Offsetting Assets and Liabilities
Certain of the Company's repurchase agreements and derivative transactions are governed by underlying agreements that generally provide for a right of setoff under master netting arrangements (or similar agreements) in the event of default or in the event of bankruptcy of either party to the transactions. Assets and liabilities subject to such arrangements are presented on a gross basis in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
The following tables present information about the assets and liabilities that are subject to master netting agreements (or similar agreements) and can potentially be offset on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015.
Offsetting of Derivative Assets
As of March 31, 2016
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
 
 
$ in thousands
Description
Gross
Amounts of
Recognized
Assets
 
Gross
Amounts
Offset in the Condensed Consolidated
Balance
Sheets
 
Net Amounts
of Assets
presented in
the Condensed
Consolidated
Balance Sheets
 
Financial
Instruments (1)
 
Collateral
Received (4)
 
Net Amount
Derivatives
702

 
—

 
702

 
(702
)
 
—

 
—

Total
702

 
—

 
702

 
(702
)
 
—

 
—

Offsetting of Derivative Liabilities, Repurchase Agreements and Secured Loans
As of March 31, 2016
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
 
 
$ in thousands
Description
Gross
Amounts of
Recognized
Liabilities
 
Gross
Amounts
Offset in the Condensed Consolidated
Balance
Sheets
 
Net Amounts
of Liabilities
presented in
the Condensed
Consolidated
Balance Sheets
 
Financial
Instruments (2)(3)(5)
 

Collateral
Posted (2)(4)(5)
 
Net Amount
Derivatives
398,143

 
—

 
398,143

 
(165,727
)
 
(228,178
)
 
4,238

Repurchase Agreements
11,187,159

 
—

 
11,187,159

 
(11,187,159
)
 
—

 
—

Secured Loans
1,650,000

 
—

 
1,650,000

 
(1,650,000
)
 
—

 
—

Total
13,235,302

 
—

 
13,235,302

 
(13,002,886
)
 
(228,178
)
 
4,238

Offsetting of Derivative Assets
As of December 31, 2015
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets
 
 
$ in thousands
Description
Gross
Amounts of
Recognized
Assets
 
Gross
Amounts
Offset in the Condensed Consolidated
Balance
Sheets
 
Net Amounts
of Assets
presented in
the Condensed
Consolidated
Balance Sheets
 
Financial
Instruments (1)
 
Collateral
Received (4)
 
Net Amount
Derivatives
8,659

 
—

 
8,659

 
(4,142
)
 
(4,517
)
 
—

Total
8,659

 
—

 
8,659

 
(4,142
)
 
(4,517
)
 
—


 
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Table of Contents


Offsetting of Derivative Liabilities and Repurchase Agreements
As of December 31, 2015
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets
 
 
$ in thousands
Description
Gross
Amounts of
Recognized
Liabilities
 
Gross
Amounts
Offset in the Condensed Consolidated
Balance
Sheets
 
Net Amounts
of Liabilities
presented in
the Condensed
Consolidated
Balance Sheets
 
Financial
Instruments (2)(3)
 

Collateral
Posted (2)(4)
 
Net Amount
Derivatives
238,148

 
—

 
238,148

 
(117,240
)
 
(109,299
)
 
11,609

Repurchase Agreements
12,126,048

 
—

 
12,126,048

 
(12,126,048
)
 
—

 
—

Secured Loans
1,650,000

 
—

 
1,650,000

 
(1,650,000
)
 
—

 
—

Total
14,014,196

 
—

 
14,014,196

 
(13,893,288
)
 
(109,299
)
 
11,609


(1)
Amounts represent derivatives in an asset position which could potentially be offset against derivatives in a liability position at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, subject to a netting arrangement.
(2)
Amounts represent collateral pledged that is available to be offset against liability balances associated with repurchase agreements, secured loans and derivatives.
(3)
The fair value of securities pledged against the Company's borrowing under repurchase agreements was $12.5 billion and $13.5 billion at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.
(4)
No cash collateral was posted by the Company's derivative counterparties at March 31, 2016 (December 31, 2015: $4.9 million). Cash collateral posted by the Company on its derivatives was $233.2 million and $109.3 million at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.
(5)
The fair value of securities pledged against IAS Services LLC's borrowing under secured loans was $2.0 billion and $1.9 billion at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. No cash collateral was posted by the Company at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015.
Note 10 – Fair Value of Financial Instruments
A three-level valuation hierarchy exists for disclosure of fair value measurements based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date. Observable inputs reflect readily obtainable data from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s market assumptions. The three levels are defined as follows:
•
Level 1 Inputs – Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.
•
Level 2 Inputs – Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations whose inputs are observable or whose significant value drivers are observable.
•
Level 3 Inputs – Instruments with primarily unobservable value drivers.

 
23
 

Table of Contents


The following tables present the Company's assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis.
 
March 31, 2016
 
 
 
Fair Value Measurements Using:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total at
$ in thousands
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Fair Value
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities(1) (2)
—

 
15,156,772

 
(22,706
)
 
15,134,066

Derivative assets
—

 
702

 
—

 
702

Total assets
—

 
15,157,474

 
(22,706
)
 
15,134,768

Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivative liabilities
—

 
398,143

 
—

 
398,143

Total liabilities
—

 
398,143

 
—

 
398,143

 
December 31, 2015
 
 
 
Fair Value Measurements Using:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total at
$ in thousands
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Fair Value
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities(1) (2)
—

 
16,091,657

 
(25,722
)
 
16,065,935

Derivative assets
—

 
8,659

 
—

 
8,659

Total assets
—

 
16,100,316

 
(25,722
)
 
16,074,594

Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivative liabilities
—

 
238,148

 
—

 
238,148

Total liabilities
—

 
238,148

 
—

 
238,148

(1)
For more detail about the fair value of the Company's MBS and GSE CRTs, refer to Note 4 - "Mortgage-Backed and Credit Risk Transfer Securities."
(2)
The Company's GSE CRTs are accounted for as hybrid financial instruments with an embedded derivative. The hybrid instruments consist of debt host contracts classified as Level 2 and embedded derivatives classified as Level 3. As of March 31, 2016, the net embedded derivative liability position of $22.7 million includes $2.0 million of embedded derivatives in an asset position and $24.7 million of embedded derivatives in a liability position. As of December 31, 2015, the net embedded derivative liability position of $25.7 million includes $1.0 million of embedded derivatives in an asset position and $26.7 million of embedded derivatives in a liability position.
The following table shows a reconciliation of the beginning and ending fair value measurements of the Company's GSE CRT embedded derivatives, which the Company has valued utilizing Level 3 inputs:
$ in thousands
March 31, 2016
 
December 31, 2015
Beginning balance
(25,722
)
 
(21,495
)
Sales and settlements
920

 
2,184

Total net gains / (losses) included in net income:
 
 
 
Realized gains/(losses), net
(920
)
 
(2,184
)
Unrealized gains/(losses), net
3,016

 
(4,227
)
Ending balance
(22,706
)
 
(25,722
)


 
24
 

Table of Contents


The following table summarizes significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company's GSE CRT embedded derivative:
 
Fair Value at
 
Valuation
 
Unobservable
 
 
 
Weighted
$ in thousands
March 31, 2016
 
Technique
 
Input
 
Range
 
Average
GSE CRT Embedded Derivatives
(22,706
)
 
Market Comparables
 
Prepayment Rate
 
5.76% - 14.43%
 
7.85
%
 
 
 
Vendor Pricing
 
Default Rate
 
0.10% - 0.39%
 
0.16
%
 
Fair Value at
 
Valuation
 
Unobservable
 
 
 
Weighted
$ in thousands
December 31, 2015
 
Technique
 
Input
 
Range
 
Average
GSE CRT Embedded Derivatives
(25,722
)
 
Market Comparables
 
Prepayment Rate
 
5.72% - 14.37%
 
7.83
%
 
 
 
Vendor Pricing
 
Default Rate
 
0.10% - 0.35%
 
0.16
%

These significant unobservable inputs change according to market conditions and security performance. Prepayment rate and default rate are used to estimate the maturity of GSE CRTs in order to identify GSE corporate debt with a similar maturity. Therefore, changes in prepayment rate and default rate do not have an explicit directional impact on the fair value measurement.
The following table presents the carrying value and estimated fair value of the Company's financial instruments that are not carried at fair value on the condensed consolidated balance sheets at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015:
 
March 31, 2016
 
December 31, 2015
$ in thousands
Carrying
Value
 
Estimated
Fair Value
 
Carrying
Value
 
Estimated
Fair Value
Financial Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial loans, held-for-investment
277,701

 
278,413

 
209,062

 
209,790

Other assets
115,878

 
115,878

 
115,072

 
115,072

Total
393,579

 
394,291

 
324,134

 
324,862

Financial Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Repurchase agreements
11,187,159

 
11,187,194

 
12,126,048

 
12,133,252

Secured loans
1,650,000

 
1,650,000

 
1,650,000

 
1,650,000

Exchangeable senior notes
395,187

 
378,000

 
394,573

 
376,500

Total
13,232,346

 
13,215,194

 
14,170,621

 
14,159,752

The following describes the Company’s methods for estimating the fair value for financial instruments.
•
The fair value of commercial loans held-for-investment is a Level 3 fair value measurement. New commercial loans are carried at their unpaid principal balance until the end of the calendar year in which they were originated or purchased unless market factors indicate cost may not be a reliable indicator of fair value. Subsequent to the year of origination or purchase, commercial loan investments are valued on at least an annual basis by an independent third party valuation agent using a discounted cash flow technique.
•
The fair value of FHLBI stock, included in "Other assets," is a Level 3 fair value measurement. FHLBI stock may only be sold back to the FHLBI at its discretion at cost. As a result, the cost of the FHLBI stock approximates its fair value. At March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the fair value of FHLBI stock is $75.4 million and $75.4 million, respectively.
•
The fair value of investments in unconsolidated ventures, included in "Other assets," is a Level 3 fair value measurement. The fair value measurement is based on the net asset value per share of the Company's investments. At March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the fair value of investments in unconsolidated ventures is $39.5 million and $38.4 million, respectively.
•
The fair value of repurchase agreements is a Level 3 fair value measurement based on an expected present value technique. This method discounts future estimated cash flows using rates the Company determined best reflect current market interest rates that would be offered for repurchase agreements with similar characteristics and credit quality.

 
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•
The fair value of secured loans is a Level 3 fair value measurement. The secured loans have floating rates based on an index plus a spread. Accordingly, the interest rates on these secured loans are at market, and thus the carrying amount approximates fair value.
•
The fair value of the exchangeable senior notes issued is a Level 2 fair value measurement based on valuation obtained from a third-party pricing service.
Note 11 – Related Party Transactions
The Company has invested $50.7 million and $47.4 million as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively, in money market or mutual funds managed by affiliates of the Company’s Manager. The investments are reported as cash and cash equivalents on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Management Fee
The Company pays its Manager a management fee equal to 1.50% of the Company’s stockholders’ equity per annum. The fee is calculated and payable quarterly in arrears. For purposes of calculating the management fee, stockholders’ equity is equal to the sum of the net proceeds from all issuances of equity securities since inception (allocated on a pro rata daily basis for such issuances during the fiscal quarter of any such issuance), plus retained earnings at the end of the most recently completed calendar quarter (without taking into account any non-cash equity compensation expense incurred in current or prior periods), less any amount paid to repurchase common stock since inception. Stockholder's equity shall exclude (i) any unrealized gains, losses or other items that do not affect realized net income (regardless of whether such items are included in other comprehensive income or loss, or in net income); (ii) cumulative net realized losses that are not attributable to permanently impaired investments and that relate to the investments for which market movement is accounted for in other comprehensive income; provided, however, that such adjustment shall not exceed cumulative unrealized net gains in other comprehensive income; (iii) one-time events pursuant to changes in U.S. GAAP; and (iv) certain non-cash items after discussions between the Manager and the Company’s independent directors and approval by a majority of the Company’s independent directors.
The Company does not pay any management fees on its investments in unconsolidated ventures that are managed by an affiliate of the Manager.
For the three months ended March 31, 2016, the Company incurred management fees of $9.5 million (March 31, 2015: $9.4 million) of which $9.5 million (March 31, 2015: $9.3 million) was accrued but had not been paid.
Expense Reimbursement
The Company is required to reimburse its Manager for Company operating expenses incurred on its behalf by the Manager, including directors and officers insurance, accounting services, auditing and tax services, filing fees, and miscellaneous general and administrative costs. The Company’s reimbursement obligation is not subject to any dollar limitation.
The following table summarizes the costs originally paid by the Manager, incurred on behalf of the Company for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015.
 
Three Months Ended 
 March 31,
$ in thousands
2016
 
2015
Incurred costs, prepaid or expensed
1,782

 
642

Total incurred costs, originally paid by the Manager
1,782

 
642

The Company also pays the Manager a portion of the origination and commitment fees received from borrowers in connection with purchasing and originating commercial real estate loans. For the three months ended March 31, 2016, the Company incurred $503,000 (March 31, 2015: $0) of costs related to such transactions. As of March 31, 2016, $132,000 (March 31, 2015: $0) had not been paid to the Manager.
Termination Fee
A termination fee is due to the Manager upon termination of the management agreement by the Company. The termination fee is equal to three times the sum of the average annual management fee earned by the Manager during the 24-month period before termination, calculated as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal quarter.

 
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Note 12 – Stockholders’ Equity
Securities Convertible into Shares of Common Stock
The non-controlling interest holder of the Operating Partnership units, a wholly-owned Invesco subsidiary, has the right to cause the Operating Partnership to redeem their operating partnership ("OP Units") for cash equal to the market value of an equivalent number of shares of common stock, or at the Company’s option, the Company may purchase their OP Units by issuing one share of common stock for each OP Unit redeemed. The Company has also adopted an equity incentive plan which allows the Company to grant securities convertible into the Company’s common stock to its non-executive directors and employees of the Company's Manager and its affiliates.
Common Stock
During the three months ended March 31, 2016, the Company issued 3,201 shares of common stock at an average price of $11.08 under its dividend reinvestment and stock purchase plan (the "DRSPP"). The Company received total proceeds of approximately $35,000.
Preferred Stock
Holders of the Company’s Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to receive dividends at an annual rate of 7.75% of the liquidation preference of $25.00 per share or $1.9375 per share per annum. The dividends are cumulative and payable quarterly in arrears.
Holders of the Company’s Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to receive dividends at an annual rate of 7.75% of the liquidation preference of $25.00 per share or $1.9375 per share per annum until December 27, 2024. After December 27, 2024, holders are entitled to receive dividends at a floating rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus a spread of 5.18% of the $25.00 liquidation preference per annum. Dividends are cumulative and payable quarterly in arrears.
The Company may elect to redeem shares of preferred stock at its option after July 26, 2017 (with respect to the Series A Preferred Stock) and after December 27, 2024 (with respect to the Series B Preferred Stock) for $25.00 per share, plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends through the date of the redemption. These shares are not redeemable, convertible into or exchangeable for any other property or any other securities of the Company prior to those times, except under circumstances intended to preserve the Company's qualification as a REIT or upon the occurrence of a change in control.
Share Repurchase Program
In February 2016, the Company's board of directors authorized an additional share repurchase of up to 15,000,000 of its common shares with no expiration date. During the three months ended March 31, 2016, the Company repurchased and concurrently retired 2,063,451 shares of its common stock at an average repurchase price of $12.12 per share for a net cost of $25.0 million, including acquisition expenses. As of March 31, 2016, the Company had authority to purchase 18,239,082 additional shares of its common stock under its share repurchase program. The share repurchase program has no stated expiration date.
Share-Based Compensation
The Company has currently reserved 1,000,000 shares of common stock for issuance to its non-executive directors and officers and employees of the Manger and its affiliates under the terms of its 2009 Equity Incentive Plan (the "Incentive Plan"). Unless terminated earlier, the Incentive Plan will terminate in 2019, but will continue to govern the unexpired awards.
The Company recognized compensation expense of approximately $85,000 and $85,000 related to the Company's non-executive directors for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. During the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company issued 7,748 shares and 5,332 shares of stock, respectively, pursuant to the Incentive Plan to the Company’s non-executive directors. The fair market value of the shares granted was determined by the closing stock market price on the date of the grant. The grants vested immediately.
The Company recognized compensation expense of approximately $32,000 and $70,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, related to awards to employees of the Manager and its affiliates which is reimbursed by the Manager under the management agreement. At March 31, 2016 there was approximately $541,000 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to certain share-based compensation awards that is expected to be recognized over a period of up to 47 months, with a weighted-average remaining vesting period of 23.5 months.

 
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The following table summarizes the activity related to restricted stock units to employees of the Manager and its affiliates for the three months ended March 31, 2016.
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
2016
 
Restricted Stock Units
 
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value (1)
Unvested at the beginning of the period
40,814

 
$
17.29

Shares granted during the period
21,099

 
11.28

Shares forfeited during the period
—

 
—

Shares vested during the period
(15,913
)
 
(17.66
)
Unvested at the end of the period
46,000

 
$
14.40

(1)
The grant date fair value of restricted stock awards is based on the closing market price of the Company’s common stock at the grant date.
Dividends
On March 15, 2016, the Company declared the following dividends:
•
a dividend of $0.40 per share of common stock to be paid on April 26, 2016 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on March 28, 2016;
•
a dividend of $0.4844 per share of Series A Preferred Stock to be paid on April 25, 2016 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on April 1, 2016; and
•
a dividend of $0.4844 per share of Series B Preferred Stock to be paid on June 27, 2016 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on June 5, 2016.
Note 13 – Earnings per Common Share
Earnings per share for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 is computed as follows: 
 
Three Months Ended 
 March 31,
$ and share amounts in thousands
2016
 
2015
Numerator (Income)
 
 
 
Basic Earnings
 
 
 
Net loss available to common stockholders
(157,305
)
 
(17,440
)
Effect of dilutive securities:
 
 
 
Loss allocated to non-controlling interest
(1,897
)
 
(136
)
Dilutive net income (loss) available to stockholders
(159,202
)
 
(17,576
)
Denominator (Weighted Average Shares)
 
 
 
Basic Earnings:
 
 
 
Shares available to common stockholders
113,142

 
123,118

Effect of dilutive securities:
 
 

OP units
1,425

 
1,425

Dilutive Shares
114,567

 
124,543

The following potential common shares were excluded from diluted earnings per common share for the three months ended March 31, 2016 as the effect would be anti-dilutive: 16,835,720 for the exchangeable senior notes and 42,344 for restricted stock awards. The following potential common shares were excluded from diluted earnings per common share for the three months ended March 31, 2015 as the effect would be anti-dilutive: 16,835,720 for the exchangeable senior notes and 46,003 for restricted stock awards.

 
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Note 14 – Non-controlling Interest - Operating Partnership
Non-controlling interest represents the aggregate Operating Partnership Units in the Company's Operating Partnership held by a wholly-owned Invesco subsidiary. Income allocated to the non-controlling interest is based on the Unit Holders’ ownership percentage of the Operating Partnership. The ownership percentage is determined by dividing the number of OP Units held by the Unit Holders by the total number of dilutive shares of common stock. The issuance of common stock (“Share” or “Shares”) or OP Units changes the percentage ownership of both the Unit Holders and the holders of common stock. Since an OP unit is generally redeemable for cash or Shares at the option of the Company, it is deemed to be a Share equivalent. Therefore, such transactions are treated as capital transactions and result in an allocation between stockholders’ equity and non-controlling interest in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. As of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, non-controlling interest related to the outstanding 1,425,000 OP Units represented a 1.3% interest and 1.2% interest in the Operating Partnership, respectively.
The following table presents the net income (loss) allocated and distributions paid to the Operating Partnership non-controlling interest for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015.
 
Three Months Ended 
 March 31,
$ in thousands
2016
 
2015
Net loss allocated
(1,897
)
 
(136
)
Distributions paid
570

 
641

As of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, distributions payable to the non-controlling interest were approximately $570,000 and $570,000, respectively.
Note 15 – Commitments and Contingencies
Commitments and Contingencies
Commitments and contingencies may arise in the ordinary course of business. The Company's material off balance sheet commitments as of March 31, 2016 are discussed below.
As discussed in Note 6 - "Other Assets", the Company has invested in unconsolidated ventures that are sponsored by an affiliate of the Company’s Manager. The unconsolidated ventures are structured as partnerships, and the Company invests in the partnerships as a limited partner. The entities are structured such that capital commitments are to be drawn down over the life of the partnership as investment opportunities are identified. As of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Company’s undrawn capital and purchase commitments were $20.7 million and $21.1 million, respectively.
As discussed in Note 5 - “Commercial Loans Held-for-Investment”, the Company purchases and originates commercial loans. As of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Company has unfunded commitments on commercial loans held-for-investment of $27.1 million and $2.1 million, respectively.
The Company has entered into agreements with financial institutions to guarantee certain obligations of its subsidiaries.  The Company would be required to perform under these guarantees in the event of certain defaults. The Company has not had prior claims or losses pursuant to these contracts and expects the risk of loss to be remote.
Note 16 – Subsequent Events
The Company has reviewed subsequent events occurring through the date that these condensed consolidated financial statements were issued, and determined that no subsequent events occurred that would require accrual or additional disclosure.


 
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ITEM 2.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.
In this quarterly report on Form 10-Q, or this “Report,” we refer to Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries as “we,” “us,” “our Company,” or “our,” unless we specifically state otherwise or the context indicates otherwise. We refer to our external manager, Invesco Advisers, Inc., as our “Manager,” and we refer to the indirect parent company of our Manager, Invesco Ltd. together with its consolidated subsidiaries (which does not include us), as “Invesco.”
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements, which are included in Item 1 of this Report, as well as the information contained in our most recent Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).

Forward-Looking Statements
We make forward-looking statements in this Report on Form 10-Q ("Report") and other filings we make with the SEC within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and such statements are intended to be covered by the safe harbor provided by the same. Forward-looking statements are subject to substantial risks and uncertainties, many of which are difficult to predict and are generally beyond our control. These forward-looking statements include information about possible or assumed future results of our business, investment strategies, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations, plans and objectives. When we use the words “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “plan,” “continue,” “intend,” “should,” “may” or similar expressions and future or conditional verbs such as “will,” “may,” “could,” “should,” and “would,” and any other statement that necessarily depends on future events, we intend to identify forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ from those expressed in our forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:
•
our business and investment strategy;
•
our investment portfolio;
•
our projected operating results;
•
general volatility of financial markets and effects of governmental responses, including actions and initiatives of the U.S. governmental agencies and changes to U.S. government policies, including the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”), mortgage loan modification programs, actions and initiatives of foreign governmental agencies and central banks, monetary policy actions of the Federal Reserve, including actions relating to its agency mortgage-backed securities portfolio and the continuation of re-investment of principal payments, and our ability to respond to and comply with such actions, initiatives and changes;
•
the availability of financing sources, including our ability to obtain additional financing arrangements and the terms of such arrangements;
•
financing and advance rates for our target assets;
•
changes to our expected leverage;
•
our expected investments;
•
our expected book value per share of common stock;
•
interest rate mismatches between our target assets and our borrowings used to fund such investments;
•
the adequacy of our cash flow from operations and borrowings to meet our short-term liquidity needs;
•
our ability to maintain sufficient liquidity to meet any margin calls;
•
changes in the credit rating of the U.S. government;
•
changes in interest rates and interest rate spreads and the market value of our target assets;
•
changes in prepayment rates on our target assets;
•
the impact of any deficiencies in foreclosure practices of third parties and related uncertainty in the timing of collateral disposition;
•
our reliance on third parties in connection with services related to our target assets;
•
effects of hedging instruments on our target assets;

 
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•
rates of default or decreased recovery rates on our target assets;
•
modifications to whole loans or loans underlying securities;
•
the degree to which our hedging strategies may or may not protect us from interest rate volatility;
•
the degree to which derivative contracts expose us to contingent liabilities;
•
counterparty defaults;
•
compliance with financial covenants in our financing arrangements;
•
changes in governmental regulations, tax law and rates, and similar matters and our ability to respond to such changes;
•
our ability to maintain our qualification as a real estate investment trust for U.S. federal income tax purposes;
•
our ability to maintain our exception from the definition of “investment company” under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”);
•
availability of investment opportunities in mortgage-related, real estate-related and other securities;
•
availability of U.S. Government Agency guarantees with regard to payments of principal and interest on securities;
•
the market price and trading volume of our capital stock;
•
availability of qualified personnel of our Manager;
•
the relationship with our Manager;
•
estimates relating to taxable income and our ability to continue to make distributions to our stockholders in the future;
•
estimates relating to fair value of our target assets and loan loss reserves;
•
our understanding of our competition;
•
changes to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”);
•
the adequacy of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting; and
•
market trends in our industry, interest rates, real estate values, the debt securities markets or the general economy.
The forward-looking statements are based on our beliefs, assumptions and expectations of our future performance, taking into account all information currently available to us. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. These beliefs, assumptions and expectations can change as a result of many possible events or factors, not all of which are known to us. Some of these factors are described under the headings “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Business.” If a change occurs, our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations may vary materially from those expressed in our forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made. New risks and uncertainties arise over time, and it is not possible for us to predict those events or how they may affect us. Except as required by law, we are not obligated to, and do not intend to, update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements, which are included in this Report.
Overview
We are a Maryland corporation primarily focused on investing in, financing and managing residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities ("MBS") and mortgage loans. Our objective is to provide attractive risk-adjusted returns to our investors, primarily through dividends and secondarily through capital appreciation. To achieve this objective, we primarily invest in the following:
•
Residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”) that are guaranteed by a U.S. government agency such as the Government National Mortgage Association ("Ginnie Mae") or a federally chartered corporation such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”) or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”) (collectively "Agency RMBS");
•
RMBS that are not guaranteed by a U.S. government agency ("non-Agency RMBS");
•
Credit risk transfer securities that are unsecured obligations issued by government-sponsored enterprises ("GSE CRT");
•
Commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”); 

 
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•
Residential and commercial mortgage loans; and
•
Other real estate-related financing arrangements.
We are externally managed and advised by Invesco Advisers, Inc., our Manager, a registered investment adviser and an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of Invesco Ltd., a leading independent global investment management firm. We elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes under the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (“Code”), commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2009. To maintain our REIT qualification, we are generally required to distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income to our stockholders annually. We operate our business in a manner that permits our exclusion from the definition of “Investment Company” under the 1940 Act, as amended.
Capital Activities
On March 15, 2016, we declared the following dividends:
•
a dividend of $0.40 per share of common stock to be paid on April 26, 2016 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on March 28, 2016;
•
a dividend of $0.4844 per share of Series A Preferred Stock to be paid on April 25, 2016 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on April 1, 2016; and
•
a dividend of $0.4844 per share of Series B Preferred Stock to be paid on June 27, 2016 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on June 5, 2016.
During the three months ended March 31, 2016, we repurchased 2,063,451 shares of our common stock at an average repurchase price of $12.12 per share for a net cost of $25.0 million, including acquisition expenses.
Factors Impacting Our Operating Results
Our operating results can be affected by a number of factors and primarily depend on the level of our net interest income and the market value of our assets. Our net interest income, which includes the amortization of purchase premiums, reclassification of amortization of net deferred losses on de-designated interest rate swaps to repurchase agreements interest expense and accretion of purchase discounts, varies primarily as a result of changes in market interest rates and prepayment speeds, as measured by the constant prepayment rate (“CPR”) on our target assets. Interest rates and prepayment speeds vary according to the type of investment, conditions in the financial markets, competition and other factors, none of which can be predicted with any certainty. The market value of our assets can be impacted by asset spreads and the supply of, and demand for, target assets in which we invest.
Market Conditions
Macroeconomic factors that affect our business include credit spread premiums, market interest rates, governmental policy initiatives, residential and commercial real estate prices, credit availability, personal income, corporate earnings, employment conditions, financial conditions and inflation. Global equity markets fell as volatility increased early in the first quarter before bottoming in mid-February. Markets recovered for the remainder of the quarter with the S&P 500 generating a small positive return, but most global markets remained in negative territory. Financial conditions tightened early in the quarter in concert with falling energy prices as evidenced by increasing credit risk premiums and flattening yield curves. The Federal Reserve was widely anticipated to raise interest rates multiple times in 2016 but has since signaled a more cautious approach given uncertainty regarding global financial risks. Markets welcomed this message and since mid-February volatility has declined, credit premiums have decreased, and energy prices have risen. U.S. interest rates fell in the quarter as global central banks generally eased monetary policy with the European Central Bank ("ECB") and the Bank of Japan ("BOJ") increasing their bond buying programs, driving intermediate term interest rates more negative in several G10 countries.
The consensus of economists’ forecast for U.S. domestic economic activity was reduced during the first quarter of 2016. At the beginning of the year, economists expected real GDP growth of 2.5% for 2016, and their forecast has decreased to growth of 2.0%. The consensus for the core personal consumption expenditures deflator has increased modestly to 1.6% for 2016 growing to 1.8% for 2017, still shy of the 2% target communicated by the U.S. Federal Reserve. Economists have over-estimated core inflation in each of the past three years. Monthly increases in payroll employment averaged 208,000 jobs per month for the first quarter of 2016, down from an average of 271,000 additional jobs in the fourth quarter of 2015. The consensus of economists expects monthly payrolls to increase by 196,000 jobs per month in 2016. Looking forward, the low interest rate environment, coupled with low energy prices should be supportive of U.S. consumer spending. Countering that positive influence on the economy are weak capital investment and low wage and consumer debt growth relative to previous economic expansions. The index of U.S. dollar exchange rates relative to a basket of major world currencies was weaker in the

 
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first quarter reducing the negative impact of a strong dollar on U.S. growth. In summary, it appears likely that the U.S. will experience another year of moderate economic growth, accompanied by core inflation that is below the Federal Reserve’s policy objective of 2%
While U.S. interest rates approached the lowest levels seen over the past three years, the environment remains broadly supportive for Agency RMBS. We expect interest rates will likely remain range-bound, as the Fed remains cautious, and aggressive quantitative easing by the ECB and BOJ should result in increased attractiveness of U.S. yields, which is a welcome environment for MBS investors. Further, continued tight residential mortgage loan underwriting standards restrict the ability of many homeowners to refinance, which reduces prepayment risk and is beneficial for MBS investors. We believe global uncertainty and low or even negative interest rates abroad will support demand for Agency RMBS due to the relatively attractive yield and the implicit U.S. government guarantee. Further, the Federal Reserve is likely to continue re-investing prepayments on their MBS portfolio at least through 2016, as they have signaled the intent to continue until well into the rate normalization process. Fixed rate MBS broadly under-performed equal duration U.S. Treasury notes and interest rate swaps during the first quarter bond market rally despite benign prepayment rates, but Agency Hybrids out-performed. Non-agency CMBS, RMBS, and GSE CRT securities underperformed in the first quarter reflecting generally tighter financial conditions, and mirroring wider spreads in other fixed income sectors such as investment grade corporate bonds, high yield corporate bonds, and emerging market bonds. Valuations on the aforementioned non-agency securities widened significantly between the beginning of the quarter and mid-February despite mortgage credit fundamentals that remained sound. Following the February 10th testimony of Janet Yellen giving assurance of a cautious approach to rate normalization, valuations improved, and they finished the quarter with positive momentum. U.S. interest rate swaps, which we use to hedge the impact that rising interest rates would have on our earnings and book value, mostly out-performed U.S. Treasury notes. Repurchase agreement financing rates on one-month Agency MBS decreased modestly in the first quarter from end of year levels but were higher on average for the first quarter relative to fourth quarter of 2015 due in large part to the December rate increase by the Federal Reserve having been in place for the entire first quarter.
The impact of regulatory initiatives on the economy may also affect our business and our financial results. The Dodd-Frank Act, enacted in July 2010, contains numerous provisions affecting the financial and mortgage industries, many of which may affect our cost of doing business, may limit our investment opportunities and may affect the competitive balance within our industry and the markets in which we invest. For example, the Ability-to-Repay (“ATR”) rule requires lenders to make a reasonable, good-faith determination that residential borrowers have a reasonable ability to repay a mortgage loan. In addition to the ATR rule, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau adopted a Qualified Mortgage (“QM”) framework that provides certain legal protections to residential mortgage loan lenders, which includes restrictions on loan features, points and fees and borrower debt-to-income ratios. While we are not directly subject to compliance with the implementation of rules regarding the origination of residential mortgage loans, the impact of these regulations and others could affect our ability to securitize or invest in newly originated loans in the future.
In addition, the regulatory landscape for our repurchase agreement counterparties continues to evolve following the adoption of new capital rules which generally affects the manner in which banks lend. Regulators are also focused on liquidity requirements which will likely impact how banks fund themselves. While we are not directly subject to compliance with the implementation of rules regarding financial institutions, the effect of these regulations and others could affect our ability to finance our assets in the future.
The Federal Housing Finance Agency’s ("FHFA") final rule governing Federal Home Loan Bank membership (the “FHFA Rule”) was effective on February 19, 2016. The FHFA Rule, among other provisions, excludes captive insurance companies from membership eligibility. The FHFA Rule permits existing captive insurance companies, such as our captive insurance company subsidiary, IAS Services LLC (“IAS Services"), to remain members for a period of five years following the effective date of the FHFA Rule. New advances or renewals that mature beyond the five year period are prohibited. As permitted by the FHFA Rule, the Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis ("FHLBI") has indicated it will honor the contractual maturity dates of existing advances to IAS Services that were made prior to the effective date of the final FHFA Rule and extend beyond the five year period. Notwithstanding the FHFA Rule, we do not expect there to be any impact to our existing FHLBI borrowings, and we do not expect that the FHFA Rule will have a material effect on our sources or costs of funding or our results of operations.
Investment Activities
In the first quarter of 2016, our investment portfolio remained positioned to take advantage of opportunities in both mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities and newly originated loans against a backdrop of improving real estate markets. We have over the last year and over the last quarter maintained a relatively balanced allocation of our equity among commercial credit, Agency RMBS and residential credit.

 
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The table below shows the allocation of our equity as of March 31, 2016, December 31, 2015 and March 31, 2015:
 
As of
$ in thousands
March 31, 2016
 
December 31, 2015
 
March 31, 2015
Commercial Credit (1)
36.0
%
 
33.0
%
 
34.0
%
Agency RMBS
34.0
%
 
37.0
%
 
34.0
%
Residential Credit (2)
30.0
%
 
30.0
%
 
32.0
%
Total
100.0
%
 
100.0
%
 
100.0
%
(1)
CMBS, Commercial Loans and Investments in unconsolidated ventures of $39.5 million (which are included in Other Assets), are considered commercial credit.
(2)
Non-Agency RMBS, GSE CRT and Residential Loans are considered residential credit.
The table below shows the breakdown of our investment portfolio as of March 31, 2016, December 31, 2015 and March 31, 2015:
 
As of
$ in thousands
March 31, 2016
 
December 31, 2015
 
March 31, 2015
Agency RMBS:
 
 
 
 
 
30 year fixed-rate, at fair value
3,966,251

 
4,063,957

 
4,623,456

15 year fixed-rate, at fair value
1,565,165

 
1,610,930

 
1,840,250

Hybrid ARM, at fair value
3,040,726

 
3,309,525

 
2,903,964

ARM, at fair value
413,649

 
426,025

 
463,342

Agency CMO, at fair value
410,569

 
388,819

 
443,249

Non-Agency RMBS, at fair value
2,384,965

 
2,692,487

 
2,947,675

GSE CRT, at fair value
650,791

 
658,228

 
661,767

CMBS, at fair value
2,701,950

 
2,915,964

 
3,456,892

Residential loans, at amortized cost
—

 
—

 
3,597,147

Commercial loans, at amortized cost
277,701

 
209,062

 
146,211

Total Investment portfolio
15,411,767

 
16,274,997

 
21,083,953

During the first quarter of 2016, we reinvested a portion of cash flows from sales and principal repayments into four new commercial loans, repurchased our common shares, and reduced our repurchase agreements balance. We have continued to hold certain 30 year fixed-rate Agency RMBS that have relatively short durations because they are collateralized by higher coupons.  We expect these securities to prepay more favorably than their applicable cohorts based on their seasoning and collateral attributes. The average coupon of our 30 year fixed-rate Agency RMBS declined to 4.23% at March 31, 2016, compared to 4.29% at March 31, 2015. Additionally, we hold 15 year fixed-rate Agency RMBS, Hybrid ARM Agency RMBS and ARM Agency RMBS that we believe have lower durations and better cash flow certainty relative to current coupon 30 year fixed-rate Agency RMBS. Further, we own Agency collateralized mortgage obligations ("CMOs"), some of which are interest-only securities, to hedge the risk of higher interest rates.
Our portfolio of investments that have credit exposure include non-Agency RMBS, GSE CRTs, CMBS and commercial real estate loans. We use our proprietary models to perform a detailed review of each investment which often includes loan level analysis of expected performance. We do not place any reliance on ratings by various agencies as we believe our models more accurately evaluate the performance based on our assumptions about market conditions.
With respect to our non-Agency RMBS portfolio, we primarily invest in RMBS collateralized by prime and Alt-A loans. In addition, we have invested in re-securitizations of real estate mortgage investment conduit ("Re-REMIC") RMBS and reperforming mortgage loans that we believe provide attractive risk adjusted returns. We also invest in GSE CRTs, which have the added benefit of paying a floating rate coupon and reduce our need to hedge interest rate risk. Based on our view of the improving housing market and relative value opportunities, we increased holdings in GSE CRTs modestly over the past twelve months as paydowns from principal repayments and limited dispositions have reduced our non-Agency RMBS holdings.

 
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Our CMBS portfolio generally consists of assets originated before 2007 and assets originated after 2010 (“CMBS 2.0”). Over the past twelve months we have primarily invested in CMBS 2.0. The allocation of our CMBS holdings in our MBS and GSE CRT portfolio is approximately 17.9% as of March 31, 2016.
During the first quarter of 2016, we originated two new commercial real estate loans totaling $53.0 million and purchased two commercial loans totaling $17.0 million. In addition, we committed to a $25.0 million mezzanine loan that partially funded in April 2016. As of March 31, 2016, our commercial real estate loan portfolio includes ten mezzanine loans that we purchased or originated. For further details on our commercial loan portfolio, see Note 5 - "Commercial Loans Held-for-Investment" of our condensed consolidated financial statements.
Portfolio Characteristics
The table below represents the vintage of our MBS and GSE CRT credit assets as of March 31, 2016 as a percentage of the fair value: 
 
2003
 
2004
 
2005
 
2006
 
2007
 
2008
 
2009
 
2010
 
2011
 
2012
 
2013
 
2014
 
2015
 
2016
 
Total
Prime
0.4
%
 
1.5
%
 
4.2
%
 
3.7
%
 
7.7
%
 
2.1
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
11.6
%
 
10.4
%
 
1.2
%
 
0.2
%
 
43.0
%
Re-REMIC (1)
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
0.4
%
 
—
%
 
0.7
%
 
4.4
%
 
11.1
%
 
3.6
%
 
0.6
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
20.8
%
Alt-A
—
%
 
0.6
%
 
7.4
%
 
6.1
%
 
7.4
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
21.5
%
Subprime/reperforming
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
0.3
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
2.1
%
 
10.7
%
 
1.6
%
 
—
%
 
14.7
%
Total Non-Agency
0.4
%
 
2.1
%
 
11.6
%
 
9.8
%
 
15.8
%
 
2.1
%
 
0.7
%
 
4.4
%
 
11.1
%
 
3.6
%
 
14.3
%
 
21.1
%
 
2.8
%
 
0.2
%
 
100.0
%
GSE CRT
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
37.9
%
 
51.1
%
 
11.0
%
 
—
%
 
100.0
%
CMBS
—
%
 
—
%
 
0.2
%
 
5.1
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
6.1
%
 
23.0
%
 
14.1
%
 
14.4
%
 
31.9
%
 
5.2
%
 
—
%
 
100.0
%
(1)
For Re-REMICs, the table reflects the year in which the resecuritizations were issued. The vintage distribution of the securities that collateralize the Company’s Re-REMIC investments is 8.1% for 2005, 28.7% for 2006, and 63.2% for 2007.

The tables below represent the geographic concentration of the underlying collateral for our MBS and GSE CRT credit assets as of March 31, 2016: 
Non-Agency RMBS
State
 
Percentage
 
GSE CRT
State
 
Percentage
 
CMBS
State
 
Percentage
California
 
42.6
%
 
California
 
21.7
%
 
California
 
15.5
%
New York
 
7.2
%
 
Texas
 
5.6
%
 
New York
 
13.6
%
Florida
 
6.2
%
 
Virginia
 
4.5
%
 
Texas
 
9.7
%
Virginia
 
3.5
%
 
New York
 
4.2
%
 
Florida
 
6.1
%
Maryland
 
3.5
%
 
Illinois
 
4.0
%
 
Pennsylvania
 
4.4
%
New Jersey
 
3.4
%
 
Florida
 
3.7
%
 
Illinois
 
4.3
%
Massachusetts
 
2.9
%
 
Massachusetts
 
3.6
%
 
New Jersey
 
3.6
%
Illinois
 
2.8
%
 
Washington
 
3.3
%
 
Ohio
 
3.0
%
Washington
 
2.6
%
 
New Jersey
 
3.3
%
 
Michigan
 
2.7
%
Texas
 
2.0
%
 
Colorado
 
3.2
%
 
Virginia
 
2.7
%
Other
 
23.3
%
 
Other
 
42.9
%
 
Other
 
34.4
%
Total
 
100.0
%
 
Total
 
100.0
%
 
Total
 
100.0
%


 
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Financing and Other Liabilities
We enter into repurchase agreements to finance the majority of our target assets. These agreements are secured by our Agency RMBS, non-Agency RMBS, GSE CRTs and CMBS. In addition, these agreements are generally settled on a short-term basis, usually from one to twelve months, and bear interest at rates that have historically moved in close relationship to LIBOR. At each settlement date, we typically refinance each repurchase agreement at the market interest rate at that time. As of March 31, 2016, we had entered into repurchase agreements totaling $11.2 billion (December 31, 2015: $12.1 billion). The decrease in our repurchase agreement balance over the past three months was primarily due to sales and pay downs of securities.
Our wholly-owned subsidiary, IAS Services, is a member of the FHLBI. As a member of the FHLBI, IAS Services has borrowed funds from the FHLBI in the form of secured advances. As of March 31, 2016, IAS Services had $1.65 billion in outstanding secured advances. For the three months ended March 31, 2016, IAS Services had weighted average borrowings of $1.65 billion with a weighted average borrowing rate of 0.66% and a weighted average maturity of 8.10 years.
We have also committed to invest up to $122.6 million in unconsolidated ventures that are sponsored by an affiliate of our Manager. As of March 31, 2016, $101.9 million of our commitment to these unconsolidated ventures has been called. We are committed to fund $20.7 million in additional capital to fund future investments and cover future expenses should they occur.
We record a liability for mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities purchased, for which settlement has not taken place, as an investment related payable. As of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, we had investment related payables of $18.8 million, and $167,000, respectively. None of these investment related payables were outstanding more than thirty days. The change in balance was primarily due to an increase in unsettled MBS purchases as of March 31, 2016. We record a receivable for mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities sold for which settlement has not taken place as an investment related receivable. As of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Company had investment related receivables of $30.4 million and $154.6 million, respectively. None of these investment related receivables were outstanding more than thirty days.
The following table presents the amount of collateralized borrowings outstanding as of the end of each quarter, the average amount outstanding during the quarter and the maximum amount outstanding during the quarter:
$ in thousands
Collateralized borrowings under repurchase agreements and secured loans
Quarter Ended
Quarter-end balance
 
Average quarterly balance
 
Maximum balance of any quarter-end
March 31, 2015
14,883,081

 
14,785,890

 
14,883,081

June 30, 2015
14,724,860

 
14,860,637

 
14,950,089

September 30, 2015
14,587,131

 
14,765,282

 
14,879,873

December 31, 2015
13,776,048

 
14,286,242

 
14,730,071

March 31, 2016
12,837,159

 
13,137,569

 
13,501,433

As of March 31, 2016, we have entered into interest rate swap agreements designed to mitigate the effects of increases in interest rates under a portion of our borrowings. These swap agreements provide for fixed interest rates indexed off of one-month LIBOR and effectively fix the floating interest rates on $6.9 billion (March 31, 2015: $10.4 billion) of borrowings. As of March 31, 2016, included in this amount are forward starting swaps with a total notional amount of $1.0 billion, with starting dates ranging from May 24, 2016 to June 24, 2016. During the three months ended March 31, 2016, we reduced the notional amount of our interest rate swaps to $6.9 billion from $11.5 billion at December 31, 2015. The terminated swaps were predominantly maturing in 2016 and offered little protection from rising rates. Additionally, our investment and repurchase agreement balances decreased due to asset sales to facilitate stock repurchases, further reducing our need for hedging. Our overall interest rate risk did not change materially as a result of the swap terminations.
As of March 31, 2016, we have no outstanding interest rate swaptions. As of March 31, 2015, we held $550.0 million in notional amount of fixed pay interest rate swaptions as an asset with a fair value of $3,000 and $300.0 million in notional amount of fixed receive interest rate swaptions as an asset with a fair value of $795,000. During the three months ended March 31, 2016, interest rate swaptions expired unexercised with a notional amount of approximately $300.0 million (March 31, 2015: $500.0 million), and the Company realized a loss of $1.5 million (March 31, 2015: $4.7 million) on these contracts. We purchase interest rate swaptions to reduce the impact that interest rate volatility has on our portfolio. The change in the notional amount of swaptions held was due to our views on the potential for change in volatility.

 
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As of March 31, 2016 and March 31, 2015, we have no outstanding futures contracts. During the three months ended March 31, 2015, we sold U.S. Treasury futures contracts of $248.3 million in notional amount and realized a net loss of $943,000. We periodically invest in U.S. Treasury futures contracts to help mitigate the potential impact of changes in interest rates on the performance of our portfolio.
As of March 31, 2016 and March 31, 2015, we have no outstanding to-be-announced securities ("TBAs"). During the three months ended March 31, 2015, we settled TBAs of $446.0 million in notional amount and realized a net loss of $2.3 million. TBAs are contracts for which we agree to purchase or deliver in the future Agency RMBS with certain principal and interest terms. We periodically purchase or sell certain TBAs to help mitigate the potential impact of changes in interest rates on the performance of our portfolio.
As of March 31, 2016, we held $82.2 million (March 31, 2015: $34.3 million) in notional amount of currency forward contracts as an asset with a fair value of $702,000 (March 31, 2015: $1.4 million) and a liability with a fair value of $221,000 (March 31, 2015: $0). During the three months ended March 31, 2016, we settled currency forward contracts of $73.9 million (March 31, 2015: $32.1 million) in notional amount and realized a net gain of $2.4 million (March 31, 2015: $875,000). We use currency forward contracts to help mitigate the potential impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on our investments denominated in foreign currencies.
Book Value per Share
Our book value per diluted common share was $16.53 and $17.14 as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. Book value per diluted common share is calculated as total equity less the liquidation preference of our Series A Preferred Stock ($140.0 million) and Series B Preferred Stock ($155.0 million); divided by total common shares outstanding plus Operating Partnership Units convertible into shares of common stock (1,425,000 shares).
The change in our book value through the first quarter of 2016 was primarily due to realized and unrealized losses on derivative instruments recorded in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. During the three months ended March 31, 2016, we incurred unrealized losses on derivative instruments of $166.5 million due to the fall in rates, which was the primary driver of the change in book value. Also contributing to the change in book value, we realized losses on derivative instruments of $43.0 million as we repositioned our hedging portfolio in response to lower market expectations of an increase in the Federal funds interest rate later this year.
Critical Accounting Policies
Our condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which requires the use of estimates and assumptions that involve the exercise of judgment and use of assumptions as to future uncertainties. Accounting estimates and assumptions discussed in this section are those that we consider to be the most critical to an understanding of our financial statements because they involve significant judgments and uncertainties. All of these estimates reflect our best judgment about current, and for some estimates, future economic and market conditions and their effects based on information available as of the date of these financial statements. If conditions change from those expected, it is possible that the judgments and estimates described below could change, which may result in a change in valuation of our investment portfolio, future impairments of our MBS and GSE CRTs, change in our interest income recognition, allowance for loan losses, and a change in our tax liability among other effects.
There have been no significant changes to our critical accounting policies that are disclosed in our most recent Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015.
Expected Impact of New Authoritative Guidance on Future Financial Information
In January 2016, the FASB issued guidance to improve certain aspects of classification and measurement of financial instruments, including significant revisions in accounting related to the classification and measurement of investments in equity securities and presentation of certain fair value changes for financial liabilities when the fair value option is elected. The guidance also amends certain disclosure requirements associated with the fair value of financial instruments. We are required to adopt the new guidance in the first quarter of 2018. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of the new guidance on our consolidated financial statements, as well as available transition methods.


 
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Table of Contents


Results of Operations
The table below presents certain information from our condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015. 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
$ in thousands, except share data
2016
 
2015
Interest Income
 
 
 
Mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities
121,087

 
135,265

Residential loans (1)
—

 
29,374

Commercial loans
4,893

 
3,115

Total interest income
125,980

 
167,754

Interest Expense
 
 
 
Repurchase agreements
41,800

 
43,310

Secured loans
2,715

 
1,464

Exchangeable senior notes
5,613

 
5,607

Asset-backed securities (1)
—

 
21,898

Total interest expense
50,128

 
72,279

Net interest income
75,852

 
95,475

(Reduction in) provision for loan losses
—

 
(62
)
Net interest income after (reduction in) provision for loan losses
75,852

 
95,537

Other Income (loss)
 
 
 
Gain (loss) on investments, net
11,601

 
2,172

Equity in earnings of unconsolidated ventures
1,061

 
6,006

Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net
(238,543
)
 
(122,745
)
Realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net
8,410

 
21,362

Other investment income (loss), net
(318
)
 
(894
)
Total other income (loss)
(217,789
)
 
(94,099
)
Expenses
 
 
 
Management fee – related party
9,512

 
9,415

General and administrative
2,037

 
1,727

Consolidated securitization trusts (1)
—

 
2,156

Total expenses
11,549

 
13,298

Net income (loss)
(153,486
)
 
(11,860
)
Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest
(1,897
)
 
(136
)
Net income (loss) attributable to Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc.
(151,589
)
 
(11,724
)
Dividends to preferred stockholders
5,716

 
5,716

Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
(157,305
)
 
(17,440
)
Earnings (loss) per share:
 
 
 
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
 
 
 
Basic
(1.39
)
 
(0.14
)
Diluted
(1.39
)
 
(0.14
)
Dividends declared per common share
0.40

 
0.45

Weighted average number of shares of common stock:
 
 
 
Basic
113,142,400

 
123,118,201

Diluted
114,567,400

 
124,543,201

(1)
The condensed consolidated statement of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2015 includes income and expenses of consolidated variable interest entities. The Company deconsolidated these VIEs in December 2015. Refer to Note 2 - “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of our condensed consolidated financial statements for further discussion.

 
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Net Income (Loss) Summary
For the three months ended March 31, 2016, our net loss attributable to common stockholders was $157.3 million (March 31, 2015: $17.4 million) or $1.39 (March 31, 2015: $0.14) basic and diluted net loss per average share available to common stockholders. The higher net loss attributable to common stockholders for the three months ended March 31, 2016 versus 2015 is primarily attributable to realized and unrealized losses on derivative instruments of $238.5 million in the 2016 period versus $122.7 million in the 2015 period. During the three months ended March 31, 2016, the unrealized and realized loss on derivatives were driven by a drop in the market interest rates associated with our interest rate swap hedges.
As a result of discontinuing hedge accounting, beginning January 1, 2014, changes in the fair value of our interest rate swap agreements are recorded in gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net in our condensed consolidated statements of operations, rather than in AOCI. For the three months ended March 31, 2016, we recognized an unrealized loss for the change in fair value of our interest rates swaps of $166.7 million (March 31, 2015: $56.0 million). In addition, during the three months ended March 31, 2016, we recognized reclassification of amortization of net deferred losses on de-designated interest rate swaps to repurchase agreements interest expense, previously recognized in other comprehensive income of $12.9 million (March 31, 2015: $19.1 million).
Included in our net loss attributable to common shareholders for the three months ended March 31, 2015 is $29.4 million of interest income, $21.9 million of interest expense, and $2.2 million of consolidated securitization trust expenses relating to our Residential Securitizations. On December 9, 2015, we completed the sale of certain beneficial interests in our Residential Securitizations for $69.0 million (the "Transaction"). The securities sold included the most subordinated classes of asset-backed securities issued by the Residential Securitizations. As a result of the Transaction, we no longer have the power to direct the activities of the Residential Securitizations through default oversight rights and are therefore no longer the primary beneficiary of the Residential Securitizations. We deconsolidated the assets and liabilities of the Residential Securitizations as of the date of the Transaction.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
We are presenting the following non-GAAP financial measures: core earnings (and by calculation, core earnings per common share), effective interest income (and by calculation, effective yield), effective interest expense (and by calculation, effective cost of funds), effective net interest income (and by calculation, effective interest rate margin), and repurchase agreement debt-to-equity ratio. Our management uses these non-GAAP financial measures in our internal analysis of results and believes these measures are useful to investors for the reasons explained below. The most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measures are net income attributable to common stockholders (and by calculation, basic earnings (loss) per common share), total interest income (and by calculation, yield), total interest expense (and by calculation, cost of funds), net interest income (and by calculation, net interest rate margin) and debt-to-equity ratio. 
These non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered as substitutes for any measures derived in accordance with U.S. GAAP and may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other companies. An analysis of any non-GAAP financial measure should be made in conjunction with results presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Additional reconciling items may be added in the future to these non-GAAP measures if deemed appropriate.
Core Earnings
We calculate core earnings as U.S. GAAP net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders adjusted for (gain) loss on investments, net; realized (gain) loss on derivative instruments, net (excluding contractual net interest on interest rate swaps); unrealized (gain) loss on derivative instruments, net; realized and unrealized change in fair value of GSE CRT embedded derivatives, net; (gain) loss on foreign currency transactions, net; reclassification of amortization of net deferred losses on de-designated interest rate swaps to repurchase agreements interest expense; and an adjustment attributable to non-controlling interest. We record changes in the valuation of our mortgage-backed securities, excluding securities for which we elected the fair value option and the valuation assigned to the debt host contract associated with our GSE CRTs in other comprehensive income on our consolidated balance sheets. We believe the presentation of core earnings provides a consistent measure of operating performance by excluding the impact of gains and losses described above from operating results.
We believe that providing transparency into core earnings enables our investors to consistently measure, evaluate and compare our operating performance to that of our peers over multiple reporting periods. However, we caution that core earnings should not be considered as an alternative to net income (determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP), or as an indication of our cash flow from operating activities (determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP), a measure of our liquidity, or as an indication of amounts available to fund our cash needs, including our ability to make cash distributions.

 
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The table below provides a reconciliation of U.S. GAAP net loss attributable to common stockholders to core earnings for the following periods:
 
Three Months Ended 
 March 31,
$ in thousands, except per share data
2016
 
2015
Net loss attributable to common stockholders
(157,305
)
 
(17,440
)
Adjustments:
 
 
 
(Gain) loss on investments, net
(11,601
)
 
(2,172
)
Realized (gain) loss on derivative instruments, net (excluding contractual net interest on interest rate swaps of $29,091 and $45,608, respectively)
42,985

 
26,103

Unrealized (gain) loss on derivative instruments, net
166,467

 
51,034

Realized and unrealized change in fair value of GSE CRT embedded derivatives, net
(2,096
)
 
(15,246
)
(Gain) loss on foreign currency transactions, net
1,125

 
1,525

Reclassification of amortization of net deferred losses on de-designated interest rate swaps to repurchase agreements interest expense
12,924

 
19,145

Subtotal
209,804

 
80,389

Adjustment attributable to non-controlling interest
(2,597
)
 
(921
)
Core earnings attributable to common stockholders
49,902

 
62,028

Basic loss per common share
(1.39
)
 
(0.14
)
Core earnings per share attributable to common stockholders
0.44

 
0.50


Effective Interest Income / Effective Yield/ Effective Interest Expense / Effective Cost of Funds / Effective Net Interest Income / Effective Interest Rate Margin
We calculate effective interest income (and by calculation, effective yield) as U.S. GAAP total interest income adjusted for GSE CRT embedded derivative coupon interest that is recorded in realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net. We add back GSE CRT embedded derivative coupon interest to our total interest income because we consider GSE CRT embedded derivative coupon interest a current component of our total interest income.
We calculate effective interest expense (and by calculation, effective cost of funds) as U.S. GAAP total interest expense adjusted for net interest paid on our interest rate swaps that is recorded in gain (loss) on derivative instruments and the reclassification of amortization of net deferred losses on de-designated interest rate swaps to repurchase agreements interest expense. We view our interest rate swaps as an economic hedge against increases in future market interest rates on our floating rate borrowings. We add back the net payments we make on our interest rate swap agreements to our total U.S. GAAP interest expense because we use interest rate swaps to add stability to interest expense. We subtract amortization of net deferred losses on de-designated interest rate swaps to repurchase agreements interest expense because we do not consider the amortization a current component of our borrowing costs.
We calculate effective net interest income (and by calculation, effective interest rate margin) as U.S. GAAP net interest income adjusted for net interest paid on our interest rate swaps that is recorded in gain (loss) on derivative instruments, the amortization of net deferred losses on de-designated interest rate swaps to repurchase agreements interest expense and GSE CRT embedded derivative coupon interest that is recorded in realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net.
We believe the presentation of effective interest income, effective yield, effective interest expense, effective cost of funds, effective net interest income and effective interest rate margin measures, when considered together with U.S. GAAP financial measures, provide information that is useful to investors in understanding our borrowing costs and operating performance.


 
40
 

Table of Contents


The following table reconciles total interest income to effective interest income and yield to effective yield for the following periods:
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
2016
 
2015
$ in thousands
Reconciliation
 
Yield/Effective Yield
 
Reconciliation
 
Yield/Effective Yield
Total interest income
125,980

 
3.26
%
 
167,754

 
3.29
%
Add: GSE CRT embedded derivative coupon interest recorded as realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net
6,314

 
0.16
%
 
5,913

 
0.12
%
Effective interest income
132,294

 
3.42
%
 
173,667

 
3.41
%
The following table reconciles total interest expense to effective interest expense and cost of funds to effective cost of funds for the following periods.
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
2016
 
2015
$ in thousands
Reconciliation
 
Cost of Funds / Effective Cost of Funds
 
Reconciliation
 
Cost of Funds / Effective Cost of Funds
Total interest expense
50,128

 
1.48
 %
 
72,279

 
1.60
 %
Less: Reclassification of amortization of net deferred losses on de-designated interest rate swaps to repurchase agreements interest expense
(12,924
)
 
(0.38
)%
 
(19,145
)
 
(0.42
)%
Add: Net interest paid - interest rate swaps
29,091

 
0.86
 %
 
45,608

 
1.01
 %
Effective interest expense
66,295

 
1.96
 %
 
98,742

 
2.19
 %
The following table reconciles net interest income to effective net interest income and net interest rate margin to effective interest rate margin for the following periods.
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
2016
 
2015
$ in thousands
Reconciliation
 
Net Interest Rate Margin / Effective Interest Rate Margin
 
Reconciliation
 
Net Interest Rate Margin / Effective Interest Rate Margin
Net interest income
75,852

 
1.78
 %
 
95,475

 
1.69
 %
Add: Reclassification of amortization of net deferred losses on de-designated interest rate swaps to repurchase agreements interest expense
12,924

 
0.38
 %
 
19,145

 
0.42
 %
Add: GSE CRT embedded derivative coupon interest recorded as realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net
6,314

 
0.16
 %
 
5,913

 
0.12
 %
Less: Net interest paid - interest rate swaps
(29,091
)
 
(0.86
)%
 
(45,608
)
 
(1.01
)%
Effective net interest income
65,999

 
1.46
 %
 
74,925

 
1.22
 %

 
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Repurchase Agreement Debt-to-Equity Ratio
The tables below show the allocation of our equity to our target assets, our debt-to-equity ratio, and our repurchase agreement debt-to-equity ratio as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015. We present a repurchase agreement debt-to-equity ratio because the mortgage REIT industry primarily uses repurchase agreements, which typically mature within one year, to finance investments. We believe that presenting our repurchase agreement debt-to-equity ratio, a non-GAAP financial measure of leverage, when considered together with U.S. GAAP financial measures, provides information that is useful to investors in understanding our refinancing risks, and gives investors a comparable statistic to those other mortgage REITs who almost exclusively borrow using short-term repurchase agreements that are subject to refinancing risk.
March 31, 2016
$ in thousands
Agency
RMBS
Residential Credit (4)
Commercial Credit (5)
Exchangeable Senior Notes
Total
Investments
9,396,359

3,035,757

3,019,192

—

15,451,308

Cash and cash equivalents (1)
21,955

16,794

12,587

—

51,336

Derivative assets, at fair value (2)
—

—

702

—

702

Other assets
306,249

17,781

65,728

—

389,758

Total assets
9,724,563

3,070,332

3,098,209

—

15,893,104

 
 
 
 
 
 
Repurchase agreements
7,916,802

2,257,422

1,012,935

—

11,187,159

Secured loans (3)
492,621

—

1,157,379

—

1,650,000

Exchangeable senior notes
—

—

—

395,187

395,187

Derivative liabilities, at fair value
397,923

—

220

—

398,143

Other liabilities
52,634

30,183

16,302

889

100,008

Total liabilities
8,859,980

2,287,605

2,186,836

396,076

13,730,497

 
 
 
 
 
 
Total equity (allocated)
864,583

782,727

911,373

(396,076
)
2,162,607

Adjustments to calculate repurchase agreement debt-to-equity:
 
 
 
 
 
Net equity in unsecured assets and exchangeable senior notes (6)
—

—

(317,242
)
396,076

78,834

Collateral pledged against secured loans
(587,957
)
—

(1,381,364
)
—

(1,969,321
)
Secured loans
492,621

—

1,157,379

—

1,650,000

Equity related to repurchase agreement debt
769,247

782,727

370,146

—

1,922,120

Debt-to-equity ratio (7)
9.7

2.9

2.4

NA

6.1

Repurchase agreement debt-to-equity ratio (8)
10.3

2.9

2.7

NA

5.8

(1)
Cash and cash equivalents is allocated based on a percentage of equity for Agency RMBS, residential credit and commercial credit.
(2)
Derivative assets are allocated based on the hedging strategy for each asset class.
(3)
Secured loans are allocated based on amount of collateral pledged.
(4)
Non-Agency RMBS and GSE CRT are considered residential credit.
(5)
CMBS, commercial loans and investments in unconsolidated joint ventures are considered commercial credit.
(6)
Net equity in unsecured assets and exchangeable senior notes includes commercial loans, investments in unconsolidated joint ventures and exchangeable senior notes.
(7)
Debt-to-equity ratio is calculated as the ratio of total debt (sum of repurchase agreements, secured loans and exchangeable senior notes) to total equity.
(8)
Repurchase agreement debt-to-equity ratio is calculated as the ratio of repurchase agreements to equity related to repurchase agreement debt.


 
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December 31, 2015
$ in thousands
Agency RMBS
Residential Credit (4)
Commercial Credit (5)
Exchangeable Senior Notes
Total
Investments
9,799,257

3,350,714

3,163,439

—

16,313,410

Cash and cash equivalents (1)
23,484

16,586

13,129

—

53,199

Derivative assets, at fair value (2)
6,795

—

1,864

—

8,659

Other assets
316,072

9,780

66,189

—

392,041

Total assets
10,145,608

3,377,080

3,244,621

—

16,767,309

 
 
 
 
 
 
Repurchase agreements
8,389,643

2,565,515

1,170,890

—

12,126,048

Secured loans (3)
472,983

—

1,177,017

—

1,650,000

Exchangeable senior notes
—

—

—

394,573

394,573

Derivative liabilities, at fair value
238,045

—

103

 
238,148

Other liabilities
46,165

22,540

17,038

5,889

91,632

Total liabilities
9,146,836

2,588,055

2,365,048

400,462

14,500,401

 
 
 
 
 
 
Total equity (allocated)
998,772

789,025

879,573

(400,462
)
2,266,908

Adjustments to calculate repurchase agreement debt-to-equity:
 
 
 
 
 
Net equity in unsecured assets and exchangeable senior notes (6)
—

—

(250,522
)
400,462

149,940

Collateral pledged against secured loans
(558,894
)
—

(1,390,805
)
—

(1,949,699
)
Secured loans
472,983

—

1,177,017

—

1,650,000

Equity related to repurchase agreement debt
912,861

789,025

415,263

—

2,117,149

Debt-to-equity ratio (7)
8.9

3.3

2.7

NA

6.3

Repurchase agreement debt-to-equity ratio (8)
9.2

3.3

2.8

NA

5.7

(1)
Cash and cash equivalents is allocated based on a percentage of equity for Agency RMBS, residential credit and commercial credit.
(2)
Derivative assets are allocated based on the hedging strategy for each asset class.
(3)
Secured loans are allocated based on amount of collateral pledged.
(4)
Non-Agency RMBS and GSE CRT are considered residential credit.
(5)
CMBS, commercial loans and investments in unconsolidated joint ventures are considered commercial credit.
(6)
Net equity in unsecured assets and exchangeable senior notes includes commercial loans, investments in unconsolidated joint ventures and exchangeable senior notes.
(7)
Debt-to-equity ratio is calculated as the ratio of total debt (sum of repurchase agreements, secured loans and exchangeable senior notes) to total equity.
(8)
Repurchase agreement debt-to-equity ratio is calculated as the ratio of repurchase agreements to equity related to repurchase agreement debt.


 
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Interest Income and Average Earning Asset Yield
The table below presents information related to our investment portfolio and portfolio yields for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015. 
 
Three Months Ended 
 March 31,
$ in thousands
2016
 
2015
Average Balances*:
 
 
 
Agency RMBS:
 
 
 
15 year fixed-rate, at amortized cost
1,560,925

 
1,748,996

30 year fixed-rate, at amortized cost
3,945,655

 
4,580,728

ARM, at amortized cost
410,749

 
460,624

Hybrid ARM, at amortized cost
3,096,649

 
2,866,657

Agency - CMO, at amortized cost
404,443

 
446,241

Non-Agency RMBS, at amortized cost
2,437,762

 
2,892,894

GSE CRT, at amortized cost
676,169

 
650,342

CMBS, at amortized cost
2,675,219

 
3,271,611

Residential loans, at amortized cost
—

 
3,363,323

Commercial loans, at amortized cost
239,201

 
146,107

Average Investment portfolio
15,446,772

 
20,427,523

Average Portfolio Yields (1):
 
 
 
Agency RMBS:
 
 
 
15 year fixed-rate
2.40
%
 
2.21
%
30 year fixed-rate
2.97
%
 
2.99
%
ARM
2.42
%
 
2.69
%
Hybrid ARM
2.28
%
 
2.28
%
Agency - CMO
2.80
%
 
3.71
%
Non-Agency RMBS
4.68
%
 
4.35
%
GSE CRT (2)
0.85
%
 
0.50
%
CMBS
4.38
%
 
4.34
%
Residential loans
—
%
 
3.50
%
Commercial loans
8.09
%
 
8.53
%
Average Investment portfolio
3.26
%
 
3.29
%
*
 Average amounts for each period are based on weighted month-end balances.
(1)
Average portfolio yield for the period was calculated by dividing interest income, including amortization of premiums and discounts, by our average of the amortized cost of the investments. All yields are annualized.
(2)
GSE CRT average portfolio yield excludes GSE CRT not accounted for under the fair value option as the embedded derivative coupon interest is recorded as realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net.
Our primary source of income is interest earned on our investment portfolio. We had average earning assets of approximately $15.4 billion (March 31, 2015: $20.4 billion) and earned interest income of $126.0 million (March 31, 2015: $167.8 million) for the three months ended March 31, 2016. The yield on our average investment portfolio was 3.26% (March 31, 2015: 3.29%).
Average assets and interest income declined during the three months ended March 31, 2016 compared to 2015 primarily due to the deconsolidation of our residential loan securitizations in December 2015. We consolidated eleven residential loan securitizations as of March 31, 2015 with average assets of $3.4 billion that had an average portfolio yield of 3.50%. We recorded $29.4 million of interest income on residential loans held by the consolidated securitizations in the three months ended March 31, 2015.
The yield on our average investment portfolio declined for the three months ended March 31, 2016 compared to 2015 primarily due to a change in portfolio composition and lower available reinvestment yields. Over the last twelve months, we reinvested cash flows from our Agency RMBS portfolio into 15 year fixed-rate Agency RMBS and Hybrid ARM Agency RMBS as we believe these securities have lower durations and better cash flow certainty relative to current coupon 30 year fixed-rate Agency RMBS. We continue to evaluate our investment portfolio and make adjustments based on our views of the

 
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market opportunities. As of March 31, 2016, approximately 36% of our equity is allocated to investments in commercial credit; 34% is allocated to Agency RMBS and 30% is allocated to residential credit.
We compute our effective interest income (non-GAAP measure) and effective yield (non-GAAP measure) by adding GSE CRT embedded derivative coupon interest to our interest income.We add back GSE CRT embedded derivative coupon interest to our total interest because we consider GSE CRT embedded derivative coupon interest a current component of our total interest income. Effective interest income (non-GAAP measure) was $132.3 million (March 31, 2015: $173.7 million) for the three months ended March 31, 2016.
For the three months ended March 31, 2016, our effective yield (non-GAAP measure) was 3.42% (March 31, 2015: 3.41%), and for the three months ended March 31, 2016. Our effective yield benefited from a higher yield on our GSE CRT embedded coupon interest in the three months ended March 31, 2016 versus the 2015 period
Our interest income is subject to interest rate risk. Refer to Item 3. “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” for more information relating to interest rate risk and its impact on our operating results.
The constant prepayment rate ("CPR") of our portfolio impacts the amount of premium and discount on the purchase of securities that is recognized into income. The table below shows the three month CPR for our RMBS and GSE CRT compared to bonds with similar characteristics (“Cohorts”).
 
March 31, 2016
 
December 31, 2015
 
Company
 
Cohorts
 
Company
 
Cohorts
15 year Agency RMBS
10.2

 
11.8

 
10.7

 
12.6

30 year Agency RMBS
10.8

 
12.7

 
12.5

 
14.0

Agency Hybrid ARM RMBS
12.5

 
NA

 
13.9

 
NA

Non-Agency RMBS
11.1

 
NA

 
12.5

 
NA

GSE CRT
9.2

 
NA

 
10.5

 
NA

Weighted average CPR
11.2

 
NA

 
12.6

 
NA


 
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Interest Expense and the Cost of Funds
The table below presents information related to our borrowings and cost of funds for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015:
 
Three Months Ended 
 March 31,
$ in thousands
2016
 
2015
Average Borrowings*:
 
 
 
Agency RMBS (1)
8,546,280

 
9,031,510

Non-Agency RMBS
1,952,569

 
2,634,705

GSE CRT
451,248

 
454,510

CMBS (1)
2,187,472

 
2,665,165

Exchangeable senior notes
394,982

 
392,517

Asset-backed securities issued by securitization trusts
—

 
2,919,700

Total borrowed funds
13,532,551

 
18,098,107

Maximum borrowings during the period (2)
13,896,215

 
18,416,608

Average Cost of Funds (3):
 
 
 
Agency RMBS (1)
0.66
%
 
0.34
%
Non-Agency RMBS
1.80
%
 
1.51
%
GSE CRT
2.19
%
 
1.69
%
CMBS (1)
1.14
%
 
0.90
%
Exchangeable senior notes
5.68
%
 
5.71
%
Asset-backed securities issued by securitization trusts
—
%
 
3.00
%
Unhedged cost of funds (4)
1.10
%
 
1.18
%
Hedged / Effective cost of funds (non-GAAP measure)
1.96
%
 
2.19
%
*
 Average amounts for each period are based on weighted month-end balances.
(1)
Agency RMBS and CMBS average borrowing and cost of funds include borrowings under repurchase agreements and secured loans.
(2)
Amount represents the maximum borrowings at month-end during each of the respective periods.
(3)
Average cost of funds is calculated by dividing annualized interest expense by our average borrowings.
(4)
Excludes reclassification of amortization of net deferred losses on de-designated interest rate swaps to repurchase agreements interest expense.
Our largest expense is the interest expense on borrowed funds. We had average borrowed funds of $13.5 billion (March 31, 2015: $18.1 billion) and total interest expense of $50.1 million (March 31, 2015: $72.3 million) for the three months ended March 31, 2016. Average borrowed funds and interest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2016 compared to 2015 decreased primarily due to the deconsolidation of our residential loan securitizations in December 2015 and repayment of repurchase agreement borrowings collateralizing mortgage backed securities we sold during the quarter. We consolidated eleven residential loan securitizations as of March 31, 2015 with average borrowings of $2.9 billion and an average cost of funds of 3.00%. We recorded $21.9 million of interest expense on asset-backed securities issued by the consolidated securitizations in the three months ended March 31, 2015. The Company's cost of funds for borrowings to finance its mortgaged-backed securities rose during the first quarter due to the impact of the December increase in the federal funds interest rate.
We compute our effective interest expense (non-GAAP measure) and effective cost of funds (non-GAAP measure) by including the net interest paid related to our interest rate swaps and excluding the amortization of net deferred losses on de-designated interest rate swaps to repurchase agreements interest expense from our interest expense. We add back the net payments we make on our interest rate swap agreements to our total U.S. GAAP interest expense because we use interest rate swaps to add stability to interest expense. We subtract amortization of net deferred losses on de-designated interest rate swaps to repurchase agreements interest expense because we do not consider the amortization a current component of our borrowing costs. Effective interest expense (non-GAAP measure) was $66.3 million (March 31, 2015: $98.7 million) for the three months ended March 31, 2016.
For the three months ended March 31, 2016, our cost of funds was 1.48% (March 31, 2015: 1.60%). Our lower cost of funds for the three months ended March 31, 2016 is due to the deconsolidation of our residential loan securitizations. For the three months ended March 31, 2016, our effective cost of funds (non-GAAP measure) was 1.96% (March 31, 2015: 2.19%). Our effective cost of funds declined in the three months ended March 31, 2016 versus the 2015 period primarily due to lower

 
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net interest paid on interest rate swaps as well as the impact of the deconsolidation of our Residential Securitizations. Net interest paid on interest rate swaps decreased because we repositioned our hedging portfolio during the first quarter of 2016 in response to lower market expectations of an increase in the Federal funds interest rate later this year.
Net Interest Income
Our net interest income, which equals interest income less interest expense, totaled $75.9 million (March 31, 2015: $95.5 million) for the three months ended March 31, 2016. Our net interest rate margin, which equals the yield on our average assets for the period less the average cost of funds for the period, was 1.78% (March 31, 2015: 1.69%) for the three months ended March 31, 2016. The decrease in net interest income and net interest margin was primarily the result of the reduction in our investment portfolio for the three months ended March 31, 2016 compared to 2015.
We compute our effective net interest income (non-GAAP measure) and effective interest rate margin (non-GAAP measure) by adding amortization of net deferred losses on de-designated interest rate swaps to repurchase agreement interest expense and GSE CRT embedded derivative coupon interest, and subtracting net interest paid on our interest rate swaps to our net interest income. Our effective net interest income (non-GAAP measure) totaled $66.0 million (March 31, 2015: $74.9 million) for the three months ended March 31, 2016. Our effective interest rate margin (non-GAAP measure) was 1.46% (March 31, 2015: 1.22%) for the three months ended March 31, 2016.
Refer to the table in the “Interest Income and Average Earning Asset Yield” section above for changes in average portfolio balance and yields.
Provision for Loan Losses
We evaluate the collectibility of our commercial loans held-for investment using the factors described in Note 2 - "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K. We determined that no provision for loan losses for our commercial loans was required as of March 31, 2016.
Our provision for loan losses for the three months ended March 31, 2015 was solely for residential loans held-for-investment by consolidated securitization trusts. We did not have a provision for loan losses as of March 31, 2016 because we deconsolidated our Residential Securitizations in December 2015.
Gain (Loss) on Investments, net
Gain (loss) on investments, net includes (i) gains and losses on sales of our investment portfolio; (ii) the change in fair value of RMBS IOs; (iii) the change in the fair value of GSE CRTs accounted for under the fair value option; and (iv) losses on other-than-temporarily impaired securities.
As part of our investment process, our mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities are continuously reviewed to determine if they continue to meet our risk and return targets. This process involves looking at changing market assumptions and the impact those assumptions will have on the individual securities. During the three months ended March 31, 2016, we sold mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities and recognized a net gain of $10.5 million (March 31, 2015: $2.9 million net gain).
We account for RMBS IOs as hybrid financial instruments in their entirety at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in income in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. We recognized a $6.7 million net income (March 31, 2015: $762,000 net loss) on RMBS IOs during the three months ended March 31, 2016.
We have elected the fair value option for GSE CRTs purchased on or after August 24, 2015. We recorded a $64,000 net income for the three months ended March 31, 2016 for the changes in fair value of GSE CRTs accounted for under the fair value option.
We recorded $5.7 million (March 31, 2015: $0) of losses on other-than-temporarily impaired interest-only securities in the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2016. Refer to Note 4 – “Mortgage-Backed and Credit Risk Transfer Securities” of our condensed consolidated financial statements for our assessment of other-than-temporary impairment on our investment securities.
Equity in Earnings of Unconsolidated Ventures
For the three months ended March 31, 2016, we recorded equity in earnings of unconsolidated ventures of $1.1 million (March 31, 2015: $6.0 million). Equity in earnings of unconsolidated ventures decreased for the three months ended March 31, 2016 compared to 2015 primarily due to higher unrealized appreciation of underlying portfolio investments in the 2015 period.


 
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Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments, net
Our objectives in using interest rate derivatives are to add stability to interest expense and to manage our exposure to interest rate movements on our floating rate repurchase agreements and secured loans. To accomplish these objectives, we primarily use interest rate derivative instruments, including interest rate swaps, interest rate swaptions, U.S. Treasury futures contracts and TBAs as part of our interest rate risk management strategy. Interest rate swaps involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for us making fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount. An interest rate swaption provides us the option to enter into an interest rate swap agreement for a predetermined notional amount, stated term and pay and receive interest rates in the future. The premium paid for interest rate swaptions is reported as an asset in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. The premium is valued at an amount equal to the fair value of the swaption that would have the effect of closing the position adjusted for nonperformance risk, if any. TBAs are reported on the balance sheet as an asset or liability at its fair value.
We also use currency forward contracts to help mitigate the potential impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on our investments denominated in foreign currencies.
The tables below summarize our realized and unrealized gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net for the following periods:
$ in thousands
Three Months Ended March 31, 2016
Derivative
not designated as
hedging instrument
Realized gain (loss) on settlement, termination, expiration or exercise, net
 
 Contractual interest expense
 
Unrealized gain (loss), net
 
Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net
Interest Rate Swaps
(43,895
)
 
(29,091
)
 
(166,671
)
 
(239,657
)
Interest Rate Swaptions
(1,485
)
 
—

 
1,485

 
—

Currency Forward Contracts
2,395

 
—

 
(1,281
)
 
1,114

Total
(42,985
)
 
(29,091
)
 
(166,467
)
 
(238,543
)
$ in thousands
Three Months Ended March 31, 2015
Derivative Instrument
Realized gain (loss) on settlement, termination, expiration or exercise, net
 
 Contractual interest expense
 
Unrealized gain (loss), net
 
Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net
Interest Rate Swaps
(19,055
)
 
(45,608
)
 
(55,957
)
 
(120,620
)
Interest Rate Swaptions
(4,688
)
 
—

 
3,679

 
(1,009
)
TBAs
(2,292
)
 
—

 
558

 
(1,734
)
Futures Contracts
(943
)
 
—

 
(90
)
 
(1,033
)
Currency Forward Contracts
875

 
—

 
776

 
1,651

Total
(26,103
)
 
(45,608
)
 
(51,034
)
 
(122,745
)
As of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, we held the following interest rate swaps whereby we receive interest at a one-month and three-month LIBOR rate:
$ in thousands
As of March 31, 2016
 
As of December 31, 2015
Derivative instrument
Notional Amounts (1)
 
Average Fixed Pay Rate
 
Average Receive Rate
 
Average Maturity (Years)
 
Notional Amounts (2)
 
Average Fixed Pay Rate
 
Average Receive Rate
 
Average Maturity (Years)
Interest Rate Swaps
5,900,000

 
2.13
%
 
0.47
%
 
4.94
 
9,850,000

 
2.07
%
 
0.36
%
 
3.65
(1)
Excluding notional amounts for interest rate swaps with forward start date of May 2016 and June 2016.
(2)
Excluding notional amounts for interest rate swaps with forward start date of February 2016, May 2016 and June 2016.

 
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Realized and Unrealized Credit Derivative Income (Loss), net
The table below summarizes the components of realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015.
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
$ in thousands
2016
 
2015
Credit Default Swap ("CDS") premium income
—

 
265

Change in fair value of CDS
—

 
(62
)
GSE CRT embedded derivative coupon interest
6,314

 
5,913

Gain (loss) on settlement of GSE CRT embedded derivatives
(920
)
 
(792
)
Change in fair value of GSE CRT embedded derivatives
3,016

 
16,038

Total
8,410

 
21,362

We terminated our sole credit default swap in October 2015.
Other Investment Income (Loss), net
Other investment income (loss), net primarily consists of quarterly dividends from FHLBI stock and foreign exchange rate gains and losses related to a commercial loan investments denominated in a foreign currency.
Expenses
For the three months ended March 31, 2016, we incurred management fees of $9.5 million (March 31, 2015: $9.4 million) which are payable to our Manager under our management agreement. Management fees increased slightly during the three months ended March 31, 2016 compared to 2015 primarily due to a change in how our fees are calculated. This increase was partially offset by a lower equity balance due to share repurchases. Refer to Note 11 – “Related Party Transactions” of our condensed consolidated financial statements for a discussion of our relationship with our Manager and description of how our fees are calculated.
For the three months ended March 31, 2016, our general and administrative expenses not covered under our management agreement amounted to $2.0 million (March 31, 2015: $1.7 million). General and administrative expenses not covered under our management agreement primarily consist of directors and officers insurance, legal costs, accounting, auditing and tax services, filing fees and miscellaneous general and administrative costs. General and administrative expenses increased for the three months ended March 31, 2016 primarily due to costs associated with repositioning our hedging portfolio and purchasing new commercial loan investments.
For the three months ended March 31, 2015, consolidated securitization trust expenses totaled $2.2 million. Consolidated securitization trust expenses consisted of direct operating expenses incurred by consolidated residential loan securitizations. The Company deconsolidated its Residential Securitizations in December 2015.
Net Income (loss) after Preferred Dividends and Return on Average Equity
For the three months ended March 31, 2016, our net loss after preferred dividends was $159.2 million (March 31, 2015: $17.6 million) and our annualized loss on average equity was 32.80% (March 31, 2015: 2.87% ). The change in net income (loss) after preferred dividends and return on average equity was primarily attributable to realized and unrealized losses on derivative instruments of $238.5 million in the 2016 period versus $122.7 million in the 2015 period. For the three months ended March 31, 2016, we recognized an unrealized loss for the change in fair value of our interest rates swaps of $166.7 million (March 31, 2015: $56.0 million). In addition, during the three months ended March 31, 2016, we recognized reclassification of amortization of net deferred losses on de-designated interest rate swaps to repurchase agreements interest expense previously recognized in other comprehensive income of $12.9 million (March 31, 2015: $19.1 million).


 
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity is a measurement of our ability to meet potential cash requirements, including ongoing commitments to pay dividends, fund investments, repayment of borrowings and other general business needs. Our primary sources of funds for liquidity consist of the net proceeds from our common and preferred equity offerings, net cash provided by operating activities, proceeds from repurchase agreements and other financing arrangements and future issuances of equity and/or debt securities.
We currently believe that we have sufficient liquidity and capital resources available for the acquisition of additional investments, repayments on borrowings, margin requirements and the payment of cash dividends as required for continued qualification as a REIT. We generally maintain liquidity to pay down borrowings under repurchase arrangements to reduce borrowing costs and otherwise efficiently manage our long-term investment capital. Because the level of these borrowings can be adjusted on a daily basis, the level of cash and cash equivalents carried on our condensed consolidated balance sheets is significantly less important than our potential liquidity available under borrowing arrangements. However, there can be no assurance that we will maintain sufficient levels of liquidity to meet any margin calls.
We held cash and cash equivalents of $51.3 million at March 31, 2016 (March 31, 2015: $157.0 million). Our cash and cash equivalents decreased due to normal fluctuations in cash balances related to the timing of principal and interest payments, repayments of debt, and asset purchases and sales. Our operating activities provided net cash of approximately $78.9 million for the three month period ended March 31, 2016 (March 31, 2015: $87.4 million).
Our primary source of cash for the three months ended March 31, 2016 was cash from investing activities. Our cash provided by investing increased by $1.3 billion to $1.1 billion compared to the three months ended March 31, 2015. We generated $684.3 million from the sales of mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities and $528.1 million from principal payments of mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities during the three months ended March 31, 2016 compared to $180.8 million from the sales of mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities and $570.1 million from principal payments of mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities in the three months ended March 31, 2015. We invested $69.8 million in four new commercial loans and $47.7 million in mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities during the three months ended March 31, 2016 compared to investments of $726.5 million in mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities, $372.3 million in residential loans held-for-investment, and $9.2 million in commercial loans and other assets in the three months ended March 31, 2015. We also used proceeds from sales and principal repayments to fund termination payments on derivative contracts of $37.2 million.
Our financing activities used net cash of $1.1 billion for the three month period ended March 31, 2016 compared to providing $120.2 million in the three months ended March 31, 2015. We primarily used cash during the three months ended March 31, 2016, to make net repayments of repurchase agreements of $938.9 million (March 31, 2015: $289.5 million). We also used cash to pay dividends of $51.7 million (March 31, 2015: $61.8 million) and repurchase 2,063,451 shares of common stock for $25.0 million during the three months ended March 31, 2016.
As of March 31, 2016, our wholly-owned subsidiary, IAS Services, had $1.65 billion in outstanding secured advances from the FHLBI. As of March 31, 2016, the FHLBI advances were collateralized by CMBS and Agency RMBS with a fair value of $1.4 billion and $588.0 million, respectively.
As of March 31, 2016, the average margin requirement (weighted by borrowing amount), or the percentage amount by which the collateral value must exceed the loan amount, which we also refer to as the “haircut,” under our repurchase agreements was 4.6% for Agency RMBS, 20.0% for non-Agency RMBS, 25.9% for GSE CRT and 18.9% for CMBS. Across our repurchase agreement facilities, the haircuts range from a low of 3% to a high of 20% for Agency RMBS, a low of 10% to a high of 50% for non-Agency RMBS, a low of 25% to a high of 30% for GSE CRT, a low of 15% to a high of 25% for CMBS. Our effective cost of funds (non-GAAP measure) was 1.96% (March 31, 2015: 2.19%) for the three months ended March 31, 2016. Declines in the value of our securities portfolio can trigger margin calls by our lenders under our repurchase agreements. An event of default or termination event would give some of our counterparties the option to terminate all repurchase transactions existing with us and require any amount due by us to the counterparties to be payable immediately.
Our total debt-to-equity ratio, which includes longer term financing, was 6.1x as of March 31, 2016 (December 31, 2015: 6.3x). In the first quarter of 2016 our leverage decreased approximately 0.2 times due to our lower equity balance as of March 31, 2016 because we used cash from sales of securities and principal prepayments and maturities to repurchase stock rather than reinvest in target assets. Improving our balance sheet by diversifying our liabilities away from repurchase agreements has been a focus of management over the past two years. Since we began using other longer-term means of financing our investments, such as our exchangeable senior notes and secured loans, we have reduced our reliance on repurchase agreements.
In December 2011, our board of directors approved a common stock share repurchase program. Shares of our common stock may be purchased in the open market, including through block purchases, or through privately negotiated transactions, or pursuant to any trading plan that may be adopted in accordance with Rules 10b5-1 and 10b-18 of the Securities Exchange Act

 
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of 1934, as amended. The timing, manner, price and amount of any repurchases will be determined at our discretion and the program may be suspended, terminated or modified at any time for any reason.  The program does not obligate us to acquire any specific number of shares, and all repurchases will be made in accordance with Rule 10b-18, which sets certain restrictions on the method, timing, price and volume of stock repurchases.
During the three months ended March 31, 2016, we repurchased 2,063,451 shares of our common stock at an average repurchase price of $12.12 per share for a net cost of $25.0 million, including acquisition expenses. As of March 31, 2016, the Company had authority to purchase 18,239,082 additional shares of its common stock under its share repurchase program with no expiration date.
In 2011, we implemented the DRSPP. Until March 31, 2016, we had registered and reserved for issuance 15,000,000 shares of our common stock under the DRSPP. During the three months ended March 31, 2016, we issued 3,201 shares of common stock (March 31, 2015: 4,444 shares) at an average price of $11.08 (March 31, 2015: $15.83) with total proceeds of approximately $35,000 (March 31, 2015: $70,000). No shares of common stock were issued under the waiver feature of the DRSPP. Effective April 1, 2016, we replaced our DRSPP program with a direct stock purchase plan and dividend reinvestment program administered by an affiliate of our transfer agent, Computershare Trust Company.
Effects of Margin Requirements, Leverage and Credit Spreads
Our securities have values that fluctuate according to market conditions and, as discussed above, the market value of our securities will decrease as prevailing interest rates or credit spreads increase. When the value of the securities pledged to secure a repurchase loan or a secured loan decreases to the point where the positive difference between the collateral value and the loan amount is less than the haircut, our lenders may issue a margin call, which means that the lender will require us to pay the margin call in cash or pledge additional collateral to meet that margin call. Under our repurchase facilities and secured loans, our lenders have full discretion to determine the value of the securities we pledge to them. Most of our lenders will value securities based on recent trades in the market. Lenders also issue margin calls as the published current principal balance factors change on the pool of mortgages underlying the securities pledged as collateral when scheduled and unscheduled paydowns are announced monthly.
We experience margin calls and increased collateral requirements in the ordinary course of our business. In seeking to effectively manage the margin requirements established by our lenders, we maintain a position of cash and unpledged securities. We refer to this position as our liquidity. The level of liquidity we have available to meet margin calls is directly affected by our leverage levels, our haircuts and the price changes on our securities. If interest rates increase as a result of a yield curve shift or for another reason or if credit spreads widen, then the prices of our collateral (and our unpledged assets that constitute our liquidity) will decline, we will experience margin calls, and we will use our liquidity to meet the margin calls. There can be no assurance that we will maintain sufficient levels of liquidity to meet any margin calls or increased collateral requirements. If our haircuts increase, our liquidity will proportionately decrease. In addition, if we increase our borrowings, our liquidity will decrease by the amount of additional haircut on the increased level of indebtedness.
We intend to maintain a level of liquidity in relation to our assets that enables us to meet reasonably anticipated margin calls and increased collateral requirements but that also allows us to be substantially invested in securities. We may misjudge the appropriate amount of our liquidity by maintaining excessive liquidity, which would lower our investment returns, or by maintaining insufficient liquidity, which would force us to liquidate assets into unfavorable market conditions and harm our results of operations and financial condition.
We are subject to financial covenants in connection with our lending, derivatives and other agreements we enter into in the normal course of our business. We intend to continue to operate in a manner which complies with all of our financial covenants. Our lending and derivative agreements provide that we may be declared in default of our obligations if our leverage ratio exceeds certain thresholds and we fail to maintain stockholders’ equity or market value above certain thresholds over specified time periods.
Forward-Looking Statements Regarding Liquidity
Based upon our current portfolio, leverage rate and available borrowing arrangements, we believe that cash flow from operations and available borrowing capacity will be sufficient to enable us to meet anticipated short-term (one year or less) liquidity requirements to fund our investment activities, pay fees under our management agreement, fund our distributions to stockholders and for other general corporate expenses.
Our ability to meet our long-term (greater than one year) liquidity and capital resource requirements will be subject to obtaining additional debt financing. We may increase our capital resources by obtaining long-term credit facilities or through public or private offerings of equity or debt securities, possibly including classes of preferred stock, common stock, and senior or subordinated notes. Such financing will depend on market conditions for capital raises and our ability to invest such offering

 
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proceeds. If we are unable to renew, replace or expand our sources of financing on substantially similar terms, it may have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
Contractual Obligations
We have entered into an agreement with our Manager pursuant to which our Manager is entitled to receive a management fee and the reimbursement of certain expenses. The management fee is calculated and payable quarterly in arrears in an amount equal to 1.50% of our stockholders’ equity, per annum. Our Manager uses the proceeds from its management fee in part to pay compensation to its officers and personnel who, notwithstanding that certain of those individuals are also our officers, receive no cash compensation directly from us. We are required to reimburse our Manager for operating expenses related to us incurred by our Manager, including certain salary expenses and other expenses relating to legal, accounting, due diligence and other services. Expense reimbursements to our Manager are made in cash on a monthly basis following the end of each month. Our reimbursement obligation is not subject to any dollar limitation. Refer to Note 11 – “Related Party Transactions” of our condensed consolidated financial statements for details of our reimbursements to our Manager.
Contractual Commitments
As of March 31, 2016, we had the following contractual commitments and commercial obligations:
 
Payments Due by Period
$ in thousands
Total
 
Less than 1
year
 
1-3 years
 
3-5 years
 
After 5
years
Repurchase agreements
11,187,159

 
11,187,159

 
—

 
—

 
—

Secured loans
1,650,000

 
—

 
—

 
400,000

 
1,250,000

Unfunded investments in unconsolidated ventures
20,733

 
12,199

 
8,534

 
—

 
—

Exchangeable senior notes
400,000

 
—

 
400,000

 
—

 
—

Participation interest
150

 
150

 
—

 
—

 
—

Commercial loans
27,128

 
12,564

 
14,564

 
—

 
—

Total (1)
13,285,170

 
11,212,072

 
423,098

 
400,000

 
1,250,000

 
(1)
Excluded from total contractual obligations are the amounts due to our Manager under the management agreement, as those obligations do not have fixed and determinable payments. Refer to "Contractual Obligations" above for further details.
As of March 31, 2016, we have approximately $14.5 million, $40.0 million and $72.3 million in contractual interest payments related to our repurchase agreements, exchangeable senior notes and secured loans, respectively.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We have committed to invest up to $122.6 million in unconsolidated ventures sponsored by an affiliate of our Manager. The unconsolidated ventures are structured as partnerships, and we invest in the partnerships as a limited partner. As of March 31, 2016, $101.9 million of our commitment has been called. We are committed to fund $20.7 million in additional capital to fund future investments and cover future expenses should they occur.
As of March 31, 2016, we have unfunded commitments on commercial loans of $27.1 million (December 31, 2015: $2.1 million).
Stockholders’ Equity
During the three months ended March 31, 2016, we issued 3,201 shares (2015: 4,444 shares) of common stock at an average price of $11.08 (2015: $15.83) under the DRSPP with total proceeds to us of approximately $35,000 (2015: $70,000).
During the three months ended March 31, 2016, we repurchased 2,063,451 shares of our common stock at an average repurchase price of $12.12 per share for a net cost of $25.0 million, including acquisition expenses. We did not repurchase any common stock during the three months ended March 31, 2015. As of March 31, 2016, we had authority to purchase 18,239,082 additional shares of our common stock through our share repurchase program with no stated expiration date.

 
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Share-Based Compensation
We have currently reserved 1,000,000 shares of common stock for issuance to our independent directors and officers and employees of our Manger and its affiliates under the terms of our 2009 Equity Incentive Plan (the "Incentive Plan"). Unless terminated earlier, the Incentive Plan will terminate in 2019, but will continue to govern the unexpired awards.
We recognized compensation expense of approximately $85,000 (March 31, 2015: $85,000) related to our non-executive directors for the three months ended March 31, 2016. During the three months ended March 31, 2016, we issued 7,748 shares (March 31, 2015: 5,332 shares) of stock pursuant to the Incentive Plan to our non-executive directors. The fair market value of the shares granted was determined by the closing stock market price on the date of the grant.
We recognized compensation expense of approximately $32,000 (March 31, 2015: $70,000) for the three months ended March 31, 2016 related to restricted stock awards to employees of our Manager and its affiliates. Our Manager reimburses us for this compensation expense under the terms of our management agreement.
The following table summarizes the activity related to restricted stock awards to employees of our Manager and its affiliates for the three months ended March 31, 2016.
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
2016
 
Restricted Stock Units
 
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value (1)
Unvested at the beginning of the period
40,814

 
$
17.29

Shares granted during the period
21,099

 
11.28

Shares forfeited during the period
—

 
—

Shares vested during the period
(15,913
)
 
(17.66
)
Unvested at the end of the period
46,000

 
$
14.40

(1)
The grant date fair value of restricted stock awards is based on the closing market price of our common stock at the grant date.
Dividends
We intend to continue to make regular quarterly distributions to holders of our common stock and preferred stock. U.S. federal income tax law generally requires that a REIT distribute at least 90% of its REIT taxable income annually, determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gains, and that it pay tax at regular corporate rates to the extent that it annually distributes less than 100% of its taxable income. Before we pay any dividend, whether for U.S. federal income tax purposes or otherwise, we must first meet both our operating requirements and debt service on our repurchase agreements and other debt payable. If our cash available for distribution is less than our taxable income, we could be required to sell assets or borrow funds to make cash distributions, or we may make a portion of the required distribution in the form of a taxable stock distribution or distribution of debt securities.
Inflation
Virtually all of our assets and liabilities are sensitive to interest rates. As a result, interest rates and other factors influence our performance far more than inflation. Changes in interest rates do not necessarily correlate with inflation rates or changes in inflation rates.
Unrelated Business Taxable Income
We have not engaged in transactions that would result in a portion of our income being treated as unrelated business taxable income.

 
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Other Matters
We believe that we satisfied each of the asset tests in Section 856(c)(4) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code") for the period ended March 31, 2016. We also believe that our revenue qualifies for the 75% source of income test and for the 95% source of income test rules for the period ended March 31, 2016. Consequently, we believe we met the REIT income and asset test as of March 31, 2016. We also met all REIT requirements regarding the ownership of our common stock and the distribution of dividends of our net income as of March 31, 2016. Therefore, as of March 31, 2016, we believe that we qualified as a REIT under the Code.
At all times, we intend to conduct our business so that neither we nor our Operating Partnership nor the subsidiaries of our Operating Partnership are required to register as an investment company under the 1940 Act. If we were required to register as an investment company, then our use of leverage would be substantially reduced. Because we are a holding company that conducts our business through our Operating Partnership and the Operating Partnership’s wholly-owned or majority-owned subsidiaries, the securities issued by these subsidiaries that are excepted from the definition of “investment company” under Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7) of the 1940 Act, together with any other investment securities the Operating Partnership may own, may not have a combined value in excess of 40% of the value of the Operating Partnership’s total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis, which we refer to as the 40% test. This requirement limits the types of businesses in which we are permitted to engage in through our subsidiaries. In addition, we believe neither we nor the Operating Partnership are considered an investment company under Section 3(a)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act because they do not engage primarily or hold themselves out as being engaged primarily in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities. Rather, through the Operating Partnership’s wholly-owned or majority-owned subsidiaries, we and the Operating Partnership are primarily engaged in the non-investment company businesses of these subsidiaries. IAS Asset I LLC and certain of the Operating Partnership’s other subsidiaries that we may form in the future rely upon the exclusion from the definition of “investment company” under the 1940 Act provided by Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the 1940 Act, which is available for entities “primarily engaged in the business of purchasing or otherwise acquiring mortgages and other liens on and interests in real estate.” This exclusion generally requires that at least 55% of each subsidiary’s portfolio be comprised of qualifying assets and at least 80% be comprised of qualifying assets and real estate-related assets (and no more than 20% comprised of miscellaneous assets). We calculate that as of March 31, 2016, we conducted our business so as not to be regulated as an investment company under the 1940 Act.

 
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ITEM 3.
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.
The primary components of our market risk are related to interest rate, principal prepayment and market value. While we do not seek to avoid risk completely, we believe the risk can be quantified from historical experience and we seek to actively manage that risk, to earn sufficient compensation to justify taking those risks and to maintain capital levels consistent with the risks we undertake.
Interest Rate Risk
Interest rate risk is highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental, monetary and tax policies, domestic and international economic and political considerations, and other factors beyond our control. We are subject to interest rate risk in connection with our investments and our repurchase agreements. Our repurchase agreements are typically of limited duration and will be periodically refinanced at current market rates. We mitigate this risk through utilization of derivative contracts, primarily interest rate swap agreements, TBAs and futures contracts.
Interest Rate Effect on Net Interest Income
Our operating results depend in large part upon differences between the yields earned on our investments and our cost of borrowing and interest rate hedging activities. Most of our repurchase agreements provide financing based on a floating rate of interest calculated on a fixed spread over LIBOR. The fixed spread will vary depending on the type of underlying asset which collateralizes the financing. Accordingly, the portion of our portfolio which consists of floating interest rate assets are match-funded utilizing our expected sources of short-term financing, while our fixed interest rate assets are not match-funded. During periods of rising interest rates, the borrowing costs associated with our investments tend to increase while the income earned on our fixed interest rate investments may remain substantially unchanged. This increase in borrowing costs results in the narrowing of the net interest spread between the related assets and borrowings and may even result in losses. Further, during this portion of the interest rate and credit cycles, defaults could increase and result in credit losses to us, which could adversely affect our liquidity and operating results. Such delinquencies or defaults could also have an adverse effect on the spread between interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities.
Hedging techniques are partly based on assumed levels of prepayments of our RMBS. If prepayments are slower or faster than assumed, the life of the RMBS will be longer or shorter, which would reduce the effectiveness of any hedging strategies we may use and may cause losses on such transactions. Hedging strategies involving the use of derivative securities are highly complex and may produce volatile returns.
Interest Rate Effects on Fair Value
Another component of interest rate risk is the effect that changes in interest rates will have on the market value of the assets that we acquire. We face the risk that the market value of our assets will increase or decrease at different rates than those of our liabilities, including our hedging instruments.
We primarily assess our interest rate risk by estimating the duration of our assets and the duration of our liabilities. Duration measures the market price volatility of financial instruments as interest rates change. We generally calculate duration using various financial models and empirical data. Different models and methodologies can produce different duration numbers for the same securities.
The impact of changing interest rates on fair value can change significantly when interest rates change materially. Therefore, the volatility in the fair value of our assets could increase significantly in the event interest rates change materially. In addition, other factors impact the fair value of our interest rate-sensitive investments and hedging instruments, such as the shape of the yield curve, market expectations as to future interest rate changes and other market conditions. Accordingly, changes in actual interest rates may have a material adverse effect on us.
Prepayment Risk
As we receive prepayments of principal on our investments, premiums paid on these investments are amortized against interest income. In general, an increase in prepayment rates will accelerate the amortization of purchase premiums, thereby reducing the interest income earned on the investments. Conversely, discounts on such investments are accreted into interest income. In general, an increase in prepayment rates will accelerate the accretion of purchase discounts, thereby increasing the interest income earned on the investments.

 
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Extension Risk
We compute the projected weighted average life of our investments based upon assumptions regarding the rate at which the borrowers will prepay the underlying mortgages. In general, when a fixed-rate or hybrid adjustable-rate security is acquired with borrowings, we may, but are not required to, enter into an interest rate swap agreement or other hedging instrument that effectively fixes our borrowing costs for a period close to the anticipated average life of the fixed-rate portion of the related assets. This strategy is designed to protect us from rising interest rates, because the borrowing costs are fixed for the duration of the fixed-rate portion of the related target asset.
However, if prepayment rates decrease in a rising interest rate environment, then the life of the fixed-rate portion of the related assets could extend beyond the term of the swap agreement or other hedging instrument. This could have a negative impact on our results from operations, as borrowing costs would no longer be fixed after the end of the hedging instrument, while the income earned on the hybrid adjustable-rate assets would remain fixed. This situation may also cause the market value of our hybrid adjustable-rate assets to decline, with little or no offsetting gain from the related hedging transactions. In extreme situations, we may be forced to sell assets to maintain adequate liquidity, which could cause us to incur losses.
Market Risk
Market Value Risk
Our available-for-sale securities are reflected at their estimated fair value with unrealized gains and losses excluded from earnings and reported in other comprehensive income pursuant to ASC Topic 320. The estimated fair value of these securities fluctuates primarily due to changes in interest rates and other factors. Generally, in a rising interest rate environment, the estimated fair value of these securities would be expected to decrease; conversely, in a decreasing interest rate environment, the estimated fair value of these securities would be expected to increase.
The sensitivity analysis table presented below shows the estimated impact of an instantaneous parallel shift in the yield curve, up and down 50 and 100 basis points, on the market value of our interest rate-sensitive investments and net interest income, including net interest paid or received under interest rate swaps, at March 31, 2016, assuming a static portfolio. When evaluating the impact of changes in interest rates, prepayment assumptions and principal reinvestment rates are adjusted based on our Manager’s expectations. The analysis presented utilized assumptions, models and estimates of our Manager based on our Manager’s judgment and experience.
Change in Interest Rates
 
Percentage Change in Projected
Net Interest Income
 
Percentage Change in Projected
Portfolio Value
+1.00%
 
(14.83
)%
 
(0.86
)%
+0.50%
 
(2.86
)%
 
(0.35
)%
-0.50%
 
(3.74
)%
 
(0.01
)%
-1.00%
 
(20.12
)%
 
(0.26
)%
Certain assumptions have been made in connection with the calculation of the information set forth in the foregoing interest rate sensitivity table and, as such, there can be no assurance that assumed events will occur or that other events will not occur that would affect the outcomes. The base interest rate scenario assumes interest rates at March 31, 2016. The analysis utilizes assumptions and estimates based on management’s judgment and experience. Furthermore, while we generally expect to retain such assets and the associated interest rate risk to maturity, future purchases and sales of assets could materially change our interest rate risk profile.
Given the low interest rates at March 31, 2016, we applied a floor of 0% for all anticipated interest rates included in our assumptions. Because of this floor, we anticipate that any hypothetical interest rate shock decrease would have a limited positive impact on our funding costs; however, because prepayment speeds are unaffected by this floor, we expect that any increase in our prepayment speeds (occurring as a result of any interest rate decrease or otherwise) could result in an acceleration of our premium amortization on Agency and interest-only securities purchased at a premium, and accretion of discount on our non-Agency RMBS purchased at a discount. As a result, because this floor limits the positive impact of any interest rate decrease on our funding costs, hypothetical interest rate decreases could cause the fair value of our financial instruments and our net interest income to decline.
The information set forth in the interest rate sensitivity table above and all related disclosures constitutes forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimated in the foregoing interest rate sensitivity table.

 
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Real Estate Risk
Residential and commercial property values are subject to volatility and may be adversely affected by a number of factors, including, but not limited to: national, regional and local economic conditions (which may be adversely affected by industry slowdowns and other factors); local real estate conditions (such as the supply of housing stock); changes or continued weakness in specific industry segments; construction quality, age and design; demographic factors; and retroactive changes to building or similar codes. In addition, decreases in property values reduce the value of the collateral and the potential proceeds available to a borrower to repay our loans, which could also cause us to suffer losses.
Credit Risk
We believe that our investment strategy will generally keep our credit losses and financing costs low. However, we retain the risk of potential credit losses on all of our residential and commercial mortgage investments. We seek to manage this risk through our pre-acquisition due diligence process. In addition, we re-evaluate the credit risk inherent in our investments on a regular basis pursuant to fundamental considerations such as GDP, unemployment, interest rates, retail sales, store closings/openings, corporate earnings, housing inventory, affordability and regional home price trends. We also review key loan credit metrics including, but not limited to, payment status, current loan-to-value ratios, current borrower credit scores and debt yields. These characteristics assist in determining the likelihood and severity of loan loss as well as prepayment and extension expectations. We then perform structural analysis under multiple scenarios to establish likely cash flow profiles and credit enhancement levels relative to collateral performance projections. This analysis allows us to quantify our opinions of credit quality and fundamental value, which are key drivers of portfolio management decisions.
Foreign Exchange Rate Risk
We have an investment in a commercial loan denominated in foreign currency and an investment in an unconsolidated joint venture whose net assets and results of operations are exposed to foreign currency translation risk when translated in U.S. dollars upon consolidation. We seek to hedge our foreign currency exposures by purchasing currency forward contracts.
Risk Management
To the extent consistent with maintaining our REIT qualification, we seek to manage risk exposure to protect our investment portfolio against the effects of major interest rate changes. We generally seek to manage this risk by:
•
monitoring and adjusting, if necessary, the reset index and interest rate related to our target assets and our financings;
•
attempting to structure our financing agreements to have a range of different maturities, terms, amortizations and interest rate adjustment periods;
•
using hedging instruments, primarily interest rate swap agreements but also financial futures, options, interest rate cap agreements, floors and forward sales to adjust the interest rate sensitivity of our target assets and our borrowings; and
•
actively managing, on an aggregate basis, the interest rate indices, interest rate adjustment periods, and gross reset margins of our target assets and the interest rate indices and adjustment periods of our financings.

 
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ITEM 4.
CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act) that are designed to ensure that information we are required to disclose in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include controls and procedures designed to ensure that the required information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
We have evaluated, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2016. Based upon our evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the applicable rules and forms, and that it is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
There are inherent limitations to the effectiveness of any system of disclosure controls and procedures, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of the controls and procedures. Accordingly, even effective disclosure controls and procedures can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting    
There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended March 31, 2016 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.


 
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PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
 
ITEM 1.
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.
From time to time, we may be involved in various claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. As of March 31, 2016, we were not involved in any such legal proceedings.
ITEM 1A.
RISK FACTORS.
There were no material changes during the period covered by this Report to the risk factors previously disclosed in our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, as filed with the SEC on February 22, 2016, other than the risk factor disclosed below. Additional risks not presently known, or that we currently deem immaterial, also may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our independent registered public accounting firm has advised us that it may have breached an independence requirement contained in the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 regulations regarding auditor independence.
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (“PwC”) has advised the Company that, as of the date of the filing of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Form 10-Q”), PwC is in discussions with the Staff of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) regarding the interpretation and application of Rule 2-01(c)(1)(ii)(A) of Regulation S-X (the “Loan Rule”) with respect to certain of PwC’s lenders who own preferred stock or are record holders in certain closed-end and open-end funds managed by our Manager.
The Loan Rule prohibits accounting firms, such as PwC, from having certain financial relationships with their audit clients and affiliated entities. Specifically, the Loan Rule provides, in relevant part, that an accounting firm is not independent if it receives a loan from a lender that is a “record or beneficial owner of more than ten percent of the audit client’s equity securities.” Under the SEC Staff’s interpretation of the Loan Rule, some of PwC’s relationships with lenders who also own shares of preferred stock or act as record holders in certain closed-end and open-end funds within the Invesco investment company complex may run afoul of the Loan Rule, calling into question PwC’s independence with respect to such funds, our Manager or affiliated entities of our Manager, including the Company. However, PwC’s interpretation of the Loan Rule, in light of the facts of these lending relationships, leads it to conclude that there is no violation of the Loan Rule and its independence has not been impaired.
The Company's Audit Committee has considered the lending relationships described by PwC and believes that (1) the lending relationships did not impact PwC’s application of objective and impartial judgment with respect to all issues encompassed within PwC's review of this Form 10-Q; and (2) a reasonable investor with knowledge of all relevant facts and circumstances would reach the same conclusion. In making this determination, the Audit Committee considered, among other things, PwC’s description of the relevant lending relationships, PwC’s interpretation of the Loan Rule, PwC’s representation that it is not aware of any of its lenders owning more than ten percent of the outstanding equity securities of the Company, PwC’s representation that this matter did not compromise or impair its objectivity in connection with its review of the interim financial statements included in this Form 10-Q, and PwC’s representation that it is independent within the meaning of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board Rule 3520, Auditor Independence.
PwC advised the Audit Committee that it continues to have discussions with the SEC’s Staff to resolve this interpretive matter. While PwC represented to the Audit Committee that it feels confident that PwC’s interpretation of the Loan Rule is correct, neither PwC nor the Audit Committee can be certain of the final outcome.
If the SEC were ultimately to determine that PwC was not independent with respect to the Company, or the Company does not obtain some form of exemptive relief from the SEC, this Form 10-Q may not be considered compliant with the applicable securities laws. If the SEC determines that PwC was not independent, or the Company does not receive some form of exemptive relief from the SEC, among other things, the interim financial statements filed by the Company may have to be reviewed by another independent registered public accounting firm, the Company’s eligibility to use its shelf registration statement may be impacted and certain financial reporting covenants with our counterparties may be impacted. A default under the Company’s financing agreements could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and stock price.

 
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ITEM 2.
UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS.
The following table shows common share repurchase activity during the quarter ended March 31, 2016:
Month
Total Number of Shares Purchased
 
Average Price Paid Per Share
 
Total Number of Shares
Purchased as Part of
Publicly Announced Plans or Programs(1)
 
Maximum Number of Shares
that May Yet Be Purchased
Under the Plans
or Programs at end of period(1)
January 1 - 31, 2016
—

 
—

 
—

 
5,302,533

February 1 - 29, 2016
—

 
—

 
—

 
20,302,533

March 1 - 31, 2016
2,063,451

 
12.12

 
2,063,451

 
18,239,082

 
2,063,451

 
12.12

 
2,063,451

 
 

(1)
In December 2011, our board of directors approved a share repurchase program to purchase up to 7,000,000 shares of our common shares with no stated expiration date. In December 2013, our board of directors approved an additional share repurchase program of up to 20,000,000 of our common shares with no expiration date. In February 2016, our board of directors authorized an additional 15,000,000 of our common shares with no expiration date. The shares may be repurchased from time to time through privately negotiated transactions or open market transactions, including pursuant to a trading plan in accordance with Rules 10b5-1 and 10b-18 under Exchange Act or by any combination of such methods. The manner, price, number and timing of share repurchases are subject to a variety of factors, including market conditions and applicable SEC rules.
ITEM 3.
DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES.
None.
ITEM 4.
MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.
Not applicable.
ITEM 5.
OTHER INFORMATION.
None.

ITEM 6.
EXHIBITS.
A list of exhibits to this Form 10-Q is set forth on the Exhibit Index and is incorporated herein by reference.


 
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
 
 
INVESCO MORTGAGE CAPITAL INC.
 
 
 
May 10, 2016
By:
/s/ Richard J. King
 
 
Richard J. King
 
 
President and Chief Executive Officer
 
 
 
May 10, 2016
By:
/s/ Richard Lee Phegley, Jr.
 
 
Richard Lee Phegley, Jr.
 
 
Chief Financial Officer


 
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EXHIBIT INDEX
Item 6.        Exhibits
 
Exhibit
No.
  
Description
 
 
3.1

  
Articles of Amendment and Restatement of Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 12, 2009).
 
 
3.2

  
Articles Supplementary of 7.75% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A, filed with the SEC on July 23, 2012).
 
 
3.3

  
Articles Supplementary of 7.75% Fixed-to-Floating Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A, filed with the SEC on September 8, 2014).
 
 
3.4

  
Amended and Restated Bylaws of Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to Amendment No. 8 to our Registration Statement on Form S-11 (No. 333-151665), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 18, 2009).
 
 
 
31.1

  
Certification of Richard J. King pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
 
 
31.2

  
Certification of Richard Lee Phegley, Jr. pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
 
 
32.1

  
Certification of Richard J. King pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
 
 
32.2

  
Certification of Richard Lee Phegley, Jr. pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
 
 
101

  
The following series of unaudited XBRL-formatted documents are collectively included herewith as Exhibit 101. The financial information is extracted from Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc.’s unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements and notes that are included in this Form 10-Q Report.
 
101.INS XBRL Instance Document
 
101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
 
101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document
 
101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document
 
101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document
 
101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document


 
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