Kandi Technologies Group, Inc. - Quarter Report: 2019 March (Form 10-Q)

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2019

or

☐ Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the transition period from ______to______

Commission file number 001-33997

KANDI TECHNOLOGIES GROUP, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in charter)

 Jinhua City Industrial Zone
Jinhua, Zhejiang Province
People’s Republic of China
Post Code 321016
(Address of principal executive offices)

(86 - 579) 82239856
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files) Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  Yes ☐ No ☒

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

As of May 4, 2019, the registrant had 56,004,502 shares of common stock issued and 52,580,841 shares of common stock outstanding, par value $0.001 per share.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

KANDI TECHNOLOGIES GROUP, INC.
AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements

KANDI TECHNOLOGIES GROUP, INC.
AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (LOSS) AND
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(UNAUDITED)

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements

  KANDI TECHNOLOGIES GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES  

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY  

FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 2019 AND 2018  

(UNAUDITED)

KANDI TECHNOLOGIES GROUP, INC.
AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(UNAUDITED)

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements

NOTE 1 - ORGANIZATION AND PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES

Kandi Technologies Group, Inc. (“Kandi Technologies”) was incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware on March 31, 2004. As used herein, the terms “Company”, “The Company” or “Kandi” refer to Kandi Technologies and its operating subsidiaries, as described below.

Headquartered in Jinhua City, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China (“China”), the Company is one of China’s leading producers and manufacturers of electric vehicle (“EV”) products (through the JV Company), EV parts, and off-road vehicles for sale in Chinese and global markets. The Company conducts its primary business operations through its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Zhejiang Kandi Vehicles Co., Ltd. (“Kandi Vehicles”), and Kandi Vehicles’ wholly and partially-owned subsidiaries, and SC Autosports LLC (“SC Autosports”).

The Company’s organizational chart as of the date of this report is as follows:

Operating Subsidiaries:

Pursuant to certain VIE (as defined below in this report) agreements that were executed in January 2011, Kandi Vehicles is entitled to 100% of the economic benefits, voting rights and residual interests (100% of profits and losses) of Jinhua Kandi New Energy Vehicles Co., Ltd. (“Kandi New Energy”). Kandi New Energy currently holds battery pack production licensing rights, and supplies battery packs to the JV Company (as such term is defined below).

In April 2012, pursuant to an agreement with the shareholders of YongkangScrou Electric Co, Ltd. (“YongkangScrou”), the Company acquired 100% of YongkangScrou, a manufacturer of automobile and EV parts. YongkangScrou currently manufactures and sells EV drive motors, EV controllers, air conditioners and other electric products to the JV Company.

In March 2013, pursuant to a joint venture agreement (the “JV Agreement”) entered into by Kandi Vehicles and Shanghai Maple Guorun Automobile Co., Ltd. (“Shanghai Guorun”), a 99%-owned subsidiary of Geely Automobile Holdings Ltd. (“Geely”), the parties established Zhejiang Kandi Electric Vehicles Co., Ltd. (the “JV Company”) to develop, manufacture and sell EV products and related auto parts. In March 2014, the JV Company changed its name to Kandi Electric Vehicles Group Co., Ltd. On March 21, 2019, Kandi Vehicle signed an Equity Transfer Agreement (the “Transfer Agreement”) with Geely Technologies Group Co., Ltd. (“Geely”) to transfer certain equity interests in the JV Company to Geely. Pursuant to the Transfer Agreement, the JV Company converted a loan of RMB 314 million (approximately $46.7 million) from Geely Group last year to equity in order to increase its cash flow. As a result, the registered capital of the JV Company became RMB 2.44 billion (approximately $363.2 million) Kandi Vehicles owns 43.47% and Geely owns 56.53%, of the equity interests in the JV Company, respectively, upon the conversion of the loan into equity in the JV Company. After that, Kandi Vehicles further agreed to sell 21.47% of its equity interests in the JV Company to Geely for a total amount of RMB 516 million (approximately $76.9 million). Kandi Vehicles shall own 22% of the equity interests of the JV Company after the transfer. As of the date of this report, the equity transfer has not been completed yet. .

In March 2013, Kandi Vehicles formed Kandi Electric Vehicles (Changxing) Co., Ltd. (“KandiChangxing”) in the Changxing (National) Economic and Technological Development Zone. KandiChangxing is engaged in the production of EV products. In the fourth quarter of 2013, Kandi Vehicles entered into an ownership transfer agreement with the JV Company pursuant to which Kandi Vehicles transferred 100% of its ownership in KandiChangxing to the JV Company. The Company, through its 43.47% ownership interest in the JV Company, owns an indirect 43.47% economic interest in KandiChangxing.

In November 2013, Kandi Electric Vehicles Jinhua Co., Ltd. (“Kandi Jinhua”) was formed by the JV Company. The JV Company has a 100% ownership interest in Kandi Jinhua, and the Company, through its 43.47% ownership interest in the JV Company, indirectly owns a 43.47% economic interest in Kandi Jinhua. In April 2017, Kandi Jinhua was reorganized to be owned directly by Kandi Jiangsu, which is 100% directly owned by the JV Company.

In November 2013, Zhejiang Ji He Kang Electric Vehicle Sales Co., Ltd. (“Ji He Kang”) was formed by the JV Company. JiHeKang is engaged in the car sales business. The JV Company has a 100% ownership interest in JiHeKang, and the Company, through its 43.47% ownership interest in the JV Company, indirectly owns a 43.47% economic interest in JiHeKang. In April 2017, JiHeKang was reorganized to be owned directly by Kandi Jiangsu, which is 100% directly owned by the JV Company.

In December 2013, the JV Company entered into an ownership transfer agreement with Shanghai Guorun, pursuant to which the JV Company acquired a 100% ownership interest in Kandi Electric Vehicles (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. (“Kandi Shanghai”). As a result, Kandi Shanghai is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the JV Company, and the Company, through its 43.47% ownership interest in the JV Company, indirectly owns a 43.47% economic interest in Kandi Shanghai.

In January 2014, Kandi Electric Vehicles Jiangsu Co., Ltd. (“Kandi Jiangsu”) was formed by the JV Company. The JV Company has a 100% ownership interest in Kandi Jiangsu, and the Company, through its 43.47% ownership interest in the JV Company, indirectly owns a 43.47% economic interest in Kandi Jiangsu. Kandi Jiangsu is primarily engaged in EV research and development, manufacturing, and sales. As of the date of this report, Kandi Jiangsu directly owns 100% of JiHeKang, JiHeKang Service Company, Liuchuang and KandiJinhua.

In November 2015, the JV Company formed Hangzhou Puma Investment Management Co., Ltd. (“Puma Investment”). Puma Investment provides investment and consulting services. The JV Company has a 50% ownership interest in Puma Investment (the other 50% is owned by Zuozhongyou Electric Vehicles Service (Hangzhou) Co., Ltd.). The Company, through its ownership of the JV Company, indirectly owns an 21.74% economic interest in Puma Investment.

In November 2015, the JV Company formed Hangzhou JiHeKang Electric Vehicle Service Co., Ltd. ( “JiHeKang Service Company”). JiHeKang Service Company focuses on after-market services for EV products. In April 2017, JiHeKang Service Company was reorganized to be owned directly by Kandi Jiangsu, which is 100% directly owned by the JV Company. The JV Company has a 100% ownership interest in the JiHeKang Service Company. The Company, through the JV Company, indirectly owns a 43.47% economic interest in JiHeKang Service Company.

In April 2013, Kandi Vehicles and Kandi New Energy formed Kandi Electric Vehicles (Wanning) Co., Ltd., which was renamed Kandi Electric Vehicles (Hainan) Co., Ltd. (“Kandi Hainan”), when it was relocated from Wanning City to Haikou City in January 2016. Kandi Vehicles has a 90% ownership interest in Kandi Hainan, and Kandi New Energy has the remaining 10% ownership interest. Kandi Vehicles is, effectively, entitled to 100% of the economic benefits, voting rights and residual interests (100% of the profits and losses) of Kandi Hainan as Kandi Vehicles is entitled to 100% of the economic benefits, voting rights and residual interests of Kandi New Energy.

In August 2016, JiHeKang formed Jiangsu JiDian Electric Vehicle Sales Co., Ltd. (“Jiangsu JiDian”). Jiangsu JiDian is engaged in the car sales business. Since JiHeKang is 100% owned by the JV Company, the JV Company has a 100% ownership interest in Jiangsu JiDian, and the Company, through its 43.47% ownership interest in the JV Company, indirectly owns a 43.47% economic interest in Jiangsu JiDian.

In October 2016, JiHeKang acquired Tianjin BoHaiWan Vehicle Sales Co., Ltd. (“Tianjin BoHaiWan”), which is engaged in the car sales business. Since JiHeKang is 100% owned by the JV Company, the JV Company has a 100% ownership interest in Tianjin BoHaiWan, and the Company, through its 43.47% ownership interest in the JV Company, indirectly owns a 43.47% economic interest in Tianjin BoHaiWan. 

In November 2016, JiHeKang formed Guangdong JiHeKang Electric Vehicle Sales Co., Ltd. (“Guangdong JiHeKang”). Guangdong JiHeKang is engaged in the car sales business. Since JiHeKang is 100% owned by the JV Company, the JV Company has a 100% ownership interest in Guangdong JiHeKang, and the Company, through its 43.47% ownership interest in the JV Company, indirectly owns a 43.47% economic interest in Guangdong JiHeKang.

In March 2017, Kandi Jiangsu formed Hangzhou Liuchuang Electric Vehicle Technology Co., Ltd. (“Liuchuang”) . Since Kandi Jiangsu is 100% owned by the JV Company, the JV Company has a 100% ownership interest in Liuchuang, and the Company, through its 43.47% ownership interest in the JV Company, indirectly owns a 43.47% economic interest in Liuchuang.

In December 2017, the JV Company formed Zhejiang Chang Dian Technology Co., Ltd. (“Zhejiang Chang Dian”). Zhejiang Chang Dian is primarily engaged in the battery replacement business. Zhejiang Chang Dian is 100% owned by the JV Company, and the Company, through its 43.47% ownership interest in the JV Company, indirectly owns a 43.47% economic interest in Zhejiang Chang Dian.

In December 2017, Kandi Vehicles and the sole shareholder of Jinhua An Kao Power Technology Co., Ltd. (“Jinhua An Kao”) entered into a Share Transfer Agreement and a Supplementary Agreement, pursuant to which Kandi Vehicles acquired Jinhua An Kao. The two agreements were signed on December 12, 2017 and the closing took place on January 3, 2018. Kandi Vehicles acquired 100% of the equity interests of Jinhua An Kao for a purchase price of approximately RMB 25.93 million (approximately $4 million) in cash. In addition, pursuant to the Supplementary Agreement, the Company issued a total of 2,959,837 shares of restrictive stock, or 6.2% of the Company’s total outstanding shares of the common stock to the shareholder of Jinhua An Kao, and may be required to pay future consideration of an additional 2,959,837 shares of common stock, which are being held in escrow, to be released upon the achievement of certain net income-based milestones in the next three years. The Supplementary Agreement sets forth the terms and conditions of the issuance of these shares, including a provision that gives the Company the voting rights of the make good shares until conditions for vesting such shares are satisfied.

In March 2018, Zhejiang Chang Dian formed Jiangsu Gu Xiang New Energy Technology Co., Ltd. (“Jiangsu Gu Xiang”). Jiangsu Gu Xiang is primarily engaged in technical research, development, servicing and consultation for new energy vehicles, battery replacement and maintenance, and other related business.

In April 2018, Zhejiang Chang Dian Technology Co., Ltd. Hangzhou Tonglu Branch (“Chang Dian Tonglu”) was formed by Zhejiang Chang Dian. Chang Dian Tonglu is primarily engaged in the battery replacement business.

In April 2018, Zhejiang Chang Dian formed Zhejiang Chang Dian Technology Co., Ltd. Changxing Branch (“Chang Dian Changxing”). Chang Dian Changxing is primarily engaged in the battery replacement business. Chang Dian Changxing was dissolved in January 2019.

On May 31, 2018, the Company entered into a Membership Interests Transfer Agreement (the “Transfer Agreement”) with the two members of SC Autosports LLC (“SC Autosports”) (formerly known as: Sportsman Country, LLC) pursuant to which the Company acquired 100% of the ownership of SC Autosports. SC Autosports is a Dallas-based sales company primarily engaged in the wholesale of off-road vehicle products, with a small percentage of business in wholesale and retail of off-road vehicle parts. According to the terms of the Transfer Agreement, the Company transferred $10.0 million worth of restricted shares to acquire 100% of the membership interests of SC Autosports, of which the Company was required to issue $1.0 million of corresponding restricted shares within 30 days of the signing date of the Transfer Agreement, and the remaining $9.0 million of corresponding restricted shares to be released from escrow based on SC Autosports’s pre-tax profit performance over the course of the following three years. The transaction closed in July 2018.

On March 4, 2019, in order to build a logistics network composed of suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, distribution centers and channel providers, meeting the needs of production and operation, and optimizing the cost of supply chain system, Zhejiang Kandi Supply Chain Management Co., Ltd. (“Kandi Supply Chain”) was formed. Kandi Vehicle has a 10% ownership interest in Kandi Supply Chain, the remaining 90% is owned by parties unrelated to Kandi Vehicle. As of the date of this report, Kandi Vehicle has not made any capital contribution to Kandi Supply Chain and there is no time limit to contribute any capital under the current laws of the PRC. As a minority shareholder, Kandi Vehicle is not involved in its operations.

The Company’s primary business operations consist of designing, developing, manufacturing and commercializing EV products (through Kandi Hainan and the JV Company), EV parts and off-road vehicles. As part of its strategic objective of becoming a leading manufacturer of EV products (through the JV Company) and related services, the Company has increased its focus on pure EV-related products, and is actively pursuing expansion in the Chinese and international markets, especially the U.S. market.

NOTE 2 – LIQUIDITY

The Company had a working capital of $8,522,962 as of March 31, 2019, an increase of $5,996,051 from a working capital of $2,526,911 as of December 31, 2018.

Although the Company expects that most of its outstanding trade receivables from customers will be collected in the next twelve months, there are uncertainties with respect to the timing in collecting these receivables, especially the receivables due from the JV Company, because most of them are indirectly impacted by the progress of the receipt of government subsidies. During the first quarter of 2019, the Company signed an agreement to sell 21.47% of its equity interests in the JV Company to Geely for a total amount of RMB 516 million (approximately $76.9 million). On April 11, 2019, the Company has received RMB 100 million (approximately $14.9 million) from Geely, and the rest is expected to be collected before September 25, 2019. The Company plans to apply the proceeds from the equity transfer to its ongoing operations.

The Company’s primary need for liquidity stems from its need to fund working capital requirements of the Company’s businesses, its capital expenditures and its general operations, including debt repayment. The Company has historically financed its operations through short-term commercial bank loans from Chinese banks. These loans typically have one year terms, and upon the payment of all outstanding principal and interest on a particular loan, the banks have typically rolled over the loan for an additional one-year term, with adjustments made to the interest rate to reflect prevailing market rates. This practice has been ongoing and the Company believes that short-term bank loans will remain available on normal trade terms if needed. In 2019, management will take measures to grow the business and further improve the Company’s liquidity. The Company acknowledges that it continues to face a challenging competitive environment and expects to take actions that will enhance the Company’s liquidity and financial flexibility to support the Company’s operation needs.

We finance our ongoing operating activities by using funds from our operations, external credit or financing arrangements. We routinely monitor current and expected operational requirements and financial market conditions to evaluate the use of available financing sources. Considering our existing working capital position and our ability to access debt funding sources, we believe that our operations and borrowing resources are sufficient to provide for our current and foreseeable capital requirements to support our ongoing operations for the next twelve months.

NOTE 3 – BASIS OF PRESENTATION

The Company maintains its general ledger and journals using the accrual method of accounting for financial reporting purposes. The Company’s financial statements and notes are the representations of the Company’s management. Accounting policies adopted by the Company conform to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States and have been consistently applied in the Company’s presentation of its financial statements.

NOTE 4 – PRINCIPLES OF CONSOLIDATION

The Company’s consolidated financial statements reflect the accounts of the Company and its ownership interests in the following subsidiaries:

Equity Method Investees

The Company’s consolidated net income also includes the Company’s proportionate share of the net income or loss of its equity method investees as follows:

All intra-entity profits and losses with regard to the Company’s equity method investees have been eliminated.

NOTE 5 – USE OF ESTIMATES

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States requires the Company’s management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Management makes these estimates using the best information available at the time the estimates are made; however actual results when ultimately realized could differ from those estimates.

NOTE 6 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

(a) Economic and Political Risks

The Company’s operations are conducted in China. As a result, the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations may be influenced by the political, economic and legal environments in China, and by the general state of the Chinese economy. In addition, the Company’s earnings are subject to movements in foreign currency exchange rates when transactions are denominated in Renminbi (“RMB”), which is the Company’s functional currency. Accordingly, the Company’s operating results are affected by changes in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the RMB.

The Company’s operations in China are subject to special considerations and significant risks not typically associated with companies in North America and Western Europe. These include risks associated with, among others, the political, economic and legal environment and foreign currency exchange restrictions. The Company’s performance may be adversely affected by changes in the political and social conditions in China, and by changes in governmental policies with respect to laws and regulations, anti-inflationary measures, currency conversion, remittances abroad, and rates and methods of taxation, among other things.

(b) Fair Value of Financial Instruments

ASC 820 establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. The hierarchy prioritizes the inputs into three levels based on the extent to which inputs used in measuring fair value are observable in the market.

These tiers include:

Level 1—defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets;

Level 2—defined as inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable; and

Level 3—defined as unobservable inputs for which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions.

The Company’s financial instruments primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, notes receivable, other receivables, accounts payable, other payables and accrued liabilities, short-term bank loans, notes payable, and contingent consideration.

The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, notes receivable, other receivables, accounts payable, other payables and accrued liabilities approximate fair value because of the short-term nature of these items. The estimated fair values of short-term bank loans were not materially different from their carrying value as presented due to the brief maturities and because the interest rates on these borrowings approximate those that would have been available for loans of similar remaining maturities and risk profiles. As the carrying amounts are reasonable estimates of fair value, these financial instruments are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. The Company identified notes payable as Level 2 instruments due to the fact that the inputs to valuation are primarily based upon readily observable pricing information. The balance of notes payable, which were measured and disclosed at fair value, was $6,300,010 and $12,787,619 at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

Contingent consideration related to the acquisitions of Jinhua An Kao and SC Autosports, which is accounted for as liabilities, are measured at each reporting date for their fair value using Level 3 inputs. The fair value of contingent consideration was $7,167,000 and $7,256,000 at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

(c) Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers highly-liquid investments purchased with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents.

As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company’s restricted cash was $5,134,661 and $6,690,870, respectively.

(d) Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value (market value). The cost of raw materials is determined on the basis of weighted average. The cost of finished goods is determined on the basis of weighted average and comprises direct materials, direct labor and an appropriate proportion of overhead.

Net realizable value is based on estimated selling prices less selling expenses and any further costs expected to be incurred for completion. Adjustments to reduce the cost of inventory to net realizable value are made, if required, for estimated excess, obsolescence, or impaired balances.

(e) Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable are recognized and carried at net realizable value. An allowance for doubtful accounts is recorded for periods in which the Company determines a loss is probable, based on its assessment of specific factors, such as troubled collections, historical experience, accounts aging, ongoing business relations and other factors. Accounts are written off after exhaustive collection efforts. If accounts receivable are to be provided for, or written off, they are recognized in the consolidated statement of operations within the operating expenses line item. If accounts receivable previously written off is recovered in a later period or when facts subsequently become available to indicate that the amount provided as an allowance for doubtful accounts was incorrect, an adjustment is made to restate allowance for doubtful accounts.

As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, credit terms with the Company’s customers were typically 180 to 360 days after delivery. As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company had a $138,678 and $120,010 allowance for doubtful accounts, as per the Company management’s judgment based on their best knowledge. The Company conducts quarterly assessments of the state of the Company’s outstanding receivables and reserves any allowance for doubtful accounts if it becomes necessary.

(f) Notes receivable

Notes receivable represent short-term loans to third parties with maximum terms of six months. Interest income is recognized according to each agreement between a borrower and the Company on an accrual basis. For notes receivable with banks, the interest rates are determined by banks. For notes receivable with other parties, the interest rates are based on agreements between the parties. If notes receivable are paid back, that transaction will be recognized in the relevant year. If notes receivable are not paid back, or are written off, that transaction will be recognized in the relevant year if default is probable, reasonably assured, and the loss can be reasonably estimated. The Company will recognize income if the written-off loan is recovered at a future date. In case of any foreclosure proceedings or legal actions, the Company provides an accrual for the related foreclosure and litigation expenses. The Company also receives notes receivable from the JV Company and other parties to settle accounts receivable. If the Company decides to sell notes receivable at a discount for the purpose of receiving immediate cash, the current discount rate is approximately in the range of 3.50% to 4.50% annually. As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company had notes receivable from unrelated parties of $0 and $72,712, respectively, which notes receivable typically mature within six months. As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company had notes receivable from JV Company and other related parties of $3,769,874 and $3,861,032, respectively, which notes receivable typically mature within six months.

(g) Advances to Suppliers

Advances to suppliers represent cash paid in advance to suppliers, and include advances to raw material suppliers, mold manufacturers, and equipment suppliers.

Advances for raw material purchases are typically settled within two months of the Company’s receipt of the raw materials. Prepayment is offset against the purchase price after the equipment or materials are delivered.

(h) Property, Plants and Equipment

Property, Plants and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated over the asset’s estimated useful life, using the straight-line method. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the life of the asset or the term of the lease, whichever is shorter. Estimated useful lives are as follows:

The costs and related accumulated depreciation of assets sold or otherwise retired are eliminated from the Company’s accounts and any gain or loss is included in the statements of income. The cost of maintenance and repairs is charged to expenses as incurred, whereas significant renewals and betterments are capitalized.

(i) Construction in Progress

Construction in progress (“CIP”) represents the direct costs of construction, and the acquisition costs of buildings or machinery. Capitalization of these costs ceases, and construction in progress is transferred to plants and equipment, when substantially all the activities necessary to prepare the assets for their intended use are completed. No depreciation is provided for until the assets are completed and ready for their intended use.

(j) Land Use Rights

Land in China is owned by the government and land ownership rights cannot be sold to an individual or to a private company. However, the Chinese government grants the user a “land use right” to use the land. The land use rights granted to the Company are amortized using the straight-line method over a fifty-year term.

(k) Accounting for the Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company periodically evaluates the carrying value of long-lived assets to be held and used, including intangible assets subject to amortization, when events and circumstances warrant such a review, pursuant to the guidelines established in Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (“SFAS”) No. 144 (now known as “ASC 360”). The carrying value of a long-lived asset is considered impaired when the anticipated undiscounted cash flow from such asset is separately identifiable and is less than its carrying value. In that event, a loss is recognized based on the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair market value of the long-lived asset. Fair market value is determined primarily using the anticipated cash flows discounted at a rate commensurate with the risk involved. Losses on long-lived assets to be disposed of are determined in a similar manner, except that fair market values are reduced for disposal costs.

The Company recognized no impairment loss during the reporting period.

(l) Revenue Recognition

The Company adopted ASC Topic 606 Revenue from Contracts with Customers with a date of the initial application of January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method. As a result, the Company has changed its accounting policy for revenue recognition. The impact of the adoption of ASC Topic 606 on the Company’s consolidated financial statements is not material.

In determining when and how revenue is recognized from contracts with customers, the Company performs the following five-step analysis: (i) identification of contract with customer; (ii) determination of performance obligations; (iii) measurement of the transaction price; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations; and (v) recognition of revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies each performance obligation.

The Company generates revenue through EV parts and off-road vehicles. The revenue is recognized at a point in time once the Company has determined that the customer has obtained control over the product. Control is typically deemed to have been transferred to the customer when the performance obligation is fulfilled, usually at the time of delivery, at the net sales price (transaction price). Estimates of variable consideration, such as volume discounts and rebates, are determined, reviewed and revised periodically by management. The amount of variable consideration recognize is limited and is not likely to be reversed. Revenue is recognized net of any taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities. Shipping and handling costs for product shipments occur prior to the customer obtaining control of the goods are accounted for as fulfillment costs rather than separate performance obligations and recorded as sales and marketing expenses.

The Company’s contracts are predominantly short-term in nature with a contract term of one year or less. For those contracts, the Company has utilized the practical expedient in ASC Topic 606 exempting the Company from disclosure of the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations if the performance obligation is part of a contract that has an original expected duration of one year or less.

Receivables are recorded when the Company has an unconditional right to consideration.

See Note 23 “Segment Reporting” for disaggregation of revenue by reporting segments. The Company believes this disaggregation best depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.

(m) Research and Development

Expenditures relating to the development of new products and processes, including improvements to existing products, are expensed as incurred. Research and development expenses were $537,433 and $757,298 for the three months ended March 31, 2019, and March 31, 2018, respectively.

(n) Government Grants

Grants and subsidies received from the Chinese government are recognized when the proceeds are received or collectible and related milestones have been reached and all contingencies have been resolved.

For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018, $47,724 and $95,255, respectively, were received by the Company’s subsidiaries from the Chinese government.

(o) Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income tax using an asset and liability approach, which allows for the recognition of deferred tax benefits in future years. Under the asset and liability approach, deferred taxes are provided for the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. The accounting for deferred tax calculation represents the Company management’s best estimate of the most likely future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in our financial statements or tax returns and related future anticipation. A valuation allowance is provided for deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not these items will either expire before the Company is able to realize their benefits, or that future realization will be uncertain.

(p) Foreign Currency Translation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements are presented in United States dollars. The functional currency of the Company is the Renminbi (RMB). Capital accounts of the consolidated financial statements are translated into United States dollars from RMB at their historical exchange rates when the capital transactions occurred.

Assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rates as of balance sheet date. Income and expenditures are translated at the average exchange rate of the reporting period, which rates are obtained from the website: http://www.oanda.com

(q) Comprehensive Income

Comprehensive income is defined to include all changes in equity except those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners. Among other disclosures, all items that are required to be recognized under current accounting standards as components of comprehensive income are required to be reported in a financial statement that is presented with the same prominence as other financial statements. Comprehensive income includes net income and the foreign currency translation changes.

(r) Segments

In accordance with ASC 280-10, Segment Reporting, the Company’s chief operating decision makers rely upon the consolidated results of operations when making decisions about allocating resources and assessing the performance of the Company. As a result of the assessment made by the Company’s chief operating decision makers, the Company has only one operating segment. The Company does not distinguish between markets or segments for the purpose of internal reporting.

(s) Stock Option Expenses

The Company’s stock option expenses are recorded in accordance with ASC 718 and ASC 505.

The fair value of stock options is estimated using the Black-Scholes-Merton model. The Company’s expected volatility assumption is based on the historical volatility of the Company’s common stock. The expected life assumption is primarily based on the expiration date of the option. The risk-free interest rate for the expected term of the option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant.

The recognition of stock option expenses is based on awards expected to vest. ASC standards require forfeitures to be estimated at the time of grant and revised in subsequent periods, if necessary, if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.

The stock-based option expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018, were $0 and $997,496 net of a reversal for forfeited stock option of $2,644,877, respectively. See Note 18. There were no forfeitures estimated during the reporting period.

(t) Goodwill

The Company allocates goodwill from business combinations to reporting units based on the expectation that the reporting unit is to benefit from the business combination. The Company evaluates its reporting units on an annual basis and, if necessary, reassigns goodwill using a relative fair value allocation approach. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. These events or circumstances could include a significant change in the business climate, legal factors, operating performance indicators, competition, or sale or disposition of a significant portion of a reporting unit.

Application of the goodwill impairment test requires judgments, including the identification of reporting units, assignment of assets and liabilities to reporting units, assignment of goodwill to reporting units, and the determination of the fair value of each reporting unit. The Company first assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that goodwill is impaired. If the more likely than not threshold is met, the Company performs a quantitative impairment test.

As of March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018, the Company determined that its goodwill was not impaired.

(u) Intangible assets

Intangible assets consist of patent, trade names and customer relations associated with the purchase price from the allocation of YongkangScrou and Jinhua An Kao. Such assets are being amortized over their estimated useful lives. Intangible assets are amortized as of March 31, 2019. The amortization expenses for intangible assets were $159,503 and $169,821 for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018, respectively.

(v) Accounting for Sale of Common Stock and Warrants

Gross proceeds are first allocated according to the initial fair value of the freestanding derivative instruments (i.e. the warrants issued to the Company’s investors in its previous offerings, or the “Investor Warrants”). The remaining proceeds are allocated to common stock. The related issuance expenses, including the placement agent cash fees, legal fees, the initial fair value of the warrants issued to the placement agent and others were allocated between the common stock and the Investor Warrants based on how the proceeds are allocated to these instruments. Expenses related to the issuance of common stock were charged to paid-in capital. Expenses related to the issuance of derivative instruments were expensed upon issuance.

(w) Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities

In accordance with accounting standards regarding consolidation of variable interest entities, or VIEs, VIEs are generally entities that lack sufficient equity to finance their activities without additional financial support from other parties or whose equity holders lack adequate decision making ability. All VIEs with which the Company is involved must be evaluated to determine the primary beneficiary of the risks and rewards of the VIE. The primary beneficiary is required to consolidate the VIE for financial reporting purposes.

The Company has concluded, based on the contractual arrangements, that Kandi New Energy is a VIE and that the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Kandi Vehicles, absorbs a majority of the risk of loss from the activities of this company, thereby enabling the Company, through Kandi Vehicles, to receive a majority of its expected residual returns.

Additionally, because Kandi New Energy is under common control with other entities, the consolidated financial statements have been prepared as if the transactions had occurred retroactively as to the beginning of the reporting period of these consolidated financial statements.

Control and common control are defined under the accounting standards as “an individual, enterprise, or immediate family members who hold more than 50 percent of the voting ownership interest of each entity.” Because the owners collectively own 100% of Kandi New Energy, and have agreed to vote their interests in concert since the establishment of each of these three companies as memorialized in the Voting Rights Proxy Agreement, the Company believes that the owners collectively have control and common control of Kandi New Energy. Accordingly, the Company believes that Kandi New Energy was constructively held under common control by Kandi Vehicles as of the time the contractual agreements were entered into, establishing Kandi Vehicles as their primary beneficiary. Kandi Vehicles, in turn, is owned by Continental, which is owned by the Company.

NOTE 7 – NEW ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

Recent accounting pronouncements that the Company has adopted or may be required to adopt in the future are summarized below:

In May 2014, the FASB issued a new standard on revenue recognition related to contracts with customers. This standard supersedes nearly all existing revenue recognition guidance and involves a five-step principles-based approach to recognizing revenue. The new model requires revenue recognition to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration a company expects to receive. The new standard also require additional qualitative and quantitative about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant judgments made in applying the revenue guidance, and assets recognized from the costs to obtain or fulfill a contract. The Company adopted this standard in the first quarter of 2018 using the modified retrospective approach. The impact of adoption on its Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for any period presented is not material.

In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17, “Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes.” This ASU amends existing guidance to require that deferred income tax assets and liabilities be classified as non-current in a classified balance sheet, and eliminates the prior guidance which required an entity to separate deferred tax assets and liabilities into a current amount and a non-current amount in a classified balance sheet. The Company adopted this standard prospectively in the first quarter of 2018. The impact of adoption on its Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for any period presented is not material.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, together with subsequent Accounting Standards Updates collectively known as the “leases standard” or “ASC 842”. ASC 842 requires a lessee recognize the assets and liabilities that arise from leases. All leases create an asset and a liability for the lessee in accordance with FASB Concepts Statement No. 6, Elements of Financial Statements. Effective January 1, 2019, we have adopted the new standard using the effective date approach. We elected to adopt both the transition relief provided in ASU 2018-11 and the package of practical expedients which allowed us, among other things, to retain historical lease classifications and accounting for any leases that existed prior to adoption of the standard. Additionally, we elected the practical expedients allowing us not to separate lease and non-lease components and not record leases with an initial term of twelve months or less (“short-term leases”) on the balance sheet across all existing asset classes.

Adoption of the new standard resulted in the recording of operating lease assets and operating lease liabilities of $140k as of January 1, 2019, which primarily relates to our corporate office leases for SC Autosports. The standard did not materially impact our condensed consolidated statements of operations or cash flows. Adopting the new standard did not have a material impact on the accounting for leases under which we are the lessee.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13,” Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments”, to require financial assets carried at amortized cost to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected based on historical experience, current conditions and forecasts. Subsequently, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-19, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, to clarify that receivables arising from operating leases are within the scope of lease accounting standards. The ASUs are effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. Adoption of the ASUs is modified retrospective. We are currently obtaining an understanding of the ASUs and plan to adopt them on January 1, 2020.

In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers Other than Inventory, which requires companies to recognize the income-tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory when the transfer occurs, rather than when the asset has been sold to an outside party. The Company adopted this standard prospectively in the first quarter of 2018. The impact of adoption on its Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for any period presented is not material.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230) - Restricted Cash,” (“ASU 2016-18”). This ASU requires a statement of cash flows to explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. Amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents should be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. The Company adopted this standard in the first quarter of 2018. The impact of adoption on its Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for any period presented is not material.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business, which revises the definition of a business and provides new guidance in evaluating when a set of transferred assets and activities is a business. The Company adopted this standard prospectively in the first quarter of 2018. The impact of adoption on its Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for any period presented is not material.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04 (Topic 350) Intangibles—Goodwill and Other: Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, which removes Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test, which requires a hypothetical purchase price allocation. Under the amended guidance, a goodwill impairment charge will now be recognized for the amount by which the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. This ASU will be applied on a prospective basis and is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted for any impairment tests performed after January 1, 2017. The Company does not expect the adoption to have a material impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.

In February 2018, the FASB released ASU 2018-2, “Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income.” This standard update addresses a specific consequence of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“U.S. tax reform”) and allows a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for the stranded tax effects resulting from U.S. tax reform. Consequently, the update eliminates the stranded tax effects that were created as a result of the historical U.S. federal corporate income tax rate to the newly enacted U.S. federal corporate income tax rate. The Company is required to adopt this standard in the first quarter of fiscal year 2020, with early adoption permitted. The amendments in this update should be applied either in the period of adoption or retrospectively to each period in which the effect of the change in the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act is recognized. The Company has finished the evaluation and determined there is no impact of on its Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13 Disclosure Framework — Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, which eliminates, adds, and modifies certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements under ASC 820. This ASU is to be applied on a prospective basis for certain modified or new disclosure requirements, and all other amendments in the standard are to be applied on a retrospective basis. The new standard is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adoption on the Consolidated Financial Statements.

NOTE 8 – CONCENTRATIONS

(a) Customers

For the three-month periods ended March 31, 2019, the Company’s major customers, who accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s consolidated revenue, were as follows:

(b) Suppliers

For the three-month periods ended March 31, 2019, the Company’s material suppliers, each of whom accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s total purchases, were as follows:

NOTE 9 – EARNINGS PER SHARE

The Company calculates earnings per share in accordance with ASC 260, Earnings Per Share, which requires a dual presentation of basic and diluted earnings per share. Basic earnings per share are computed using the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the reporting period. Diluted earnings per share represents basic earnings per share adjusted to include the potentially dilutive effect of outstanding stock options and warrants (using treasury stock method). For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, 3,900,000 and 3,900,000 potentially dilutive shares were excluded from the calculation of dilutive earnings per share because their effect would have been anti-dilutive.

The following is the calculation of earnings per share for three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:

NOTE 10 – ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE

Accounts receivable are summarized as follows:

NOTE 11 – INVENTORIES

Inventories are summarized as follows:

NOTE 12 – NOTES RECEIVABLE

Notes receivable from unrelated parties as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, are summarized as follows:

Details of notes receivable from unrelated parties as of December 31, 2018, are as set forth below:

Notes receivable from the JV Company and related parties as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, are summarized as follows:

Details of notes receivable from the JV Company and related parties as of March 31, 2019, are as set forth below:

Details of Notes Receivable from JV Company and related party as of December 31, 2018 were as follows:

NOTE 13 – PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

Property, plants and equipment as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, consisted of the following:

As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the net book value of property, plant and equipment pledged as collateral for the Company’s bank loans totaled $8,195,010 and $8,105,419, respectively. See also Note 15.

Depreciation expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018 were $2,015,459 and $618,540, respectively.

NOTE 14 – LAND USE RIGHTS

The Company’s land use rights consist of the following:

As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the net book value of land use rights pledged as collateral for the Company’s bank loans was $7,889,892 and $7,756,253, respectively. Also see Note 15.

The amortization expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018, were $83,762 and $88,899, respectively.

Amortization expenses for the next five years and thereafter is as follows:

NOTE 15 – SHORT -TERM AND LONG-TERM BANK LOANS

Short-term loans are summarized as follows:

Long-term loans are summarized as follows:

The interest expense of short-term and long-term bank loans for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 was $439,183 and $414,319, respectively.

As of March 31, 2019, the aggregate amount of short-term and long-term loans guaranteed by various third parties was $0.

NOTE 16 – NOTES PAYABLE

By issuing bank notes payable rather than paying cash to suppliers, the Company can defer payments until the bank notes payable are due. Depending on bank requirements, the Company may need to deposit restricted cash in banks to back up the bank notes payable, while the restricted cash deposited in the banks will generate interest income.

A bank acceptance note is a promised future payment, or time draft, which is accepted and guaranteed by a bank and drawn on a deposit at the bank. The banker’s acceptance note specifies the amount of the funds, the date, and the person to which the payment is due.

After acceptance, the draft becomes an unconditional liability of the bank, but the holder of the draft can sell (exchange) it for cash at a discount to a buyer who is willing to wait until the maturity date for the funds in the deposit. $4,884,661 and $6,440,870 were held as collateral for the notes payable as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

As is common business practice in the PRC, the Company issues notes payable to its suppliers as settlement for accounts payable.

The Company’s notes payable also includes borrowing from third parties.

Notes payable for March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 were summarized as follows:

NOTE 17 – TAXES

(a) Corporation Income Tax

Pursuant to the tax laws and regulations of the PRC, the Company’s applicable corporate income tax (“CIT”) rate is 25%. However, Kandi Vehicles and Jinhua Ankao qualify as High and New Technology Enterprise (“HNTE”) companies in the PRC, and are entitled to pay a reduced income tax rate of 15% for the years presented. A HNTE Certificate is valid for three years. An entity may re-apply for an HNTE certificate when the prior certificate expires. Historically, Kandi Vehicles has successfully re-applied for such certificates when the its prior certificates expired. Jinhua Ankao qualify as HNTE since 2018. Therefore no records for renewal are available. The applicable CIT rate of each of the Company’s three other subsidiaries, Kandi New Energy, Yongkang Scrou and Kandi Hainan, the JV Company and its subsidiaries is 25%.

Our tax provision or benefit from income taxes for interim periods is determined using an estimate of our annual effective tax rate, adjusted for discrete items, if any, that are taken into account in the relevant period. Each quarter we update our estimate of the annual effective tax rate, and if our estimated tax rate changes, we make a cumulative adjustment. For 2019, we estimate that our effective tax rate will be favorably affected by non-taxable income such as the share of income of the JV Company and the gain from the change of fair value of contingent liabilities and certain research and development super-deduction and adversely affected by non-deductible expenses such as part of entertainment expenses. We record valuation allowances against the deferred tax assets associated with losses for which we may not realize a related tax benefit. After combining research and development tax credits of 25% on certain qualified research and development expenses, the Company’s effective tax rates for the three months ended March 31, 2019, and 2018 were a tax benefit of 15.49% on a reported loss before taxes of approximately $5.2 million, and an effective income tax rate with a tax expense of 11.76% for the same period of last year on a reported income before taxes of approximately $4.2 million, respectively.

Our quarterly tax provision, and our quarterly estimate of our annual effective tax rate, is subject to significant variation due to several factors, including variability in accurately predicting our pre-tax and taxable income and loss, acquisitions (including integrations) and investments, changes in our stock price, changes in our deferred tax assets and liabilities and their valuation, foreign currency gains (losses), changes in regulations and interpretations related to tax, accounting, and other areas. Additionally, our effective tax rate can be more or less volatile based on the amount of pre-tax income or loss. Our income tax provision for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 was tax benefit of $808,488 and tax expense of $496,646, respectively.

Effective January 1, 2007, the Company adopted the guidance in ASC 740 relating to uncertain tax positions. The guidance addresses the determination of whether tax benefits claimed or expected to be claimed on a tax return should be recorded in the financial statements. Under ASC 740, the Company may recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such a position should be measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. ASC 740 also provides guidance on de-recognition, classification, interest and penalties on income taxes, accounting in interim periods and requires increased disclosures. As of December 31, 2018, the Company did not have any liability for unrecognized tax benefits. The Company files income tax returns with the U.S. Internal Revenue Services (“IRS”) and those states where the Company has operations. The Company is subject to U.S. federal or state income tax examinations by the IRS and relevant state tax authorities for years after 2006. During the periods open to examination, the Company has net operating loss carry forwards (“NOLs”) for U.S. federal and state tax purposes that have attributes from closed periods. Since these NOLs may be utilized in future periods, they remain subject to examination. The Company also files certain tax returns in the PRC. As of March 31, 2019, the Company was not aware of any pending income tax examinations by U.S. or PRC tax authorities. The Company records interest and penalties on uncertain tax provisions as income tax expense. As of March 31, 2019 the Company has no accrued interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions.

The aggregate NOLs in 2018 was $28.1 million and the aggregate NOLs in 2017 was $22.7 million deriving from entities in the PRC, Hong Kong and US. The NOLs will start to expire from 2021 if they are not used. The cumulative net operating loss in the PRC can be carried forward for five years, to offset future net profits for income tax purposes. The cumulative net operating loss Pre-2018 in the U.S. can be carried forward for twenty years. The cumulative net operating loss in Hong Kong can be carried forward without an expiration date.

(b) Tax Holiday Effect

For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, the PRC CIT rate was 25%. Certain subsidiaries of the Company are entitled to tax exemptions (tax holidays) for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.

The combined effects of income tax expense exemptions and reductions available to the Company for the three months March 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:

(c) The Tax Cuts and Job Act

On December 22, 2017, the SEC staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin (SAB) No. 118, which provides guidance on accounting for the tax effects of the Tax Act. SAB 118 provides a measurement period that should not extend beyond one year from the Tax Act enactment date for companies to complete the accounting under ASC 740. In accordance with SAB 118, a company must reflect the income tax effects of those aspects of the Tax Act for which the accounting under ASC 740 is complete. To the extent that a company’s accounting for certain income tax effects of the Tax Act is incomplete but it is able to determine a reasonable estimate, it must record a provisional estimate in its financial statements. If a company cannot determine a provisional estimate to be included in its financial statements, it should continue to apply ASC 740 on the basis of the provisions of the tax laws that were in effect immediately before the enactment of the Tax Act.

In connection with our initial analysis of the impact of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “TCJA”) Tax Act, we recorded provisional estimates related to the re-measurement of deferred taxes and the Deemed Repatriation Transition Tax in our financial statements for our fiscal year ended December 31, 2017. The measurement period ended on December 22, 2018. As of December 22, 2018, we have completed the accounting for the impact of the Tax Act based on the guidance, interpretations, and data available. No adjustments to these provisional estimates have been recorded.

Under TCJA, Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (” GILTI “) tax rules the Company must make an accounting policy election to either (1) recognize taxes due on future U.S. inclusions in taxable income related to GILTI as a current-period expense when incurred (the “period cost method”) or (2) factor such amount into the Company’s measure of its deferred taxes (the “deferred method”). The Company elected to treat the GILTI as a current-period expense when incurred.

NOTE 18 – STOCK OPTIONS

On May 29, 2015, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors of the Company approved the grant of stock options to purchase 4,900,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, at an exercise price of $9.72 per share, to the Company’s directors, officers and senior employees. The stock options will vest ratably over three years and expire on the tenth anniversary of the grant date. The Company valued the stock options at $39,990,540 and had amortized the stock compensation expense using the straight-line method over the service period from May 29, 2015, through May 29, 2018. The value of the stock options was estimated using the Black Scholes Model with an expected volatility of 90%, an expected life of 10 years, a risk-free interest rate of 2.23% and an expected dividend yield of 0.00%. For three months ended March 31, 2019, there were $0 in stock compensation expenses associated with stock options booked, as all expenses had been amortized as of May 29, 2018.

The following is a summary of the stock option activities of the Company:

The fair value of each of the 4,900,000 options issued to the employees and directors on May 29, 2015 is $8.1613 per share.

NOTE 19 – STOCK AWARD

In connection with the appointment of Mr. Henry Yu as a member of the Board of Directors (the “Board”), the Board authorized the Company to provide Mr. Henry Yu with 5,000 shares of Company’s restricted common stock every six months as compensation, beginning in July 2011.

As compensation for Mr. Jerry Lewin’s services as a member of the Board, the Board authorized the Company to provide Mr. Jerry Lewin with 5,000 shares of Company’s restricted common stock every six months, beginning in August 2011.

As compensation for Ms. Kewa Luo’s services as the Company’s investor relation officer, the Board authorized the Company to provide Ms. Kewa Luo with 5,000 shares of the Company’s common stock every six months, beginning in September 2013.

In November 2016, the Company entered into a three-year employment agreement with Mr. Mei Bing, to hire him as the Company’s Chief Financial Officer. Under the agreement, Mr. Mei Bing was entitled to receive an aggregate 10,000 shares of common stock each year, vested in four equal quarterly installments of 2,500 shares. On January 29, 2019, Mr. Mei resigned from his position as the Company’s CFO.

On January 29, 2019, the board appointed Ms. Zhu Xiaoying as interim Chief Financial Officer. Ms. Zhu was entitled to receive 10,000 shares of the common stock annually under the Company’s 2008 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan as a year-end equity bonus.

The fair value of stock awards based on service is determined based on the closing price of the common stock on the date the shares are approved by the Board for grant. The compensation costs for awards of common stock are recognized over the requisite service period of three or six months.

On December 30, 2013, the Board approved a proposal (as submitted by the Compensation Committee) of an award (the “Board’s Pre-Approved Award Grant Sub-Plan under the 2008 Plan”) for certain executives and other key employees. The fair value of each award granted under the 2008 Plan is determined based on the closing price of the Company’s stock on the date of grant of such award. On September 26, 2016, the Board approved to terminate the previous Board’s Pre-Approved Award Grant Sub-Plan under the 2008 Plan and adopted a new plan to grant the total number of shares of common stock of the stock award for selected executives and key employees 250,000 shares of common stock for each fiscal year. On April 18, 2018, the Board authorized the Company to grant 238,600 shares of common stock to certain management members and employees as compensation for their past services under the 2008 Plan. On April 30, 2019, the Board authorized the Company to grant 238,600 shares of common stock to certain management members and employees as compensation for their past services under the 2008 Plan.

For three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company recognized $31,675 and $31,675 of employee stock award expenses for stock compensation and annual incentive award under the 2008 Plan paid to Board members, management and consultants under General and Administrative Expenses, respectively.

NOTE 20 – INTANGIBLE ASSETS

Intangible assets include acquired other intangibles of trade name, customer relations and patent recorded at estimated fair values in accordance with purchase accounting guidelines for acquisitions.

The following table provides the gross carrying value and accumulated amortization for each major class of our intangible assets, other than goodwill:

The aggregate amortization expenses for those intangible assets that continue to be amortized is reflected in amortization of intangible assets in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income and were $159,503 and $168,025 for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Amortization expenses for the next five years and thereafter are as follows:

NOTE 21 – SUMMARIZED INFORMATION OF EQUITY METHOD INVESTMENT IN THE JV COMPANY

The Company’s consolidated net income includes the Company’s proportionate share of the net income or loss of the Company’s equity method investees. When the Company records its proportionate share of net income in such investees, it increases equity income (loss) – net in the Company’s consolidated statements of income and the Company’s carrying value in that investment. Conversely, when the Company records its proportionate share of a net loss in such investees, it decreases equity income (loss) – net in the Company’s consolidated statements of income and the Company’s carrying value in that investment. All intra-entity profits and losses with the Company’s equity method investees have been eliminated.

On March 21, 2019, Kandi Vehicle signed an Equity Transfer Agreement with Geely Technologies Group Co., Ltd. to transfer certain equity interests in the JV Company to Geely. Pursuant to the Transfer Agreement, the JV Company converted a loan of RMB 314 million (approximately $46.7 million) from Geely Group last year to equity in order to increase its cash flow. As a result, the registered capital of the JV Company became RMB 2.44 billion (approximately $363.2 million) Kandi Vehicles owned 43.47% and Geely owned 56.53%, of the equity interests in the JV Company, respectively, upon the conversion of the loan into equity in the JV Company (the “March JV Loan to Equity Conversion”). Kandi Vehicles further agree to sell 21.47% of its equity interests in the JV Company to Geely for a total amount of RMB 516 million (approximately $76.9 million) (the “JV Equity Transfer”). Kandi Vehicles shall own 22% of the equity interests of the JV Company as a result of the transfer. As of March 31, 2019, the equity transfer has not been completed yet. Therefore, in the first quarter, the Company has not recognized the gain from equity sale.

As of March 31, 2019, the JV Company consolidated its interests in the following entities on its financial statements: (1) its 100% interest in Kandi Changxing; (2) its 100% interest in Zhejiang Chang Dian and each of its two direct wholly-owned subsidiaries, Chang Dian Tonglu and Jiangsu Gu Xiang; (3) its 100% interest in Kandi Shanghai; (4) its 100% interest in Kandi Jiangsu and each of its four direct wholly-owned subsidiaries, i.e., JiHeKang, JiHeKang Service Company, Liuchuang and KandiJinhua; and (5) 100% interest in each of the directly wholly-owned subsidiaries of JiHeKang, i.e., Tianjin BoHaiWan, Jiangsu JiDian and Guangdong JiHeKang. The Company accounted for its investments in the JV Company under the equity method of accounting. Since the March JV Loan to Equity Conversion was completed at the end of this quarter and the JV Equity Transfer has not been completed as of March 31, 2019, we still recorded 50% of the JV Company’s loss for the first quarter of 2019. As a result, the Company’s consolidated net income for three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, included equity income from the JV Company during such periods.

The combined results of operations and financial position of the JV Company are summarized below:

For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, the JV Company’s revenues were derived primarily from the sales of EV products and EV parts in China. Because the Company has a 43.47% ownership interest in the JV Company as of March 31, 2019 and 50% as of March 31, 2018 and accounted for its investments in the JV Company under the equity method of accounting, the Company did not consolidate the JV Company’s financial results, but instead included equity income from the JV Company during such periods.

Note: The following table illustrates the captions used in the Company’s Income Statements for its equity based investment in the JV Company.

The Company’s equity method investments in the JV Company for three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:

The gain from equity dilution for three months ended, March 31, 2019 resulted from the JV Company issuing shares to the JV partner, Greely, in exchange for extinguishment of a loan from Greely, resulting in dilution of equity ownership of the Company from 50% to 43.47%. This dilutive transaction was treated as if the Company sold a proportional share of its investment in the JV Company.

Sales to the Company’s customers, the JV Company and its subsidiaries, for the three months ended March 31, 2019 were $1,733,497 or 10% of the Company’s total revenue for the year, a decrease of 33.4% of the sales to the JV Company from the same period of last year. Sales to the JV Company and its subsidiaries were primarily battery packs, body parts, EV drive motors, EV controllers, air conditioning units and other auto parts.

There were no EV products sold in the first quarter of 2019 due to the national subsidy policy adjustment during the first quarter and pending restructuring of the JV Company.

As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the current and noncurrent amount due from the JV Company and its subsidiaries, was $61,145,985 and $67,801,735, respectively. The breakdown is as below: 

As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the current and noncurrent amount due to the JV Company and its subsidiaries, was $85,757 and $118,273, respectively. The breakdown is as below:

NOTE 22 – COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Guarantees and pledged collateral for bank loans to other parties

(1) Guarantees for bank loans

On March 15, 2013, the Company entered into a guarantee contract to serve as the guarantor of Nanlong Group Co., Ltd. (“NGCL”) for NGCL’s $2,980,137 (RMB 20 million) loan from Shanghai Pudong Development Bank Jinhua Branch, with a related loan period of March 15, 2013, to March 15, 2016. NGCL is not related to the Company. Under this guarantee contract, the Company agreed to assume joint liability as the loan guarantor. In April 2017, Shanghai Pudong Development Bank filed a lawsuit against NGCL, the Company and ten other parties in Zhejiang Province People’s Court in Yongkang City, alleging NGCL defaulted on a bank loan borrowed from Shanghai Pudong Development Bank for a principal amount of approximately $2.9 million and demanded that the guarantor bear the liability for compensation. On May 27, 2017, a judicial mediation took place in Yongkang City and parties reached a settlement in mediation, in which the plaintiff agreed NGCL would repay the loan principal and interest in installments. So long as NGCL repays the principal and interest according to the agreement, the plaintiff will not ask the Company for recovery. As of March 31, 2019, the Company expects the likelihood of incurring losses in connection with this matter to be remote.

On September 29, 2015, the Company entered into a guarantee contract to serve as the guarantor of Zhejiang Shuguang Industrial Co., Ltd. (“ZSICL”) for a bank loan in the amount of $4,321,199 (RMB 29 million) from Ping An Bank, with a related loan period of September 29, 2015, to September 28, 2016. ZSICL is not related to the Company. Under this guarantee contract, the Company agreed to perform all the obligations of ZSICL under the loan contract if ZSICL failed to perform its obligations as set forth therein. In August 2016, Ping An Bank Yiwu Branch (“Ping An Bank”) filed a lawsuit against ZSICL, the Company, and three other parties in Zhejiang Province People’s Court in Yiwu City, alleging ZSICL defaulted on a bank loan it had borrowed from Pin An Bank for a principal amount of RMB 29 million or approximately $4.2 million (the “Principal”), for which the Company was a guarantor along with other three parties. On December 25, 2016, the court ruled that ZSICL should repay Ping An Bank the principal and associated interest remaining on the bank loan within 10 days once the adjudication was effective. Additionally, the court found that the Company and the three other parties, acting as guarantors, have joint liability for this bank loan. On July 31, 2017, the Company and Ping An Bank reached an agreement to settle. According to the agreement, the Company was to pay Ping An Bank RMB 20 million or approximately $3.0 million in four installments before October 31, 2017 to release the Company from its guarantor liability for this default. As of October 31, 2017, the Company has paid all four installments totaling RMB 20 million or approximately $3.0 million to Ping An Bank and thus the Company has been released from its guarantor liability for this default. According to the Company’s agreement with ZSICL, ZSICL agreed to reimburse all the Company’s losses due to ZSICL’s default on the loan principal and interests, of which RMB 11.9 million has been reimbursed to the Company as of the date of this report and the remainder is expected to be reimbursed in installments within next two years. The Company expects the likelihood of incurring losses in connection with this matter to be low.

On August 29, 2018, the Company entered into a guarantee contract to serve as the guarantor for the JV Company for bank acceptance notes in the aggregate amount of $3,129,144 (RMB 21million) from Bank of China, with a related period of August 29, 2018 to February 29, 2019, and which were paid off on February 29, 2019. Under this guarantee contract, the Company agreed to perform all the obligations of the JV Company under the loan contract if the JV Company fails to perform its obligations as set forth therein.

On August 30, 2018, the Company entered into a guarantee contract to serve as the guarantor for Kandi Jiangsu for bank loans in the aggregate amount of $7,450,343 (RMB 50 million) from China Merchants Bank Nantong branch, with a related loan period of August 31, 2018 to February 28, 2019, and was paid off on February 1, 2019. On February 1, 2019, the loan was renewed with a term of February 1, 2019 to July 31, 2019. Under this guarantee contract, the Company agreed to perform all the obligations of the JV Company under the contract if the Kandi Jiangsu fails to perform its obligations as set forth therein.

On September 3, 2018, the Company entered into a guarantee contract to serve as the guarantor for the JV Company for bank acceptance notes in the aggregate amount of $4,321,199 (RMB 29 million) from Bank of China, with a related period of September 3, 2018 to March 3, 2019 and was paid off on March 3, 2019. Under this guarantee contract, the Company agreed to perform all the obligations of the JV Company under the contract if the JV Company fails to perform its obligations as set forth therein.

(2) Pledged collateral for bank loans to other parties.

As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, none of the Company’s land use rights or plants and equipment were pledged as collateral securing bank loans to other parties.

Litigation

Beginning in March 2017, putative shareholder class actions were filed against Kandi Technologies Group, Inc. and certain of its current and former directors and officers in the United States District Court for the Central District of California and the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. The complaints generally allege violations of the federal securities laws based on Kandi’s disclosure in March 2017 that its financial statements for the years 2014, 2015 and the first three quarters of 2016 would need to be restated, and sought damages on behalf of putative classes of shareholders who purchased or acquired Kandi’s securities prior to March 13, 2017. All of the remaining cases are in the New York federal court, and lead plaintiff and lead counsel have been appointed. Kandi has moved to dismiss the remaining cases and that motion remains pending.

Beginning in May 2017, purported shareholder derivative actions based on the same underlying events described above were filed against certain current and former directors of Kandi in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. Lead plaintiff and lead counsel have been appointed. The New York federal court confirmed the voluntary dismissal of these actions in April 2019.

In October 2017, a shareholder filed a books and records action against the Company in the Delaware Court of Chancery pursuant to 8 Del. C. Section 220 seeking the production of certain documents generally relating to the same underlying items described above as well as attorney’s fees (the “Section 220 Litigation”). On September 28, 2018, the parties, through their respective counsel, agreed to dismiss the Section 220 Litigation with prejudice and with each party bearing its own attorney’s fees, costs, and expenses, thereby concluding the action. In February 2019, this same shareholder commenced a derivative action against certain current and former directors of Kandi in the Delaware Court of Chancery.

Separately, other putative shareholders of Kandi have made pre-suit demands based on, among other things, the restatements described above. The Board of Directors approved the formation of a Special Litigation Committee (“SLC”) and the retention of a Delaware law firm as independent counsel to the SLC. The SLC and independent counsel are in the process of conducting an investigation of the allegations set forth in the pre-suit demands.

The Company believes that although its financial statements for the years 2014, 2015 and the first three quarters of 2016 were restated, the restatements had no effect on its net income. While the Company further believes that the claims in the litigations are without merit and will defend itself vigorously, Kandi is unable to estimate the possible loss, if any, associated with the litigations. The ultimate outcome of any litigation is uncertain and the outcome of these matters, whether favorable or unfavorable, could have a negative impact on Kandi’s financial condition or results of operations due to defense costs, diversion of management resources and other factors. Defending litigation can be costly, and adverse results in the Litigations could result in substantial monetary judgments. No assurance can be made that litigation will not have a material adverse effect on Kandi’s future financial position. 

NOTE 23 – SEGMENT REPORTING

The Company has one operating segment. The Company’s revenue and long-lived assets are primarily derived from and located in China. The Company does not have manufacturing operations outside of China.

The following table sets forth disaggregation of revenue:

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

This report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws that relate to future events or our future financial performance. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology, such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “project,” “predict,” “intend,” “potential” or “continue” or the negative of such terms or other comparable terminology, although not all forward-looking statements contain such terms.

In addition, these forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding implementing our business strategy; development and marketing of our products; our estimates of future revenue and profitability; our expectations regarding future expenses, including research and development, sales and marketing, manufacturing and general and administrative expenses; difficulty or inability to raise additional financing, if needed, on terms acceptable to us; our estimates regarding our capital requirements and our needs for additional financing; attracting and retaining customers and employees; sources of revenue and anticipated revenue; and competition in our market.

Forward-looking statements are only predictions. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. All of our forward-looking information is subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results expected. Although it is not possible to identify all factors, these risks and uncertainties include the risk factors and the timing of any of those risk factors described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 and those set forth from time to time in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). These documents are available on the SEC’s Electronic Data Gathering and Analysis Retrieval System at http://www.sec.gov.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

This section should be read together with the Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the attached consolidated financial statements included in this report.

Estimates affecting accounts receivable and inventories

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect our reporting of assets and liabilities (and contingent assets and liabilities). These estimates are particularly significant where they affect the reported net realizable value of our accounts receivable and inventories.

Accounts receivable are recognized and carried at net realizable value. An allowance for doubtful accounts is recorded in the period when a loss is probable based on an assessment of specific factors, such as troubled collection, historical experience, accounts aging, ongoing business relations and other factors. Accounts are written off after exhaustive efforts at collection. If accounts receivable are to be provided for, or written off, they will be recognized in the consolidated statement of operations within operating expenses. We had allowances for doubtful accounts of $138,678 and $120,010 as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, in accordance with our management’s judgment based on their best knowledge.

Inventory is stated at the lower of cost, determined on a weighted average basis, or net realizable value. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less the estimated cost of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale. Adjustments to reduce the cost of inventory to its net realizable value are made, if required, for estimated excess, obsolescence, or impaired balances. When inventories are sold, their carrying amount is charged to expense in the year in which the revenue is recognized. Write-downs for declines in net realizable value or for losses of inventories are recognized as an expense in the year the impairment or loss occurs. There were $829,523 and $840,701 of decline in net realizable value of inventory as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, due to our provision for slow moving inventory.

Although we believe that there is little likelihood that actual results will differ materially from our current estimates, if customer demand for our products decreases significantly in the near future, or if the financial condition of our customers deteriorates in the near future, we could realize significant write downs for slow-moving inventories or uncollectible accounts receivable.

Policy affecting recognition of revenue

Our revenue recognition policy plays a key role in our consolidated financial statements.

In determining when and how revenue is recognized from contracts with customers, we perform the following five-step analysis: (i) identification of contract with customer; (ii) determination of performance obligations; (iii) measurement of the transaction price; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations; and (v) recognition of revenue when (or as) we satisfy each performance obligation.

We generate revenue through the sale of EV products, EV parts and off-road vehicles. Our revenue recognition policies are the same for our EV products, EV parts and off-road. The revenue is recognized at a point in time once we have determined that the customer has obtained control over the product. Control is typically deemed to have been transferred to the customer when the performance obligation is fulfilled, usually at the time of delivery, at the net sales price (transaction price). Estimates of variable consideration, such as volume discounts and rebates, are determined, reviewed and revised periodically by management. Revenue is recognized net of any taxes collected from customers. Such taxes are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities. Shipping and handling costs for product shipments occurring prior to the customer obtaining control of the goods are accounted for as fulfillment costs rather than separate performance obligations and recorded as sales and marketing expenses. 

Policy affecting options, warrants and convertible notes

Our stock option cost is recorded in accordance with ASC 718 and ASC 505. The fair value of stock options is estimated using the Black-Scholes-Merton model. Our expected volatility assumption is based on the historical volatility of our stock. The expected life assumption is primarily based on the expiration date of the option. The risk-free interest rate for the expected term of the option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. Stock option expense recognition is based on awards expected to vest. There were no estimated forfeitures. ASC standards require forfeitures to be estimated at the time of grant and revised in subsequent periods, if necessary, if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.

Our warrant costs are recorded in liabilities and equities, respectively, in accordance with ASC 480, ASC 505 and ASC 815. The fair value of a warrant, which is classified as a liability, is estimated using the Binomial Tree model and the lattice valuation model. Our expected volatility assumption is based on the historical volatility of our common stock. The expected life assumption is primarily based on the expiration date of the warrant. The risk-free interest rate for the expected term of the warrant is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of measurement. Our warrants, which are freestanding derivatives classified as liabilities on the balance sheet, are measured at fair value on each reporting date, with decreases in fair value recognized in earnings and increases in fair values recognized in expenses.

The fair value of equity-based warrants, which are not considered derivatives under ASC 815, is estimated using the Black-Scholes -Merton model. Our expected volatility assumption is based on the historical volatility of our common stock. The expected life assumption is primarily based on the expiration date of the warrant. The risk-free interest rate for the expected term of the option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant.

In accordance with ASC 815, the conversion feature of the convertible notes is separated from the debt instrument and accounted for separately as a derivative instrument. On the date the convertible notes are issued, the conversion feature is recorded as a liability at its fair value, and future decreases in fair value are recognized in earnings while increases in fair values are recognized in expenses. We used the Black-Scholes -Merton option-pricing model to obtain the fair value of the conversion feature. The expected volatility assumption is based on the historical volatility of our common stock. The expected life assumption is primarily based on the expiration date of the conversion features. The risk-free interest rate for the expected term of the conversion features is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of measurement.

Warranty Liability

Most of our non-EV products (“Legacy Products”) are exported out of China to foreign countries that have legal and regulatory requirements with which we are not familiar. The development of warranty policies for our Legacy Products in each of these countries would be virtually impossible and prohibitively expensive. Therefore, we provide price incentives and free parts to our customers and in exchange, our customers establish appropriate warranty policies and assume warranty responsibilities.

Consequently, warranty issues are taken into consideration during price negotiations for our products. Free parts are delivered along with the products, and when products are sold, the related parts are recorded as cost of goods sold. Due to the reliability of our products, we have been able to maintain this warranty policy and we have not had any product liability issues attributed to our products.

The aforementioned warranty procedures are in place with the exception of SC Autosports, our wholly-owned U.S. subsidiary. SC Autosports offers warranties for sale for products manufactured by Bennche, LLC (“Bennche”) and Massimo Motor Sports, LLC (“Massimo”), which cover ATVs, UTVs, electric vehicles (EVs), etc. sold in the United States, subject to certain coverage limitations. Based on different products and models, warranties last for a term of twelve (12) months, six (6) months or 90 days, effective from the date of purchase by the original owner. As an authorized dealer, SC Autosports is responsible for making repairs and replacements covered by the warranties at no charge for parts and labor.

For the EV products that we sell in China, we provide a three year or 50,000 kilometer manufacturer warranty. This warranty affects the Company through our participation and investment in the JV Company, which manufactures the EV products.

Results of Operations

Overview

We are one of the leading manufacturers of EV products (through the JV Company), EV parts and off road vehicles in China. For the three months ended March 31, 2019, we recognized total revenue of $18,068,460 as compared to $8,335,907 for the three months ended March 31, 2018, an increase of $9,732,553, or 116.8%, primarily due to the increased revenue of EV parts sales. For the three months ended March 31, 2019, we recorded $3,136,437 of gross profits, an increase of $1,790,486 or 133.0% from the same period of 2018, primarily due to the increase of revenue from the sale of EV parts. Gross margin for the three months ended March 31, 2019 was 17.4%, an increase compare to 16.1% for the three months ended March 31, 2018. We recorded a net loss of $4,409,472 for the three months ended March 31, 2019, compared to net income of $3,727,995 in the same period of 2018, largely due to the increased share of loss of the JV Company compared to the same period of last year, a result of the national subsidy policy adjustment during the first quarter and pending restructuring of the JV Company.

Over the following months of 2019, we plan to continue marketing and selling our current products and developing new products to meet market demand and further penetrate domestic and international markets. 2019 will be the implementation year for a decline in subsidies from the Chinese government for new energy vehicles. The Chinese government’s subsidy for new energy vehicles has continued to decline compared to past years. However, as of the date of this report, the new government policy regarding state subsidies for new energy vehicles has not yet been released. The Chinese government has not made clear the extent to which new energy vehicle subsidies will decline. The Company cannot predict in the coming year whether the declining levels of national new energy vehicle subsidies will be made up by the scale effect of production, a reduction of the purchase price of key parts, or tightened controls over manufacturing costs. This may also present greater challenges to the JV Company’s operations. Therefore, changes in government support policies may have a significant adverse impact on the Company’s business prospects, operating results, cash flow and profitability in the coming years. To weather the challenging market situation, we intend to continue to strengthen our technical abilities, improve our core competitiveness, and enhance our brand image to broaden our customer base and increase our market share.

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 and 2018

The following table sets forth the amounts and percentage relationship to revenue of certain items in our condensed consolidated statements of income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss) for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.

(a) Revenue

For the three months ended March 31, 2019, our revenue was $18,068,460 compared to $8,335,907 for the same period of 2018, an increase of $9,732,553 or 116.8%. The increase in revenue was due to the increase in sales of both EV parts and off-road vehicles during this quarter. The increase in EV parts sales was primarily due to the increased sales volume of battery packs.

The following table summarizes our revenues by product types for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:

EV Parts

During the three months ended March 31, 2019, our revenues from the sale of EV parts were $12,771,440, representing an increase of $6,398,843 or 100.4% from $6,372,597 for the first quarter of 2018.

Our revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2018 primarily consisted of the sale of battery packs, body parts, EV controllers, air conditioning units and other auto parts for use in the manufacturing of EV products. These sales accounted for 70.7% of total sales.

During the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, our revenues from the sale of EV parts to the JV Company and its subsidiaries accounted for approximately 10% and 31% of our total net revenue for the quarter, respectively. The EV parts we sold to the JV Company were used in manufacturing pure EV products by the JV Company’s subsidiaries.

Off-Road Vehicles

During the three months ended March 31, 2019, our revenue from the sale of off-road vehicles including go karts, all-terrain vehicles (“ATVs”), and others, totaled $5,297,020, representing an increase of $3,333,710 or 169.8% from $1,963,310 for the first quarter of 2018. The increase in revenue of off-road vehicles was largely due to additional sales from SC Autosports, which became our wholly-owned U.S. subsidiary in July 2018. Our off-road vehicles business line accounted for approximately 29.3% of our total net revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2019.

The following table shows the breakdown of our net revenues: