Kandi Technologies Group, Inc. - Annual Report: 2019 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT UNDER SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 

For the transition period from ___________to ___________ 

Commission file number 001-33997

KANDI TECHNOLOGIES GROUP, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Jinhua City Industrial Zone
Jinhua, Zhejiang Province 
People’s Republic of China 
Post Code 321016 
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

(86-579) 82239856 
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulations S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “Emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2019, the last business day of the registrant’s second fiscal quarter, was approximately $186,433,531.

The number of shares of common stock outstanding as of April 23, 2020 was 52,849,441.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE:

None. 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD -LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K (this “Annual Report”) contains certain forward -looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. These include statements about our expectations, beliefs, intentions or strategies for the future, which we indicate by words or phrases such as “anticipate,” “expect,” intend,” “plan,” “will,” “we believe,” “our company believes,” management believes” and similar language. These forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations and are subject to certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including those set forth in the discussion under Item 1, “Business”, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” and Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” Our actual results may differ materially from results anticipated in these forward-looking statements. We base our forward -looking statements on information currently available to us, and we assume no obligation to update them. In addition, our historical financial performance is not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected in the future and we believe such comparisons cannot be relied upon as indicators of future performance.

Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. Except as required by applicable law, including the securities laws of the United States, we do not intend to update any of the forward-looking statements to conform these statements to actual results.

PART I

Except as otherwise indicated by the context, references in this Annual Report to “we,” “us,” “our,” “Kandi,” or the “Company” are to the combined businesses of Kandi Technologies Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries.

Item 1. Business Introduction

Our Core Business

The Company was mainly engaged in the development, production and distribution of the electric vehicle (“EV”) products, EV parts and off-road vehicle products.

Our Organizational Structure

The Company’s organizational chart as of the date of this report is as follows:

Please refer to the discussion in NOTE 1 - ORGANIZATION AND PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report for a narrative of our organization structure and operating subsidiaries, including their dates of incorporation and history.

Industry Overview

Over the years, governments and the automobile manufacturing industry have reached a consensus on the importance of diversifying the automobile industry and utilizing various energy resources. China is one of the world’s largest automobile markets. China has relatively scarce fuel reserves but rich natural resources of electric power. As a result, the Chinese government has been implementing industrial policies of supporting new energy vehicles. The diversified market with the coexistence of traditional fuel vehicles, plug-in hybrid vehicles and pure electric vehicles has been initially formed. We believe China is the most prospective market for pure electric vehicles. According to a government forecast, China’s new energy vehicle sales are projected to grow to 2.1 million units in 2020, and its penetration is expected to reach 7% by 2020. We also believe that in the global automobile industry, there is great development space for the Chinese electric vehicle and core parts industry in the future.

In December 2019, an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (“COVID-19”), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, was first found in Wuhan, China. The World Health Organization (“WHO”) declared the outbreak to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on January 30, 2020 and recognized it as a pandemic on March 11, 2020. COVID-19 has had a significant impact on the global economy and many industries, including the automobile and parts industry. However, as the outbreak in China has been gradually managed under control, the automobile and parts industry has also begun to resume productions. Stimulated by the various preferential policies of the Chinese government to promote economic development, we believe the automobile and its parts industry will return onto the track for the next development.

As one of the pioneers in China’s electric vehicle industry, Kandi has spent years in the innovation of the new energy vehicle technology research and development, production layout and market promotion mode, Kandi has successfully taken its position in China’s electric vehicle industry, especially in the areas of the production and manufacturing of electric vehicles and core parts.

Competitive Landscape

In general, our EV business faces competition from two groups of competitors: traditional vehicle manufacturers and new market entrants.

In terms of competition with conventional fuel vehicle manufacturers, many of the conventional fuel vehicle manufacturers are much larger in terms of size, manufacturing capabilities, customer bases, financial, marketing and human resources than the electric vehicle manufacturers. However, the conventional fuel automobiles face many challenges, including but not limited to environmental pollution and energy scarcity, which in turn provide great opportunities for the rapid development of the EV industry in China.

On March 31, 2020, in order to promote automobile consumption, the executive meeting of the State Council decided to extend two preferential policies of new energy vehicle purchase subsidy and vehicle purchase tax exemption for another two years, which were originally due at the end 2020. The Chinese government has released various national policies to promote the high-quality development of the electric vehicle industry with goals to facilitate the transformation and upgrading of the automobile industry, to improve the comprehensive competitiveness of the electric vehicle industry, to support the electric vehicle and its core parts industry, to accelerate the resumption of production, and to promote the automobile consumption to cope with the impact of COVID-19 on the national economy.

Our Opportunities and Growth Strategy

Local governments in China are pushing for new electric vehicle adoption with strong policy support, due to worsening air pollution and concerns about petroleum resource dependence. As one of the beneficiaries of the new energy vehicle industry take-off, Kandi has become one of the front runners in China’s electric vehicle industry, given its technology innovation with integrated solutions and operation experience.

Our business strategy includes efforts to provide customers with high-quality products, to expand our footprint in new and existing markets, and to advance our profile and the market demand through the further innovations in the Car- Share Program and the Affiliate Company’s direct sales channel. We also provide EV products to end users through our distributors. We anticipate that our pure EV product business in China, through the operations of the Affiliate Company and with the support of new Chinese government policies (including the Double Credit System Policy), will continue to develop and grow in the future. China promulgated the Double Credit System Policy in 2017, which assesses carmakers in terms of both fuel consumption and new energy vehicle production. We can amass credits by producing gasoline vehicles with less emissions than the country’s standards or by producing electric cars, plug-in hybrids and fuel cell vehicles.

Today, cities in China face four critical challenges in the traffic environment, including pollution, traffic congestion, insufficient parking availability, and growing scarcity of energy supplies, which are mainly the result of ever growing volume of gas-powered private cars. The best solution to these problems is to increase more affordable public transportation for urban residents. Subway and bus used to be the most popular public transportation options in China. They form the main artery of urban public transportation but such system is lack of capillary. In this regard, we introduced the Car-Share Program by using pure electric vehicles. Urban public transportation system can be improved with the ORSS program.

In order to further improve the Car- Share Program, we united other operators in more than 10 cities to form of a five-year 300,000 units online ride-sharing service alliance at the beginning of 2019. As one of the most active practitioners of sharing economy model in China nowadays, this innovative business model provides an excellent solution to EV sharing. The character of this program is that all the cars casted to the online platform by the alliance use the changing-battery-model. The changing battery model solves the problems including high price of EVs, short recharging mileage, long recharging time, shortage of charging facilities, battery attenuation and potential pollution problem and so on. Furthermore this model allows the battery to be slowly recharged at a constant temperature, which prolongs the usage life of the battery and truly realize green energy efficiency. We have reason to believe that this upgrade to ORSS program from MPT advocated and practiced by Kandi will become the benchmark of urban car-share and play a significant role in the development of China’s urban travel ecosphere.

SC Autosports, LLC (“SC Autosports”) is a Dallas-based sales company with nationwide sales channels in the U.S that is primarily engaged in the wholesale of off-road vehicle products, with a small percentage of its business derived from off-road vehicle parts wholesale and retail. It has a seasoned management team and a distribution force averaging over ten years of sales experience. To gain access to and promote electric vehicle products to the U.S. market, on July 1, 2018, we acquired 100% ownership of SC Autosports. Through more than one year’s preparation, SC Autosports is to begin to sell Kandi’s electric vehicles in the U.S. market this year.

On March 21, 2019, Zhejiang Kandi Vehicles Co., Ltd. (“Kandi Vehicles”) signed an Equity Transfer Agreement with Geely Technologies Group Co., Ltd. (“Geely”) to transfer certain equity interests in the Kandi Electric Vehicles Group Co., Ltd. (the “Affiliate Company”, formerly defined as the “JV Company”) to Geely. As a result of the completion of the equity transfer on September 29, 2019, Kandi Vehicles now owns 22% and Geely and its affiliates own 78% of the equity interests of the Affiliate Company. In October 2019, the Affiliate Company changed name to Fengsheng Automotive Technology Group Co., Ltd.. Approved by the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Affiliate Company is a new energy vehicle design, development and production vehicle manufacturer.

Benefiting from the technical support of Geely, the Affiliate Company now has the ability to manage the whole life cycle of the new energy vehicle sale process, including new energy vehicle market business analysis, new energy vehicle product development, sample vehicle delivery verification, production and after-sales maintenance. At the same time, the Affiliate Company will have competitive advantages in the devemopment of intelligent internet connection and autonomous vehicles.

The Affiliate Company has transitioned from a traditional vehicle company to an intelligent vehicle company. It operated an independently developed vehicle remote upgrade platform, a vehicle networking and vehicle terminal, and a vehicle monitoring platform, which allow it to manage the vehicle operation data, improve, optimize and expand the platform functions (including vehicle monitoring, autonomous, remote control, and vehicle physical examination); improve vehicle operation, management efficiency and enhance the user experience by connecting the user with the vehicle and pile.

On April 10, 2020, the Affiliate Company held an online brand conference to launch its “Maple Leaf Brand” products. Maple Leaf Brand is a new energy brand established as a result of the integration of Huapu’s manufacture license and Kandi’s assets. The products of this brand mainly compete with the new forces of domestic cars. With the Maple 30X motor’s maximum output of 70kw, the driving range on a full charge is up to 306 km or 190 miles. The model comes with express charging and standard charging options. Express charging enables the vehicle to be charged to 80% in about 30 minutes. A home plug-in charging feature is also available. The national pre-sale price after subsidy starts at RMB 68,800 (approximately USD $9,778) and goes up to RMB79,800 (approximately$11,342) for the premium package. Maple 30X is the first Maple model released this year. There are two more models planning to be launched later this year: a pure SUV targeting “millennial” families and an MPV model.

Our Products

General

For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, our products consist of EV parts, EV products, and off-road vehicles including ATVs, utility vehicles (“UTVs”), go-karts, and others vehicles. Based on our market research on consumer demand trends, we have adjusted our production line strategically and continue to develop and manufacture new products in an effort to meet market demand and better serve our customers.

The following table shows the breakdown of our net revenues:

Sales and Distribution

In 2019, the Company had primary products: electric vehicle parts and off-road vehicles. In 2019, Kandi Vehicles launched new intelligent transportation products, including Electric Scooters and Electric Self-Balancing Scooters. 

Customers

For the year ended December 31, 2019, our major customers, in the aggregate, accounted for 78% of our sales. We are working on developing new business partners and clients for our products to reduce our dependence on existing customers and is focusing our new business development efforts on our EV business.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company’s major customers, each of whom accounted for more than 10% of our consolidated revenue, were as follows:

Sources of Supply

All raw materials are purchased from suppliers. We have developed close relationships with several key suppliers particularly in the procurement of certain key parts. While we obtain components from multiple third-party sources in some cases, we do not have, and do not anticipate having, any difficulty in obtaining required materials from our suppliers. We believe that we have adequate supplies or sources of availability of the raw materials necessary to meet our manufacturing and supply requirements.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company’s material suppliers, each of whom accounted for more than 10% of our total purchases, were as follows:

Intellectual Property and Licenses

Our success partially depends on our ability to protect our core technology and intellectual property. We rely on a combination of patents, patent applications, trademarks, copyrights and trade secret protection laws in China and other jurisdictions, as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions to protect our intellectual property and our brand. For 2019, Kandi Vehicles applied with the Chinese patent authority for total 8 patents, including 4 utility model patents and 4 appearance design patents. During 2019, Kandi Vehicles received total of 17 issued patents, 11 utility model patents and 6 appearance design patents. As of December 31, 2019, Kandi Vehicles had total of 84 valid patents, including 1 invention patent, 42 utility model patents and 39 appearance design patents, as well as 2 software copyrights. For 2019, Jinhua Ankao applied with the Chinese patent authority for total of 13 utility model patents and received total 4 issued utility model patents. As of December 31, 2019, Jinhua Ankao had total of 32 valid patents, including 30 utility model patents and 2 appearance design patents. For 2019, Kandi New Energy applied and received total of 1 utility model patent. As of December 31, 2019, Kandi New Energy had total of 5 valid patents, including 1 utility model patents and 4 appearance design patents. Under Chinese patent law, an invention patent is valid for a term of 20 years and a utility or design patent is valid for a term of 10 years. In addition, we are authorized to use the trademark “Kandi” and we are the owner of the trademark “JASSCOL”. The Affiliate Company is authorized to use the trademark “Global Hawk”. We intend to continue to file additional patent applications with respect to our technology.

Kandi Vehicles was certified in intellectual property management systems in 2017 and is recognized as a national High and New Technology Enterprise by Zhejiang Provincial Science and Technology Bureau, Zhejiang Provincial Department of Finance, Zhejiang Provincial National Tax Bureau and Zhejiang Provincial Local Tax Bureau on November 13, 2017. Jinhua Ankao was certified in intellectual property management systems in 2018 and is recognized as a national High and New Technology Enterprise by Zhejiang Provincial Science and Technology Bureau, Zhejiang Provincial Department of Finance, Zhejiang Provincial National Tax Bureau and Zhejiang Provincial Local Tax Bureau on November 30, 2018. The certification is valid for three years. The status of being a national High and New Technology Enterprise qualifies Kandi Vehicles for a preferred 15% income tax rate, as opposed to a standard corporate income tax rate at 25%.

In 2019, Jinhua Ankao was named as a “Key Enterprise” of Jinhua Economic Development Zone.

Employees

As of December 31, 2019, excluding the contractors and the employees with the Affiliate Company, Kandi had a total of 594 full-time employees, as compared to 705 full-time employees on December 31, 2018, of which 263 employees are production personnel, 38 employees are sales personnel, 88 employees are research and development personnel, and 205 employees are administrative personnel. None of our employees are covered by collective bargaining agreements. We consider our relationships with our employees to be good. We also employ consultants on an as-needed basis.

Environmental and Safety Regulation

Emissions

Our products are all subject to international laws and emissions related standards and regulations, including regulations and related standards established by China Environmental Protection Agency, the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the California Air Resources Board, and European and Canadian legislative bodies. 

According to the management’s knowledge, the Company’s products have been designed and developed according to the environmental regulations of the target market since the research and development period, and have passed the corresponding tests before the products are put into production and sales, and obtained the compulsory product certification of the corresponding countries and regions.

If the standards and rules we execute are modified, or interpreted differently, or the product certification certificate expires, we will evaluate the product and restart the corresponding product design improvement and product testing/certification procedures to continuously ensure the target market environment regulatory compliance. The Company cannot estimate the extent to which these changes, if any, will affect our operating costs in the future.

Product Safety and Regulation

Safety Regulation

The U.S. federal government and individual states have adopted, or are considering the adoption of, laws and regulations relating to the use and safety of Kandi’s products. The federal government is the primary regulator of product safety. The Consumer Product Safety Commission (“CPSC”) has federal oversight over product safety issues related to ATVs and off-road vehicles. The National Highway Transportation Safety Administration (“NHTSA”) has federal oversight over product safety issues related to off-road vehicles and regulates the safety of electric vehicles for road vehicles.

In August 2008, the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act (the “Product Safety Act”) was passed. The Product Safety Act requires all manufacturers and distributors who import into or distribute ATVs within the United States to comply with the American National Standards Institute/Specialty Vehicle Institute of America (“ANSI/SVIA”) safety standard, which previously had been voluntary. The Product Safety Act also requires the same manufacturers and distributors to have ATV action plans filed with the CPSC that are substantially similar to the voluntary action plans that were previously in effect. Both Kandi and SC Autosports currently comply with the ANSI/SVIA standard.

Kandi’s off-road vehicles are subject to federal vehicle safety standards administered by NHTSA. Kandi’s off-road vehicles are also subject to various state vehicle safety standards. Kandi believes that its off-road vehicles comply with safety standards applicable to off-road vehicles.

Kandi’s off-road vehicles are also subject to international safety standards in places where it sells its products outside the United States. Kandi believes that its off-road vehicle products comply with applicable safety standards in the United States and internationally.

For the future sales of Kandi electric vehicle to the US market, the Company’s R&D department collected and checked the relevant provisions adopted by NHTSA. Through the conformity assessment and design improvement of product safety standards, Kandi electric vehicles sold to U.S. were approved by NHTSA and obtained the qualification for the import and registration of electric vehicles in the United States. Therefore, Kandi believes that the electric vehicle sold to U.S. can meet the US product safety regulations and standards.

Principal Executive Offices

Our principal executive office is located in the Jinhua City Industrial Zone in Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, PRC, 321016, and our telephone number is (86-579) 82239856.

Recent Development Activities

Fengsheng Automotive Technology GroupCo., Ltd. (formerly known as Kandi Electric Vehicles Group Co., Ltd., the “Affiliate Company” or “Fengsheng”) hosted a launch ceremony on January 13th to celebrate the release of its first production electric vehicle, the Maple Model 30X (or Maple 30X) at its Jiangsu subsidiary. Government officials from the Jiangsu Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nantong City Mayor’s Office, and Rugao City Mayor’s Office attended the ceremony. Also in attendance were members of the media,along with Geely Technology Group’s CEO,Xu Zhihao, and Hu Xiaoming, Kandi’s Chairman. On April 10, 2020, the Maple 30x was revealed in an online brand launch ceremony. The Affiliate Company introduced its first pure electric SUV, the Maple 30x, which is available for immediate pre-order.

On February 4, 2020, we announced that our subsidiary SC Autosports, the exclusive distributor of Kandi electric cars in the U.S., has begun taking dealer applications to sell Kandi electric cars in the U.S..

On March 3, 2020, we announced that full operations have resumed at the Company and its subsidiaries and affiliates. Like most companies in China, our first quarter results will be impacted by the coronavirus-related closures. We believe those actions were necessary to help our country bring the virus outbreak under control. We cooperated fully with government directives, with our primary focus being the health and safety of our employees and customers.

After two years of negotiation, on March 9, 2020, we announced that a real estate repurchase agreement was entered into by and between Kandi Vehicles and Jinhua Economic and Technological Development Zone that will enable Kandi Vehicles to optimize its production efficiency, lower operating costs, and generate a substantial cash inflow of RMB 525 million (USD 75.6 million) and will bring to Kandi no less than RMB 500 million (USD 71.9 million) subsidies based on Kandi Vehicle’s financial contribution to the local department of finance within the next eight years by selling one of its largest assets.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

You should carefully consider the risks described below together with all of the other information included in this report before making an investment decision with regard to our securities. The statements contained in or incorporated into this Annual Report that are not historic facts are forward -looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those set forth in or implied by forward-looking statements. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be harmed. In that case, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Relating to Our Business

Our future growth is dependent upon consumers’ willingness to adopt EVs.

Our growth is highly dependent upon the adoption by consumers of, and we are subject to a risk of any reduced demand for, alternative fuel vehicles in general and EVs in particular. The market for alternative fuel vehicles (including EVs) is relatively new and rapidly evolving, characterized by rapidly changing technologies, price competition, additional competitors, evolving government regulation and industry standards, frequent new vehicle announcements and changing consumer demands and behaviors. If the market for EVs in China does not develop as we expect or develops more slowly than we expect, our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results will be harmed.

Developments in alternative technologies or improvements in the internal combustion engine may materially adversely affect the demand for our EV Products.

Significant developments in alternative technologies, such as advanced diesel, ethanol, fuel cells or compressed natural gas, or improvements in the fuel economy of the internal combustion engine, may materially and adversely affect our business and prospects in ways we do not currently anticipate. Any failure by us to develop new or enhanced technologies or processes, or to react to changes in existing technologies, could materially delay our development and introduction of new and enhanced EV products, which could result in the loss of competitiveness of our vehicles, decreased revenue and a loss of market share to competitors.

If we are unable to keep up with advances in electric vehicle technology, we may suffer a decline in our competitive position.

We may be unable to keep up with changes in EV technology, and we may suffer a resulting decline in our competitive position. Any failure to keep up with advances in EV technology would result in a decline in our competitive position which would materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition. Our research and development efforts may not be sufficient to adapt to changes in EV technology. As technologies change, we plan to upgrade or adapt the vehicles and introduce new models in order to continue to provide vehicles with the latest technology, in particular battery cell technology. However, our vehicles may not compete effectively with alternative vehicles if we are not able to source and integrate the latest technology into our vehicles. For example, we do not manufacture battery cells, which makes us dependent upon other suppliers of battery cell technology for our battery packs.

Our business depends substantially on the continuing efforts of our executive officers, and our business may be severely disrupted if we lose their services.

Our future success depends substantially on the continued services of our executive officers, especially our CEO and Chairman of the Board, Mr. Hu Xiaoming. We do not maintain key man life insurance on any of our executive officers. If any of our executive officers are unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, we may not be able to replace them readily, if at all. Therefore, our business may be severely disrupted, and we may incur additional expenses to recruit and retain new officers. In addition, if any of our executive officers joins a competitor or forms a competing company, we may lose some of our customers.

We may be subject to product liability claims or recalls which could be expensive, damage our reputation or result in a diversion of management resources.

We may be subject to lawsuits resulting from injuries associated with the use of the vehicles that we sell or produce. We may incur losses relating to these claims or the defense of these claims. There is a risk that claims or liabilities will exceed our insurance coverage. In addition, we may be unable to retain adequate liability insurance in the future.

We may also be required to participate in recalls involving our vehicles, if any (including the products SC Autosports sells in the U.S.) prove to be defective, or we may voluntarily initiate a recall or make payments related to such claims as a result of various industry or business practices or the need to maintain good customer relationships. Such a recall would result in a diversion of resources. While we do maintain product liability insurance, we cannot assure investors that it will be sufficient to cover all product liability claims, that such claims will not exceed our insurance coverage limits or that such insurance will continue to be available on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. Any product liability claim brought against us could have a material adverse effect on the results of our operations.

We retain certain personal information about our customers and may be subject to various privacy and consumer protection laws.

We and our operating companies use the electronic systems of our vehicles to log information about each vehicle’s condition, performance and use in order to aid us in providing customer service, including vehicle diagnostics, repair and maintenance, as well as to help us collect data regarding our customers’ charge time, battery usage, mileage and efficiency habits and to improve our vehicles. We also collect information about our customers through our website, at our stores and facilities, and via telephone.

Our customers may object to the processing of this data, which may negatively impact our ability to provide effective customer service and develop new vehicles and products. Collection and use of our customers’ personal information in conducting our business may be subject to national and local laws and regulations in China, and such laws and regulations may restrict our processing of such personal information and hinder our ability to attract new customers or market to existing customers. We may incur significant expenses to comply with privacy, consumer protection and security standards and protocols imposed by law, regulation, industry standards or contractual obligations. Although we take steps to protect the security of our customers’ personal information, we may be required to expend significant resources to comply with data breach requirements if third parties improperly obtain and use the personal information of our customers or we otherwise experience a data loss with respect to customers’ personal information. A major breach of our network security and systems could have serious negative consequences for our businesses and future prospects, including possible fines, penalties and damages, reduced customer demand for our vehicles, and harm to our reputation and brand.

Our business will be adversely affected if we are unable to protect our intellectual property rights from unauthorized use or infringement by third parties.

Any failure to adequately protect our proprietary rights could result in the weakening or loss of such rights, which may allow our competitors to offer similar or identical products or use identical or confusingly similar branding, potentially resulting in the loss of some of our competitive advantage, a decrease in our revenue or an attribution of potentially lower quality products to us, which would adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. Our success depends, at least in part, on our ability to protect our core technology and intellectual property. To accomplish this, we rely on a combination of patents, patent applications, trade secrets (including know-how), employee and third-party nondisclosure agreements, copyright protection, trademarks, intellectual property licenses and other contractual rights to establish and protect our proprietary rights in our technology. We have also received from third parties patent licenses related to manufacturing our vehicles.

The protection provided by the patent laws is and will be important to our future opportunities. However, such patents and agreements and various other measures we take to protect our intellectual property from use by others may not be effective for various reasons, including the following:

Existing trademark and trade secret laws and confidentiality agreements afford only limited protections. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect our proprietary rights to the same extent as do the laws of the United States, and policing the unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult.

We may need to defend ourselves against patent or trademark infringement claims, which may be time-consuming and could cause us to incur substantial costs.

Companies, organizations or individuals, including our competitors, may hold or obtain patents, trademarks or other proprietary rights that would prevent, limit or interfere with our ability to make, use, develop, sell or market our vehicles or components, which could make it more difficult for us to operate our business. From time to time, we may receive inquiries from holders of patents or trademarks regarding their proprietary rights. Companies holding patents or other intellectual property rights may bring suits alleging infringement of such rights or otherwise assert their rights and seek licenses. In addition, if we are determined to have infringed upon a third party’s intellectual property rights, we may be required to do one or more of the following:

In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us and our failure or inability to obtain a license to the infringed technology or other intellectual property right, our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. In addition, any litigation or claims, whether or not valid, could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention.

We may also face claims that our use of technology licensed or otherwise obtained from a third party infringes the rights of others. In such cases, we may seek indemnification from our licensors/suppliers under our contracts with them. However, indemnification may be unavailable or insufficient to cover our costs and losses, depending on our use of the technology, whether we choose to retain control over conduct of the litigation, and other factors.

Our vehicles make use of lithium-ion battery cells, which have the potential to catch fire or vent smoke and flame. This may lead to additional concerns about batteries used in automotive applications.

The battery packs in our EV products make use of lithium-ion cells. We also currently intend to make use of lithium-ion cells in battery packs on any future vehicles we may produce. On rare occasions, lithium-ion cells can rapidly release the energy they contain by venting smoke and flames in a manner that can ignite nearby materials as well as other lithium-ion cells. Extremely rare incidents of laptop computers, cell phones and EV battery packs catching fire have focused consumer attention on the safety of these cells.

These events have raised concerns about batteries used in automotive applications. To address these questions and concerns, a number of battery cell manufacturers are pursuing alternative lithium-ion battery cell chemistries to improve safety. We may have to recall our vehicles or participate in a recall of a vehicle that contains our battery packs, or redesign our battery packs, which would be time consuming and expensive. Also, negative public perceptions regarding the suitability of lithium-ion cells for automotive applications or any future incident involving lithium-ion cells such as a vehicle or other fire, even if such incident does not involve us, could seriously harm our business.

In addition, we store a significant number of lithium-ion cells at our manufacturing facility. Any mishandling of battery cells may cause disruption to the operation of our facilities. While we have implemented safety procedures related to the handling of the cells, there can be no assurance that a safety issue or fire related to the cells would not disrupt our operations. Such damage or injury would likely lead to adverse publicity and potentially a safety recall. Moreover, any failure of a competitor’s EV, may cause indirect adverse publicity for us and our EV products. Such adverse publicity would negatively affect our brand and harm our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

Compliance with environmental regulations can be expensive, and noncompliance with these regulations may result in adverse publicity and potentially significant monetary damages and fines.

Our business operations generate noise, waste water, gaseous byproduct and other industrial waste. We are required to comply with all national and local regulations regarding the protection of the environment. We are in compliance with current environmental protection requirements and have all necessary environmental permits to conduct our business. However, if more stringent regulations are adopted in the future, the costs of compliance with these new regulations could be substantial. Additionally, if we fail to comply with present or future environmental regulations, we may be required to pay substantial fines, suspend production or cease operations. Any failure by us to control the use of, or to adequately restrict the unauthorized discharge of, hazardous substances could subject us to potentially significant monetary damages and fines or suspensions to our business operations. Certain laws, ordinances and regulations could limit our ability to develop, use, or sell our products.

Our high concentration of sales to relatively few customers may result in significant impact on our liquidity, business, results of operations and financial condition.

As of December 31, 2019 and 2018 our major customers (above 10% of the total revenue), in the aggregate, accounted for 78% and 76%, respectively, of our sales. Due to the concentration of sales to relatively few customers including the Affiliate Company, loss of one or more of these customers will have relatively high impact on our operational results. In the event that our relationship with the Affiliate Company and/or our partner in the Affiliate Company changes negatively, our operating results would be materially negatively affected.

Our business is subject to the risk of supplier concentrations.

We depend on a limited number of suppliers for the sourcing of major components and parts and principal raw materials. For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 our top two suppliers accounted for 84% and 42% of our purchases, respectively. As a result of this concentration in our supply chain, our business and operations would be negatively affected if any of our key suppliers were to experience significant disruption affecting the price, quality, availability or timely delivery of their products. The partial or complete loss of these suppliers, or a significant adverse change in our relationship with any of these suppliers, could result in lost revenue, added costs and distribution delays that could harm our business and customer relationships. In addition, concentration in our supply chain can exacerbate our exposure to risks associated with the termination by key suppliers of our distribution agreements or any adverse change in the terms of such agreements, which could have a negative impact on our revenues and profitability.

Our facilities or operations could be damaged or adversely affected as a result of disasters, epidemics or other unpredictable events.

Our headquarters and facilities are located in several cities in China such as Jinhua, Yongkang and Haikou. If major disasters such as earthquakes, fires, floods, hurricanes, wars, terrorist attacks, computer viruses, pandemics or other events occur, or our information system or communications network breaks down or operates improperly, our headquarters and production facilities may be seriously damaged, or we may have to stop or delay production and shipment of our products. For example, our business could be adversely affected by the effects of a widespread outbreak of contagious disease, including the recent outbreak of COVID-19. Any outbreak of contagious diseases, and other adverse public health developments, particularly in China, could have a material and adverse effect on our business operations. These could include disruptions or restrictions on our ability to travel or to distribute our products, as well as temporary closures of our facilities or the facilities of our suppliers, manufacturers or customers. Any disruption or delay of our operation and those of our suppliers, manufacturers or customers would adversely impact our sales and operating results. In addition, a significant outbreak of contagious diseases in the human population could result in a widespread health crisis that could adversely affect the economies and financial markets of China and many other countries, resulting in an economic downturn that could affect demand for our products and we may incur expenses relating to such damages, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, operating results and financial condition.

Pandemic COVID-19 may adversely impact the transportation industry and our business.

Our ability to manufacture and/or sell our products may be impaired by damage or disruption to our manufacturing, warehousing or distribution capabilities, or to the capabilities of our suppliers, logistics service providers or independent distributors. This damage or disruption could result from factors that are hard to predict or are beyond our control, such as natural disasters, fire, terrorism, pandemics, strikes, cybersecurity breaches, government shutdowns, disruptions in logistics, supplier capacity constraints or other events. Affected by COVID-19, we expect the first quarter of 2020 will see large revenue decrease on EV parts sales comparing to the corresponding quarter in 2019.

Failure to take adequate steps to mitigate the likelihood or potential impact of such events, or to effectively manage such events if they occur, may adversely affect our business or financial results. Disputes with significant suppliers, logistics service providers or independent distributors, including disputes regarding pricing or performance, may also adversely affect our ability to manufacture and/or sell our products, as well as our business or financial results. We are actively monitoring the recent coronavirus outbreak and its potential impact on our supply chain and operations. Due to current and potential future port closures and other restrictions resulting from the outbreak, global supply may become constrained, which may cause the negative impact on our sale of off-road vehicles to the U.S. While we do not expect that the virus will have a material adverse effect on our business or financial results at this time, we are unable to accurately predict the impact that the coronavirus will have due to various uncertainties, including the ultimate geographic spread of the virus, the severity of the disease, the duration of the outbreak, and effectiveness of the actions that may be taken by governmental authorities.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud. As a result, current and potential shareholders could lose confidence in our financial reporting, which would harm our business and the trading price of our stock.

Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and effectively prevent fraud. As directed by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or SOX 404, the SEC adopted rules requiring public companies to include a report of management on our internal controls over financial reporting in their annual reports.

Although we continue to maintain and improve our internal control procedures, we cannot provide assurance that we will not fail to achieve and maintain an effective internal control environment on an ongoing basis, which may cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information and have a material adverse effect on the price of our common stock.

The audit report included in this Annual Report for the financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018 was prepared by our former auditors who are not inspected by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board and, as a result, investors are deprived of the benefits of such inspection.

The independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit reports included in our annual reports filed with the SEC, as auditors of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), or the “PCAOB”, is required by the laws of the United States to undergo regular inspections by the PCAOB to assess its compliance with the laws of the United States and professional standards. Because our former auditors are located in China, a jurisdiction where the PCAOB is currently unable to conduct inspections without the approval of Chinese authorities, our former auditors have not been and are not currently inspected by the PCAOB.

Inspections of other firms that the PCAOB has conducted outside China have identified deficiencies in those firms’ audit procedures and quality control procedures, which may be addressed as part of the inspection process to improve future audit quality. The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections in China prevents the PCAOB from regularly evaluating our auditor’s statements, audits and quality control procedures. As a result, investors may be deprived of the benefits of PCAOB inspections.

Our current auditors are subject to the PCAOB inspections.

Risks Related to Doing Business in China

The economy of China had experienced unprecedented growth. This growth has slowed in the recent years, and if the growth of the economy continues to slow or if the economy contracts, our financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

The rapid growth of the Chinese economy had historically resulted in widespread growth opportunities for industries across China. This growth has slowed in the recent years. As a result of the global financial crisis and the inability of enterprises to gain comparable access to the same amounts of capital available in past years, there may be an adverse effect on the business climate and growth of private enterprises in China. An economic slowdown could have an adverse effect on our sales and may increase our costs. Further, if economic growth continues to slow, and if, in conjunction, inflation continues unchecked, our costs would be likely to increase, and there can be no assurance that we would be able to increase our prices to an extent that would offset the increase in our expenses.

In addition, a tightening of the labor markets in our geographic region may result in fewer qualified applicants for job openings in our facilities. Further, higher wages, related labor costs and other increasing cost trends may negatively impact our results.

Clearly, the outbreak and the extraordinary official measures to contain it have hit China’s economy hard. February 7-13 Reuters poll of 40 economists based in mainland China, Hong Kong, Singapore, as well as Europe and the United States, predicted China’s annual economic growth in the first quarter of 2020 to slump to 4.5% from 6.0% in the previous quarter. That drop was expected to drag down the full-year growth rate in 2020 to 5.5% from 6.1% in 2019, its weakest since at least 1990 when comparable records began. This may further adversely impact the Company’s financial results.

Changes in political and economic conditions may affect our business operations and profitability.

Since our business operations are primarily located in China, our business operations and financial position are subject, to a significant degree, to the economic, political and legal developments in China.

While the Chinese government has not halted its economic reform policy since 1978, any significant adverse changes in the social, political and economic conditions of China may fundamentally impact China’s economic reform policies, and thus the Company’s operations and profits may be adversely affected.

Uncertainties with respect to the Chinese legal system could have a material adverse effect on us and may restrict the level of legal protections to foreign investors.

China’s legal system is based on statutory law. Unlike the common law system, statutory law is based primarily on written statutes. Previous court decisions may be cited as persuasive authority but do not have a binding effect. Since 1979, the Chinese government has been promulgating and amending laws and regulations regarding economic matters, such as corporate organization and governance, foreign investment, commerce, taxation and trade. However, since these laws and regulations are relatively new, and the Chinese legal system continues to rapidly evolve, the interpretation of many laws, regulations and rules is not always uniform and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involves uncertainties, which may limit legal protections available to us.

In addition, any litigation in China may be protracted and may result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management’s attention. The legal system in China cannot provide investors with the same level of protection as in the U.S. The Company is governed by laws and regulations generally applicable to local enterprises in China. Many of these laws and regulations were recently introduced and remain experimental in nature and subject to changes and refinements. Interpretation, implementation and enforcement of the existing laws and regulations can be uncertain and unpredictable and therefore may restrict the legal protections available to foreign investors.

Changes in currency conversion policies in China may have a material adverse effect on us.

Renminbi (“RMB”) is still not a freely exchangeable currency. Since 1998, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange of China has promulgated a series of circulars and rules in order to enhance verification of foreign exchange payments under a Chinese entity’s current account items, and has imposed strict requirements on borrowing and repayments of foreign exchange debts from and to foreign creditors under the capital account items and on the creation of foreign security in favor of foreign creditors.

This may complicate foreign exchange payments to foreign creditors under the current account items and thus may affect the ability to borrow under international commercial loans, the creation of foreign security, and the borrowing of RMB under guarantees in foreign currencies. Moreover, the value of RMB may become subject to supply and demand, which could be largely impacted by international economic and political environments. Any fluctuations in the exchange rate of RMB could have an adverse effect on the operational and financial condition of the Company and its subsidiaries in China.

Fluctuations in exchange rates could adversely affect our business and the value of our securities.

The value of our common stock will be indirectly affected by the foreign exchange rate between U.S. dollars and RMB and between those currencies and other currencies in which our sales may be denominated. Because substantially all of our earnings and cash assets are denominated in RMB, fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the RMB will affect our balance sheet and our earnings per share in U.S. dollars. In addition, appreciation or depreciation in the value of the RMB relative to the U.S. dollar would affect our financial results reported in U.S. dollar terms without giving effect to any underlying change in our business or results of operations.

Investors may experience difficulties in effecting service of legal process, enforcing judgements or bringing original actions based on United States or foreign laws against us or our management.

We conduct substantially all of our operations in China and almost all of our assets are located in China. In addition, almost all of our senior executive officers reside in China. As a result, it may not be possible to effect service of process on our senior executive officers within the United States or elsewhere outside China, including with respect to matters arising under U.S. federal securities laws or applicable state securities laws. Moreover, our Chinese counsel has advised us that China does not have treaties with the United States or many other countries providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of court orders and final judgments.

Changes to the government’s subsidy support policies and further delays in subsidy payments may have negative impacts on our operations.

On March 31, 2020, in order to promote automobile consumption, the executive meeting of the State Council decided to extend two preferential policies of new energy vehicle purchase subsidy and vehicle purchase tax exemption for another two years, which were originally due at the end 2020. However, there is no assurance that such favorable policies will be further extended when they become due in two years. Any unfavorable changes of the policies, the unavailability, reduction or elimination of government and economic incentives could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results and prospects.

Risks Associated With the Export of Kandi Electric Vehicles to the United States

Our intellectual property rights may be harmed by competitors preemptively filing legitimate and illegitimate patents, which could create significant barriers for our business by preventing us from adequately protecting our intellectual property.

Multinational automobile companies usually obtain patent portfolios consisting of basic patents and peripheral patents on improvements and related technologies, thereby creating patent barriers in the industry.  At the same time, certain multinational automobile companies also maliciously apply for patents, in order to obtain an unlawful competitive advantage or to directly receive invalid rights and use patents as weapons in litigation. New energy vehicles are emerging products in worldwide markets in recent years, while relevant and related patents in the industry are still in force.  Kandi may be seriously adversely affected by intellectual property rights barriers through participation in the competitive international automobile market. Therefore, Kandi faces risks of patent barriers and intellectual property litigation in the future.

Failures in our overseas business and export trade processes may present a risk of significant losses to our business.

Our automobile product export and overseas operations sections involve import and export currency exchange, insurance, ocean transportation, customs clearance and various other logistical procedures. A loss of trust in any part of the chain can lead to the failure of transactions, which in turn causes huge losses to our enterprise. In the future, the Company will expand its overseas market. An insufficient assessment of the capital strength and commercial credit of its partners, or any fraud in risk prevention and risk control systems may cause economic losses for the Company due to its business partners’ breach of contract or even fraud. In short, the export of Kandi electric vehicles to the United States may have risks in the overseas operation and export trade process.

The developed countries that import our products have strict environmental laws and regulations which may cause us to expend significant sums to comply with such laws and regulations.

The United States and other developed countries have strong awareness of environmental protection and product safety regulations. The penalties for violating environmental laws in such countries are extremely high. Developed countries have mature and highly saturated automobile markets. Costs associated with maintaining controls over atmospheric emissions, harmful toxic substances, and products safety are getting higher in an accelerated manner. The process for a company to obtain the applicable certifications is time-consuming, complicated and expensive. Kandi will also face the adverse impact of compliance with policy and regulatory standards in the United States. Thus, Kandi may face the risk of not being able to sustain its business in accordance with US and state environmental protection and product safety policies and regulations.

Our short-term financial performance may suffer due to our investment in expanding our presence and sales in the United States.

Chinese auto products have market competition disadvantages in terms of technology content, product structure, product quality and brand influence. It is difficult to reverse the sentiment of “low quality and low price” that have followed Chinese automobiles for a long time, resulting in weakened bargaining power for Chinese auto companies and generally low gross profit margins. Kandi is expanding into the US market and rely on overseas distributors to establish a marketing network and after-sales service guarantee system. All actions require the Company to invest a certain amount of resources. Additionally electric vehicle sales may face a slow growth period. In a certain period of time, the growth of operating income lags behind the increase in sales inputs. At the same time, the Company cannot predict the direct economic loss caused by an unsatisfactory market expansion caused by the adverse factors of market competition. Cash flows for Kandi and SC Autosports may be significantly adversely affected by large investments and small revenues in the short term. Therefore, there may be a risk that the short-term financial performance indicators will fall due to factors such as the expansion of resources in overseas markets.

Risks Relating to Ownership of Our Securities

Our stock price may be volatile, which may result in losses for our shareholders.

The stock markets have experienced significant price and trading volume fluctuations. Although our stock has been trading on the NASDAQ Global Select Market since January 2, 2014, the trading price of our common stock may be volatile and could fluctuate significantly in response to many factors, including the following, some of which are beyond our control:

Domestic and international stock markets often experience significant price and volume fluctuations. These fluctuations, as well as general economic and political conditions unrelated to our performance, may adversely affect the price of our common stock.

Mr. Hu, our CEO, President and Chairman of our Board, is the beneficial owner of a substantial portion of our outstanding common stock, which may enable Mr. Hu to exert significant influence on corporate actions.

Excelvantage Group Limited controls approximately 24.3% of our outstanding shares of common stock as of December 31, 2019. Hu Xiaoming, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, President and Chairman of the Board of Directors, is the sole stockholder of Excelvantage Group Limited. Together with the shares held through Excelvantage Group Limited, Mr. Hu controls 26.9% of our outstanding shares of common stock, which could have a substantial impact on matters requiring the vote of our shareholders, including the election of our directors and other corporate actions. This control could delay, defer or prevent others from initiating a potential merger, takeover or other change in control, even if these actions would benefit our other shareholders and the Company. This control could adversely affect the voting and other rights of our other shareholders and could depress the market price of our common stock.

We do not anticipate paying cash dividends to our common shareholders.

We presently do not anticipate that we will pay dividends on any of our common stock in the foreseeable future. If payment of dividends does occur at some point in the future, it would be contingent upon our revenues and earnings, if any, capital requirements, and general financial condition. The payment of any common stock dividends will be within the discretion of our Board. We presently intend to retain all earnings in order to implement our business plan; accordingly, we do not anticipate the declaration of any dividends for common stock in the foreseeable future.

The limitation of monetary liability against our directors, officers and employees under Delaware Law and the existence of statutory indemnification rights of our directors, officers and employees may result in substantial expenditures by our company and may discourage lawsuits against our directors, officers and employees.

Our certificate of incorporation does not contain any specific provisions that limit the liability of our directors for monetary damages to the Company or shareholders; however, we are prepared to indemnify our directors and officers to the extent provided for by Delaware law. We may also have included contractual indemnification obligations in our employment agreements with our officers. The foregoing indemnification obligations could result in the Company incurring substantial expenditures to cover the cost of settlement or damage awards against its directors and officers, which we may be unable to recoup. These provisions and resultant costs may also discourage the Company from bringing a lawsuit against directors and officers for breaches of their fiduciary duties, and may similarly discourage the filing of derivative litigation by our shareholders against our directors and officers even though such actions, if successful, might otherwise benefit the Company and shareholders.

We may require additional capital, and the sale of additional shares or other equity securities could result in additional dilution to our shareholders.

In the future, we may require additional cash resources due to changed business conditions or other future developments, including investments or acquisitions that we may decide to pursue. If our resources are insufficient to satisfy our cash requirements, we may seek to sell additional equity or debt securities or obtain a credit facility. The sale of additional equity securities could result in dilution to our shareholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased debt service obligations and could result in operating and financing covenants that would restrict our operations. We cannot assure investors that financing will be available, if at all, in amounts or on terms acceptable to us.

Our business is subject to changing regulations related to corporate governance and public disclosure that may increase both our costs and the risk of noncompliance.

Because our common stock is publicly traded, we are subject to certain rules and regulations of federal, state and financial market exchange entities charged with the protection of investors and the oversight of companies whose securities are publicly traded. These entities, including the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, the SEC and NASDAQ, have issued requirements and regulations and continue to develop additional regulations and requirements in response to corporate scandals and laws enacted by Congress. Our efforts to comply with these regulations have resulted in, and are likely to continue resulting in, increased general and administrative expenses and diversion of management time and attention from revenue -generating activities to compliance activities. Because new and modified laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations in many cases due to their lack of specificity, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This evolution may result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and additional costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to our disclosure and governance practices.

Techniques employed by manipulative short sellers in Chinese small cap stocks may drive down the market price of our common stock.

Short selling is the practice of selling securities that the seller does not own but rather has, supposedly, borrowed from a third party with the intention of buying identical securities back at a later date to return to the lender. The short seller hopes to profit from a decline in the value of the securities between the sale of the borrowed securities and the purchase of the replacement shares, as the short seller expects to pay less in that purchase than it received in the sale. As it is therefore in the short seller’s best interests for the price of the stock to decline, many short sellers (sometimes known as “disclosed shorts”) publish, or arrange for the publication of, negative opinions or reports regarding the relevant issuer and its business prospects in order to create negative market momentum and generate profits for themselves after selling a stock short. These short attacks have, in the past, led to selling of shares in the market, on occasion in large scale and broad base.

Short seller publications are not regulated by any governmental, self-regulatory organization or other official authority in the U.S. and are not subject to the certification requirements imposed by the Securities and Exchange Commission in Regulation AC (Regulation Analyst Certification) and, accordingly, the opinions they express may be based on distortions of actual facts or, in some cases, fabrications of facts. In light of the limited risks involved in publishing such information, and the enormous profit that can be made from running just one successful short attack, unless the short sellers become subject to significant penalties, it is more likely than not that disclosed short sellers will continue to issue such reports.

While we intend to strongly defend our public filings against any such short seller attack, often times we are constrained, either by principles of freedom of speech, applicable state law (often called “Anti-SLAPP statutes”), or issues of commercial confidentiality, in the manner in which we can proceed against the relevant short seller. You should be aware that in light of the relative freedom to operate that such persons enjoy – oftentimes blogging from outside the U.S. with little or no assets or identity requirements – should we be targeted for such an attack, our stock will likely suffer from a temporary, or possibly long term, decline in market price should the rumors created not be dismissed by market participants.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

None.

Item 2. Properties.

Kandi had the following granted land use rights as of December 31, 2019:

* On March 10, 2020, Kandi Vehicles and Jinhua Economic and Technological Development Zone (or the “local government”) entered into a real estate repurchase agreement (the “Repurchase Agreement”), pursuant to which the Company sold its land use rights over the 265,029 square meters land areas in Zhejiang Jinhua Industrial Park and the real properties on such land (the transaction, the “Land Repurchase”). Pursuant to the Repurchase Agreement, the local government agreed to pay Kandi Vehicles an aggregate of approximately RMB525 million (approximately $75 million), payable in three installments.

As of December 31, 2019, the net book value of Zhejiang Jinhua Industrial Park’s land use rights pledged as collateral for the Company’s bank loans were $4,937,138. Pursuant to the Repurchase Agreement, part of the first installment paid by the local government will be directly paid to the banks to remove the liens imposed in connection with these bank loans.

All land in China is owned by the government and cannot be sold or transferred by or to any individual or private entity. Instead, the government grants or allocates landholders “land use rights.” There are four methods to acquire land use rights:

In comparison with the western common law concepts, granted land use rights are similar to life estates and allocated land use rights are in some ways similar to leaseholds.

Granted land use rights are provided by the Chinese government in exchange for a grant fee and carry the rights to pledge, mortgage, lease, and transfer during the term of the grant. Land is granted for a fixed term, which is generally 70 years for residential use, 50 years for industrial use, and 40 years for commercial or other use. The term is renewable in theory. Granted land must be used for the specific purpose for which it was granted.

Allocated land use rights cannot be pledged, mortgaged, leased, or transferred. They are generally provided by the government for an indefinite period (usually to state-owned entities) and can be reclaimed by the government at any time. Allocated land use rights may be converted into granted land use rights upon the payment of a grant fee to the government.

Kandi has the following real estate properties:

Jinhua City, Zhejiang

The Company owns the following facilities located in Jinhua Industrial Park, Jinhua City, Zhejiang Province, China. The table below lists the primary facilities and the status of each facility as of December 31, 2019:

As of December 31, 2019, the net book value of Zhejiang Jinhua Industrial Park’s property, plant and equipment pledged as collateral for the Company’s bank loans were $ 6,484,497. As a result of the Land Repurchase discussed above, the Company has sold its land use rights in Jinhua Industrial Park and the real properties on such land to the local government. Pursuant to the Repurchase Agreement, the Company will need to deliver a vacated land to the local government before November 30, 2020. In addition, part of the local government’s first payment will be used to pay off the bank loans and consequently, to remove the liens on these properties.

Yongkang City, Zhejiang

The Company owns the following facilities located in Yongkang City, Zhejiang Province, China. The table below lists the primary facilities and the status of each facility:

Haikou City, Hainan

In December 2015, the Company signed an investment contract with Haikou State High Technology Industry Development Zone to build up the EV production facility in Haikou City to an annual production of 100,000 EV products. Currently, the Hainan facility’s main project including manufacturing plant and office, main manufacturing equipment and facilities has been completed.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

From time to time, the Company is involved in legal matters arising in the ordinary course of business. Except as set forth in Note 24 - COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES under Item 8 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, our management is currently not aware of any legal matters or pending litigation that would have a significant effect on the Company’s results of operation of financial statements. For the detailed discussion of our legal proceedings, please refer to Note 24 - COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES under Item 8 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, which is incorporated by reference herein.

Other than the above described legal proceedings, the Company is not aware of any other legal matters in which any director, officer, or any owner of record or beneficial owner of more than five percent of any class of voting securities of the Company, or any affiliate of any such director, officer, affiliate of the Company, or security holder, is a party adverse to the Company or has a material adverse interest to the Company. No provision has been made in the consolidated financial statements for the above contingencies.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Market Information

On January 2, 2014, our common stock began trading on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “KNDI”.

Holders of Common Stock

As of April 23, 2020, there were 23 shareholders of record of our common stock. This does not include all beneficial holders who hold shares through their brokerage accounts.

Dividends

We have never paid cash dividends on our common stock. Our policy is to retain all earnings, if any, to provide funds for the operation and expansion of our business. We do not anticipate paying cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to declare cash dividends will be made at the discretion of our Board, subject to applicable laws, and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, general business conditions and other factors that our Board may deem relevant.

Sales of Unregistered Securities

None.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

On May 14, 2019, the board of directors had authorized the repurchase of up to $20 million worth of the Company’s common stock in open market transactions or in privately negotiated transactions. As previously disclosed, the Company had repurchased a total of 487,155 common shares at an average stock price of $5.09 per share under the repurchase plan. There was no repurchase during the fourth quarter of 2019 and such repurchase plan expired on December 31, 2019.  

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans

ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

As a “smaller reporting company” as defined in Item 10 of Regulation S-K, we are not required to provide the information required by this item.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation.

Overview

We are one of the leading manufacturers of EV products (through Kandi Hainan and the Affiliate Company), EV parts and off-road vehicles in China. For the year ended December 31, 2019, we recognized total revenue of $ 135,741,336 as compared to $112,438,828 for the year ended December 31, 2018, an increase of $ 23,302,508 or 20.7%. In 2019, we recorded $ 25,430,909 of gross profit, an increase of 25.6% from 2018. Gross margin for the year ended December 31, 2019 was 18.7%, compared to 18.0% for the year ended December 31, 2018. We recorded a net loss of $7,188,727 in 2019 compared to a net loss of $5,694,699 in 2018, an increase of net loss of $1,494,028 or 26.2%.

The current subsidy standard is provided for in the Circular on Further Improving the Subsidy Policies for the Promotion and Application of New Energy Vehicles, which was jointly promulgated by the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the National Development and Reform Commission in 2019. The current subsidy standard reduces the amount of national subsidies and cancels local subsidies, resulting in a significant reduction in the total subsidy amount as compared to 2018. We believe the new subsidy standard presents both challenges and opportunities to the Company. In the past few years, although the government had a strong support policy for new energy vehicles, the unstable subsidy policy and the unpredictable timing of receiving such subsidies have exerted tremendous pressure on the Company’s cash flow. Currently, in order to adapt to the new subsidy standard, the Affiliate Company is making full use of Geely’s resources and developing new models with goals to be independent of the government’s subsidies and have strong competitiveness at the same time. On January 13, 2020, the Affiliate Company hosted a launch ceremony to celebrate the release of its first production electric vehicle: the Maple Model 30X (or Maple 30X) at its Jiangsu subsidiary. On April 13, 2020, the Maple 30x was revealed in an online brand launch ceremony and was available for immediate pre-order. Through the equity transfer of the Affiliate Company, although our share of the Affiliate Company decreased to 22%, we believe our 22% share of income from the Affiliate Company will exceed our 50% share of income before the equity transfer.

We are working on developing new business partners and clients for our products to reduce our dependence on existing customers and is focusing our new business development efforts on EV parts and intelligent transportation products.

On March 4, 2019, in order to build a logistics network composed of suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, distribution centers and channel providers, meeting the needs of improving production and operation efficiency, the Company participated in the formation of Zhejiang Kandi Supply Chain Management Co., Ltd. (“Supply Chain Company”). Kandi Vehicles has a 10% ownership interest in Supply Chain Company, the remaining 90% is owned by unrelated other parties. Through centralized purchasing from Supply Chain Company, the Company can reduce the purchasing cost by 3% to 5%.

The COVID-19 will affect the company’s business performance in 2020. However,, the extent to which the COVID-19 impacts our operations will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, including the duration of the outbreak, new information which may emerge concerning the severity of the coronavirus and the actions to contain the coronavirus or treat its impact, among others.

The Company originally planned to export 2,000 to 5,000 units electric vehicles to the U.S. in 2020, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the first half of 2020, the plan should be adjusted according to the situation of COVID-19 control in the U.S.

Results of Operations

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018

The following table sets forth the amounts and the percentage relationship to revenues of certain items in our consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:

Revenues

For the year ended December 31, 2019, we had net revenues of $ 135,741,336 compared to net revenues of $112,438,828 for the year ended December 31, 2018, representing an increase of $23,302,508, or 20.7%, from 2018. Compared to 2018, the increase in revenue was primarily due to the increase in sales of EV parts and off-road vehicles.

The following table summarizes our revenues by product type for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:

EV Parts

During the year ended December 31, 2019, our revenue from the sale of EV parts was $110,675,908, representing an increase of $11,576,596 or 11.7% from $99,099,312 for the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase was mainly due to the sales from rental market battery maintenance and developing new clients in 2019.

Our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2019 primarily consisted of revenue from the sales of battery packs, body parts, EV controllers, air conditioning units and other auto parts for use in the manufacturing of EV products. These sales accounted for 81.5% of total sales.

During the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, our revenues from the sale of EV parts to the Affiliate Company accounted approximately 11.7% and 43.3% of our total net revenue for the year, respectively. The decrease is mainly due to the Affiliate Company’s temporary declining sales, which was caused by its product adjustments. During 2019, the EV parts we provided to the Affiliate Company were primarily used for battery upgrade and market maintenance for the EV products that were previously put into the leasing market.

EV Products

During the year ended December 31, 2019, our revenue from the sale of EV Products was $108,640, which was due to the export sales of Hainan factories’ products including model K23 and K27 started in late 2019. There weren’t any EV products sales in year 2018.

Off-Road Vehicles

During the year ended December 31, 2019, our revenues from the sale of off-road vehicles including go-karts, all-terrain vehicles (“ATVs”), and others, were $ 22,743,142, representing an increase of $ 9,403,626 or 70.5% from $13,339,516 for the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase in revenue of off-road vehicles was largely due to the increase sales from SC Autosports. We consolidated SC Autosports’s sales of off-road vehicles of $18,106,091 and $7,898,736 for the year ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. SC Autosports became our wholly-owned subsidiary in the U.S. in July 2018.

Our off-road vehicles business line accounted for approximately 16.8% of our total net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Electric Scooters and Electric Self-Balancing Scooters

During the year ended December 31, 2019, our revenue from the sale of Electric Scooters and Electric Self-Balancing Scooters was $2,213,646. These were new products launched by Kandi Vehicles in 2019. There weren’t any Electric Scooters and Electric Self-Balancing Scooters sales in years 2018.

The following table shows the breakdown of our net revenues:

Cost of Goods Sold

Cost of goods sold for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $110,310,427, representing an increase of $18,119,044, or 19.7%, from $92,191,383 for the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase of cost of goods sold compare to 2018 was primarily due to the corresponding increase in sales. Please refer to the Gross Profit section below for product margin analysis.

Gross Profit

Our margins by product for the past two years are as set forth below:

Gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $ 25,430,909, as compared to $20,247,445 for the year ended December 31, 2018, representing an increase of $ 5,183,464 or 25.6% from 2018. The increases were primarily attributable to the increased sales in 2019 as compared to that in 2018. Our gross margin for the year ended December 31, 2019, was 18.7%, compared to 18.0% for the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase in our gross margin as compared to 2018 was mainly due to due to the increased selling price of the charging and exchanging equipment and the increased proportion of the high-margin battery processing business in 2019.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses, including materials, labor, equipment depreciation, design, testing, inspection, and other related expenses totaled $6,207,747 for the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to $10,084,378 for the year ended December 31, 2018, representing a decrease of $3,876,631, or 38.4%, from 2018. This decrease was primarily due to the completion of R&D works related to the development of EV Model K23 at Hainan facility in the third quarter of 2018. For the year ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, approximately 0% and 66.2% of our research and development expenses were spent on the research and development of EV product model at Hainan facility, respectively.

Sales and Marketing

Selling and distribution expenses were $4,070,001 for the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to $3,189,022 for the year ended December 31, 2018, representing an increase of $880,979, or 27.6% from 2018. This increase compare to 2018 was primarily attributable to the increasing labor and advertising expenses in connection with the expansion the U.S. electric vehicle market of $ 2 million offset by the decreasing after sales service fee in 2019.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses were $14,243,625 for the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to $8,612,393 for the year ended December 31, 2018, representing an increase of $5,631,232 or 65.4% from 2018. For the year ended December 31, 2019, general and administrative expenses included$1,360,258 as expenses for common stock awards and stock options to employees and Board members, compared to $285,609 for the years ended December 31 2018, representing the result of $2,930,486 as expenses for common stock awards and stock options to employees and Board members net of $2,644,877 of reversal of previously accrued stock option expenses for forfeited stock option. Excluding stock compensation expenses, our net general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2019 were $ 12,883,367, an increase of $ 4,556,583, or 54.7%, compared to $8,326,784 for the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase compared to 2018 was largely due to the increased operation costs of the Company since Hainan facility has been put into production in the third quarter of 2018.

Interest Income

Interest income was $791,888 for the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to $1,324,812 for the year ended December 31, 2018, representing a decrease of $532,924, or 40.2%, from 2018. The decrease as compared to 2018 was primarily attributable to the decreased interest earned on loans to the Affiliate Company since Kandi Vehicles’ loan to the Affiliate Company converted to equity in the second quarter of 2018.

Interest Expense

Interest expense was $4,822,734 for the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to $1,871,851 for the year ended December 31, 2018, representing an increase of $2,950,883, or 157.6% from 2018. The increase compared to 2018 was primarily due to the interest expense of Hainan factory’s long-term debt. Of the interest expenses, $0 and $145,411, respectively, were the discounts associated with the settlement of bank acceptance notes for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018.

Change in fair value of contingent consideration

For the year ended December 31, 2019, the loss related to changes in the fair value of contingent consideration was $1,107,427, representing a decrease of $4,513,291 or 132.5% compared to the gain related to changes in the fair value of contingent consideration of $3,405,864 for the year ended December 31, 2018, which was mainly due to the adjustment of the fair value of the contingent consideration liability associated with remaining shares of restrictive common stock. (Please refer to NOTE 21 – CONTINGENT CONSIDERATION LIABILITY). The fair value of the contingent consideration liability was estimated at each reporting date by using the Monte Carlo simulation method, which took into account all possible scenarios.

Government Grants

Government grants totaled $792,628 for the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to $17,787,445 for the year ended December 31, 2018, representing a decrease of $16,994,817, or 95.5% from 2018. The decrease from 2018 was primarily due to the subsidies we received from the Hainan provincial government to assist our development of K23 model, among which $15,368,774 was recognized as income in 2018, and we did not receive such subsidies in connection with the development of K23 model during 2019.

Gain from equity dilution in the Affiliate Company

Gain from equity dilution was $4,263,764 for the year ended December 31, 2019, which was primarily due to gain from the March Affiliate Loan to Equity Conversion. Pursuant to the Transfer Agreement, the Affiliate Company converted a loan of RMB 314 million (approximately $45.7 million) from Geely Group last year to equity in order to increase its cash flow. As a result, our equity interests in the Affiliate Company decreased to 43.47% in March, 2019.

Gain from equity sale in the Affiliate Company

Gain from equity sale was $20,438,986 for the year ended December 31, 2019, which was due to the Affiliate Equity Transfer. In March, 2019, Kandi Vehicles agreed to sell 21.47% of its equity interests in the Affiliate Company to Geely for a total amount of RMB 516 million (approximately $72.3 million). As of September 30, 2019, the equity transfer had been completed. Therefore, in the third quarter of 2019, the Company has recognized the gain from equity sale.

Share of Income (Loss) after Tax of the Affiliate Company

For the year ended December 31, 2019, our share of loss after tax of the Affiliate Company was $30,716,938 compared to loss of $17,888,706 for year ended December 31,2018. The increased losses incurred by the Affiliate Company were largely attributable to the Affiliate Company’s temporary declining sales, which was caused by its product adjustments.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Net other income was $1,569,311 for the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to net other income of $956,839 for the year ended December 31, 2018, representing an increase of $612,472 from 2018. The increase from 2018 was primarily due to the reversal of accrued other payable, which has been evaluated by management in 2019, which subsequently concluded that this accrued liability will not be incurred, offset by the fees earned on technology development services in 2018.

Income Taxes

In accordance with the relevant Chinese tax laws and regulations, our applicable corporate income tax rate is 25%. However, Kandi Vehicles and Jinhua An Kao are qualified as high technology companies in China and are therefore entitled to a reduced corporate income tax rate of 15%.

Each of our wholly-owned subsidiaries, Kandi New Energy, Yongkang Scrou and Kandi Hainan, has an applicable corporate income tax rate of 25%.

We have a 22% ownership interest in the Affiliate Company, which has an applicable corporate income tax rate of 25%. Each of the Affiliate Company’s subsidiaries has an applicable corporate income tax rate of 25% as well.

Our actual effective income tax rate for 2019 was a tax benefit of 8.78% on a reported loss before taxes of approximately $7.9 million, compared to a tax expense of 374.30% on a reported income before taxes of approximately $2.1 million for 2018.

Net Income (Loss)

We recorded net loss of $7,188,727 for the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to net loss of $5,694,699 for the year ended December 31, 2018, an increase of net loss of $1,494,028 from the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase in net loss compared to 2018 was primarily attributable to the increased operation cost and decreased government grants of Hainan facility.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Cash Flow

For the year ended December 31, 2019, cash used in operating activities was $29,886,272, as compared to cash provided in operating activities was $13,587,621 for the year ended December 31, 2018. Our operating cash inflows include cash received primarily from sales of our EV parts and off-road vehicles. These cash inflows are offset largely by cash paid primarily to our suppliers for production materials and parts used in our manufacturing process, operation expenses, employee compensation, and interest expenses of our financings. The major operating activities that provided cash for the year ended December 31, 2019 were an increase of accounts payable of $10,440,338. The major operating activity that used cash for year ended December 31, 2019 was an increase of accounts receivable of $40,123,966.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, cash provided in investing activities was $31,252,624, as compared to cash used from investing activities of $947,441 for the year ended December 31, 2018. The major investing activities that provided cash for the year ended December 31, 2019 were an increase of cash received from equity sale in the Affiliate Company of $ 31,850,822. The major investing activities that used cash for the year ended December 31, 2019 were $526,336 used for the purchases of property, plant and equipment.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, cash used in financing activities was $6,980,649, as compared to cash used in financing activities of $5,297,724 for the year ended December 31, 2018. The major financing activities that provided cash for the year ended December 31, 2019 were proceeds from short-term bank loans of $34,746,352. The major financing activities that used cash for year ended December 31, 2019 were repayments of short-term bank loans of $38,944,869. 

Working Capital

We had a working capital of $ 63,698,697 at December 31, 2019, an increase of $ 61,171,786 from a working capital of $2,526,911 as of December 31, 2018.

After two years of negotiation, on March 9, 2020, a real estate repurchase agreement was entered into by and between between Kandi Vehicles and Jinhua Economic and Technological Development Zone that will enable Kandi Vehicles to optimize its production efficiency, lower operating costs, and generate a substantial cash inflow of RMB 525 million (USD 75.6 million) and will get no less than RMB 500 million (USD 71.9 million) subsidies based on Kandi Vehicle’s financial contribution to the local department of finance within the next eight years by monetizing one of its largest assets.

Contractual Obligations and Off-balance Sheet Arrangements

Short-term and long-term Loans:

For the discussion of guarantees for bank loans, please refer to Note 17 - Short-term and long-term Loans under Item 8 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Notes payable:

For the discussion of guarantees for bank loans, please refer to Note 18 - Notes payable under Item 8 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Guarantees and pledged collateral for third party bank loans

For the discussion of guarantees for bank loans, please refer to Note 24 - COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES under Item 8 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Critical Accounting Policies and Related Estimates That Could Have a Material Effect on Our Consolidated Financial Statements

This section should be read together with the Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the attached consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report.

Estimates affecting accounts receivable and inventories

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect our reporting of assets and liabilities (and contingent assets and liabilities). These estimates are particularly significant where they affect the reported net realizable value of our accounts receivable and inventories.

Accounts receivable are recognized and carried at net realizable value. An allowance for doubtful accounts is recorded for periods in which the Company determines a loss is probable, based on its assessment of specific factors, such as troubled collections, historical experience, accounts aging, ongoing business relations and other factors. Accounts are written off after exhaustive collection efforts. If accounts receivable are to be provided for, or written off, they are recognized in the consolidated statement of operations within the operating expenses line item. If accounts receivable previously written off is recovered in a later period or when facts subsequently become available to indicate that the amount provided as an allowance for doubtful accounts was incorrect, an adjustment is made to restate allowance for doubtful accounts.

As of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, credit terms with the Company’s customers were typically 180 to 360 days after delivery. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company had a $254,665 and $120,010 allowance for doubtful accounts, as per the Company management’s judgment based on their best knowledge. The Company conducts quarterly assessments of the state of the Company’s outstanding receivables and reserves any allowance for doubtful accounts if it becomes necessary

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value (market value). The cost of raw materials is determined on the basis of weighted average. The cost of finished goods is determined on the basis of weighted average and comprises direct materials, direct labor and an appropriate proportion of overhead. Net realizable value is based on estimated selling prices less selling expenses and any further costs expected to be incurred for completion. Adjustments to reduce the cost of inventory to net realizable value are made, if required, for estimated excess, obsolescence, or impaired balances.

Although we believe that there is little likelihood that actual results will differ materially from our current estimates, if customer demand for our products decreases significantly in the near future, or if the financial condition of our customers deteriorates in the near future, we could realize significant write downs for slow-moving inventories or uncollectible accounts receivable.

Policy affecting recognition of revenue

Our revenue recognition policy plays a key role in our consolidated financial statements.

The Company adopted ASC Topic 606 Revenue from Contracts with Customers with a date of the initial application of January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method. As a result, the Company has changed its accounting policy for revenue recognition. The impact of the adoption of ASC Topic 606 on the Company’s consolidated financial statements is not material.

The Company recognizes revenue when goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration which it expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. In determining when and how revenue is recognized from contracts with customers, the Company performs the following five-step analysis: (i) identification of contract with customer; (ii) determination of performance obligations; (iii) measurement of the transaction price; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations; and (v) recognition of revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies each performance obligation.

The Company generates revenue through EV parts and off-road vehicles. The revenue is recognized at a point in time once the Company has determined that the customer has obtained control over the product. Control is typically deemed to have been transferred to the customer when the performance obligation is fulfilled, usually at the time of delivery, at the net sales price (transaction price). Revenue is recognized net of any taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities. Shipping and handling costs for product shipments occur prior to the customer obtaining control of the goods are accounted for as fulfillment costs rather than separate performance obligations and recorded as sales and marketing expenses.

Policy affecting leases 

Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASC 842 using the effective date approach. The Company elected to adopt both the transition relief provided in ASU 2018-11 and the package of practical expedients which allowed us, among other things, to retain historical lease classifications and accounting for any leases that existed prior to adoption of the standard. Additionally, the management elected the practical expedients allowing the Company not to separate lease and non-lease components and not record leases with an initial term of twelve months or less (“short-term leases”) on the balance sheet across all existing asset classes. Per ASU 2018-01, the management elected the practical expedient that permits the Company to continue applying our current policy of accounting for land use rights that existed as of, or expired before, the effective date of ASC 842. We have applied this policy to all of our existing land use rights that were not previously accounted for under ASC 840.

Adoption of the new standard resulted in the recording of operating lease assets (grouped in other long term assets of balance sheet) of $10,743and operating lease liabilities (grouped in other current liability of balance sheet)of $11,509, respectively, as of December 31, 2019 based on the present value of the lease payments for the remaining lease term of the Company’s existing leases. The assets and liabilities recognized upon application of the transition provisions were primarily associated to the corporate office leases for SC Autosports. The standard did not materially impact the condensed consolidated statements of operations or cash flows. Adopting the new standard did not have a material impact on the accounting for leases under which the Company is the lessee.

Policy affecting options, warrants and convertible notes

Our stock option cost is recorded in accordance with ASC 718 and ASC 505. The fair value of stock options is estimated using the Black-Scholes-Merton model. Our expected volatility assumption is based on the historical volatility of our stock. The expected life assumption is primarily based on the expiration date of the option. The risk-free interest rate for the expected term of the option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. Stock option expense recognition is based on awards expected to vest. There were no estimated forfeitures. ASC standards require forfeitures to be estimated at the time of grant and revised in subsequent periods, if necessary, if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.

The stock-based option expenses for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 were $0, $1,586,926 net of a reversal for forfeited stock options of $2,644,877, respectively. There were no forfeitures estimated during the reporting period.

Our warrant costs are recorded in liabilities and equities, respectively, in accordance with ASC 480, ASC 505 and ASC 815. The fair value of a warrant, which is classified as a liability, is estimated using the Binomial Tree model and the lattice valuation model. Our expected volatility assumption is based on the historical volatility of our common stock. The expected life assumption is primarily based on the expiration date of the warrant. The risk-free interest rate for the expected term of the warrant is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of measurement. Our warrants, which are freestanding derivatives classified as liabilities on the balance sheet, are measured at fair value on each reporting date, with decreases in fair value recognized in earnings and increases in fair values recognized in expenses.

The fair value of equity-based warrants, which are not considered derivatives under ASC 815, is estimated using the Black-Scholes -Merton model. Our expected volatility assumption is based on the historical volatility of our common stock. The expected life assumption is primarily based on the expiration date of the warrant. The risk-free interest rate for the expected term of the option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant.

In accordance with ASC 815, the conversion feature of the convertible notes is separated from the debt instrument and accounted for separately as a derivative instrument. On the date the convertible notes are issued, the conversion feature is recorded as a liability at its fair value, and future decreases in fair value are recognized in earnings while increases in fair values are recognized in expenses. We used the Black-Scholes -Merton option-pricing model to obtain the fair value of the conversion feature. The expected volatility assumption is based on the historical volatility of our common stock. The expected life assumption is primarily based on the expiration date of the conversion features. The risk-free interest rate for the expected term of the conversion features is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of measurement.

Warranty Liability

Most of our non-EV products (“Legacy Products”) are exported out of China to foreign countries that have legal and regulatory requirements with which we are not familiar. The development of warranty policies for our Legacy Products in each of these countries would be virtually impossible and prohibitively expensive. Therefore, we provide price incentives and free parts to our customers and in exchange, our customers establish appropriate warranty policies and assume warranty responsibilities.

Consequently, warranty issues are taken into consideration during price negotiations for our products. Free parts are delivered along with the products, and when products are sold, the related parts are recorded as cost of goods sold. Due to the reliability of our products, we have been able to maintain this warranty policy and we have not had any product liability attributed to our products.

For the EV products that we sell in China, we provide a three year or 50,000 kilometer manufacturer warranty. This warranty affects the Company through our participation and investment in the Affiliate Company, which manufactures the EV products.

U.S. Corporate Income Tax

On December 22, 2017, the SEC staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin (SAB) No. 118, which provides guidance on accounting for the tax effects of the Tax Act. SAB 118 provides a measurement period that should not extend beyond one year from the Tax Act enactment date for companies to complete the accounting under ASC 740. In accordance with SAB 118, a company must reflect the income tax effects of those aspects of the Tax Act for which the accounting under ASC 740 is complete. To the extent that a company’s accounting for certain income tax effects of the Tax Act is incomplete but it is able to determine a reasonable estimate, it must record a provisional estimate in its financial statements. If a company cannot determine a provisional estimate to be included in its financial statements, it should continue to apply ASC 740 on the basis of the provisions of the tax laws that were in effect immediately before the enactment of the Tax Act.

Pursuant to the disclosure provision of SAB 118, the Company has completed and recorded provisional amounts for the income tax effects of the TCJA for the year ended December 31st, 2019.

Based on Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) staff Q&A Topic 740, No. 5, Accounting for Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (GILTI), the FASB staff noted that the Company must make an accounting policy election to either (1) recognize taxes due on future U.S. inclusions in taxable income related to GILTI as a current-period expense when incurred (the “period cost method”) or (2) factor such amount into the Company’s measure of its deferred taxes (the “deferred method”). The Company elected to treat the guilty as a current-period expense when incurred.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

This item is not applicable to us.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

KANDI TECHNOLOGIES GROUP, INC.

AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED

DECEMBER 31, 2019 AND 2018

KANDI TECHNOLOGIES GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors of

Kandi Technologies Group, Inc

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Kandi Technologies Group, Inc (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2019, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, changes in stockholders’ equity and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2019 , and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2019, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on the criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in 2013 and our report dated April 28, 2020, expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Marcum Bernstein & Pinchuk LLP

Marcum Bernstein & Pinchuk LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2019.

New York, New York

April 28, 2020

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors of

Kandi Technologies Group, Inc

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited Kandi Technologies Group, Inc’s (the “Company”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019 and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, changes in stockholders’ equity and cash flows and the related notes for the year ended December 31, 2019 of the Company, and our report dated April 28, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying “Management Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting”. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of the inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Marcum Bernstein & Pinchuk LLP

Marcum Bernstein & Pinchuk LLP

New York, New York
April 28, 2020

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Kandi Technologies Group, Inc.

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Kandi Technologies Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries as of December 31, 2018, and the related consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ BDO China Shu Lun Pan Certified Public Accountants LLP

BDO China Shu Lun Pan Certified Public Accountants LLP

Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China

March 15, 2019

We began serving as the Company’s auditor in 2016. In October 2019, we became the predecessor auditor.

KANDI TECHNOLOGIES GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

KANDI TECHNOLOGIES GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2019 AND 2018

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

KANDI TECHNOLOGIES GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2019 AND 2018

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

KANDI TECHNOLOGIES GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOW

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2019 AND 2018

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

KANDI TECHNOLOGIES GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 1 - ORGANIZATION AND PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES

Kandi Technologies Group, Inc. (“Kandi Technologies”) was incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware on March 31, 2004. As used herein, the terms “Company” or “Kandi” refer to Kandi Technologies and its operating subsidiaries, as described below.

Headquartered in Jinhua City, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China (“China”), the Company is one of China’s leading producers and manufacturers of electric vehicle (“EV”) products (through the Affiliate Company, formerly defined as the JV Company), EV parts, and off-road vehicles for sale in the Chinese and the global markets. The Company conducts its primary business operations through its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Zhejiang Kandi Vehicles Co., Ltd. (“Kandi Vehicles”), Kandi Vehicles’ wholly and partially-owned subsidiaries, and SC Autosports LLC (“SC Autosports”).

The Company’s organizational chart as of the date of this report is as follows:

Operating Subsidiaries

Pursuant to certain VIE (as defined below in this report) agreements that were executed in January 2011, Kandi Vehicles is entitled to 100% of the economic benefits, voting rights and residual interests (100% of profits and losses) of Jinhua Kandi New Energy Vehicles Co., Ltd. (“Kandi New Energy”). Kandi New Energy currently holds battery pack production licensing rights, and supplies battery packs to the Affiliate Company (as such term is defined below).

In April 2012, pursuant to an agreement with the shareholders of YongkangScrou Electric Co, Ltd. (“YongkangScrou”), the Company acquired 100% of YongkangScrou, a manufacturer of automobile and EV parts. YongkangScrou currently manufactures and sells EV drive motors, EV controllers, air conditioners and other electric products to the Affiliate Company.

In March 2013, pursuant to a joint venture agreement (the “JV Agreement”) entered into by Kandi Vehicles and Shanghai Maple Guorun Automobile Co., Ltd. (“Shanghai Guorun”), a 99%-owned subsidiary of Geely Automobile Holdings Ltd., the parties established Fengsheng Automotive Technology GroupCo., Ltd. (the “Affiliate Company”, formerly known as Zhejiang Kandi Electric Vehicles Co., Ltd. and defined as the “JV Company”) to develop, manufacture and sell EV products and related auto parts. In March 2014, the Affiliate Company changed its name to Kandi Electric Vehicles Group Co., Ltd. On March 21, 2019, Kandi Vehicles signed an Equity Transfer Agreement (the “Transfer Agreement”) with Geely Technologies Group Co., Ltd. (“Geely”) to transfer certain equity interests in the Kandi Electric Vehicles Group Co., Ltd. (the “Affiliate Company”, formerly defined as the “JV Company”) to Geely. Pursuant to the Transfer Agreement, the Affiliate Company converted a loan of RMB 314 million (approximately $45.1 million) from Geely last year to equity in order to increase its cash flow. As a result, the registered capital of the Affiliate Company became RMB 2.40 billion (approximately $344.5 million), of which Kandi Vehicles then owned 43.47% and Geely owned 56.53%, respectively, upon the conversion of the loan into equity in the Affiliate Company. After that, Kandi Vehicles further agreed to sell 21.47% of its equity interests in the Affiliate Company to Geely for a total amount of RMB 516 million (approximately $74.1 million). As of September 29, 2019, Kandi Vehicles has received payments in cash totaling RMB 220 million (approximately $31.6 million) and certain commercial acceptance notes of RMB 296 million (approximately $42.5 million). As a result of the completion of the equity transfer on September 29, 2019, Kandi Vehicles now owns 22% and Geely and its affiliates own 78% of the equity interests of the Affiliate Company. As now the Company only owns 22% of the Affiliate Company, it was redefined as the Affiliate Company. In October 2019, the Affiliate Company was renamed Fengsheng Vehicles Technologies Group Co., Ltd.

In April 2013, Kandi Vehicles and Kandi New Energy formed Kandi Electric Vehicles (Wanning) Co., Ltd., which was renamed Kandi Electric Vehicles (Hainan) Co., Ltd. (“Kandi Hainan”), when it was relocated from Wanning City to Haikou City in January 2016. Kandi Vehicles has a 90% ownership interest in Kandi Hainan, and Kandi New Energy has the remaining 10% ownership interest. Kandi Vehicles is, effectively, entitled to 100% of the economic benefits, voting rights and residual interests (100% of the profits and losses) of Kandi Hainan as Kandi Vehicles is entitled to 100% of the economic benefits, voting rights and residual interests of Kandi New Energy.

In December 2017, Kandi Vehicles and the sole shareholder of Jinhua An Kao Power Technology Co., Ltd. (“Jinhua An Kao”) entered into a Share Transfer Agreement and a Supplementary Agreement, pursuant to which Kandi Vehicles acquired Jinhua An Kao. The two agreements were signed on December 12, 2017 and the closing took place on January 3, 2018. Kandi Vehicles acquired 100% of the equity interests of Jinhua An Kao for a purchase price of approximately RMB 25.93 million (approximately $4 million) in cash. In addition, pursuant to the Supplementary Agreement, the Company issued a total of 2,959,837 shares of restrictive stock, or 6.2% of the Company’s total outstanding shares of the common stock to the shareholder of Jinhua An Kao, and may be required to pay future consideration of an additional 2,959,837 shares of common stock, which are being held in escrow, to be released upon the achievement of certain net income-based milestones in the next three years. As of the date of this report, 739,959 shares have been released from the escrow for Jinhua An Kao’s achieving of the year 2018 net profit target. 986,810 shares are expected to be released for its achieving of the year 2019 net profit target. The Supplementary Agreement sets forth the terms and conditions of the issuance of these shares, including a provision that gives the Company the voting rights of the make good shares until conditions for vesting such shares are satisfied.

On May 31, 2018, the Company entered into a Membership Interests Transfer Agreement (the “Transfer Agreement”) with the two members of SC Autosports LLC (“SC Autosports”) (formerly known as: Sportsman Country, LLC) pursuant to which the Company acquired 100% of the ownership of SC Autosports. SC Autosports is a Dallas-based sales company primarily engaged in the wholesale of off-road vehicle products, with a small percentage of business in wholesale and retail of off-road vehicle parts. According to the terms of the Transfer Agreement, the Company transferred $10.0 million worth of restricted shares to acquire 100% of the membership interests of SC Autosports, of which the Company was required to issue $1.0 million of corresponding restricted shares within 30 days of the signing date of the Transfer Agreement, and the remaining $9.0 million of corresponding restricted shares to be released from escrow based on SC Autosports’pre-tax profit performance over the course of the following three years. The transaction closed in July 2018. As of the date of this report, 343,938 shares have been released from the escrow for SC Autosports’ achieving of the year 2018 net profit target. 515,907 shares are expected to be released for its achieving of the year 2019 net profit target.

On March 4, 2019, in order to build a logistics network composed of suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, distribution centers and channel providers, meeting the needs of improving production and operation efficiency, the Company participated in the formation of Zhejiang Kandi Supply Chain Management Co., Ltd. (“Supply Chain Company”). Kandi Vehicles has a 10% ownership interest in Supply Chain Company, the remaining 90% is owned by unrelated other parties. As of the date of this report, Kandi Vehicle has not made any capital contribution to Supply Chain Company and is not involved in its operations.

The Company’s primary business operations consist of designing, developing, manufacturing and commercializing EV products (through Kandi Electric Vehicles (Hainan) Co., Ltd. and the Affiliate Company), EV parts and off-road vehicles. As part of its strategic objective of becoming a leading manufacturer of EV products (through the Affiliate Company) and related services, the Company has increased its focus on pure EV-related products, and is actively pursuing expansion in the Chinese and international markets, especially the U.S. market.

NOTE 2 - LIQUIDITY

The Company had a working capital of $63,698,697 as of December 31, 2019, an increase of $ 61,171,786 from a working capital of $2,526,911 as of December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company’s cash and cash equivalents were $5,490,557 and $ 15,662,201, respectively, the Company’s restricted cash was $11,022,078 and $6,690,870, respectively.

After two years of negotiation, on March 9, 2020, a real estate repurchase agreement was entered into by and between between Kandi Vehicles and Jinhua Economic and Technological Development Zone that will enable Kandi Vehicles to optimize its production efficiency, lower operating costs, and generate a substantial cash inflow of RMB 525 million (USD 75.6 million) and will get no less than RMB 500 million (USD 71.9 million) subsidies based on Kandi Vehicle’s financial contribution to the local department of finance within the next eight years by monetizing one of its largest assets. The Company plans to apply the proceeds from the real estate repurchase agreement to its ongoing operations. Although the Company expects that most of its outstanding trade receivables from customers will be collected in the next twelve months, there are uncertainties with respect to the timing in collecting these receivables, especially the receivables due from the Affiliate Company, because most of them are indirectly impacted by the progress of the receipt of government subsidies.

The Company’s primary need for liquidity stems from its need to fund working capital requirements of the Company’s businesses, its capital expenditures and its general operations, including debt repayment. The Company has historically financed its operations through short-term commercial bank loans from Chinese banks, as well as its ongoing operating activities by using funds from operations, external credit or financing arrangements. The Company routinely monitors current and expected operational requirements and financial market conditions to evaluate the use of available financing sources. Considering the existing working capital position and the ability to access debt funding sources, the management believes that the Company’s operations and borrowing resources are sufficient to provide for its current and foreseeable capital requirements to support its ongoing operations for the next twelve months. 

NOTE 3 - BASIS OF PRESENTATION

The Company’s financial statements and notes are the representations of the Company’s management. Accounting policies adopted by the Company conform to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States and have been consistently applied in the Company’s presentation of its financial statements.

NOTE 4 - PRINCIPLES OF CONSOLIDATION

The Company’s consolidated financial statements reflect the accounts of the Company and its ownership interests in the following subsidiaries:

Equity Method Investees

The Company’s consolidated net income also includes the Company’s proportionate share of the net income or loss of its equity method investees as follows:

The Affiliate Company, a 22% owned subsidiary of Kandi Vehicles and its subsidiaries

All intra-entity profits and losses with regard to the Company’s equity method investees have been eliminated.

NOTE 5 - USE OF ESTIMATES

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States requires the Company’s management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Management makes these estimates using the best information available at the time the estimates are made; however actual results when ultimately realized could differ from those estimates.

NOTE 6 - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

(a) Economic and Political Risks

The Company’s operations are conducted in China. As a result, the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations may be influenced by the political, economic and legal environments in China, and by the general state of the Chinese economy. In addition, the Company’s earnings are subject to movements in foreign currency exchange rates when transactions are denominated in Renminbi (“RMB”), which is the Company’s functional currency. Accordingly, the Company’s operating results are affected by changes in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the RMB.

The Company’s operations in China are subject to special considerations and significant risks not typically associated with companies in North America and Western Europe. These include risks associated with, among others, the political, economic and legal environment and foreign currency exchange restrictions. The Company’s performance may be adversely affected by changes in the political and social conditions in China, and by changes in governmental policies with respect to laws and regulations, anti-inflationary measures, currency conversion, remittances abroad, and rates and methods of taxation, among other things.

(b) Fair Value of Financial Instruments

ASC 820 establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. The hierarchy prioritizes the inputs into three levels based on the extent to which inputs used in measuring fair value are observable in the market.

These tiers include:

Level 1—defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets;

Level 2—defined as inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable; and

Level 3—defined as unobservable inputs for which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions.

The Company’s financial instruments primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, notes receivable, other receivables, accounts payable, other payables and accrued liabilities, short-term bank loans, notes payable, and warrants.

The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, notes receivable, other receivables, accounts payable, other payables and accrued liabilities, and notes payable approximate fair value because of the short-term nature of these items. The estimated fair values of short-term bank loans were not materially different from their carrying value as presented due to the brief maturities and because the interest rates on these borrowings approximate those that would have been available for loans of similar remaining maturities and risk profiles. As the carrying amounts are reasonable estimates of fair value, these financial instruments are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. The Company identified notes payable as Level 2 instruments due to the fact that the inputs to valuation are primarily based upon readily observable pricing information. The balance of notes payable, which were measured and disclosed at fair value, was $10,765,344 and $12,787,619 at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

Contingent consideration related to the acquisitions of Jinhua An Kao and SC Autosports, which is accounted for as liabilities, are measured at each reporting date for their fair value using Level 3 inputs. The fair value of contingent consideration was $5,197,000 and $7,256,000 at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. Also see Note 21.

(c) Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers highly-liquid investments purchased with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents.

As of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company’s restricted cash was $11,022,078 and $6,690,870, respectively.

(d) Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value (market value). The cost of raw materials is determined on the basis of weighted average. The cost of finished goods is determined on the basis of weighted average and comprises direct materials, direct labor and an appropriate proportion of overhead.

Net realizable value is based on estimated selling prices less selling expenses and any further costs expected to be incurred for completion. Adjustments to reduce the cost of inventory to net realizable value are made, if required, for estimated excess, obsolescence, or impaired balances.

(e) Accounts Receivable and Due from the Affiliate Company and Related Parties

Accounts receivable are recognized and carried at net realizable value. An allowance for doubtful accounts is recorded for periods in which the Company determines a loss is probable, based on its assessment of specific factors, such as troubled collections, historical experience, accounts aging, ongoing business relations and other factors. Accounts are written off after exhaustive collection efforts. If accounts receivable are to be provided for, or written off, they are recognized in the consolidated statement of operations within the operating expenses line item. If accounts receivable previously written off is recovered in a later period or when facts subsequently become available to indicate that the amount provided as an allowance for doubtful accounts was incorrect, an adjustment is made to restate allowance for doubtful accounts.

Net amount due from the Affiliate Company represent net trade receivable from the Affiliate Company, loan lending to the Affiliate Company as well as interest related to such loan. As of December 31, 2019, the Company’s net amount due from the Affiliate Company includes $29.3 million net trade receivable and $2 million loan interest.

As of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, credit terms with the Company’s customers were typically 180 to 360 days after delivery. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company had a $254,665 and $120,010 allowance for doubtful accounts, as per the Company management’s judgment based on their best knowledge. The Company conducts quarterly assessments of the state of the Company’s outstanding receivables and reserves any allowance for doubtful accounts if it becomes necessary.

(f) Notes Receivable

Notes receivable represent short-term loans to third parties with maximum terms of six months. Interest income is recognized according to each agreement between a borrower and the Company on an accrual basis. For notes receivable with banks, the interest rates are determined by banks. For notes receivable with other parties, the interest rates are based on agreements between the parties. If notes receivable are paid back, that transaction will be recognized in the relevant year. If notes receivable are not paid back, or are written off, that transaction will be recognized in the relevant year if default is probable, reasonably assured, and the loss can be reasonably estimated. The Company will recognize income if the written-off loan is recovered at a future date. In case of any foreclosure proceedings or legal actions, the Company provides an accrual for the related foreclosure and litigation expenses. The Company also receives notes receivable from the Affiliate Company and other parties to settle accounts receivable. If the Company decides to discount notes receivable for the purpose of receiving immediate cash, the current discount rate is approximately in the range of 3.50% to 4.50% annually. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company had notes receivable from unrelated parties of $42,487,225 and $72,712, respectively, which notes receivable typically mature within six months. As of December 31, 2019, the Company’s notes receivable from unrelated parties was commercial acceptance notes from Geely related to equity transfer of the Affiliate company. Approximately $15.8 million of this amount was subsequently collected in 2020 and affected by the coronavirus, collection of remaining amount was agreed to be extended, which will be consider as other receivable in 2020. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company had notes receivable from the Affiliate Company and other related parties of $0 and $3,861,032, respectively, which notes receivable typically mature within six months.

(g) Property, Plants and Equipment

Property, Plants and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated over the asset’s estimated useful life, using the straight-line method. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the life of the asset or the term of the lease, whichever is shorter. Estimated useful lives are as follows:

The costs and related accumulated depreciation of assets sold or otherwise retired are eliminated from the Company’s accounts and any gain or loss is included in the statements of income. The cost of maintenance and repairs is charged to expenses as incurred, whereas significant renewals and betterments are capitalized.

(h) Land Use Rights

Land in China is owned by the government and land ownership rights cannot be sold to an individual or to a private company. However, the Chinese government grants the user a “land use right” to use the land. The land use rights granted to the Company are amortized using the straight-line method over a term of fifty years.

(i) Accounting for the Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company periodically evaluates the carrying value of long-lived assets to be held and used, including intangible assets subject to amortization, when events and circumstances warrant such a review, pursuant to the guidelines established in Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (“SFAS”) No. 144 (now known as “ASC 360”). The carrying value of a long-lived asset is considered impaired when the anticipated undiscounted cash flow from such asset is separately identifiable and is less than its carrying value. In that event, a loss is recognized based on the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair market value of the long-lived asset. Fair market value is determined primarily using the anticipated cash flows discounted at a rate commensurate with the risk involved. Losses on long-lived assets to be disposed of are determined in a similar manner, except that fair market values are reduced for disposal costs.

The Company recognized no impairment loss for years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018.

(j) Revenue Recognition

The Company adopted ASC Topic 606 Revenue from Contracts with Customers with a date of the initial application of January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method. As a result, the Company has changed its accounting policy for revenue recognition. The impact of the adoption of ASC Topic 606 on the Company’s consolidated financial statements is not material.

The Company recognizes revenue when goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration which it expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. In determining when and how revenue is recognized from contracts with customers, the Company performs the following five-step analysis: (i) identification of contract with customer; (ii) determination of performance obligations; (iii) measurement of the transaction price; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations; and (v) recognition of revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies each performance obligation.

The Company generates revenue through EV parts and off-road vehicles. The revenue is recognized at a point in time once the Company has determined that the customer has obtained control over the product. Control is typically deemed to have been transferred to the customer when the performance obligation is fulfilled, usually at the time of delivery, at the net sales price (transaction price). Revenue is recognized net of any taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities. Shipping and handling costs for product shipments occur prior to the customer obtaining control of the goods are accounted for as fulfillment costs rather than separate performance obligations and recorded as sales and marketing expenses.

See Note 25 “Segment Reporting” for disaggregation of revenue by reporting segments. The Company believes this disaggregation best depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.

(k) Research and Development

Expenditures relating to the development of new products and processes, including improvements to existing products, are expensed as incurred. Research and development expenses were $6,207,747 and $10,084,378 for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

(l) Government Grants

Grants and subsidies received from the Chinese government are recognized when the proceeds are received or collectible and related milestones have been reached and all contingencies have been resolved.

For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, $792,628 and $17,787,445, respectively, were received by the Company’s subsidiaries from the Chinese government.

(m) Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income tax using an asset and liability approach, which allows for the recognition of deferred tax benefits in future years. Under the asset and liability approach, deferred income taxes are recognized for differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities at enacted tax rates in effect for the years in which the differences are expected to reverse.. The accounting for deferred tax calculation represents the Company management’s best estimate of the most likely future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in our financial statements or tax returns and related future anticipation. A valuation allowance is recorded to reduce the deferred tax assets to an amount that is more likely than not to be realized after considering all available evidence, both positive and negative.

(n) Foreign Currency Translation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements are presented in United States dollars. The functional currency of the Company is the Renminbi (RMB). Capital accounts of the consolidated financial statements are translated into United States dollars from RMB at their historical exchange rates when the capital transactions occurred.

Assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rates as of balance sheet date. Income and expenditures are translated at the average exchange rate of the reporting period, which rates are obtained from the website: http://www.oanda.com

(o) Comprehensive Loss

Comprehensive income (loss) is defined to include all changes in equity except those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners. Among other disclosures, all items that are required to be recognized under current accounting standards as components of comprehensive income (loss) are required to be reported in a financial statement that is presented with the same prominence as other financial statements. Comprehensive income (loss) includes net income (loss) and the foreign currency translation changes.

(p) Segments

In accordance with ASC 280-10, Segment Reporting, the Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), identified as the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, relies upon the consolidated results of operations as a whole when making decisions about allocating resources and assessing the performance of the Company. As a result of the assessment made by CODM, the Company has only one reportable segment. The Company does not distinguish between markets or segments for the purpose of internal reporting. As the Company’s long-lived assets are substantially located in the PRC, no geographical segments are presented.

(q) Stock Option Expenses

The Company’s stock option expenses are recorded in accordance with ASC 718 and ASC 505.

The fair value of stock options is estimated using the Black-Scholes-Merton model. The Company’s expected volatility assumption is based on the historical volatility of the Company’s common stock. The expected life assumption is primarily based on the expiration date of the option. The risk-free interest rate for the expected term of the option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant.

The recognition of stock option expenses is based on awards expected to vest. ASC standards require forfeitures to be estimated at the time of grant and revised in subsequent periods, if necessary, if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.

The stock-based option expenses for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 were $0 and $1,586,926 net of a reversal for forfeited stock options of $2,644,877, respectively. There were no forfeitures estimated during the reporting period.

(r) Goodwill

The Company allocates goodwill from business combinations to reporting units based on the expectation that the reporting unit is to benefit from the business combination. The Company evaluates its reporting units on an annual basis and, if necessary, reassigns goodwill using a relative fair value allocation approach. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. These events or circumstances could include a significant change in the business climate, legal factors, operating performance indicators, competition, or sale or disposition of a significant portion of a reporting unit.

Application of the goodwill impairment test requires judgments, including the identification of reporting units, assignment of assets and liabilities to reporting units, assignment of goodwill to reporting units, and the determination of the fair value of each reporting unit. The Company first assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that goodwill is impaired. If the more likely than not threshold is met, the Company performs a quantitative impairment test.

As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company performed goodwill impairment testing at the reporting unit level and determined that no impairment was necessary.

(s) Intangible Assets

Intangible assets consist of patent, trade names and customer relations associated with the purchase price from the allocation of Yongkang Scrou and Jinhua An Kao. Such assets are being amortized over their estimated useful lives. Intangible assets were amortized as of December 31, 2019. The amortization expenses for intangible assets were $ 625,070 and $649,089 for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

(t) Accounting for Sale of Common Stock and Warrants

Gross proceeds are first allocated according to the initial fair value of the freestanding derivative instruments (i.e. the warrants issued to the Company’s investors in its previous offerings, or the “Investor Warrants”). The remaining proceeds are allocated to common stock. The related issuance expenses, including the placement agent cash fees, legal fees, the initial fair value of the warrants issued to the placement agent and others were allocated between the common stock and the Investor Warrants based on how the proceeds are allocated to these instruments. Expenses related to the issuance of common stock were charged to paid-in capital. Expenses related to the issuance of derivative instruments were expensed upon issuance.

(u) Consolidation of variable interest entities

In accordance with accounting standards regarding consolidation of variable interest entities, or VIEs, VIEs are generally entities that lack sufficient equity to finance their activities without additional financial support from other parties or whose equity holders lack adequate decision making ability. All VIEs with which the Company is involved must be evaluated to determine the primary beneficiary of the risks and rewards of the VIE. The primary beneficiary is required to consolidate the VIE for financial reporting purposes.

The Company has concluded, based on the contractual arrangements, that Kandi New Energy is a VIE and that the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Kandi Vehicles, absorbs a majority of the risk of loss from the activities of this company, thereby enabling the Company, through Kandi Vehicles, to receive a majority of its expected residual returns.

Additionally, because Kandi New Energy is under common control with other entities, the consolidated financial statements have been prepared as if the transactions had occurred retroactively as to the beginning of the reporting period of these consolidated financial statements.

Control and common control are defined under the accounting standards as “an individual, enterprise, or immediate family members who hold more than 50 percent of the voting ownership interest of each entity.” Because the owners collectively own 100% of Kandi New Energy, and have agreed to vote their interests in concert since the establishment of each of these three companies as memorialized in the Voting Rights Proxy Agreement, the Company believes that the owners collectively have control and common control of Kandi New Energy. Accordingly, the Company believes that Kandi New Energy was constructively held under common control by Kandi Vehicles as of the time the contractual agreements were entered into, establishing Kandi Vehicles as their primary beneficiary. Kandi Vehicles, in turn, is owned by Continental, which is owned by the Company.

NOTE 7 - NEW ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, together with subsequent Accounting Standards Updates collectively known as the “leases standard” or “ASC 842”. ASC 842 requires a lessee recognize the assets and liabilities that arise from leases. All leases create an asset and a liability for the lessee in accordance with FASB Concepts Statement No. 6, Elements of Financial Statements. Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted the new standard using the effective date approach. The Company elected to adopt both the transition relief provided in ASU 2018-11 and the package of practical expedients which allowed us, among other things, to retain historical lease classifications and accounting for any leases that existed prior to adoption of the standard. Additionally, the management elected the practical expedients allowing the Company not to separate lease and non-lease components and not record leases with an initial term of twelve months or less (“short-term leases”) on the balance sheet across all existing asset classes. Per ASU 2018-01, the management elected the practical expedient that permits the Company to continue applying our current policy of accounting for land use rights that existed as of, or expired before, the effective date of ASC 842. We have applied this policy to all of our existing land use rights that were not previously accounted for under ASC 840.

Adoption of the new standard resulted in the recording of operating lease assets (grouped in other long term assets of balance sheet) of $10,743 and operating lease liabilities (grouped in other current liability of balance sheet)of $11,509,, respectively, as of December 31, 2019 based on the present value of the lease payments for the remaining lease term of the Company’s existing leases. The assets and liabilities recognized upon application of the transition provisions were primarily associated to the corporate office leases for SC Autosports. The standard did not materially impact the condensed consolidated statements of operations or cash flows. Adopting the new standard did not have a material impact on the accounting for leases under which the Company is the lessee.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04 (Topic 350) Intangibles—Goodwill and Other: Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, which removes Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test, which requires a hypothetical purchase price allocation. Under the amended guidance, a goodwill impairment charge will now be recognized for the amount by which the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. This ASU will be applied on a prospective basis and is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted for any impairment tests performed after January 1, 2017. The Company adopted this ASU in the fourth quarter of 2019 and the new standard did not have a material impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.

In February 2018, the FASB released ASU 2018-2, “Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income.” This standard update addresses a specific consequence of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“U.S. tax reform”) and allows a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for the stranded tax effects resulting from U.S. tax reform. Consequently, the update eliminates the stranded tax effects that were created as a result of the historical U.S. federal corporate income tax rate to the newly enacted U.S. federal corporate income tax rate. The Company is required to adopt this standard in the first quarter of fiscal year 2020, with early adoption permitted. The amendments in this update should be applied either in the period of adoption or retrospectively to each period in which the effect of the change in the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act is recognized. The Company has finished the evaluation and determined there is no impact of on its Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13 Disclosure Framework — Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, which eliminates, adds, and modifies certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements under ASC 820. This ASU is to be applied on a prospective basis for certain modified or new disclosure requirements, and all other amendments in the standard are to be applied on a retrospective basis. The new standard is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adoption on the Consolidated Financial Statements.

NOTE 8 - CONCENTRATIONS

For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 the Company’s major customers, who accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s consolidated revenue, were as follows:

For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company’s material suppliers, each of whom accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s total purchases, were as follows:

NOTE 9 - LOSS PER SHARE

The Company calculates earnings per share in accordance with ASC 260, Earnings Per Share, which requires a dual presentation of basic and diluted earnings per share. Basic earnings per share are computed using the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the reporting period. Diluted earnings per share represents basic earnings per share adjusted to include the potentially dilutive effect of outstanding stock options and warrants (using treasury stock method). Due to the average market price of the common stock during the period below the exercise price of the options, approximately 3,900,000 options were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share, for the year ended December 31, 2019. Due to the loss from operations, approximately 3,900,000 options were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share, for the year ended December 31, 2019.

The following is the calculation of earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:

NOTE 10 - ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE, NET

Accounts receivable are summarized as follows:

NOTE 11 - INVENTORIES

Inventories are summarized as follows:

NOTE 12 - NOTES RECEIVABLE, NOTES RECEIVABLE FROM THE AFFILIATE COMPANY AND RELATED PARTY

As of December 31, 2019, there was $42,487,225 notes receivable from unrelated parties, which was commercial acceptance notes from payments for equity transfer of the Affiliate Company (refer to Note 23-summarized information of equity method investment in the Affiliate Company). As of December 31, 2018, there was $72,712 notes receivable from unrelated parties, among which $72,712 were bank acceptance notes from payments for sales.

As of December 31, 2019, there was $0 notes receivable from the Affiliate Company and related parties. As of December 31, 2018. there was $3,861,032 notes receivable from the Affiliate Company and related parties, among which $3,861,032 were bank acceptance notes from payments for sales.

NOTE 13 - PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

Property, plants and equipment as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 consisted of the following:

As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the net book value of property, plant and equipment pledged as collateral for the Company’s bank loans were $6,484,497 and $8,105,419, respectively. Also see Note 17.

Depreciation expenses for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 were $ 7,549,836 and $3,516,064, respectively.

NOTE 14 - INTANGIBLE ASSETS

Intangible assets include acquired other intangibles of trade name, customer relations and patent recorded at estimated fair values in accordance with purchase accounting guidelines for acquisitions.

The following table provides the gross carrying value and accumulated amortization for each major class of our intangible assets, other than goodwill:

The aggregate amortization expenses for those intangible assets that continue to be amortized is reflected in amortization of intangible assets in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income and were $ 625,070, $649,089 for the year ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Amortization expenses for the next five years and thereafter are as follows:

NOTE 15 - LAND USE RIGHTS

The Company’s land use rights consist of the following:

As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the net book value of the land use rights pledged as collateral for the Company’s bank loans were $4,937,138 and $7,756,253 respectively. Also see Note 17.

The amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 were $327,250 and $348,533, respectively.

Amortization expense for the next five years and thereafter is as follows:

NOTE 16 - OTHER LONG TERM ASSETS

Other long term assets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 consisted of the following:

As of December 31, 2019, the Company’s other long term asset included net value of prepayments for land use right of Hainan facility of $4,131,530. As of December 31, 2019, the land us right of Hainan was not recognized since the land certificate is still in process. The amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2019 were $ 92,288.

NOTE 17 - SHORT-TERM AND LONG-TERM BANK LOANS

Short-term loans are summarized as follows:

Long-term loan is summarized as follows:

The interest expense of the short-term and long-term bank loans for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 were $4,311,640 and $1,708,766, respectively.

As of December 31, 2019, the aggregate amount of short-term loans that was guaranteed by various third parties was $0.

NOTE 18 - NOTES PAYABLE