LIFE STORAGE, INC. - Quarter Report: 2019 September (Form 10-Q)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2019

☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to .

Commission file number:

1-13820 (Life Storage, Inc.)

0-24071 (Life Storage LP)

LIFE STORAGE, INC.

LIFE STORAGE LP

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Maryland (Life Storage, Inc.)	16-1194043 (Life Storage, Inc.)
Delaware (Life Storage LP)	16-1481551 (Life Storage LP)
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

6467 Main Street

Williamsville, NY 14221

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip code)

(716) 633-1850

(Registrant’s telephone number including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Life Storage, Inc.	Yes ☒	No ☐

Life Storage LP	Yes ☒	No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Life Storage, Inc.	Yes ☒	No ☐
Life Storage LP	Yes ☒	No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Life Storage, Inc.:

Large Accelerated Filer	☒	Accelerated Filer	☐

Non-accelerated Filer	☐	Smaller Reporting Company	☐

Emerging Growth Company	☐

Life Storage LP:

Large Accelerated Filer	☒	Accelerated Filer	☐

Non-accelerated Filer	☐	Smaller Reporting Company	☐

Emerging Growth Company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

Life Storage, Inc.	☐

Life Storage LP	☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Life Storage, Inc.	Yes ☐	No ☒

Life Storage LP	Yes ☐	No ☒

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Life Storage, Inc.:

Title of each class		Trading Symbol(s)		Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $.01 par value		LSI		New York Stock Exchange

Life Storage LP:

Title of each class

Trading Symbol(s)

Name of each exchange on which registered

As of October 22, 2019, 46,656,891 shares of Common Stock, $.01 par value per share, were outstanding.

EXPLANATORY NOTE

This report combines the quarterly reports on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2019 of Life Storage, Inc. (the “Parent Company”) and Life Storage LP (the “Operating Partnership”). The Parent Company is a real estate investment trust, or REIT, that owns its assets and conducts its operations through the Operating Partnership, a Delaware limited partnership, and subsidiaries of the Operating Partnership. The Parent Company, the Operating Partnership and their consolidated subsidiaries are collectively referred to in this report as the “Company.” In addition, terms such as “we,” “us,” or “our” used in this report may refer to the Company, the Parent Company and/or the Operating Partnership.

Life Storage Holdings, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Parent Company (“Holdings”), is the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership; the Parent Company is a limited partner of the Operating Partnership, and through its ownership of Holdings and its limited partnership interest, controls the operations of the Operating Partnership, holding a 99.5% ownership interest therein as of September 30, 2019. The remaining ownership interests in the Operating Partnership are held by certain former owners of assets acquired by the Operating Partnership. As the owner of the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership, the Parent Company has full and complete authority over the Operating Partnership’s day-to-day operations and management.

Management operates the Parent Company and the Operating Partnership as one enterprise. The management teams of the Parent Company and the Operating Partnership are identical.

There are few differences between the Parent Company and the Operating Partnership, which are reflected in the note disclosures in this report. The Company believes it is important to understand the differences between the Parent Company and the Operating Partnership in the context of how these entities operate as a consolidated enterprise. The Parent Company is a REIT, whose only material asset is its ownership of the partnership interests of the Operating Partnership. As a result, the Parent Company does not conduct business itself, other than acting as the owner of the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership, issuing public equity from time to time and guaranteeing the debt obligations of the Operating Partnership. The Operating Partnership holds substantially all the assets of the Company and, directly or indirectly, holds the ownership interests in the Company’s real estate ventures. The Operating Partnership conducts the operations of the Company’s business and is structured as a partnership with no publicly traded equity. Except for net proceeds from equity issuances by the Parent Company, which are contributed to the Operating Partnership in exchange for partnership units, the Operating Partnership generates the capital required by the Company’s business through the Operating Partnership’s operations, by the Operating Partnership’s direct or indirect incurrence of indebtedness or through the issuance of partnership units of the Operating Partnership.

The substantive difference between the Parent Company’s filings and the Operating Partnership’s filings is the fact that the Parent Company is a REIT with public equity, while the Operating Partnership is a partnership with no publicly traded equity. In the financial statements, this difference is primarily reflected in the equity (or capital for the Operating Partnership) section of the consolidated balance sheets and in the Shareholders’ Equity and Partners’ Capital notes to the financial statements. Apart from the different equity treatment, the consolidated financial statements of the Parent Company and the Operating Partnership are nearly identical.

The Company believes that combining the quarterly reports on Form 10-Q of the Parent Company and the Operating Partnership into a single report will:

•

facilitate a better understanding by the investors of the Parent Company and the Operating Partnership by enabling them to view the business as a whole in the same manner as management views and operates the business;

•

remove duplicative disclosures and provide a more straightforward presentation in light of the fact that a substantial portion of the disclosure applies to both the Parent Company and the Operating Partnership; and

•

create time and cost efficiencies through the preparation of one combined report instead of two separate reports.

In order to highlight the differences between the Parent Company and the Operating Partnership, the separate sections in this report for the Parent Company and the Operating Partnership specifically refer to the Parent Company and the Operating Partnership. In the sections that combine disclosures of the Parent Company and the Operating Partnership, this report refers to such disclosures as those of the Company. Although the Operating Partnership is generally the entity that directly or indirectly enters into contracts and real estate ventures and holds assets and debt, reference to the Company is appropriate because the business is one enterprise and the Parent Company operates the business through the Operating Partnership.

As the owner of the general partner with control of the Operating Partnership, the Parent Company consolidates the Operating Partnership for financial reporting purposes, and the Parent Company does not have significant assets other than its investment in the Operating Partnership. Therefore, the assets and liabilities of the Parent Company and the Operating Partnership are the same on their respective financial statements. The separate discussions of the Parent Company and the Operating Partnership in this report should be read in conjunction with each other to understand the results of the Company’s operations on a consolidated basis and how management operates the Company.

This report also includes separate Item 4 - Controls and Procedures sections, signature pages and Exhibit 31 and 32 certifications for each of the Parent Company and the Operating Partnership in order to establish that the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer of the Parent Company and the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer of the Operating Partnership have made the requisite certifications and that the Parent Company and the Operating Partnership are compliant with Rule 13a-15 or Rule 15d-15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended and 18 U.S.C. §1350.

Part I. Financial Information

Item 1. Financial Statements

LIFE STORAGE, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(dollars in thousands, except share data)	September 30, 2019 (unaudited)			December 31, 2018
Assets
Investment in storage facilities:
Land	$	879,662		$	794,729
Building, equipment, and construction in progress		3,808,917			3,604,210
		4,688,579			4,398,939
Less: accumulated depreciation		(730,555	)		(704,681	)
Investment in storage facilities, net		3,958,024			3,694,258
Cash and cash equivalents		16,371			13,560
Accounts receivable		10,816			7,805
Receivable from unconsolidated joint ventures		1,124			1,006
Investment in unconsolidated joint ventures		150,182			145,911
Prepaid expenses		9,523			7,251
Trade name		16,500			16,500
Other assets		26,200			5,921
Total Assets	$	4,188,740		$	3,892,212
Liabilities
Line of credit	$	25,000		$	91,000
Term notes, net		1,857,624			1,610,820
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities		99,337			87,446
Deferred revenue		10,421			9,191
Mortgages payable		35,016			12,302
Total Liabilities		2,027,398			1,810,759
Noncontrolling redeemable Operating Partnership Units at redemption value		26,024			23,716
Shareholders’ Equity
Common stock $.01 par value, 100,000,000 shares authorized, 46,656,891 shares outstanding at September 30, 2019 (46,617,441 at December 31, 2018)		467			466
Additional paid-in capital		2,375,816			2,372,157
Dividends in excess of net income		(234,777	)		(308,011	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(6,188	)		(6,875	)
Total Shareholders’ Equity		2,135,318			2,057,737
Noncontrolling interest in consolidated subsidiary		—			—
Total Equity		2,135,318			2,057,737
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity	$	4,188,740		$	3,892,212

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

LIFE STORAGE, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(unaudited)

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)	2019			2018			2019			2018
Revenues
Rental income	$	128,565		$	128,818		$	381,625		$	376,334
Other operating income		17,069			12,665			45,561			36,251
Total operating revenues		145,634			141,483			427,186			412,585
Expenses
Property operations and maintenance		32,215			30,316			96,809			90,551
Real estate taxes		16,116			15,450			48,427			46,512
General and administrative		11,554			11,742			34,401			35,513
Payments for rent		75			141			358			424
Depreciation and amortization		26,854			27,291			79,239			76,839
Total operating expenses		86,814			84,940			259,234			249,839
Gain on sale of storage facilities		100,222			925			100,222			925
Gain on sale of real estate		—			718			1,076			718
Income from operations		159,042			58,186			269,250			164,389
Other income (expenses)
Interest expense		(19,760	)		(17,923	)		(56,339	)		(52,645	)
Interest income		289			2			340			8
Equity in income of joint ventures		1,175			1,046			3,095			3,066
Net income		140,746			41,311			216,346			114,818
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest in the Operating Partnership		(744	)		(191	)		(1,148	)		(535	)
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest in consolidated subsidiary		—			—			—			—
Net income attributable to common shareholders	$	140,002		$	41,120		$	215,198		$	114,283
Earnings per common share attributable to common shareholders – basic	$	3.00		$	0.88		$	4.62		$	2.46
Earnings per common share attributable to common shareholders – diluted	$	2.99		$	0.88		$	4.61		$	2.45
Common shares used in basic earnings per share calculation		46,586,030			46,526,362			46,577,704			46,486,587
Common shares used in diluted earnings per share calculation		46,657,105			46,627,968			46,641,673			46,580,331
Dividends declared per common share	$	1.00		$	1.00		$	3.00		$	3.00

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

LIFE STORAGE, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(unaudited)

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)	2019			2018			2019			2018
Net income	$	140,746		$	41,311		$	216,346		$	114,818
Other comprehensive income:
Effective portion of gain on derivatives net of reclassification to interest expense		229			100			687			483
Total comprehensive income		140,975			41,411			217,033			115,301
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest in the Operating Partnership		(745	)		(191	)		(1,152	)		(537	)
Comprehensive loss attributable to noncontrolling interest in consolidated subsidiary		—			—			—			—
Comprehensive income attributable to common shareholders	$	140,230		$	41,220		$	215,881		$	114,764

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

LIFE STORAGE, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(unaudited)

(dollars in thousands)	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019			Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
Operating Activities
Net income	$	216,346		$	114,818
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		79,239			76,839
Amortization of debt issuance costs and bond discount		2,873			2,672
Gain on sale of storage facilities		(100,222	)		(925	)
Gain on sale of real estate		(1,076	)		(718	)
Equity in income of joint ventures		(3,095	)		(3,066	)
Distributions from unconsolidated joint ventures		7,419			6,276
Non-vested stock earned		3,284			4,203
Stock option expense		—			7
Deferred income taxes		429			1,115
Changes in assets and liabilities (excluding the effects of acquisitions):
Accounts receivable		(3,132	)		(657	)
Prepaid expenses		(2,296	)		(3,787	)
(Advances to) receipts from joint ventures		(118	)		655
Accounts payable and other liabilities		(968	)		(13,720	)
Deferred revenue		1,311			(318	)
Net cash provided by operating activities		199,994			183,394
Investing Activities
Acquisition of storage facilities, net of cash acquired		(354,712	)		(19,409	)
Improvements, equipment additions, and construction in progress		(63,645	)		(45,020	)
Net proceeds from the sale of real estate		207,568			10,576
Investment in unconsolidated joint ventures		(19,347	)		(5,095	)
Property deposits		(767	)		(541	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(230,903	)		(59,489	)
Financing Activities
Net proceeds from sale of common stock		375			2,977
Proceeds from line of credit		225,000			172,000
Repayments of line of credit		(291,000	)		(149,000	)
Proceeds from term notes, net of discount		348,166			—
Repayment of term notes		(100,000	)		—
Debt issuance costs		(3,099	)		—
Dividends paid - common stock		(139,914	)		(139,235	)
Distributions to noncontrolling interest holders		(745	)		(650	)
Redemption of operating partnership units		(145	)		(232	)
Mortgage principal payments		(293	)		(277	)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		38,345			(114,417	)
Net increase in cash and restricted cash		7,436			9,488
Cash and restricted cash at beginning of period		14,065			9,459
Cash and restricted cash at end of period	$	21,501		$	18,947
Supplemental cash flow information
Cash paid for interest, net of interest capitalized	$	52,267		$	53,636
Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds	$	1,485		$	1,175

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

LIFE STORAGE LP

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2019 (unaudited)			December 31, 2018
Assets
Investment in storage facilities:
Land	$	879,662		$	794,729
Building, equipment, and construction in progress		3,808,917			3,604,210
		4,688,579			4,398,939
Less: accumulated depreciation		(730,555	)		(704,681	)
Investment in storage facilities, net		3,958,024			3,694,258
Cash and cash equivalents		16,371			13,560
Accounts receivable		10,816			7,805
Receivable from unconsolidated joint ventures		1,124			1,006
Investment in unconsolidated joint ventures		150,182			145,911
Prepaid expenses		9,523			7,251
Trade name		16,500			16,500
Other assets		26,200			5,921
Total Assets	$	4,188,740		$	3,892,212
Liabilities
Line of credit	$	25,000		$	91,000
Term notes, net		1,857,624			1,610,820
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities		99,337			87,446
Deferred revenue		10,421			9,191
Mortgages payable		35,016			12,302
Total Liabilities		2,027,398			1,810,759
Limited partners’ redeemable capital interest at redemption value (247,466 and 248,966 units outstanding at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively)		26,024			23,716
Partners’ Capital
General partner (469,044 and 468,663 units outstanding at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively)		21,615			20,816
Limited partners (46,187,847 and 46,148,778 units outstanding at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively)		2,119,891			2,043,796
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(6,188	)		(6,875	)
Total Controlling Partners’ Capital		2,135,318			2,057,737
Noncontrolling interest in consolidated subsidiary		—			—
Total Partners’ Capital		2,135,318			2,057,737
Total Liabilities and Partners’ Capital	$	4,188,740		$	3,892,212

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

LIFE STORAGE LP

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(unaudited)

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands, except per unit data)	2019			2018			2019			2018
Revenues
Rental income	$	128,565		$	128,818		$	381,625		$	376,334
Other operating income		17,069			12,665			45,561			36,251
Total operating revenues		145,634			141,483			427,186			412,585
Expenses
Property operations and maintenance		32,215			30,316			96,809			90,551
Real estate taxes		16,116			15,450			48,427			46,512
General and administrative		11,554			11,742			34,401			35,513
Payments for rent		75			141			358			424
Depreciation and amortization		26,854			27,291			79,239			76,839
Total operating expenses		86,814			84,940			259,234			249,839
Gain on sale of storage facilities		100,222			925			100,222			925
Gain on sale of real estate		—			718			1,076			718
Income from operations		159,042			58,186			269,250			164,389
Other income (expenses)
Interest expense		(19,760	)		(17,923	)		(56,339	)		(52,645	)
Interest income		289			2			340			8
Equity in income of joint ventures		1,175			1,046			3,095			3,066
Net income		140,746			41,311			216,346			114,818
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest in the Operating Partnership		(744	)		(191	)		(1,148	)		(535	)
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest in consolidated subsidiary		—			—			—			—
Net income attributable to common unitholders	$	140,002		$	41,120		$	215,198		$	114,283
Earnings per common unit attributable to common unitholders – basic	$	3.00		$	0.88		$	4.62		$	2.46
Earnings per common unit attributable to common unitholders – diluted	$	2.99		$	0.88		$	4.61		$	2.45
Common units used in basic earnings per unit calculation		46,586,030			46,526,362			46,577,704			46,486,587
Common units used in diluted earnings per unit calculation		46,657,105			46,627,968			46,641,673			46,580,331
Distributions declared per common unit	$	1.00		$	1.00		$	3.00		$	3.00
Net income attributable to general partner	$	1,408		$	413		$	2,163		$	1,148
Net income attributable to limited partners	$	138,594		$	40,707		$	213,035		$	113,135

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

LIFE STORAGE LP

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(unaudited)

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)	2019			2018			2019			2018
Net income	$	140,746		$	41,311		$	216,346		$	114,818
Other comprehensive income:
Effective portion of gain on derivatives net of reclassification to interest expense		229			100			687			483
Total comprehensive income		140,975			41,411			217,033			115,301
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest in the Operating Partnership		(745	)		(191	)		(1,152	)		(537	)
Comprehensive loss attributable to noncontrolling interest in consolidated subsidiary		—			—			—			—
Comprehensive income attributable to common unitholders	$	140,230		$	41,220		$	215,881		$	114,764

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

LIFE STORAGE LP

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(unaudited)

(dollars in thousands)	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019			Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
Operating Activities
Net income	$	216,346		$	114,818
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		79,239			76,839
Amortization of debt issuance costs and bond discount		2,873			2,672
Gain on sale of storage facilities		(100,222	)		(925	)
Gain on sale of real estate		(1,076	)		(718	)
Equity in income of joint ventures		(3,095	)		(3,066	)
Distributions from unconsolidated joint ventures		7,419			6,276
Non-vested stock earned		3,284			4,203
Stock option expense		—			7
Deferred income taxes		429			1,115
Changes in assets and liabilities (excluding the effects of acquisitions):
Accounts receivable		(3,132	)		(657	)
Prepaid expenses		(2,296	)		(3,787	)
(Advances to) receipts from joint ventures		(118	)		655
Accounts payable and other liabilities		(968	)		(13,720	)
Deferred revenue		1,311			(318	)
Net cash provided by operating activities		199,994			183,394
Investing Activities
Acquisition of storage facilities, net of cash acquired		(354,712	)		(19,409	)
Improvements, equipment additions, and construction in progress		(63,645	)		(45,020	)
Net proceeds from the sale of real estate		207,568			10,576
Investment in unconsolidated joint ventures		(19,347	)		(5,095	)
Property deposits		(767	)		(541	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(230,903	)		(59,489	)
Financing Activities
Net proceeds from sale of partnership units		375			2,977
Proceeds from line of credit		225,000			172,000
Repayments of line of credit		(291,000	)		(149,000	)
Proceeds from term notes, net of discount		348,166			—
Repayment of term notes		(100,000	)		—
Debt issuance costs		(3,099	)		—
Distributions to unitholders		(139,914	)		(139,235	)
Distributions to noncontrolling interest holders		(745	)		(650	)
Redemption of operating partnership units		(145	)		(232	)
Mortgage principal payments		(293	)		(277	)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		38,345			(114,417	)
Net increase in cash and restricted cash		7,436			9,488
Cash and restricted cash at beginning of period		14,065			9,459
Cash and restricted cash at end of period	$	21,501		$	18,947
Supplemental cash flow information
Cash paid for interest, net of interest capitalized	$	52,267		$	53,636
Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds	$	1,485		$	1,175

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

1. BASIS OF PRESENTATION

The accompanying unaudited financial statements of Life Storage, Inc. (the “Parent Company”) and Life Storage LP (the “Operating Partnership”) have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all information and footnotes required by generally accepted accounting principles for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Operating results for the nine month period ended September 30, 2019 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2019.

2. ORGANIZATION

The Parent Company operates as a self-administered and self-managed real estate investment trust (a “REIT”) that owns and operates self-storage properties. All of the Parent Company’s assets are owned by, and all its operations are conducted through, the Operating Partnership. Life Storage Holdings, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Parent Company (“Holdings”), is the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership; the Parent Company is a limited partner of the Operating Partnership and, through its ownership of Holdings and its limited partnership interest, controls the operations of the Operating Partnership, holding a 99.5% ownership interest therein as of September 30, 2019. The remaining ownership interests in the Operating Partnership (the “Units”) are held by certain former owners of assets acquired by the Operating Partnership. The Parent Company, the Operating Partnership and their consolidated subsidiaries are collectively referred to in this report as the “Company.” In addition, terms such as “we,” “us,” or “our” used in this report may refer to the Company, the Parent Company and/or the Operating Partnership.

At September 30, 2019, we had an ownership interest in and/or managed 833 self-storage properties in 29 states and Ontario, Canada. Among our 833 self-storage properties are 120 properties that we manage for unconsolidated joint ventures (see Note 10) and 157 properties that we manage and in which we have no ownership interest.

We consolidate all wholly owned subsidiaries. Partially owned entities, including joint ventures, are consolidated when we control the entity. Our consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Parent Company, the Operating Partnership, Life Storage Solutions, LLC (one of the Parent Company’s taxable REIT subsidiaries), Warehouse Anywhere LLC (an entity owned 60% by Life Storage Solutions, LLC), and all other wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated. Investments in joint ventures that we do not control but over which we have significant influence are accounted for using the equity method.

Included in the Parent Company’s consolidated balance sheets are noncontrolling redeemable Operating Partnership Units and included in the Operating Partnership’s consolidated balance sheets are limited partners’ redeemable capital interest at redemption value. These interests are presented in the “mezzanine” section of the consolidated balance sheets because they do not meet the functional definition of a liability or equity under current accounting literature. These represent the outside ownership interests of the limited partners in the Operating Partnership. There were 247,466 and 248,966 noncontrolling redeemable Operating Partnership Units outstanding at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. These unitholders are entitled to receive distributions per unit equivalent to the dividends declared per share on the Parent Company’s common stock. The Operating Partnership is obligated to redeem each of these limited partnership units in the Operating Partnership at the request of the holder thereof for cash equal to the fair market value of a share of the Parent Company’s common stock based on a 10-day average of the daily market price, at the time of such redemption, provided that the Company, at its option, may elect to acquire any such Unit presented for redemption for one common share or cash. The Company accounts for these noncontrolling redeemable Operating Partnership Units under the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 480-10-S99. The application of the ASC Topic 480-10-S99 accounting model requires the noncontrolling interest to follow normal noncontrolling interest accounting and then be marked to redemption value at the end of each reporting period if higher (but never adjusted below that normal noncontrolling interest accounting amount). The offset to the adjustment to the carrying amount of the noncontrolling interests is reflected in the Company’s dividends in excess of net income and in the Operating Partnership’s general partner and limited partners capital balances. Accordingly, in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, noncontrolling interests are reflected at redemption value at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, equal to the number of noncontrolling interest units outstanding multiplied by the fair market value of the Parent Company’s common stock at that date. Redemption value exceeded the value determined under the Company’s historical basis of accounting at those dates.

The following is a reconciliation of the Parent Company’s noncontrolling redeemable Operating Partnership Units and the Operating Partnership’s limited partners’ redeemable capital interest for the period:

(dollars in thousands)	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
Beginning balance	$	23,716
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest in the Operating Partnership		1,148
Redemption of units		(145	)
Distributions		(745	)
Adjustment to redemption value		2,050
Ending balance	$	26,024

The disaggregated revenues of the Company presented in accordance with ASC Topic 606 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” are as follows:

(dollars in thousands)	Three Months Ended September 30, 2019		Three Months Ended September 30, 2018		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
Rental income	$	128,565	$	128,818	$	381,625	$	376,334
Management and acquisition fee income		3,809		2,661		10,156		7,602
Revenues related to tenant reinsurance		9,170		5,805		23,948		17,290
Other		4,090		4,199		11,457		11,359
Total operating revenues	$	145,634	$	141,483	$	427,186	$	412,585

Management and acquisition fee income and revenues related to tenant reinsurance are included in other operating income in the consolidated statements of operations.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, approximately 20% and 13% of the Company’s revenue was derived from self-storage facilities in the states of Texas and Florida, respectively.

Commencing April 1, 2019, the Company launched a tenant self-storage insurance program whereby a captive wholly owned subsidiary of the Company reinsures certain risks relating to property stored by its tenants. In connection with this new program, the Company’s prior arrangement with a third-party insurer was terminated. The change in tenant insurance programs is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated net income. However, as reflected in the Company’s results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company does expect an increase to both tenant reinsurance revenues and related expenses as a result of the differences in the accounting for the two programs.

3. STOCK BASED COMPENSATION

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation under the provisions of ASC Topic 718, “Compensation - Stock Compensation.” The Company recognizes compensation cost in its financial statements for all share based payments granted, modified, or settled during the period.

For awards with graded vesting, compensation cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the related vesting period.

The Company did not record any compensation expense related to stock options during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company recorded compensation expense (included in general and administrative expense) of $0 and $7,000, respectively, related to stock options. For the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, the Company recorded compensation expense of $955,000 and $1,456,000, respectively, related to amortization of non-vested stock grants and performance-based awards. For the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, the Company recorded compensation expense of $3,284,000 and $4,203,000, respectively, related to amortization of non-vested stock grants and performance-based awards.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, 6,500 options were exercised by employees and directors. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, 71,606 options were exercised by employees and directors. No stock options were exercised by employees and directors during the three months ended September 30, 2018.

During the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, 375 and 11,114 shares of non-vested stock, respectively, vested. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, 23,948 and 51,067 shares of non-vested stock, respectively, vested.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company issued 18,688 shares of non-vested stock to employees and directors which vest over periods ranging from one to seven years. The per-share fair market value on the date of grant of the non-vested stock issued during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 ranged from $95.71 to $99.10, resulting in an aggregate fair value of $1.8 million.

In September 2018, the Company announced that then current Chief Executive Officer, David Rogers, would be retiring effective March 1, 2019. In conjunction with this announcement, the vesting periods of certain restricted stock awards and performance-based awards previously granted to Mr. Rogers were accelerated to reflect his March 1, 2019 retirement date. As a result of this change, an additional $0.4 million of compensation expense was recorded during the nine months ended September 30, 2019.

4. CASH AND RESTRICTED CASH

Restricted cash represents those amounts required to be placed in escrow by banks with whom the Company has entered into mortgages and amounts required to be placed into escrow related to the Company’s tenant reinsurance program which became effective April 1, 2019 (see Note 2). Restricted cash is included in other assets in the consolidated balance sheets. The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and restricted cash reported within the consolidated statement of cash flows:

(Dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2019		December 31, 2018		September 30, 2018
Cash	$	16,371	$	13,560	$	13,282
Restricted cash		5,130		505		5,665
Total cash and restricted cash	$	21,501	$	14,065	$	18,947

5. INVESTMENT IN STORAGE FACILITIES AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The following summarizes our activity in storage facilities during the nine months ended September 30, 2019:

(dollars in thousands)
Cost:
Beginning balance	$	4,398,939
Acquisition of storage facilities		387,085
Improvements and equipment additions		58,863
Net increase in construction in progress		5,328
Dispositions		(161,636	)
Ending balance	$	4,688,579
Accumulated Depreciation:
Beginning balance	$	704,681
Additions during the period		77,461
Dispositions		(51,587	)
Ending balance	$	730,555

The Company acquired 28 self-storage facilities during the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The acquisitions of these facilities were accounted for as asset acquisitions. The costs of the facilities, including closing costs, were allocated to land, building, equipment and improvements, and in-place customer leases based upon their relative fair values.

The purchase prices of the facilities acquired in 2019 have been assigned as follows:

(dollars in thousands)						Consideration paid									Acquisition Date Fair Value
States	Number of Properties		Date of Acquisition	Purchase Price		Cash Paid		Carrying Value of Noncontrolling Interest in Joint Venture		Mortgage Assumed		Net Other Liabilities (Assets) Assumed			Land		Building, Equipment, and Improvements		In-Place Customers Leases		Closing Costs Expensed
NY		1	1/16/2019	$	57,169	$	46,402	$	10,715	$	—	$	52		$	30,029	$	26,863	$	277	$	—
FL		1	3/8/2019		9,302		9,222		—		—		80			1,817		7,377		108		—
OH		3	4/30/2019		33,256		32,976		—		—		280			2,105		30,656		495		—
FL		1	6/11/2019		9,955		9,926		—		—		29			662		9,208		85		—
FL, GA, NC, SC, TN, VA		12	7/12/2019		135,330		134,650		—		—		680			20,700		113,368		1,262		—
NV		1	8/29/2019		12,700		12,656		—		—		44			4,586		7,853		261		—
TX		1	9/20/2019		14,202		14,202		—		—		—			1,340		12,862		—		—
WA		3	9/24/2019		56,582		33,959		—		23,007		(384	)		20,886		34,878		818		—
MD		5	9/26/2019		62,837		62,960		—		—		(123	)		23,651		38,244		942		—
Total acquired in 2019		28		$	391,333	$	356,953	$	10,715	$	23,007	$	658		$	105,776	$	281,309	$	4,248	$	—

The facility purchased in New York was acquired as the result of the Company’s acquisition of the remaining 60% ownership interest in Review Avenue Partners, LLC (“RAP”). Prior to this acquisition, RAP was a joint venture between the Company and an otherwise unrelated third-party which had been accounted for by the Company using the equity method of accounting (see Note 10 for additional information on RAP). The purchase price for this acquisition includes the carrying value of the Company’s equity investment in RAP of $10.7 million at the time of the acquisition. The facility acquired in Texas was previously leased by the Company from an otherwise unrelated third-party. During 2019, the Company exercised an option to purchase the property for $14.1 million, inclusive of a $0.8 million deposit which was made by the Company prior to 2019. The remaining 26 facilities were all acquired from unrelated third-parties.

In addition to the $0.8 million deposit on the Texas property, the $357.0 million of cash paid for the facilities acquired in 2019 includes $0.2 million of deposits that were paid in 2018, when one of these facilities was originally under contract, and $0.6 million of cash to be paid later in 2019. Non-cash investing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 include the Company’s equity investment in RAP at carrying value, the assumption of mortgages with acquisition date fair values totaling $23.0 million and the assumption of net other liabilities totaling $0.7 million.

The Company measures the fair value of in-place customer lease intangible assets based on the Company’s experience with customer turnover and the cost to replace the in-place leases. The Company amortizes in-place customer leases on a straight-line basis over 12 months (the estimated future benefit period). The Company measures the value of trade names, which have an indefinite life and are not amortized, by calculating discounted cash flows utilizing the relief from royalty method.

In-place customer leases are included in other assets on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
In-place customer leases	$	78,233		$	75,715
Accumulated amortization		(74,693	)		(74,744	)
Net carrying value at the end of period	$	3,540		$	971

Amortization expense related to in-place customer leases was $0.8 million and $1.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, and $9,000 for each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018.

Property Dispositions

On July 2, 2019, the Company sold 32 non-strategic self-storage facilities to an unrelated third-party in exchange for cash consideration of $207.6 million, which is net of related costs. The sale resulted in a gain of $100.2 million, which is reflected within gain on sale of storage facilities in the consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019.

Change in Useful Life Estimates

As part of the Company’s capital improvement efforts during 2017, 2018 and 2019, buildings at certain self-storage facilities were identified for replacement. As a result of the decision to replace these buildings, the Company reassessed the estimated useful lives of the then existing buildings. This useful life reassessment resulted in an increase in depreciation expense of approximately $0.3 million and $1.1 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, and $2.4 million and $2.8 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. The Company estimates that the change in estimated useful lives of buildings identified for replacement as of September 30, 2019 will have minimal additional impact on depreciation expense during the remainder of 2019.

The accelerated depreciation resulting from the events discussed above reduced both basic and diluted earnings per share/unit by less than $0.01 and by approximately $0.02 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, and by $0.04 and $0.05 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively.

6. UNSECURED LINE OF CREDIT AND TERM NOTES

Borrowings outstanding on our unsecured line of credit and term notes are as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
Revolving line of credit borrowings	$	25,000		$	91,000

Term note due June 4, 2020		—			100,000
Term note due August 5, 2021		100,000			100,000
Term note due April 8, 2024		175,000			175,000
Senior term note due July 1, 2026		600,000			600,000
Senior term note due December 15, 2027		450,000			450,000
Term note due July 21, 2028		200,000			200,000
Senior term note due June 15, 2029		350,000			—
Total term note principal balance outstanding	$	1,875,000		$	1,625,000
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs		(11,611	)		(9,778	)
Less: unamortized senior term note discount		(5,765	)		(4,402	)
Term notes payable	$	1,857,624		$	1,610,820

The Company’s unsecured amended credit agreement includes a revolving credit facility with a limit of $500 million with a maturity date of March 10, 2023 and a term note in the principal amount of $100 million with a maturity date of June 4, 2020. Such credit agreement provides for interest on the revolving credit facility at a variable annual rate equal to LIBOR plus a margin based on the Company’s credit rating (at September 30, 2019 the margin is 0.95%), interest on term notes at a variable annual rate equal to LIBOR plus a margin based on the Company’s credit rating (at September 30, 2019 the margin is 1.00%), and requires an annual facility fee on the revolving credit facility which varies based upon the Company’s credit rating (at September 30, 2019 the facility fee is 0.15%). The interest rate on the Company’s revolving credit facility at September 30, 2019 was approximately 3.00% (3.47% at December 31, 2018) and the interest rate on the term note at September 30, 2019 was approximately 3.05% (3.52% at December 31, 2018). The $100 million principal on the term note was paid off in the second quarter of 2019 in conjunction with the issuance of the 2029 Senior Notes which are discussed further below. At September 30, 2019 there was $474.7 million available on the unsecured line of credit. The Company has the option under this credit facility to increase the total aggregate borrowing capacity of the facilities to $900 million.

On June 3, 2019, the Operating Partnership issued $350 million in aggregate principal amount of 4.000% unsecured senior notes due June 15, 2029 (the “2029 Senior Notes”). The 2029 Senior Notes were issued at a 0.524% discount to par value. Interest on the 2029 Senior Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on each June 15 and December 15, beginning on December 15, 2019. The 2029 Senior Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by the Parent Company. Proceeds received upon issuance, net of discount to par of $1.8 million and underwriting discount and other offering expenses of $3.1 million, totaled $345.1 million.

On December 7, 2017, the Operating Partnership issued $450 million in aggregate principal amount of 3.875% unsecured senior notes due December 15, 2027 (the “2027 Senior Notes”). The 2027 Senior Notes were issued at a 0.477% discount to par value. Interest on the 2027 Senior Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on each June 15 and December 15. The 2027 Senior Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by the Parent Company. Proceeds received upon issuance, net of discount to par of $2.1 million and underwriting discount and other offering expenses of $4.0 million, totaled $443.9 million.

On June 20, 2016, the Operating Partnership issued $600 million in aggregate principal amount of 3.50% unsecured senior notes due July 1, 2026 (the “2026 Senior Notes”). The 2026 Senior Notes were issued at a 0.553% discount to par value. Interest on the 2026 Senior Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on each January 1 and July 1. The 2026 Senior Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by the Parent Company. Proceeds received upon issuance, net of discount to par of $3.3 million and underwriting discount and other offering expenses of $5.5 million, totaled $591.2 million.

The indenture under which the 2029 Senior Notes, the 2027 Senior Notes and the 2026 Senior Notes were issued restricts the ability of the Company and its subsidiaries to incur debt unless the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries comply with a leverage ratio not to exceed 60% and an interest coverage ratio of more than 1.5:1 on all outstanding debt, after giving effect to the incurrence of the debt. The indenture also restricts the ability of the Company and its subsidiaries to incur secured debt unless the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries comply with a secured debt leverage ratio not to exceed 40% after giving effect to the incurrence of the debt. The indenture also contains other financial and customary covenants, including a covenant not to own unencumbered assets with a value less than 150% of the unsecured indebtedness of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries. At September 30, 2019, the Company was in compliance with such covenants.

On July 21, 2016, the Company entered into a $200 million term note maturing July 21, 2028 bearing interest at a fixed rate of 3.67%.

On April 8, 2014, the Company entered into a $175 million term note maturing April 8, 2024 bearing interest at a fixed rate of 4.533%. The interest rate on the term note increases to 6.283% if the Company is not rated by at least one rating agency or if the Company’s credit rating is downgraded.

In 2011, the Company entered into a $100 million term note maturing August 5, 2021 bearing interest at a fixed rate of 5.54%. The interest rate on the term note increases to 7.29% if the notes are not rated by at least one rating agency, the credit rating on the notes is downgraded or if the Company’s credit rating is downgraded.

The line of credit and term notes require the Company to meet certain financial covenants, measured on a quarterly basis, including prescribed leverage, fixed charge coverage, minimum net worth, limitations on additional indebtedness and limitations on dividend payouts. At September 30, 2019, the Company was in compliance with such covenants.

We believe that if operating results remain consistent with historical levels and levels of other debt and liabilities remain consistent with amounts outstanding at September 30, 2019, the entire availability on the line of credit could be drawn without violating our debt covenants.

The Company’s fixed rate term notes contain a provision that allows for the noteholders to call the debt upon a change of control of the Company at an amount that includes a make whole premium based on rates in effect on the date of the change of control.

Deferred debt issuance costs and the discount on the outstanding term notes are both presented as reductions of term notes in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018. Amortization expense related to these deferred debt issuance costs was $0.6 million and $0.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $1.7 million and $1.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and is included in interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations.

7. MORTGAGES PAYABLE AND DEBT MATURITIES

Mortgages payable at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 consist of the following:

(dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
4.98% mortgage note due January 1, 2021, secured by one self-storage facility with an aggregate net book value of $9.4 million, principal and interest paid monthly (effective interest rate 5.24%)	$	2,821	$	2,863
4.065% mortgage note due April 1, 2023, secured by one self- storage facility with an aggregate net book value of $7.4 million, principal and interest paid monthly (effective interest rate 4.32%)		3,956		4,028
5.26% mortgage note due November 1, 2023, secured by one self-storage facility with an aggregate net book value of $8.0 million, principal and interest paid monthly (effective interest rate 5.58%)		3,819		3,871
4.4625% mortgage notes due December 6, 2024, secured by three self-storage facilities with an aggregate net book value of $55.8 million, principal and interest paid monthly (effective interest rate 3.19%)		23,006		—
5.99% mortgage note due May 1, 2026, secured by one self- storage facility with an aggregate net book value of $6.4 million, principal and interest paid monthly (effective interest rate 6.33%)		1,414		1,540
Total mortgages payable	$	35,016	$	12,302

The table below summarizes the Company’s debt obligations at September 30, 2019. The estimated fair value of financial instruments is subjective in nature and is dependent on a number of important assumptions, including discount rates and relevant comparable market information associated with each financial instrument. The fair value of the fixed rate term notes and mortgage notes were estimated by discounting the future cash flows using the current rates at which similar loans would be made to borrowers with similar credit ratings and for the same remaining maturities. These assumptions are considered Level 2 inputs within the fair value hierarchy as described in Note 9. The carrying values of our variable rate debt instruments approximate their fair values as these debt instruments bear interest at current market rates that approximate market participant rates. This is considered a Level 2 input within the fair value hierarchy. The use of different market assumptions and estimation methodologies may have a material effect on the reported estimated fair value amounts. Accordingly, the estimates presented below are not necessarily indicative of the amounts the Company would realize in a current market exchange.

			Expected Maturity Date Including Discount
(dollars in thousands)	2019		2020		2021		2022		2023		Thereafter		Total		Fair Value
Line of credit - variable rate LIBOR + 0.95% (3.00% at September 30, 2019)		—		—		—		—	$	25,000		—	$	25,000	$	25,000
Notes Payable:
Term note - variable rate LIBOR + 1.00% (3.05% at September 30, 2019)		—		—		—		—		—		—	$	—	$	—
Term note - fixed rate 5.54%		—		—	$	100,000		—		—		—	$	100,000	$	105,533
Term note - fixed rate 4.533%		—		—		—		—		—	$	175,000	$	175,000	$	187,791
Term note - fixed rate 3.50%		—		—		—		—		—	$	600,000	$	600,000	$	618,050
Term note - fixed rate 3.875%		—		—		—		—		—	$	450,000	$	450,000	$	478,654
Term note - fixed rate 3.67%		—		—		—		—		—	$	200,000	$	200,000	$	203,690
Term note - fixed rate 4.00%		—		—		—		—		—	$	350,000	$	350,000	$	372,875
Mortgage note - fixed rate 4.98%	$	14	$	59	$	2,748		—		—		—	$	2,821	$	2,879
Mortgage note - fixed rate 4.065%	$	24	$	99	$	104	$	108	$	3,621		—	$	3,956	$	4,067
Mortgage note - fixed rate 5.26%	$	19	$	74	$	78	$	83	$	3,565		—	$	3,819	$	4,118
Mortgage notes - fixed rate 4.4625%		—		—		—		—		—	$	23,006	$	23,006	$	23,006
Mortgage note - fixed rate 5.99%	$	44	$	181	$	192	$	203	$	216	$	578	$	1,414	$	1,542
Total	$	101	$	413	$	103,122	$	394	$	32,402	$	1,798,584	$	1,935,016

8. DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

Interest rate swaps have been used to adjust the proportion of total debt that is subject to variable interest rates. The interest rate swaps required the Company to pay an amount equal to a specific fixed rate of interest times a notional principal amount and to receive in return an amount equal to a variable rate of interest times the same notional amount. The notional amounts were not exchanged. Forward starting interest rate swaps have also been used by the Company to hedge the risk of changes in the interest-related cash outflows associated with the potential issuance of long-term debt. No other cash payments are made unless the contract is terminated prior to its maturity, in which case the contract would likely be settled for an amount equal to its fair value. The Company enters into interest rate swaps with a number of major financial institutions to minimize counterparty credit risk.

The Company’s interest rate swaps qualified and were designated as hedges of the amount of future cash flows related to interest payments on variable rate debt. Therefore, interest rate swaps are recorded in the consolidated balance sheets at fair value and the related gains or losses are deferred in shareholders’ equity or partners’ capital as Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (“AOCL”). These deferred gains and losses are recognized in interest expense during the period or periods in which the related interest payments affect earnings. However, to the extent that the interest rate swaps are not perfectly effective in offsetting the change in value of the interest payments being hedged, the ineffective portion of these contracts is recognized in earnings immediately.

In the third quarter of 2018, the Company’s last remaining interest rate swaps on $100 million of the Company’s variable rate debt expired and were settled by the Company. As a result, no gains or losses related to interest rate swaps on the Company’s variable rate debt are included in AOCL at September 30, 2019. There are no interest rate swaps held by the Company at September 30, 2019.

In 2015 and 2016, the Company entered into forward starting interest rate swap agreements to hedge the risk of changes in the interest-related cash flows associated with the potential issuance of fixed rate long-term debt. In conjunction with the issuance of the 2026 Senior Notes (see Note 6), the Company terminated these hedges and settled the forward starting swap agreements for approximately $9.2 million. The $9.2 million has been deferred in AOCL and is being amortized as additional interest expense over the ten-year term of the 2026 Senior Notes or until such time as interest payments on the 2026 Senior Notes are no longer probable.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the net reclassification from AOCL to interest expense was ($0.2 million) and ($0.3 million), respectively, based on payments received under the swap agreements. There was no such reclassification in 2019 as the Company did not have any interest rate swaps outstanding during the nine months ended September 30, 2019. Payments received under the interest rate swap agreements have been reclassified to interest expense as settlements occurred.

The changes in AOCL for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 are summarized as follows:

(dollars in thousands)	Three Months Ended September 30, 2019			Three Months Ended September 30, 2018			Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019			Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
Accumulated other comprehensive loss beginning of period	$	(6,417	)	$	(7,204	)	$	(6,875	)	$	(7,587	)
Realized loss reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss to interest expense		229			54			687			363
Unrealized gain from changes in the fair value of the effective portion of the interest rate swaps		—			46			—			120
Amount included in other comprehensive income		229			100			687			483
Accumulated other comprehensive loss end of period	$	(6,188	)	$	(7,104	)	$	(6,188	)	$	(7,104	)

9. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

The Company applies the provisions of ASC Topic 820 “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures” in determining the fair value of its financial and nonfinancial assets and liabilities. ASC Topic 820 establishes a valuation hierarchy for disclosure of the inputs to valuation used to measure fair value. This hierarchy prioritizes the inputs into three broad levels as follows. Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 inputs are quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly through market corroboration. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs based on our own assumptions used to measure assets and liabilities at fair value. A financial asset or liability’s classification within the hierarchy is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

Refer to Note 7 for presentation of the fair values of debt obligations which are disclosed at fair value on a recurring basis.

There are no assets or liabilities carried at fair value measured on a recurring basis on the consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

10. INVESTMENT IN JOINT VENTURES

A summary of the Company’s unconsolidated joint ventures is as follows:

Venture	Number of Properties at September 30, 2019	Company common ownership interest at September 30, 2019	Carrying value of investment at September 30, 2019	Carrying value of investment at December 31, 2018
Sovran HHF Storage Holdings LLC (“Sovran HHF”)¹	57	20%	$83.6 million	$85.8 million
Sovran HHF Storage Holdings II LLC (“Sovran HHF II”)²	30	15%	$13.5 million	$13.4 million
191 III Life Storage Holdings LLC (“191 III”)³	6	20%	$9.0 million	$9.3 million
Life Storage-SERS Storage LLC (“SERS”)⁴	3	20%	$3.2 million	$3.5 million
Life Storage-HIERS Storage LLC (“HIERS”)⁵	12	20%	$9.2 million	$9.3 million
Iskalo Office Holdings, LLC (“Iskalo”)⁶	N/A	49%	($0.4 million)	($0.4 million)
Urban Box Coralway Storage, LLC (“Urban Box”)⁷	1	85%	$4.0 million	$4.4 million
SNL/Orix 1200 McDonald Ave., LLC (“McDonald”)⁸	1	5%	$2.8 million	$2.8 million
SNL Orix Merrick, LLC (“Merrick”)⁹	1	5%	$2.5 million	$2.5 million
N 32nd Street Self Storage, LLC (“N32”)¹⁰	1	46%	$1.2 million	$1.2 million
Bluebird Sanford Storage LP ("Sanford")¹¹	1	20.5%	$0.3 million	N/A
Bluebird Ingram Storage LP ("Ingram")¹²	1	46.3%	$1.2 million	N/A
Life Storage Spacemax, LLC ("Spacemax")¹³	6	40%	$16.4 million	N/A
Joint ventures with properties in development stage¹⁴	4	Various	$3.3 million	$2.7 million

Sovran HHF owns self-storage facilities in Arizona (11), Colorado (4), Florida (3), Georgia (1), Kentucky (2), Nevada (5), New Jersey (2), Ohio (6), Pennsylvania (1), Tennessee (2) and Texas (20). Sovran HHF has entered into non-recourse mortgage loans with $219.2 million of principal outstanding at September 30, 2019. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company received $4.8 million of distributions from Sovran HHF. As of September 30, 2019, the carrying value of the Company’s investment in Sovran HHF exceeds its share of the underlying equity in net assets of Sovran HHF by approximately $1.7 million as a result of the capitalization of certain acquisition related costs in 2008. This difference is included in the carrying value of the investment.

Sovran HHF II owns self-storage facilities in New Jersey (17), Pennsylvania (3), and Texas (10). Sovran HHF II has entered into non-recourse mortgage loans with $87.1 million of principal outstanding at September 30, 2019. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company contributed $0.3 million as its share of capital to the joint venture. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company received $1.6 million of distributions from Sovran HHF II.

191 III owns six self-storage facilities in California. 191 III has entered into a non-recourse mortgage loan with $57.2 million of principal outstanding at September 30, 2019. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company contributed $0.1 million as its share of capital to the joint venture. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company received $0.4 million of distributions from 191 III.

⁴	SERS owns three self-storage facilities in Georgia. SERS has entered into a non-recourse mortgage loan with $22.0 million of principal outstanding at September 30, 2019. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company received $0.1 million of distributions from SERS.

⁵

HIERS owns self-storage facilities in Arizona (2), Florida (1), North Carolina (1), Texas (7), and Virginia (1) which were acquired from the Company in the fourth quarter of 2018. HIERS has entered into a non-recourse mortgage loan with $45.4 million of principal outstanding at September 30, 2019. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company contributed $0.1 million as its share of capital to the joint venture. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company received $0.3 million of distributions from HIERS.

⁶

Iskalo owns the building that houses the Company’s headquarters and other tenants. The Company paid rent to Iskalo of $0.9 million during each of the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company received $0.1 million of distributions from Iskalo.

⁷	Urban Box owns a self-storage facility in Florida. Urban Box has entered into a non-recourse mortgage loan with $7.0 million of principal outstanding at September 30, 2019.

⁸	McDonald owns a self-storage facility in New York. McDonald has entered into a non-recourse mortgage loan with $11.9 million of principal outstanding at September 30, 2019.

⁹	Merrick owns a self-storage facility in New York. Merrick has entered into a non-recourse mortgage loan with $12.5 million of principal outstanding at September 30, 2019.

¹⁰	N32 owns a self-storage property in Arizona and has entered into a non-recourse mortgage loan with $6.3 million of principal outstanding at September 30, 2019.

¹¹

Sanford owns a self-storage facility in Ontario, Canada and has entered into a non-recourse mortgage loan with $3.2 million of principal outstanding at September 30, 2019. The Company entered into the Sanford joint venture during 2019 and contributed $0.3 million of common capital to Sanford during 2019 as the Company’s share of the initial capital investment in the joint venture.

¹²

Ingram owns a self-storage facility in Ontario, Canada and has entered into a non-recourse mortgage loan with $17.7 million of principal outstanding at September 30, 2019. The Company entered into the Ingram joint venture during 2019 and contributed $1.3 million of common capital to Ingram during 2019 as the Company’s share of the initial capital investment in the joint venture.

¹³

Spacemax owns six self-storage facilities in Georgia and has entered into a non-recourse mortgage loan with $42.0 million of principal outstanding at September 30, 2019. The Company entered into the Spacemax joint venture during 2019 and contributed $16.5 million of common capital to Spacemax as the Company’s share of the initial capital investment in the joint venture. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company received $0.1 million of distributions from Spacemax.

¹⁴	The Company has entered into four separate joint ventures, each of which is developing a self-storage facility in Ontario, Canada. The Company has contributed $0.6 million as its share of capital to these joint ventures during the nine months ended September 30, 2019.

Based on the facts and circumstances of each of the Company’s joint ventures, the Company has determined that only one of the joint ventures is a variable interest entity (“VIE”) in accordance with ASC 810, “Consolidation.” As a result, the Company used the voting model under ASC 810 for all joint ventures not considered a VIE to determine whether or not to consolidate the joint ventures. Based upon each member’s substantive participation rights over the activities as stipulated in the joint venture agreements, none of the joint ventures are consolidated by the Company. As the Company does not have the power to direct the activities of the joint venture that is considered a VIE, the VIE joint venture is not consolidated by the Company. Due to the Company’s significant influence over the operations of each of the joint ventures, all joint ventures are accounted for under the equity method of accounting.

In the first quarter of 2019, the Company acquired the remaining 60% ownership interest in RAP for cash payment of $46.4 million which included the payoff of a $30.0 million mortgage loan previously entered into by RAP and $0.7 million of transfer taxes. RAP had historically been accounted for by the Company using the equity method of accounting. As a result of this transaction, the Company now owns 100% of RAP and has consolidated RAP in accordance with ASC 810, “Consolidation” since the date of acquisition of the remaining 60% ownership interest. The allocated purchase price of RAP also includes the carrying value of the Company’s investment in RAP at the date of acquisition which totaled $10.7 million (see Note 5 for additional information on the accounting for this acquisition).

The carrying values of the Company’s investments in joint ventures are assessed for other-than-temporary impairment on a periodic basis and no such impairments have been recorded on any of the Company’s investments in joint ventures.

As property manager of the self-storage facilities owned by each of the operational joint ventures, the Company earns management and/or call center fees based on a percentage of joint venture gross revenues. The Company also earned management and call center fees as property manager of the self-storage facility owned by RAP prior to the Company’s acquisition of the remaining 60% ownership interest in RAP discussed above. These fees earned from joint ventures, which are included in other operating income in the consolidated statements of operations, totaled $2.2 million and $2.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $6.4 million and $5.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

The Company’s share of the unconsolidated joint ventures’ income (loss) is as follows:

(dollars in thousands) Venture	Three Months Ended September 30, 2019			Three Months Ended September 30, 2018			Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019			Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
Sovran HHF	$	934		$	828		$	2,643		$	2,257
Sovran HHF II		474			436			1,364			1,235
191 III		14			7			(1	)		43
SERS		(15	)		20			(135	)		107
HIERS		15			—			47			—
RAP		—			(215	)		(280	)		(648	)
Merrick		(1	)		(6	)		(4	)		(38	)
McDonald		(11	)		(10	)		(35	)		(10	)
Urban Box		(143	)		(19	)		(398	)		(19	)
N32		—			(48	)		(35	)		(48	)
Iskalo		25			53			136			187
Sanford		(2	)		—			(11	)		—
Ingram		(78	)		—			(159	)		—
Spacemax		(37	)		—			(37	)		—
	$	1,175		$	1,046		$	3,095		$	3,066

A summary of the combined unconsolidated joint ventures’ financial statements as of and for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 is as follows:

(dollars in thousands)
Balance Sheet Data:
Investment in storage facilities, net	$	1,244,834
Investment in office building, net		4,514
Other assets		23,931
Total Assets	$	1,273,279
Due to the Company	$	1,124
Mortgages payable		563,255
Other liabilities		14,336
Total Liabilities	$	578,715
Unaffiliated partners’ equity		544,792
Company equity		149,772
Total Partners’ Equity		694,564
Total Liabilities and Partners’ Equity	$	1,273,279
Income Statement Data:
Total revenues	$	96,058
Property operating expenses		(29,681	)
Administrative, management and call center fees		(7,518	)
Depreciation and amortization of customer list		(20,650	)
Amortization of financing fees		(662	)
Income tax expense		(237	)
Interest expense		(16,939	)
Net income	$	20,371

The Company does not guarantee the debt of any of its equity method investees.

We do not expect to have material future cash outlays relating to these joint ventures outside our share of capital for future acquisitions of properties and our share of the payoff of secured debt held by these joint ventures.

11. INCOME TAXES

The Company qualifies as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and will generally not be subject to corporate income taxes to the extent it distributes its taxable income to its shareholders and complies with certain other requirements.

The Company has elected to treat four of its subsidiaries as taxable REIT subsidiaries. In general, the Company’s taxable REIT subsidiaries may perform additional services for tenants and generally may engage in certain real estate or non-real estate related business. A taxable REIT subsidiary is subject to corporate federal and state income taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities.

The Company recorded federal and state income tax expense of $0.5 million and $0.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The Company recorded federal and state income tax expense of $1.7 million and $1.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. These income tax expenses are included in general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. At September 30, 2019 and 2018, there were no material unrecognized tax benefits. Interest and penalties relating to uncertain tax positions will be recognized in income tax expense when incurred. As of September 30, 2019 and 2018, the Company had no interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions. Income taxes payable at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 are classified within accounts payable and accrued liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Prepaid income taxes at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 are classified within prepaid expenses, while the net deferred tax assets of our taxable REIT subsidiaries at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 are classified within other assets in the consolidated balance sheets. As of September 30, 2019, the Company’s taxable REIT subsidiaries have prepaid taxes of $0.1 million, deferred tax assets totaling $2.5 million, and a deferred tax liability of $2.4 million. As of December 31, 2018, the Company’s taxable REIT subsidiaries have prepaid taxes of $0.1 million, deferred tax assets of $2.1 million and a deferred tax liability of $1.6 million. The tax years 2015-2018 remain open to examination by the major taxing jurisdictions to which the Company is subject.

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “TCJA”) was enacted on December 20, 2017. The TCJA significantly changed the U.S. federal income tax laws applicable to businesses and their owners, including REITs and their shareholders. Under the TCJA, the corporate income tax rate is reduced from a maximum rate of 35% to a flat 21% rate. The reduced corporate income tax rate, which is effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, applies to income earned by our taxable REIT subsidiaries.

12. EARNINGS PER SHARE AND EARNINGS PER UNIT

The Company reports earnings per share and earnings per unit data in accordance ASC Topic 260, “Earnings Per Share.” Under ASC Topic 260-10, unvested share-based payment awards that contain nonforfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents, whether paid or unpaid, are participating securities and shall be included in the computation of earnings-per-share pursuant to the two-class method. The Parent Company and the Operating Partnership have calculated their basic and diluted earnings per share/unit using the two-class method.

Earnings Per Share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per common share utilizing the two-class method.

(in thousands except per share data)	Three Months Ended September 30, 2019			Three Months Ended September 30, 2018			Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019			Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
Numerator:
Net income attributable to common shareholders	$	140,002		$	41,120		$	215,198		$	114,283
Net income attributatble to unvested restricted shares		(272	)		(85	)		(136	)		(80	)
Net income attributable to outstanding common shares	$	139,730		$	41,035		$	215,062		$	114,203
Denominator:
Denominator for basic earnings per share – weighted average shares		46,586			46,526			46,578			46,487
Effect of Dilutive Securities:
Stock options and non-vested stock		71			102			64			93
Denominator for diluted earnings per share – adjusted weighted average shares and assumed conversion		46,657			46,628			46,642			46,580
Basic earnings per common share attributable to common shareholders	$	3.00		$	0.88		$	4.62		$	2.46
Diluted earnings per common share attributable to common shareholders	$	2.99		$	0.88		$	4.61		$	2.45

Earnings Per Unit

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per common unit utilizing the two-class method.

(in thousands except per unit data)	Three Months Ended September 30, 2019			Three Months Ended September 30, 2018			Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019			Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
Numerator:
Net income attributable to common unitholders	$	140,002		$	41,120		$	215,198		$	114,283
Net income attributatble to unvested restricted units		(272	)		(85	)		(136	)		(80	)
Net income attributable to outstanding units		139,730			41,035			215,062			114,203
Denominator:
Denominator for basic earnings per unit – weighted average units		46,586			46,526			46,578			46,487
Effect of Dilutive Securities:
Stock options and non-vested stock		71			102			64			93
Denominator for diluted earnings per unit – adjusted weighted average units and assumed conversion		46,657			46,628			46,642			46,580
Basic earnings per common unit attributable to common unitholders	$	3.00		$	0.88		$	4.62		$	2.46
Diluted earnings per common unit attributable to common unitholders	$	2.99		$	0.88		$	4.61		$	2.45

Not included in the effect of dilutive securities above for both earnings per share and earnings per unit are 73,816 unvested restricted shares for the three months ended September 30, 2019, and 88,621 unvested restricted shares for the three months ended September 30, 2018, because their effect would be antidilutive. Not included in the effect of dilutive securities above for both earnings per share and earnings per unit are 76,565 unvested restricted shares for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, and 7,333 stock options and 105,935 unvested restricted shares for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, because their effect would be antidilutive.

13. SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

The following is a reconciliation of the changes in the Parent Company’s total shareholders’ equity for the nine months ended September 30, 2019:

(dollars in thousands)	Common Stock		Additional Paid-in Capital		Dividends in Excess of Net Income			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (loss)			Total Shareholders’ Equity
Balance December 31, 2018	$	466	$	2,372,157	$	(308,011	)	$	(6,875	)	$	2,057,737
Earned portion of non-vested stock		—		1,396		—			—			1,396
Adjustment to redemption value on noncontrolling redeemable Operating Partnership units		—		—		(294	)		—			(294	)
Net income attributable to common shareholders		—		—		34,454			—			34,454
Amortization of terminated hedge included in AOCL		—		—		—			229			229
Dividends		—		—		(46,631	)		—			(46,631	)
Balance March 31, 2019		466		2,373,553		(320,482	)		(6,646	)		2,046,891
Issuance of non-vested stock		1		—		—			—			1
Earned portion of non-vested stock		—		839		—			—			839
Adjustment to redemption value on noncontrolling redeemable Operating Partnership units		—		—		(150	)		—			(150	)
Net income attributable to common shareholders		—		—		40,742			—			40,742
Amortization of terminated hedge included in AOCL		—		—		—			229			229
Dividends		—		—		(46,632	)		—			(46,632	)
Balance June 30, 2019	$	467	$	2,374,392	$	(326,522	)	$	(6,417	)	$	2,041,920
Exercise of stock options		—		469		—			—			469
Earned portion of non-vested stock		—		955		—			—			955
Adjustment to redemption value on noncontrolling redeemable Operating Partnership units		—		—		(1,606	)		—			(1,606	)
Net income attributable to common shareholders		—		—		140,002			—			140,002
Amortization of terminated hedge included in AOCL		—		—		—			229			229
Dividends		—		—		(46,651	)		—			(46,651	)
Balance September 30, 2019	$	467	$	2,375,816	$	(234,777	)	$	(6,188	)	$	2,135,318

The following is a reconciliation of the changes in the Parent Company’s total shareholders’ equity for the nine months ended September 30, 2018:

(dollars in thousands)	Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital			Dividends in Excess of Net Income			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (loss)			Total Shareholders’ Equity
Balance December 31, 2017	$	466		$	2,363,171		$	(327,727	)	$	(7,587	)	$	2,028,323
Forfeiture of non-vested stock		(1	)		1			—			—			—
Earned portion of non-vested stock		—			1,495			—			—			1,495
Stock option expense		—			4			—			—			4
Adjustment to redemption value on noncontrolling redeemable Operating Partnership units		—			—			1,470			—			1,470
Net income attributable to common shareholders		—			—			33,889			—			33,889
Amortization of terminated hedge included in AOCL		—			—			—			229			229
Change in fair value of derivatives, net of reclassifications		—			—			—			48			48
Dividends		—			—			(46,121	)		—			(46,121	)
Balance March 31, 2018		465			2,364,671			(338,489	)		(7,310	)		2,019,337
Exercise of stock options		1			3,044			—			—			3,045
Earned portion of non-vested stock		—			1,252			—			—			1,252
Stock option expense		—			3			—			—			3
Carrying value less than redemption value on redeemed noncontrolling interest		—			(28	)		—			—			(28	)
Adjustment to redemption value on noncontrolling redeemable Operating Partnership Units		—			—			(3,035	)		—			(3,035	)
Net income attributable to common shareholders		—			—			39,274			—			39,274
Amortization of terminated hedge included in AOCL		—			—			—			229			229
Change in fair value of derivatives, net of reclassifications		—			—			—			(123	)		(123	)
Dividends		—			—			(46,514	)		—			(46,514	)
Balance June 30, 2018	$	466		$	2,368,942		$	(348,764	)	$	(7,204	)	$	2,013,440
Exercise of stock options		—			17			—			—			17
Earned portion of non-vested stock		—			1,370			—			—			1,370
Adjustment to redemption value on noncontrolling redeemable Operating Partnership Units		—			—			114			—			114
Net income attributable to common shareholders		—			—			41,120			—			41,120
Amortization of terminated hedge included in AOCL		—			—			—			229			229
Change in fair value of derivatives, net of reclassifications		—			—			—			(129	)		(129	)
Dividends		—			—			(46,600	)		—			(46,600	)
Balance September 30, 2018	$	466		$	2,370,329		$	(354,130	)	$	(7,104	)	$	2,009,561

On June 14, 2018, the Company entered into a continuous equity offering program with Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, Jeffries LLC, SunTrust Robinson Humphrey, Inc., HSBC Securities (USA) Inc., BB&T Capital Markets, a division of BB&T Securities, LLC and BTIG, LLC, pursuant to which the Company may sell up to $300 million in aggregate offering price of shares of the Company’s common stock. Actual sales under this continuous equity offering program will depend on a variety of factors and conditions, including, but not limited to, market conditions, the trading price of the Company’s common stock, and determinations of the appropriate sources of funding for the Company. The Company expects to offer, sell and issue shares of common stock under this equity program from time to time based on various factors and conditions, although the Company is under no obligation to sell any shares under this equity program. During 2019 and 2018, the Company did not issue any shares of common stock under this equity program.

On August 2, 2017, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $200 million of the Company’s outstanding common shares (“Buyback Program”). The Buyback Program allows the Company to purchase shares of its common stock in accordance with applicable securities laws on the open market, through privately negotiated transactions, or through other methods of acquiring shares. The Buyback Program may be suspended or discontinued at any time. The Company did not repurchase any outstanding common shares under the Buyback Program during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 or the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

In 2013, the Company implemented a Dividend Reinvestment Plan which was suspended by the Company’s Board of Directors in 2017. As a result, the Company did not issue any shares under the Dividend Reinvestment Plan during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018.

14. PARTNERS’ CAPITAL

The following is a reconciliation of the changes in total partners’ capital for the nine months ended September 30, 2019:

(dollars in thousands)	Life Storage Holdings, Inc. General Partner			Life Storage, Inc. Limited Partner			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (loss)			Total Controlling Partners’ Capital
Balance December 31, 2018	$	20,816		$	2,043,796		$	(6,875	)	$	2,057,737
Earned portion of non-vested stock		14			1,382			—			1,396
Adjustment to redemption value on noncontrolling redeemable Operating Partnership units		—			(294	)		—			(294	)
Net income attributable to common unitholders		347			34,107			—			34,454
Amortization of terminated hedge included in AOCL		2			(2	)		229			229
Distributions		(469	)		(46,162	)		—			(46,631	)
Balance March 31, 2019		20,710			2,032,827			(6,646	)		2,046,891
Earned portion of non-vested stock		9			831			—			840
Adjustment to redemption value on noncontrolling redeemable Operating Partnership units		—			(150	)		—			(150	)
Net income attributable to common unitholders		409			40,333			—			40,742
Amortization of terminated hedge included in AOCL		2			(2	)		229			229
Distributions		(469	)		(46,163	)		—			(46,632	)
Balance June 30, 2019	$	20,661		$	2,027,676		$	(6,417	)	$	2,041,920
Exercise of stock options		4			465			—			469
Earned portion of non-vested stock		10			945			—			955
Carrying value less than redemption value on redeemed noncontrolling interest		(1	)		1			—			—
Adjustment to redemption value on noncontrolling redeemable Operating Partnership units		—			(1,606	)		—			(1,606	)
Net income attributable to common unitholders		1,408			138,594			—			140,002
Amortization of terminated hedge included in AOCL		2			(2	)		229			229
Distributions		(469	)		(46,182	)		—			(46,651	)
Balance September 30, 2019	$	21,615		$	2,119,891		$	(6,188	)	$	2,135,318

The following is a reconciliation of the changes in total partners’ capital for the nine months ended September 30, 2018:

(dollars in thousands)	Life Storage Holdings, Inc. General Partner			Life Storage, Inc. Limited Partner			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (loss)			Total Controlling Partners’ Capital
Balance December 31, 2017	$	20,478		$	2,015,432		$	(7,587	)	$	2,028,323
Forfeiture of non-vested stock		1			(1	)		—			—
Earned portion of non-vested stock		15			1,480			—			1,495
Stock option expense		—			4			—			4
Adjustment to redemption value on noncontrolling redeemable Operating Partnership units		—			1,470			—			1,470
Net income attributable to common unitholders		340			33,549			—			33,889
Amortization of terminated hedge included in AOCL		2			(2	)		229			229
Change in fair value of derivatives, net of reclassifications		—			—			48			48
Distributions		(463	)		(45,658	)		—			(46,121	)
Balance March 31, 2018		20,373			2,006,274			(7,310	)		2,019,337
Exercise of stock options		30			3,015			—			3,045
Earned portion of non-vested stock		13			1,239			—			1,252
Stock option expense		—			3			—			3
Carrying value less than redemption value on redeemed noncontrolling interest		(2	)		(26	)		—			(28	)
Adjustment to redemption value on noncontrolling redeemable Operating Partnership Units		—			(3,035	)		—			(3,035	)
Net income attributable to common unitholders		395			38,879			—			39,274
Amortization of terminated hedge included in AOCL		2			(2	)		229			229
Change in fair value of derivatives, net of reclassifications		(1	)		1			(123	)		(123	)
Distributions		(467	)		(46,047	)		—			(46,514	)
Balance June 30, 2018	$	20,343		$	2,000,301		$	(7,204	)	$	2,013,440
Exercise of stock options		—			17			—			17
Earned portion of non-vested stock		13			1,357			—			1,370
Adjustment to redemption value on noncontrolling redeemable Operating Partnership Units		—			114			—			114
Net income attributable to common unitholders		413			40,707			—			41,120
Amortization of terminated hedge included in AOCL		2			(2	)		229			229
Change in fair value of derivatives, net of reclassifications		—			—			(130	)		(130	)
Distributions		(468	)		(46,132	)		—			(46,600	)
Balance September 30, 2018	$	20,303		$	1,996,362		$	(7,105	)	$	2,009,560

15. RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606),” which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in “Revenue Recognition (Topic 605),” and requires an entity to recognize revenue in a way that depicts the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. The Company adopted ASU 2014-09 effective as of January 1, 2018. The Company elected to adopt the standard using the modified retrospective transition method. Leases are specifically excluded from the scope of ASU 2014-09, therefore, upon analysis, the Company concluded that the adoption of the new standard did not have any impact on the timing or amounts of the Company’s rental revenue from customers which represents nearly 90% of the Company’s total operating revenues. The Company also concluded that the adoption of the new standard did not have any material impact on the timing or amounts of the Company’s other material revenue streams and no cumulative effect adjustment was required as of the date of initial application. Payment from such revenue streams is due and generally collected upon invoice. Also, as part of the Company’s adoption of ASU 2014-09, the Company elected to apply the guidance only to contracts that were not completed contracts at the date of initial application. Further, related to the Company’s management fee revenue stream which relates to managing self-storage facilities for third-parties and unconsolidated joint ventures, the Company has elected to apply a practical expedient provided in the new standard which allows the Company to recognize revenue in the amount of management fees to which the Company has a right to invoice as that amount corresponds directly with the value to the customer of the entity’s performance completed to date. With respect to the Company’s revenues related to tenant reinsurance through March 31, 2019, the Company recognizes revenue based upon the amount that the Company has the right to invoice following the practical expedient in ASC 606-10-55-18 as such amount corresponds directly with the value to the third-party insurer of the entity’s performance completed to date. Beginning April 1, 2019, the Company recognizes revenue related to tenant reinsurance in the period during which premiums are earned and tenant reinsurance is provided.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842)” (ASC 842). This guidance revises existing practice related to accounting for leases under Accounting Standards Codification Topic 840, “Leases” (ASC 840) for both lessees and lessors. The new guidance in ASU 2016-02 requires lessees to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for virtually all of their leases (other than leases that meet the definition of a short-term lease). The lease liability under this guidance is equal to the present value of lease payments and the right-of-use asset is based on the lease liability, subject to adjustments such as for initial direct costs and prepaid or accrued lease payments. For income statement purposes, the new standard retains a dual model similar to ASC 840, requiring leases to be classified as either operating or finance. For lessees, operating leases result in straight-line expense (similar to previous accounting by lessees for operating leases under ASC 840) while finance leases result in a front-loaded expense pattern (similar to previous accounting by lessees for capital leases under ASC 840). While the new standard maintains similar accounting for lessors as under ASC 840, the new standard reflects updates to, among other things, align with certain changes to the lessee model. The Company adopted ASU 2016-02 effective as of January 1, 2019. Management determined that the application of ASC 842 did not have a significant impact on the Company’s leases existing at the date of adoption where the Company is a lessor. The Company has inventoried all leases where the Company is a lessee as of January 1, 2019 and has examined certain other contracts to identify whether such contracts contain a lease as defined under the new guidance. The Company’s lease population is comprised of leases for land and/or buildings in which certain of the Company’s self-storage facilities operate, as well as leases of corporate office space. All leases where the Company is the lessee qualify as operating leases and the Company does not have any financing leases as of the date of adoption of ASU 2016-02. The aggregate right-of-use assets and related lease liabilities at the initial date of application related to all leases identified by the Company where the Company is a lessee both totaled approximately $16 million. At September 30, 2019, the Company’s aggregate right-of-use assets total $14.3 million and are included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. The related lease liabilities total $13.8 million and are included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. No such right-of-use assets or related lease liabilities are recorded at December 31, 2018 as the presentation related to leases at December 31, 2018 continues to reflect the accounting guidance in ASC 840. As discussed further in Note 5, during the third quarter of 2019, the Company exercised its option to purchase a self-storage facility which the Company previously leased under an operating lease.

Two of the leases for real estate at which the Company operates self-storage facilities include unilateral options for the Company to extend the terms of these leases. However, those extension periods are not included in the terms of the respective leases under ASC 842 due to the Company’s inability to assert that it is reasonably certain to exercise those options based primarily on the length of time before such options would be exercised. Future lease payments which are based on changes to the consumer price index and future common area maintenance charges related to corporate office space leases have been excluded from the future minimum noncancelable lease payments for the respective leases due to their variable nature. The Company has made the following accounting policy elections and practical expedient elections provided for in ASC 842:

•

The package of practical expedients in ASC 842-10-65-1(f) which, if elected, stipulates that for all leases existing at the date of application (1) an entity need not reassess whether any expired or existing contracts contain leases; (2) an entity need not reassess the lease classification for any expired or existing leases; and (3) an entity need not reassess initial direct costs for any existing leases.

•

The practical expedient in ASC 842-10-65-1(g) which, if elected, stipulates that an entity may use hindsight at the date of initial application in determining the lease term and in assessing impairment of the entity’s right to use assets.

•

The practical expedient in ASC 842-10-65-1(gg) which, if elected, stipulates that an entity need not assess whether existing or expired land easements that were not previously accounted for as leases under ASC 840 are or contain a lease under ASC 842.

•

The practical expedient in ASC 842-10-15-37 which, if elected, allows a lessee to choose not to separate nonlease components from lease components and instead account for each separate lease component and the nonlease components associated with that lease component as a single lease component.

•

The practical expedient in ASC 842-10-15-42A which, if elected, allows a lessor to choose not to separate nonlease components from lease components and, instead, to account for each separate lease component and the nonlease components associated with that lease component as a single lease component if the nonlease components otherwise would be accounted for under ASC 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers,” and both (1) the timing and pattern of transfer for the lease component and nonlease component(s) associated with the lease component are the same, and (2) the lease component, if accounted for separately, would be classified as an operating lease in accordance with ASC 842-10-25 paragraphs 2 and 3.

•

The option in ASC 842-20-25-2 for a lessee to elect, as an accounting policy, not to apply the recognition requirements in ASC 842 to short-term leases and, instead, to recognize the lease payments in profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term and variable lease payments in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred. Leases are considered short-term when they have a term of less than one year.

•

The Company has elected to define the term “major part,” as referenced in ASC 842-10-25-2 related to the remaining economic life of an asset, as being 75% or more of the remaining economic life of the asset.

•

The Company has elected to define the term “substantially all,” as referenced in ASC 842-10-25-2 related to the fair value of an asset, as being 90% or more of the fair value of the underlying asset.

•

The Company has elected to define the term “at or near the end,” as referenced in ASC 842-10-25-2 related to a lease commencement date, as being a date that falls within the last 25% of the total economic life of the underlying asset.

Expenses related to operating leases totaled $0.6 million and $1.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively. At September 30, 2019, the weighted average remaining lease term and weighted average discount rate for the Company’s operating leases were 10.7 years and 5.4%, respectively.

At September 30, 2019, the Company has no finance leases and approximately $18.2 million of operating lease commitments, excluding variable consideration. The undiscounted future minimum lease payments are summarized by year in the table below:

(in thousands)
2019	$	520
2020		2,099
2021		2,109
2022		2,109
2023		1,593
Thereafter		9,798
Total	$	18,228

The difference between the amounts included in the table above and the aggregate lease liability recorded in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet at September 30, 2019 is the result of the impact of the discount rate on future minimum lease payments.

In August 2018, the FASB Issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That is a Service Contract, which provides guidance to assist entities in accounting for implementation, setup, and other upfront costs (collectively referred to as implementation costs) incurred by entities that are a customer in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract. The amendments in this update are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those annual periods. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2018-15 on its consolidated financial statements.

16. COMMITMENT AND CONTINGENCIES

At September 30, 2019, the Company was under contract to acquire two self-storage facilities for an aggregate purchase price of $37.1 million. One of these self-storage facilities was acquired by the Company subsequent to September 30, 2019 for $18.9 million. The purchase of the remaining facility is subject to customary conditions to closing, and there is no assurance that this facility will be acquired. Also at September 30, 2019, the Company’s joint venture partners are under contract to acquire a total of six self-storage facilities, five of which are currently managed by the Company, for an aggregate purchase price of $76.2 million. The Company is expected to contribute approximately $15 million towards these acquisitions should they close. The purchases of the facilities under contract by the Company’s joint ventures are subject to customary conditions to closing, and there is no assurance that these facilities will be acquired.

At September 30, 2019, the Company has signed contracts in place with third-party contractors for expansion and enhancements at its existing facilities. The Company expects to pay $40.1 million under these contracts in 2019 and 2020.

17. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

On October 2, 2019, the Company declared a quarterly dividend of $1.00 per common share. The dividend was paid on October 28, 2019 to shareholders of record on October 15, 2019. The total dividend paid amounted to $46.7 million.

As discussed in note 16, on October 23, 2019, the Company acquired a self-storage facility for a purchase price of $18.9 million.

Item 2.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of the Company’s consolidated financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the unaudited financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this report.

DISCLOSURE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

When used in this discussion and elsewhere in this document, the words “intends,” “believes,” “expects,” “anticipates,” and similar expressions are intended to identify “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of that term in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and in Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Such forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, which may cause the actual results, performance or achievements of the Company to be materially different from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Such factors include, but are not limited to, the effect of competition from new self-storage facilities, which would cause rents and occupancy rates to decline; the Company’s ability to evaluate, finance and integrate acquired businesses into the Company’s existing business and operations; the Company’s ability to effectively compete in the industry in which it does business; the Company’s existing indebtedness may mature in an unfavorable credit environment, preventing refinancing or forcing refinancing of the indebtedness on terms that are not as favorable as the existing terms; interest rates may fluctuate, impacting costs associated with the Company’s outstanding floating rate debt; the Company’s ability to comply with debt covenants; any future ratings on the Company’s debt instruments; regional concentration of the Company’s business may subject it to economic downturns in the states of Florida and Texas; the Company’s reliance on its call center; and tax law changes that may change the taxability of future income.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

FOR THE PERIOD JULY 1, 2019 THROUGH SEPTEMBER 30, 2019, COMPARED TO THE PERIOD JULY 1, 2018 THROUGH SEPTEMBER 30, 2018

We recorded rental revenues of $128.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of $0.2 million or 0.2% when compared to rental revenues of $128.8 million for the same period in 2018. The overall decrease is the result of a decrease in rental revenue primarily related to the stores sold in 2018 and 2019, partially offset by increases in rental revenues at stores recently acquired and stores not yet stabilized. This net decrease in rental revenue from the stores not included in the same store pool was partially offset by $2.2 million resulting from a 1.9% increase in rental revenues at the 504 core properties considered in same store sales (the Company will include stores in its same store pool in the second year after the stores achieve 80% sustained occupancy using market rates and incentives; therefore the 504 core properties considered in same store sales are those included in the consolidated results of operations since January 1, 2018, excluding stores not yet stabilized, the properties we sold in 2018 and 2019, six stores significantly impacted by flooding, and two stores that the Company began to fully replace in 2017). The increase in same store rental revenues was a result of a 2.8% increase in rental income per square foot, partially offset by a 110 basis point decrease in average occupancy. Other operating income, which includes merchandise sales, revenues related to tenant reinsurance, truck rentals, management fees and acquisition fees, increased by $4.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 primarily as a result of increased management fees earned as a result of an increase in managed properties and increased revenues related to tenant reinsurance due primarily to the change in the Company’s tenant insurance program.

Property operations and maintenance expenses increased $1.9 million or 6.3% in the three months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. Expenses related to the 504 core properties considered in the same store pool decreased by $0.7 million or 2.7%. The overall increase is primarily the result of the net activity of the stores not included in the same store pool and increased expenses related to tenant reinsurance due to the change in the Company’s tenant insurance program. Real estate tax expense increased $0.7 million as a result of a 5.7% increase in property taxes on the 504 core properties considered in the same store pool and the inclusion of taxes on the properties acquired in 2019 and the fourth quarter of 2018.

Net operating income increased $1.0 million or 1.0% resulting from a 2.6% increase in our same store net operating income partially offset by the net impact of the properties acquired and sold since January 1, 2018 and stores not yet stabilized.

Net operating income, or “NOI,” is a non-GAAP (generally accepted accounting principles) financial measure that we define as total continuing revenues less continuing property operating expenses. NOI also can be calculated by adding back to net income: interest expense, impairment and casualty losses, operating lease expense, depreciation and amortization expense, acquisition related costs, general and administrative expense, and deducting from net income: income from discontinued operations, interest income, gain on sale of real estate, and equity in income of joint ventures. We believe that NOI is a meaningful measure to investors in evaluating our operating performance because we utilize NOI in making decisions with respect to capital allocations, in determining current property values, and in comparing period-to-period and market-to-market property operating results. Additionally, NOI is widely used in the real estate industry and the self-storage industry to measure the performance and value of real estate assets without regard to various items included in net income that do not relate to or are not indicative of operating performance, such as depreciation and amortization, which can vary depending on accounting methods and the book value of assets. NOI should be considered in addition to, but not as a substitute for, other measures of financial performance reported in accordance with GAAP, such as total revenues, operating income and net income. There are material limitations to using a measure such as NOI, including the difficulty associated with comparing results among more than one company and the inability to analyze certain significant items, including depreciation and interest expense, that directly affect our net income. We compensate for these limitations by considering the economic effect of the excluded expense items independently as well as in connection with our analysis of net income.

The following table reconciles our net income presented in the consolidated financial statements to NOI generated by our self-storage facilities for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018.

	Three Months ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)	2019			2018
Net income	$	140,746		$	41,311
General and administrative		11,554			11,742
Payments for rent		75			141
Depreciation and amortization		26,854			27,291
Gain on sale of storage facilities		(100,222	)		(925	)
Gain on sale of real estate		—			(718	)
Interest expense		19,760			17,923
Interest income		(289	)		(2	)
Equity in income of joint ventures		(1,175	)		(1,046	)
Net operating income	$	97,303		$	95,717
Net operating income
Same store	$	82,747		$	80,653
Other stores, tenant reinsurance related income and management fee income		14,556			15,064
Total net operating income	$	97,303		$	95,717

Our 2019 same store results consist of only those properties that have been owned by the Company and included in our consolidated results since January 1, 2018, excluding stores not yet stabilized, the properties we sold in 2018 and 2019, six stores significantly impacted by flooding, and two stores that the Company began to fully replace in 2017. The impact of tenant reinsurance related items is excluded from same store results. The following table sets forth operating data for our 504 same store properties. These results provide information relating to property operating changes without the effects of acquisitions.

Same Store Summary

	Three Months ended September 30,				Percentage
(dollars in thousands)	2019		2018		Change
Same store rental income	$	121,051	$	118,837		1.9	%
Same store other operating income		1,739		1,769		(1.7	)%
Total same store operating income		122,790		120,606		1.8	%
Payroll and benefits		9,258		9,631		(3.9	)%
Real estate taxes		14,846		14,047		5.7	%
Utilities		4,260		4,186		1.8	%
Repairs and maintenance		3,522		3,963		(11.1	)%
Office and other operating expenses		3,740		4,017		(6.9	)%
Insurance		1,442		1,443		(0.1	)%
Advertising		111		301		(63.1	)%
Internet marketing		2,864		2,365		21.1	%
Total same store operating expenses		40,043		39,953		0.2	%
Same store net operating income	$	82,747	$	80,653		2.6	%

			Change
Quarterly same store move ins	48,748	50,380		(1,632	)
Quarterly same store move outs	54,122	54,802		(680	)

We believe the decrease in same store move ins was due to increased competition and customer rate sensitivity in certain markets. We believe the decrease in same store move outs was a result of customers increasing their length of stay.

General and administrative expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2019 remained relatively consistent with a decrease of $0.2 million or 1.6% when compared with the three months ended September 30, 2018.

Depreciation and amortization expense decreased to $26.9 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019 from $27.3 million in the same period in 2018 as a result of the sale of properties in the third quarter of 2019.

Total interest expense increased $1.8 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019 as compared to the same period in 2018 primarily as a result of increased outstanding debt balances in 2019 as compared to 2018.

FOR THE PERIOD JANUARY 1, 2019 THROUGH SEPTEMBER 30, 2019, COMPARED TO THE PERIOD JANUARY 1, 2018 THROUGH SEPTEMBER 30, 2018

We recorded rental revenues of $381.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, an increase of $5.3 million or 1.4% when compared to rental revenues of $376.3 million for the same period in 2018. Of the increase in rental revenue, $7.5 million resulted from a 2.2% increase in rental revenues at the 504 core properties considered in same store sales (the Company will include stores in its same store pool in the second year after the stores achieve 80% sustained occupancy using market rates and incentives; therefore, the 504 core properties considered in same store sales are those included in the consolidated results of operations since January 1, 2018, excluding stores not yet stabilized, the properties we sold in 2018 and 2019, six stores significantly impacted by flooding, and two stores that the Company began to fully replace in 2017). The increase in same store rental revenues was a result of a 3.1% increase in rental income per square foot, partially offset by a 110 basis point decrease in average occupancy. The increase in same store rental revenues was offset by a decrease in rental revenues primarily related to the stores sold in 2018 and 2019. Other operating income, which includes merchandise sales, revenues related to tenant reinsurance, truck rentals, management fees and acquisition fees, increased by $9.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 primarily as the result of increased management fees earned as a result of an increase in managed properties and increased revenues related to tenant reinsurance due primarily to the change in the Company’s tenant insurance program.

Property operations and maintenance expenses increased $6.3 million or 6.9% in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. Expenses related to the 504 core properties considered in the same store pool decreased by $0.8 million or 1.0%. The overall increase is a result of the net activity of the stores not included in the same store pool and increased expenses related to tenant reinsurance due to the change in the Company’s tenant insurance program. Real estate tax expense increased $1.9 million as a result of a 5.1% increase in property taxes on the 504 core properties considered in the same store pool and the impact of taxes on the properties acquired and sold in 2018 and 2019.

Net operating income increased $5.8 million or 2.1% resulting from a 2.6% increase in our same store net operating income. The net impact on net operating income of the properties not included in the same store pool was minor.

The following table reconciles our net income presented in the consolidated financial statements to NOI generated by our self-storage facilities for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018.

	Nine Months ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)	2019			2018
Net income	$	216,346		$	114,818
General and administrative		34,401			35,513
Payments for rent		358			424
Depreciation and amortization		79,239			76,839
Gain on sale of storage facilities		(100,222	)		(925	)
Gain on sale of real estate		(1,076	)		(718	)
Interest expense		56,339			52,645
Interest income		(340	)		(8	)
Equity in income of joint ventures		(3,095	)		(3,066	)
Net operating income	$	281,950		$	275,522
Net operating income
Same store	$	238,272		$	232,344
Other stores, tenant reinsurance related income and management fee income		43,678			43,178
Total net operating income	$	281,950		$	275,522

Our 2019 same store results consist of only those properties that have been owned by the Company and included in our consolidated results since January 1, 2018, excluding stores not yet stabilized, the properties we sold in 2018 and on July 2, 2019, six stores significantly impacted by flooding, and two stores that the Company began to fully replace in 2017. The impact of tenant reinsurance related items is excluded from same store results. The following table sets forth operating data for our 504 same store properties. These results provide information relating to property operating changes without the effects of acquisitions.

Same Store Summary

	Nine Months ended September 30,				Percentage
(dollars in thousands)	2019		2018		Change
Same store rental income	$	354,630	$	347,149		2.2	%
Same store other operating income		5,076		5,212		(2.6	)%
Total same store operating income		359,706		352,361		2.1	%
Payroll and benefits		28,746		29,498		(2.5	)%
Real estate taxes		44,512		42,345		5.1	%
Utilities		11,465		11,652		(1.6	)%
Repairs and maintenance		12,461		12,741		(2.2	)%
Office and other operating expenses		11,454		11,887		(3.6	)%
Insurance		4,329		4,288		1.0	%
Advertising		692		921		(24.9	)%
Internet marketing		7,775		6,685		16.3	%
Total same store operating expenses		121,434		120,017		1.2	%
Same store net operating income	$	238,272	$	232,344		2.6	%

			Change
Year-to-date same store move ins	145,501	149,956		(4,455	)
Year-to-date same store move outs	143,875	147,250		(3,375	)

General and administrative expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 decreased $1.1 million or 3.1% when compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The decrease was primarily due to approximately $1.1 million of costs incurred in 2018 associated with changes to the composition of the Company’s Board of Directors and other proxy matters that did not recur in 2019.

Depreciation and amortization expense increased to $79.2 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 from $76.8 million in the same period in 2018 as a result of depreciation and amortization related to self-storage facilities acquired in 2018 and 2019.

Total interest expense increased $3.7 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 as compared to the same period in 2018 primarily as a result of increased outstanding debt balances in 2019 as compared to 2018.

FUNDS FROM OPERATIONS

We believe that Funds from Operations (“FFO”) provides relevant and meaningful information about our operating performance that is necessary, along with net earnings and cash flows, for an understanding of our operating results. FFO adds back historical cost depreciation, which assumes the value of real estate assets diminishes predictably in the future. In fact, real estate asset values increase or decrease with market conditions. Consequently, we believe FFO is a useful supplemental measure in evaluating our operating performance by disregarding (or adding back) historical cost depreciation.

FFO is defined by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts, Inc. (“NAREIT”) as net income available to common shareholders computed in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), excluding gains or losses on sales of properties, plus impairment of real estate assets, plus depreciation and amortization and after adjustments to record unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures on the same basis. We believe that to further understand our performance FFO should be compared with our reported net income and cash flows in accordance with GAAP, as presented in our consolidated financial statements.

Our computation of FFO may not be comparable to FFO reported by other REITs or real estate companies that do not define the term in accordance with the current NAREIT definition or that interpret the current NAREIT definition differently. FFO does not represent cash generated from operating activities determined in accordance with GAAP, and should not be considered as an alternative to net income (determined in accordance with GAAP) as an indication of our performance, as an alternative to net cash flows from operating activities (determined in accordance with GAAP) as a measure of our liquidity, or as an indicator of our ability to make cash distributions.

Reconciliation of Net (Loss) Income to Funds From Operations (unaudited)

	Three Months ended September 30,						Nine Months ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2019			2018			2019			2018
Net income attributable to common shareholders	$	140,002		$	41,120		$	215,198		$	114,283
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership		744			191			1,148			535
Depreciation of real estate and amortization of intangible assets exclusive of debt issuance costs		26,269			26,777			77,797			75,304
Depreciation and amortization from unconsolidated joint ventures		1,598			1,243			4,468			3,673
Gain on sale of storage facilities		(100,222	)		(925	)		(100,222	)		(925	)
Funds from operations allocable to noncontrolling interest in the Operating Partnership		(360	)		(317	)		(1,055	)		(899	)
Funds from operations available to common shareholders	$	68,031		$	68,089		$	197,334		$	191,971

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Our line of credit and term notes require us to meet certain financial covenants measured on a quarterly basis, including prescribed leverage, fixed charge coverage, minimum net worth, limitations on additional indebtedness, and limitations on dividend payouts. At September 30, 2019, the Company was in compliance with all debt covenants. In the event that the Company violates its debt covenants in the future, the amounts due under the agreements could be callable by the lenders and could adversely affect our credit rating requiring us to pay higher interest and other debt-related costs. We believe that if operating results remain consistent with historical levels and levels of other debt and liabilities remain consistent with amounts outstanding at September 30, 2019, the entire availability under our line of credit could be drawn without violating our debt covenants.

Our ability to retain cash flow is limited because we operate as a REIT. In order to maintain our REIT status, a substantial portion of our operating cash flow must be used to pay dividends to our shareholders. We believe that our internally-generated net cash provided by operating activities and the availability on our line of credit will be sufficient to fund ongoing operations, capital improvements, dividends and debt service requirements.

Cash flows from operating activities were $196.7 million and $183.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The increase in operating cash flows in the 2019 period compared to the 2018 period was primarily due to the increase in net income after adjusting for non-cash items.

Cash used in investing activities was $227.6 million and $59.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The increase in cash used in investing activities in the 2019 period compared to the 2018 period was primarily due to the increased volume of acquisitions in 2019 as compared to the same period in 2018, along with increased expenditures on improvements and equipment additions, and increased contributions made to unconsolidated joint ventures.

Cash provided by financing activities was $38.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to cash used in financing activities of $114.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The change is primarily a result of the issuance of the $350 million 2029 Senior Notes in 2019, partially offset by the pay down of the Company’s $100 million term loan due 2020 and the net repayment of $66 million on the Company’s line of credit in 2019.

Note 6 and Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements include details related to the Company’s unsecured line of credit, term notes, mortgages, and other indebtedness. Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements includes details of our shareholders’ equity and activity related thereto.

Our line of credit facility and term notes have an investment grade rating from Standard and Poor’s (BBB) and Moody’s (Baa2).

Future acquisitions, our expansion and enhancement program, and share repurchases are expected to be funded with draws on our line of credit, issuance of common and preferred stock, the issuance of unsecured term notes, sale of properties, and private placement solicitation of joint venture equity. Should the capital markets deteriorate, we may have to curtail acquisitions, our expansion and enhancement program and share repurchases.

ACQUISITION AND DISPOSITION OF PROPERTIES

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company acquired 28 self-storage facilities comprising 2.0 million square feet in Georgia (1), Florida (4), Maryland (5), Nevada (1), New York (1), North Carolina (1), Ohio (3), South Carolina (2), Tennessee (1), Texas (1), Virginia (5), and Washington (3), for a total purchase price of $391.3 million. As three of these acquisitions were in the lease-up phase, based on the trailing financial information of the entities from which the properties were acquired, the weighted average capitalization rate for these acquisitions was 2.2%. As discussed further in Note 5, the Company held a 40% ownership interest in one of the properties acquired prior to the acquisition of the remaining 60% ownership interest in the first quarter of 2019 and the Company previously leased one of the stores acquired in 2019 prior to acquisition.

During 2018, the Company acquired eight self-storage facilities comprising 474,500 square feet in California (2), Florida (1), Georgia (1), Missouri (1), New Hampshire (1) and New York (2) for a total purchase price of $77.7 million. Based on the financial information of the entities from which the properties were acquired, the weighted average capitalization rate for these acquisitions was 2.8%.

As of September 30, 2019, the Company has entered into contracts to acquire an additional two self-storage facilities for an aggregate purchase price of $37.1 million. One of these self-storage facilities was acquired by the Company subsequent to September 30, 2019 for $18.9 million. The purchase of the remaining facility is subject to customary conditions to closing, and there is no assurance that this facility will be acquired. Also at September 30, 2019, the Company’s joint venture partners are under contract to acquire a total of six self-storage facilities, five of which are currently managed by the Company, for an aggregate purchase price of $76.2 million. The Company is expected to contribute approximately $15 million toward these acquisitions should they close. The purchases of the facilities under contract by the Company’s joint ventures are subject to customary conditions to closing, and there is no assurance that these facilities will be acquired.

We may acquire additional stabilized or newly constructed properties in 2019.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company sold 32 non-strategic self-storage facilities in Louisiana (9), Mississippi (8), North Carolina (4), South Carolina (5), and Texas (6) to an unrelated third-party for net proceeds of $207.6 million, resulting in a $100.2 million gain on sale. The Company is continuing to manage these properties subsequent to the sale.

During 2018, the Company sold 13 non-strategic self-storage facilities in Arizona (2), Florida (1), North Carolina (1), Texas (8) and Virginia (1) for net proceeds of approximately $100.5 million, which includes a $9.1 million investment retained in an unconsolidated joint venture, resulting in a $56.4 million gain on sale. Twelve of these properties were sold to an unconsolidated joint venture in which the Company has a 20% ownership interest.

We may also seek to sell additional properties to third-parties or joint venture partners in 2019.

FUTURE ACQUISITION AND DEVELOPMENT PLANS

Our external growth strategy is to increase the number of facilities we own by acquiring suitable facilities in markets in which we already have operations, or to expand into new markets by acquiring several facilities at once in those new markets. We are actively pursuing acquisitions in 2019, including potential acquisitions by unconsolidated joint ventures.

In the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we added 433,000 square feet to existing properties for a total cost of approximately $36.5 million. We plan to complete an additional $20 million to $23 million of expansions and enhancements to our existing facilities in 2019, of which $19.2 million was paid as of September 30, 2019.

We also expect to continue investing in capital expenditures on our properties. This includes roofing, paving, and remodeling of store offices. For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we invested approximately $22.0 million in such improvements and we expect to invest approximately $3 million to $7 million for the remainder of 2019.

REIT QUALIFICATION AND DISTRIBUTION REQUIREMENTS

As a REIT, we are not required to pay federal income tax on income that we distribute to our shareholders, provided that we satisfy certain requirements, including distributing at least 90% of our REIT taxable income for a taxable year. These distributions must be made in the year to which they relate, or in the following year if declared before we file our federal income tax return, and if they are paid not later than the date of the first regular dividend of the following year. As a REIT, we must derive at least 95% of our total gross income from income related to real property, interest and dividends.

Although we currently intend to operate in a manner designed to qualify as a REIT, it is possible that future economic, market, legal, tax or other considerations may cause our Board of Directors to revoke our REIT election.

UMBRELLA PARTNERSHIP REIT

We are formed as an Umbrella Partnership Real Estate Investment Trust (“UPREIT”) and, as such, have the ability to issue Operating Partnership Units in exchange for properties sold by independent owners. By utilizing such Units as currency in facility acquisitions, we may obtain more favorable pricing or terms due to the seller’s ability to partially defer their income tax liability. As of September 30, 2019, 247,466 Units are outstanding. These Units had been issued in exchange for self-storage properties at the request of the sellers.

INTEREST RATE RISK

The primary market risk to which we believe we are exposed is interest rate risk, which may result from many factors, including government monetary and tax policies, domestic and international economic and political considerations, and other factors that are beyond our control.

Based on our outstanding unsecured floating rate debt of $25.0 million at September 30, 2019, a 100 basis point increase in interest rates would have a $0.3 million effect on our annual interest expense. This amount was determined by considering the impact of the hypothetical interest rates on our borrowing cost on September 30, 2019. This analysis does not consider the effects of the reduced level of overall economic activity that could exist in such an environment. Further, in the event of a change of such magnitude, we would consider taking actions to further mitigate our exposure to the change. However, due to the uncertainty of the specific actions that would be taken and their possible effects, the sensitivity analysis assumes no changes in our capital structure.

INFLATION

We do not believe that inflation has had or will have a direct effect on our operations. Substantially all of the leases at our facilities are on a month-to-month basis which provides us with the opportunity to increase rental rates in a timely manner in response to any potential future inflationary pressures.

SEASONALITY

Our revenues typically have been higher in the third and fourth quarters, primarily because self-storage facilities tend to experience greater occupancy during the late spring, summer and early fall months due to the greater incidences of residential moves and college student activity during these periods. However, we believe that our customer mix, diverse geographic locations, rental structure and expense structure provide adequate protection against undue fluctuations in cash flows and net revenues during off-peak seasons. Thus, we do not expect seasonality to materially affect distributions to shareholders.

RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

See Note 15 to the financial statements.

Item 3.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

The information required is incorporated by reference to the information appearing under the caption “Interest Rate Risk” in “Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” above.

Item 4.

Controls and Procedures

Conclusion Regarding the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Parent Company

An evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined under Rule 13a-15(e) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, has been conducted under the supervision of and with the participation of our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. Based on that evaluation, our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at September 30, 2019. There have not been changes in the Company’s internal controls or in other factors that could significantly affect these controls during the quarter ended September 30, 2019.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have not been any changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) that occurred during the Company’s most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Operating Partnership

An evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined under Rule 13a-15(e) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, has been conducted under the supervision of and with the participation of our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. Based on that evaluation, our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at September 30, 2019. There have not been changes in the Operating Partnership’s internal controls or in other factors that could significantly affect these controls during the quarter ended September 30, 2019.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have not been any changes in the Operating Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) that occurred during the Operating Partnership’s most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Operating Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting.

PART II.

Other Information

Item 1.

Legal Proceedings

None

Item 1A.

Risk Factors

In addition to the other information set forth in this report, you should carefully consider the factors discussed in Part I, “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, which could materially affect our business, financial condition or future results. The risks described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K are not the only risks facing our Company. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

Item 2.

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Period	(a) Total number of shares purchased		(b) Average price paid per share		(c) Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs (1)		(d) Approx. dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs (1)
August 2, 2017 - August 31, 2017		92,150	$	72.98		92,150	$	193,274,647
September 1, 2017 - September 30, 2017		20,404		73.94		20,404		191,765,955
October 1, 2017 - December 31, 2017		—		—		—		—
January 1, 2018 - March 31, 2018		—		—		—		—
April 1, 2018 - June 30, 2018		—		—		—		—
July 1, 2018 - September 30, 2018		—		—		—		—
October 1, 2018 - December 31, 2018		—		—		—		—
January 1, 2019 - March 31, 2019		—		—		—		—
April 1, 2019 - June 30, 2019		—		—		—		—
July 1, 2019 - September 30, 2019		—		—		—		—
Total		112,554		73.16		112,554	$	191,765,955

(1)	On August 2, 2017, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $200 million of the Company’s common stock. The program does not have an expiration date but may be suspended or discontinued at any time.

Item 3.

Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None

Item 4.

Mine Safety Disclosures

Not Applicable

Item 5.

Other Information

None

Item 6.

Exhibits

31.1		Certification of Chief Executive Officer of Life Storage, Inc. pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act, as amended.

31.2		Certification of Chief Financial Officer of Life Storage, Inc. pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act, as amended.

31.3		Certification of Chief Executive Officer of Life Storage LP pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act, as amended.

31.4		Certification of Chief Financial Officer of Life Storage LP pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act, as amended.

32		Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of Life Storage, Inc. Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.1		Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of Life Storage LP Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

101		The following financial statements from the Parent Company’s and the Operating Partnership’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2019, formatted in inline XBRL, as follows:

		(i) Consolidated Balance Sheets at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018;

		(ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018;

		(iii) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018;

		(iv) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018; and

		(v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

104		Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	Life Storage, Inc.

	By:		/S/ Andrew J. Gregoire
			Andrew J. Gregoire
			Chief Financial Officer
			(Principal Accounting Officer)

October 31, 2019

Date


	Life Storage LP

	By:		/S/ Andrew J. Gregoire
			Andrew J. Gregoire
			Chief Financial Officer
			(Principal Accounting Officer)

October 31, 2019

Date