Lightning eMotors, Inc. - Quarter Report: 2022 March (Form 10-Q)

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

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For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2022

or

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For the transition period from                      to                    

Commission File Number: 001-39283

Lightning eMotors, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

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(800) 233-0740

(Registrant’s telephone number)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.   Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).   Yes  ☒    No   ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).   Yes  ☐    No  ☒

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As of April 29, 2022, there were 75,225,627 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.

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PART I —FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

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Lightning eMotors, Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in thousands, except share data)

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See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

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Lightning eMotors, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Operations

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

(Unaudited)

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See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

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Lightning eMotors, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)

(in thousands, except share data) (Unaudited)

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See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

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Lightning eMotors, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands, except share data)

(Unaudited)

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See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

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Lightning eMotors, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

(Unaudited)

Note 1 – Description of Business and Basis of Presentation

Lightning eMotors, Inc. (the “Company", "Lightning") is an innovative automotive manufacturing and research company based in Loveland, Colorado. The Company operates in the zero-emission vehicle (“ZEV”) market and manufactures zero-emission Class 3 to 7 Battery Electric Vehicles (“BEV”) and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (“FCEV”), and infrastructure solutions for commercial medium duty trucks, buses, vans and motorcoach fleets. The Company also sells charging systems as an ancillary supporting product. The Company operates predominately in the United States.

On May 6, 2021 (the "Closing Date"), GigCapital3, Inc. ("Gig"), consummated the previously announced merger pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, dated December 10, 2020 (the "Business Combination Agreement"), by and among Project Power Merger Sub, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gig incorporated in the State of Delaware ("Merger Sub"), and Lightning Systems, Inc., a Delaware corporation ("Lightning Systems"). Pursuant to the terms of the Business Combination Agreement, a business combination between Gig and Lightning Systems was effected through the merger of Merger Sub with and into Lightning Systems, with Lightning Systems surviving as the surviving company and as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gig (the "Business Combination").

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On the Closing Date, and in connection with the closing of the Business Combination, Gig changed its name to Lightning eMotors, Inc. Lightning Systems was deemed the accounting acquirer in the Business Combination based on an analysis of the criteria outlined in Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 805, Business Combinations. This determination was primarily based on Lightning Systems stockholders prior to the Business Combination having a majority of the voting interests in the combined company, Lightning Systems operations comprising the ongoing operations of the combined company and Lightning Systems senior management comprising the senior management of the combined company. Accordingly, for accounting purposes, the Business Combination was treated as the equivalent of Lightning Systems issuing stock for the net assets of Gig, accompanied by a recapitalization. The net assets of Gig are stated at historical cost, with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded.

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While Gig was the legal acquirer in the Business Combination, Lightning Systems was deemed the accounting acquirer, the historical financial statements of Lightning Systems became the historical financial statements of the combined company, upon the consummation of the Business Combination. As a result, the financial statements included in this report reflect (i) the historical operating results of Lightning Systems prior to the Business Combination; (ii) the combined results of the Company and Lightning Systems following the closing of the Business Combination; (iii) the assets and liabilities of Lightning Systems at their historical cost; and (iv) the Company’s equity structure for all periods presented.

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In accordance with guidance applicable to these circumstances, the equity structure has been restated in all comparative periods up to the Closing Date, to reflect the number of shares of the Company's common stock, $0.0001 par value per share ("Common Stock") issued to Lightning Systems stockholders in connection with the recapitalization transaction. As such, the shares and corresponding capital amounts and earnings per share related to Lightning Systems redeemable convertible preferred stock and Lightning Systems common stock prior to the Business Combination have been retroactively restated as shares reflecting the exchange ratio of approximately 0.9406 shares (the “Exchange Ratio”) established in the Business Combination Agreement. Activity within the statement of stockholders' equity for the issuances and repurchases of Lightning Systems convertible redeemable preferred stock, were also retroactively converted to Lightning Systems common stock. For more details on the reverse recapitalization, see Note 3 to the Company’s notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”) and pursuant to the regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The unaudited financial information reflects, in the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, considered necessary for a fair statement of the Company's financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods indicated. The results reported for the interim period presented are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for the full year. These consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

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The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

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Reclassifications

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Certain prior period balances in the statements of cash flows have been combined or reclassified to conform to current period presentation. Such reclassifications had no impact on net loss or stockholders’ equity (deficit) previously reported.

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Liquidity

As of March 31, 2022, the Company had $150,363 in cash and cash equivalents. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, the net loss of the Company was $10,756. Cash flow used in operating activities was $16,142 for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The Company had positive working capital of $165,393 as of March 31, 2022 primarily as a result of the Business Combination. The current and historical operating cash flows, current cash and working capital balances, and forecasted obligations of the Company were considered in connection with management’s evaluation of the Company’s ongoing liquidity. As a result of the Business Combination, the Company received net proceeds of $216,812 in cash, after paying off the outstanding working capital facilities, the secured promissory note, and unsecured facility agreements. We believe our cash and cash equivalents balance will be sufficient to continue to operate our business over the next twelve-month period from the date the financial statements were issued. However, we will require additional capital to fund the growth and scaling of our manufacturing facilities and operations; further develop our products and services, including those for orders in our order backlog; and fund possible acquisitions. Until we can generate sufficient cash flow from operations, we expect to finance our operations through a combination of the merger proceeds we received from the Business Combination as well as from additional public offerings, debt financings or other capital markets transactions, collaborations or licensing arrangements. The amount and timing of our future funding requirements depend on many factors, including the pace and results of our development efforts and our ability to scale our operations.

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COVID-19

The global impacts resulting from the pandemic are ongoing, including challenges and increases in costs for logistics and supply chains, such as supplier delays and/or shortages of battery cells, motors and chassis.

We will continue to monitor macroeconomic conditions to remain flexible and to optimize and evolve our business as appropriate, and as we aim to project demand and infrastructure requirements and deploy our production, workforce and other resources accordingly.

Although we have made our best estimates based upon current information, actual results could materially differ from the estimates and assumptions developed by management. Accordingly, it is reasonably possible that the estimates made in the financial statements have been, or will be, materially and adversely impacted in the near term as a result of these conditions, and if so, we may be subject to future impairment losses related to long-lived assets as well as changes to valuations.

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Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. The Company’s most significant estimates and judgments involve deferred income taxes, allowance for doubtful accounts, warranty liability, write downs and write offs of obsolete and damaged inventory and valuations of share-based compensation, warrant liability, convertible note derivative liability and earnout share liability. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions believed to be reasonable, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates, and such differences could be material to the Company’s financial statements.

Segment information

ASC 280, Segment Reporting, defines operating segments as components of an enterprise where discrete financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision-maker (“CODM”) in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company operates as a single operating segment. The Company’s CODM is the Chief Executive Officer, who has ultimate responsibility for the operating performance of the Company and the allocation of resources. The CODM uses Company forecasts, a financial and operations dashboard, and cash flows as the primary measures to manage the business and does not segment the business for internal reporting or decision making.

Concentrations of credit risk

As of March 31, 2022, three customers accounted for 40%, 22% and 15% of the Company’s total accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2021, three customers accounted for 40%, 20% and 17% of total accounts receivable. The net sales to the following customers comprised more than 10% of revenues for the periods presented.

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Concentrations of supplier risk

As of March 31, 2022 two suppliers accounted for 36% and 18% of the Company’s total accounts payable. As of December 31, 2021, three suppliers accounted for 20%, 19% and 11% of the Company’s total accounts payable. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, one supplier accounted for 13% of inventory purchases. For the three months ended March 31, 2021, two suppliers accounted for 23% and 17% of inventory purchases.

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Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash held in banks and in money market funds. The Company’s cash and cash equivalents are placed with high-credit-quality financial institutions and issuers, and at times exceed federally insured limits. To date, the Company has not experienced any credit loss relating to its cash and cash equivalents. The carrying value of the cash equivalents approximates fair value, which represents a Level 1 input.

Accounts receivable

Accounts receivable are recorded at invoiced amounts, net of discounts, and allowances. The Company grants credit in the normal course of business to its customers. The Company periodically performs credit analyses and monitors the financial condition of its customers to reduce credit risk and, under certain circumstances, requires collateral to support accounts receivable. The Company reduces the carrying value for estimated uncollectible accounts based on a variety of factors including the length of time receivables are past due, economic trends and conditions affecting the Company’s customer base, and historical collection experience. Specific provisions are recorded for individual receivables when the Company becomes aware of a customer’s inability to meet its financial obligations. The Company writes off accounts receivable when they are deemed uncollectible.

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Inventories

Inventories consist of raw materials, work in progress, and finished goods and are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with cost determined on the average cost method, which approximates the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method. A valuation adjustment is made to inventory for any excess, obsolete or slow-moving items based on management’s review of on-hand inventories compared to historical and estimated future sales and usage profiles.

Property and equipment

Property and equipment is stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is provided using the straight-line method over the estimated useful asset lives. Leasehold improvements are stated at cost and amortized on the straight-line basis over their estimated economic useful lives or the lease term, whichever is shorter. Costs of enhancements or modifications that substantially extend the capacity or useful life of an asset are capitalized and depreciated accordingly. Ordinary repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Depreciation is included in our consolidated statements of operations in “Cost of revenues”, “Research and development” and “Selling, general and administrative”. When property is retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from our consolidated balance sheets and the resulting gain or loss, if any, is reflected in “Other income, net.” The estimated useful lives of our major classes of property and equipment are as follows:

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Impairment of long-lived assets

Long-lived assets to be held and used in the Company’s operations are evaluated for impairment when events or circumstances indicate the carrying value of a long-lived asset or asset group is less than the undiscounted cash flows from its use and eventual disposition over its remaining economic life. The Company assesses recoverability by comparing the sum of projected undiscounted cash flows from the use and eventual disposition over the remaining economic life of a long-lived asset or asset group to its carrying value, and records a loss from impairment if the carrying value is more than its undiscounted cash flows. Assets or asset groups to be abandoned or from which no future benefit is expected are written down to zero in the period it is determined they will no longer be used and are removed entirely from service. There were no impairments of long-lived assets recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021.

Redeemable convertible preferred stock

Prior to the Business Combination, the Company had redeemable preferred stock outstanding that was classified as temporary equity in the mezzanine section of the balance sheet due to the contingently redeemable nature of the preferred stock. As described in Note 1, the equity structure has been restated in all comparative periods prior to the Closing Date. For the periods in which the redeemable convertible preferred stock was outstanding, the Company did not believe that the related contingent events and the redemption of the preferred stock was probable to occur and did not accrete the preferred stock to redemption value.

Revenue recognition

Revenue Summary

The following table disaggregates revenue by major source:

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The Company manufactures and sells medium and heavy-duty ZEVs, such as delivery trucks and buses. The Company manufactures ZEVs by installing and integrating its internally-developed, zero-emission powertrain into a vehicle chassis supplied by original equipment manufacturer (“OEM”) partners or from the customer. At times, the Company also installs and integrates its powertrains into a used chassis supplied by the customer.

The Company recognizes revenue at a point in time when its performance obligation has been satisfied and control of the ZEV is transferred to the customer, which generally aligns with shipping terms. Contract shipping terms include ExWorks (“EXW”), “FOB Shipping Point” and “FOB Destination” incoterms. Under EXW (meaning the seller fulfills its obligation to deliver when it makes goods available at its premises, or another specified location, for the buyer to collect), the performance obligation is satisfied and control is transferred at the point when the customer is notified that the ZEV is available for pickup. Under “FOB Shipping Point,” control is transferred to the customer at the time the good is transferred to the shipper and under “FOB Destination,” at the time the customer receives the goods. At times, the Company sells ZEVs that require additional upfitting from a third party before the final sale to the customer. The Company is acting as the principal in such transactions and revenue is recognized on a gross basis.

Other revenue primarily includes the sale of zero-emission powertrains, charging systems, engineering consulting services, telematics and analytics subscription services and decontented parts. Revenue for zero-emission powertrains and decontented parts is recognized based on contract shipping terms. Revenue for chargers is recognized when the product is drop shipped directly to the customer from the manufacturer. The Company is acting as the principal in such transactions and revenue is recognized on a gross basis. Services are recognized as revenue over time as either

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percentage of completion (i.e. engineering service contracts) or as the service is transferred to the customer (i.e. telematics and analytics subscription services).

The Company made an accounting policy election to account for any shipping and handling costs that occur after control has transferred to the customer as fulfillment costs that are accrued to cost of revenues at the time control transfers. Shipping and handling costs billed to customers are initially recorded in deferred revenue and recognized as revenue once shipping is complete.

The Company often applies for governmental funding programs, including the Hybrid and Zero Emission Truck and Bus Voucher Incentive Project (“HVIP”), on behalf of its customers for ZEV sales. Generally, as a condition of the program, the amount billed to the customer must be reduced by the amount that will be funded by the government program, and the Company will receive the funds directly from the government program. However, the discount to the customer is contingent upon the Company’s receipt of the funding. Revenue is recognized on the gross amount of the ZEV at the time substantially all of the conditions of the government program required of the Company have been met and control of the ZEV has transferred to the customer based on shipping terms.

The following economic factors affect the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of the Company’s revenue and cash flows as indicated:

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Significant Payment Terms

None of the Company’s contracts have a significant financing component. Any cash that is received prior to revenue recognition is deferred as deferred revenue (a contract liability) until the good is delivered or service is rendered.

Contract Liabilities

Contract liabilities relate to payments received in advance of performance obligations under the contract and are realized when the associated revenue is recognized under the contracts. The Company’s contract liabilities consist of customer deposits and deferred revenue, which are included in “Accrued expenses and other current liabilities” on the consolidated balance sheets. Changes in contract liabilities are as follows:

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The Company recognized revenue of $15 during the three months ended March 31, 2022 that was included in the contract liability balance as of December 31, 2021.

Returns and Refunds

Consideration paid for goods and/or services that customers purchase from the Company are nonrefundable. Therefore, at the time revenue is recognized, the Company does not estimate expected refunds for goods or services, nor does the Company exclude any such amounts from revenue.

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Allocating the Transaction Price

The transaction price of a contract is the amount of consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods to a customer. Transaction prices do not include amounts collected on behalf of third parties (e.g., sales taxes). Sales taxes collected on sales are recorded as a sales tax liability and are included in “Accrued expenses and other current liabilities.”

To determine the transaction price of a contract, the Company considers its customary business practices and the terms of the contract. For the purpose of determining transaction prices, the Company assumes that the goods and/or services will be transferred to the customer as promised in accordance with existing contracts and that the contracts will not be canceled, renewed, or modified. The Company’s revenue terms do not include retrospective or prospective volume discounts, rights of return, rebates, performance bonuses or other forms of variable consideration.

The Company’s contracts with customers have fixed transaction prices that are denominated in U.S. dollars and payable in cash.

Future Performance Obligations

The Company has applied the practical expedient to exclude the value of remaining performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original term of one year or less and (ii) contracts for which we recognize revenue in proportion to the amount we have the right to invoice for services performed (i.e. analytical data subscription services).

As of March 31, 2022, the Company had remaining performance obligations related to a non-cancellable (other than for a breach by the Company) minimum-quantity purchase commitment. The customer is obligated to purchase a fixed number of ZEVs through December 31, 2023, however, the price varies based on which year the customer orders each ZEV (in 2022 or 2023). The Company estimates that the future revenues associated with this contract (based on estimated orders from the customer for 2022) to be $4.8 million in 2022 and $6.3 million in 2023. The timing of the revenue associated with these estimates will change if the ZEVs are commissioned and/or shipped subsequent to the year in which they were ordered, as revenue will not be recognized until control of the ZEV transfers to the customer based on the purchase order shipping terms.

Costs to Obtain or Fulfill a Contract with a Customer

The Company has elected the practical expedient to expense contract acquisition costs, which consist of sales commissions, which are reported within “Selling, general and administrative” expenses.

Warranties

In most cases, goods that customers purchase from the Company are covered by five-year and 60-thousand-mile limited product warranty. The Company has not sold warranties separately.

At the time revenue is recognized, the Company estimates the cost of expected future warranty claims and accrues estimated future warranty costs based upon the historical relationship of warranty claims to sales. The Company periodically reviews the adequacy of its product warranties and adjusts, if necessary, the warranty percentage and accrued warranty liability for actual historical experience. The warranty liability is included in “Accrued expenses and other current liabilities” and the cost of warranties is included in “Cost of revenues.”

Fair value, measurements, and financial instruments

A fair value hierarchy was established that prioritizes fair value measurements based on the types of inputs used for the various valuation techniques (market approach, income approach, and cost approach). The Company’s financial assets

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and liabilities are measured using inputs from the three levels of the fair value hierarchy. The three levels of the hierarchy and the related inputs are as follows:

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An asset’s or liability’s fair value measurement level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Valuation techniques used need to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are based on one or more of the following three valuation techniques:

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The Company believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, however, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different fair value measurement at the reporting date. The Company’s recurring fair value measurements categorized within Level 3 discussed below contain significant unobservable inputs. A change in those significant unobservable inputs could result in a significantly higher or lower fair value measurement at the reporting date.

The Company’s financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued liabilities, warrant liabilities, long-term debt, derivative liabilities and earnout liabilities. The carrying value of cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities approximate fair value because of the short-term nature of those instruments.

Long-term debt is not presented at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, as it is recorded at carrying value, net of unamortized debt discounts. However, the 7.5% $100,000 convertible senior note (the “Convertible Note”) has an embedded conversion option accounted for as a derivative liability, which is presented at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets. The fair value of the Convertible Note, including the conversion option, was $74,633 and $76,614 as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The Company’s term note and working capital facility (“Facility”) had an outstanding term note with a principal amount of $3,000 as of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 and a fair value of $3,899 and $4,173 as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

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The following tables set forth by level within the fair value hierarchy the Company’s financial assets and liabilities that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had cash equivalents held in a money market account. The Company has concluded that due to the highly liquid nature of the money market account, the carrying value approximates fair value, which represents a Level 1 input.

As a result of the Business Combination, the Company assumed the liability associated with the Gig warrants. The Company accounts for the warrants as liabilities at fair value with subsequent changes in fair value recorded in the statement of operations for each reporting period. The fair value is determined using the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model (“BSM”) where the share price input represents the Company’s stock price as of the valuation date. The BSM is a commonly-used mathematical model for pricing an option or warrant. In particular, the model estimates the variation in value over time of financial instruments. The fair value measurements are considered Level 3 measurements within the fair value hierarchy.

The Company estimates the fair value of its derivative liability associated with the Convertible Note at each reporting date, as well as at each conversion date. The Convertible Note and embedded conversion option are valued using a Binomial Lattice Model designed to capture incremental value attributed to the conversion options in addition to the value of the Convertible Note. The value of the Convertible Note without the conversion feature is valued utilizing the income approach, specifically the discounted cash flow method. Cash flows are discounted utilizing the U.S. Treasury rate and the credit spread to estimate the appropriate risk-adjusted rate. The conversion feature utilizes the Company’s stock price as of the valuation date as the starting point of the valuation. A Binomial Lattice Model is used to estimate a credit spread by solving for a premium to the U.S. Treasury rate that produces a value of the Convertible Note. As of issuance, the value of the Convertible Note and warrants related to the Convertible Note were set to equal $100,000 to solve for the credit spread which is then updated quarterly. The fair value measurements are considered Level 3 measurements within the fair value hierarchy.

As a result of the Business Combination, the Company recognized additional earnout shares with performance conditions as a liability measured at fair value with subsequent changes in fair value recorded in the consolidated statement of operations for each reporting period. The earnout shares are valued using the Company’s stock price as of the valuation date. The valuation methodology used is a Monte Carlo Simulation model (“MCS”) utilizing a Geometric Brownian motion process to capture meeting the various performance conditions. MCS is a technique that uses a stochastic process to create a range of potential future outcomes given a variety of inputs. Stochastic processes involve the use of both predictive assumptions (e.g., volatility, risk-free rate) and random numbers to create potential outcomes of value. MCS assumes that stock prices take a random walk and cannot be predicted; therefore, random number generators are used to create random outcomes for stock prices. The fair value measurements are considered Level 3 measurements within the fair value hierarchy.

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Prior to the Business Combination, the Company had common and preferred stock warrants issued in connection with the issuance of debt, the conversion of debt to preferred stock, and the issuance of redeemable convertible preferred stock that were measured and recorded at fair market value as of the date of each transaction. These common and preferred stock warrants were classified in warrant liabilities and were measured and adjusted to their fair market value as of each reporting period as described in the paragraphs below.

The Company estimated the fair value of its common stock, Series C preferred stock, and Series C preferred warrants, which value was used in the determination of the value of warrants issued in connection with certain debt and preferred stock transactions and when measuring at the end of the reporting period. The Company considered the measurement of such liability-classified warrants in Level 3 due to significant unobservable inputs in this valuation.

The valuations were based on a combination of the income and market approach allocated to stockholders using an Option Pricing Model and applying a Discount for Lack of Marketability judgement based on the Finnerty put-option model. The key inputs to the valuation models that were utilized to estimate the fair value of the warrant liabilities included volatility, risk free rate, probability of subsequent funding, and discounts for lack of marketability.

These valuations were determined using a Probability Weighted Expected Return Method (PWERM) and a combination of several income and market approaches to determine the enterprise value of the Company. The enterprise value was adjusted for the probabilities of various scenarios/liquidity events that could have occurred and would have to create an overall weighted value of common stock as of each valuation date. Each liquidity scenario had unique probabilities based on the Company’s opinion, which was based on various discussions with potential investors, advisors, and market participants, which included unique facts and circumstances as of the valuation dates. The scenarios included early liquidation, a private merger and acquisition (“M&A”) transaction, staying a privately held company, and a special purpose acquisition company (“SPAC”) transaction/merger.

Each scenario was based on a different valuation methodology based on the unique risks, opportunities and a likely investor’s or market participant’s perspective. These included (a) Early liquidation: based on an Asset Approach using the existing equity value as of the valuation date; (b) Private M&A: based on a guideline transaction (market) approach using an assembled group of comparable transactions and trailing revenue metric/multiples; (c) Stay private: based on a discounted cash flow (income) approach using the Company’s non-SPAC forecast and a market-based discount rate; and (d) SPAC transaction: based on a guideline public company (market) approach using an assembled peer group of comparable companies and forward revenue metrics/multiples. Value was allocated to all outstanding securities through the PWERM using capitalization tables unique to each liquidity scenario.

The preliminary valuation was then discounted by applying a Discount for Lack of Marketability (“DLOM”) based on a Finnerty put-option model to determine a non-marketable, minority value of one share of common stock and one share of Series C preferred stock.

The Company’s non-financial assets, which primarily consist of property and equipment, are not required to be carried at fair value on a recurring basis and are reported at carrying value. However, on a periodic basis or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be fully recoverable, these along with other non-financial instruments are assessed for impairment and, if applicable, written down to and recorded at fair value.

Beneficial conversion features

The Company followed the beneficial conversion feature guidance in ASC 470-20, Debt with Conversion and Other Options, which applies to redeemable convertible preferred stock and convertible debt. A beneficial conversion feature is defined as a nondetachable conversion feature that is in the money at the commitment date.

The beneficial conversion feature guidance requires recognition of the conversion option’s in-the-money portion, the intrinsic value of the option, in equity, with an offsetting reduction to the carrying amount of the instrument. The resulting discount is amortized as interest over the life of the instrument. When there is a subsequent change to the conversion ratio based on a future occurrence, the new conversion price may trigger the recognition of an additional beneficial conversion feature on occurrence.

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As a result of the Business Combination, the unamortized portion of the beneficial conversion feature was recorded to additional paid-in capital.

Stock-based compensation

The Company accounts for share-based compensation in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation, under which share based payments that involve the issuance of common stock to employees and nonemployees and meet the criteria for equity-classified awards are recognized in the financial statements as share-based compensation expense based on the fair value on the date of grant. The Company issues stock option awards and restricted stock unit awards to employees and nonemployees.

The Company utilizes the Black-Scholes model to determine the fair value of the stock option awards, which requires the input of subjective assumptions. These assumptions include estimating (a) the length of time grantees will retain their vested stock options before exercising them for employees and the contractual term of the option for nonemployees (“expected term”), (b) the volatility of the Company’s common stock price over the expected term, (c) expected dividends, and (d) the fair value of a share of common stock prior to the Business Combination. After the closing of the Business Combination, the Company’s board of directors determined the fair value of each share of common stock underlying stock-based awards based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock as reported by the NYSE on the date of grant. The Company has elected to recognize the adjustment to share-based compensation expense in the period in which forfeitures occur.

The assumptions used in the Black-Scholes model are management’s best estimates, but the estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management judgment (see Note 11). As a result, if other assumptions had been used, the recorded share-based compensation expense could have been materially different from that recorded in the financial statements.

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Warrants and Warrant liabilities

As a result of the Business Combination, the Company assumed the liability associated with the Gig warrants. The Company accounts for the warrants for shares of the Company’s common stock that are not indexed to its own stock as liabilities at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets. The warrants are subject to remeasurement at each balance sheet date and any change in fair value is recognized as a “(Gain) loss from change in fair value of warrant liabilities” in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company will continue to adjust the liability for changes in fair value until the earlier of the exercise or expiration of the common stock warrants. At that time, the portion of the warrant liability related to the common stock warrants will be reclassified to “additional paid-in capital”.

The Lightning Systems common and preferred warrants, prior to the Business Combination, were accounted for in accordance with the authoritative guidance which requires that free-standing financial instruments with certain cash settlement features and/or associated with redeemable convertible preferred stock, which is classified as temporary equity, to be recorded at the fair value of the warrants. All outstanding common (with the exception of certain warrants that were issued to vendors discussed below) and all preferred warrants are recorded as “warrant liabilities” based on their fair value on the date of the transaction. See the “Fair value” significant accounting policy for a description of the determination of fair value. Any changes in the fair value of these instruments are reported as “(Gain) loss from change in fair value of warrant liabilities.”

Warrants are separated from the host contract and reported at fair value when the warrant is a freestanding financial instrument that may ultimately require the issuer to settle the obligation by transferring assets. Under certain circumstances, most notably in the case of a deemed liquidation, the warrants issued in conjunction with Lightning Systems’ debt and preferred stock transactions may have been ultimately required to be settled by a transfer of assets, and as a result the warrants are reported as liabilities at fair value each reporting period.

In February 2021 the Company granted common warrants to certain vendors for services provided prior to March 31, 2021. Refer to Note 10 – Capital Structure.

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As a result of the Business Combination, the remaining outstanding Lightning Systems warrants were converted to the Company’s common stock based on the Exchange Ratio.

Research and development

Research and development costs are expensed when incurred and consist of personnel-related expenses including salaries, benefits, travel and stock-based compensation for personnel performing research and development activities; expenses related to materials, supplies and testing; and consulting and occupancy expenses.

Advertising

Advertising costs are expensed when incurred and are included in “Selling, general and administrative” expenses and total $116 and $30 for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Derivative Liability

The Company accounts for the embedded conversion feature of the Convertible Note as a derivative liability. Pursuant to ASC 815-15, Derivatives and Hedging – Embedded Derivatives, the embedded conversion feature meets all three criteria to be bifurcated and accounted for separately from the host instrument, i.e., the Convertible Notes. Because this feature meets all criteria of a derivative instrument, it should be accounted for and recorded as a derivative liability at fair value on the Company’s balance sheet with subsequent changes in fair value recorded in the consolidated statement of operations each reporting period.

Earnout Liability

As a result of the Business Combination, the Company recognized additional earnout shares as a liability. Pursuant to ASC 805, Business Combinations, the Company determined that the initial fair value of the earnout shares should be recorded as a liability with the offset going to additional paid-in capital and with subsequent changes in fair value recorded in the consolidated statement of operations for each reporting period. The following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for the earnout liability measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):

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Income taxes

Income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and the tax basis of other assets and liabilities. The Company provides for income taxes at the current and future enacted tax rates and laws applicable in each taxing jurisdiction. The Company uses a two-step approach for recognizing and measuring tax benefits taken or expected to be taken in a tax return and disclosures regarding uncertainties in income tax positions. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense in the consolidated statement of operations.

Net loss per share

Basic earnings (loss) per share (“EPS”) are computed by dividing net earnings (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS attributable to common shareholders is computed by adjusting

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net earnings by the weighted average number of common shares and potential common shares outstanding (if dilutive) during each period. Potential common shares include shares issuable upon exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted stock awards. Anti-dilutive securities are excluded from diluted EPS.

Recent accounting pronouncements issued and adopted

In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06, Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity. The ASU includes amendments to the guidance on convertible instruments and the derivative scope exception for contracts in an entity’s own equity and simplifies the accounting for convertible instruments which include beneficial conversion features or cash conversion features by removing certain separation models in ASC 470-20, Debt with Conversion and Other Options. Additionally, the ASU requires entities to use the “if-converted” method when calculating diluted earnings per share for convertible instruments. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2022, and it did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.

Recent accounting pronouncements issued not yet adopted

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13 related to the measurement of credit losses on financial instruments and has since modified the standard with several ASUs (collectively, the “credit loss standard”). The credit loss standard requires a financial asset (or a group of financial assets) measured at amortized cost basis to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. The measurement of expected credit losses is based on relevant information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. The credit loss standard took effect for public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. As amended in ASU 2019-10, for smaller reporting companies, the credit loss standard will take effect for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, and for interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. The adoption of this ASU will require a cumulative-effect adjustment to accumulated deficit as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective (that is, a modified-retrospective approach). The Company expects to adopt this standard on January 1, 2023 and is currently evaluating the impact this ASU will have on its financial statements.

Note 3 – Reverse Recapitalization

On May 6, 2021, Gig consummated the Business Combination with Lightning Systems, with Lightning Systems surviving the merger as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gig. In connection with the Business Combination, certain Gig shareholders exercised their right to redeem certain of their outstanding shares for cash, resulting in the redemption of 5,816,664 shares of Gig common stock for gross redemption payments of $58,759. In addition, an investor purchased from the Company 2,500,000 shares of common stock (the “PIPE Shares”), for a purchase price of $10.00 per share and an aggregate purchase price of $25,000 pursuant to a separate subscription agreement dated as of December 10, 2020 (the “PIPE Financing”). The PIPE Financing investment closed simultaneously with the consummation of the Business Combination.

Upon the closing of the Business Combination, Gig’s certificate of incorporation was amended and restated to, among other things change the name of the corporation to Lightning eMotors, Inc. and to increase the total number of authorized shares of capital stock to 251,000,000, consisting of (a) 250,000,000 of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share and (b) 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share.

Immediately prior to the closing of the Business Combination, each issued and outstanding share of Lightning Systems redeemable, convertible preferred stock, was converted into shares of Lightning Systems common stock. This resulted in a conversion of 38,007,793 shares of Lightning Systems redeemable, convertible preferred stock into Lightning Systems common stock. Outstanding Lightning Systems short-term convertible notes were converted into an aggregate of 5,830,723 shares of Lightning Systems common stock. In addition, Lightning Systems had outstanding warrants that converted into 4,379,795 shares of Lightning Systems common stock.

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Upon the closing of the Business Combination, Lightning Systems common stock issued and outstanding was canceled and converted into the right to receive Company common stock (the “Per Share Merger Consideration”) based on the Exchange Ratio. In addition, after closing and subject to the terms and conditions defined below, stockholders of the Company who have received, or are entitled to receive, any per share merger consideration (“Stockholder Earnout Group”) have the contingent right to receive additional 16,463,096 shares of the Company’s common stock to be allocated on a pro rata basis among the members of the Stockholder Earnout Group. One-third of the earnout shares will be released to the Stockholder Earnout Group on a pro rata basis if on or prior to the fifth anniversary of the closing date the volume weighted average price (“VWAP”) of the Company’s common stock equals or exceed $12.00 per share of twenty of any thirty consecutive trading days. One-third of the earnout shares will be released to the Stockholder Earnout Group on a pro rata basis if on or prior to the fifth anniversary of the closing date the VWAP of the Company’s common stock equals or exceed $14.00 per share of twenty of any thirty consecutive trading days. One-third of the earnout shares will be released to the Stockholder Earnout Group on a pro rata basis if on or prior to the fifth anniversary of the closing date the VWAP of the Company’s common stock equals or exceed $16.00 per share of twenty of any thirty consecutive trading days. If these conditions have not been satisfied following the fifth anniversary of the closing date, any stockholder earnout shares remaining will be canceled. As of March 31, 2022, none of the contingencies under this agreement have been met and, accordingly, no common stock shares have been issued.

Outstanding stock options, whether vested or unvested, to purchase shares of Lightning Systems common stock under the 2019 Plan (see Note 11) converted into stock options for shares of the Company’s common stock upon the same terms and conditions that were in effect with respect to such stock options immediately prior to the Business Combination, after giving effect to the Exchange Ratio.

The Business Combination was accounted for as a reverse recapitalization in accordance with GAAP. Under this method, Gig was treated as the ‘acquired” company for financial reporting purposes. See Note 1 for further details. Accordingly, for accounting purposes, the Business Combination was treated as the equivalent of Lightning Systems issuing stock for the net assets of Gig, accompanied by a recapitalization. The net assets of Gig are stated at historical cost, with no goodwill or intangible assets recorded.

Prior to the Business Combination, Lightning Systems and Gig filed separate standalone federal, state and local income tax returns. As a result of the Business Combination, structured as a reverse acquisition for tax purposes, Lightning Systems became the parent of the consolidated filing group with Gig as a subsidiary.

Unless otherwise indicated, all of the Company’s common stock as well as previously issued stock options and redeemable convertible preferred stock presented in the accompanying retroactively revised consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity (deficit) or in the related notes are presented on an as- or as if-converted basis, converted at the Exchange Ratio of .9406 and presented as shares or awards of our common stock.

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The number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately following the consummation of the Business Combination:

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Note 4 – Inventories

At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, inventories consist of the following:

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During the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company reduced the cost of certain inventory to net realizable value and recorded cost reductions of $95 and $0, respectively, which were included in “cost of revenues.”

Note 5 – Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, prepaid expenses and other current assets consist of the following:

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Note 6 - Property and Equipment

Cost and accumulated depreciation as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows:

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Depreciation and amortization expense for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 totaled $356 and $126, respectively; of which $85 and $39, respectively, are included in “Cost of revenues” $92 and $0, respectively, are included in “Research and development” expense; and $179 and $87, respectively, are included in “Selling, general and administrative” expenses.

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Note 7 - Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, accrued expenses and other current liabilities consist of the following:

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Changes in warranty liability (included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities) were as follows:

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Note 8 – Notes Payable

Notes payable as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 consist of the following:

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Convertible Note

In conjunction with the Business Combination, the Company entered into the 7.5% $100,000 Convertible Note and paid issuance costs of $5,000. The Convertible Note has a maturity date of May 15, 2024 and has semi-annual interest payments due May 15 and November 15 of each year starting on November 15, 2021. The Convertible Note has a conversion feature at a conversion price of $11.50 and warrants to purchase up to 8,695,641 shares of common stock for a per share price of $11.50. The Convertible Note has a mandatory conversion option that: a) is exercisable at the option of the Company on or after May 15, 2022; b) occurs when the Company’s stock price (1) is greater than 120% of the conversion price of $11.50, or $13.80 for 20 trading days in a period of 30 consecutive trading days and (2) the 30-day average daily trading volume during the applicable exercise period, i.e., consecutive 30 trading day period, is greater than or equal to $3,000; and c) the Company will make payments in accordance with the interest make-whole (defined below) amount in cash or issuance of additional shares of the Company’s common stock.

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The interest make-whole amount means, with respect to the conversion of the Convertible Note, in an amount denominated in U.S. dollars, the sum of all regularly scheduled interest payments, if any, due on such Convertible Note on each interest payment date occurring after the conversion date for such conversion and on or before the maturity date; provided, however, that (A) for these purposes, the amount of interest due on the interest payment date immediately after such conversion date will be deemed to be the following amount: (x) if such conversion date is prior to January 15, 2023, an amount equal to twelve months of interest and (y) if such conversion date is on or after January 15, 2023, any accrued and unpaid interest, if any, at such conversion date, plus any remaining amounts that would be owed to, but excluding, the maturity date in respect of such Convertible Note, including all regularly scheduled interest payments; and (B) if such conversion date occurs after the Company has sent a mandatory conversion notice, then the interest make-whole amount for such conversion shall be the sum of all regularly scheduled interest payments, if any, due on such Convertible Note on each interest payment date occurring after the conversion date for such conversion to, but excluding, the maturity date.

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If the Company incurs other unpermitted indebtedness, it is required to redeem the Convertible Notes in full including outstanding principal and accrued and unpaid interest, plus (a) a prepayment premium equal to twelve months of interest on the principal amount of the Convertible Notes if such indebtedness event occurred prior to January 15, 2023; or (b) a prepayment premium equal to the amount of interest which would have accrued on the Convertible Notes through maturity (the “Redemption Feature”). In addition, the Company is required to issue to the holders a fixed number of warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock. The fixed number of warrants will be based on the principal balance of the Convertible Notes, divided by $11.50 (“Redemption Warrants”). The Redemption Warrants will be exercisable from the date of repayment of the Convertible Notes through the original maturity date of the Convertible Notes.

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If the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock is increased by a stock split or other similar event, the number of shares issuable on exercise of each warrant shall be increased proportionately and the exercise price shall be decreased proportionately. Consequently, if the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock is decreased by a reverse stock split, consolidation, combination or reclassification of shares of Common Stock or other similar event, the number of shares of Common Stock issuable on exercise of each warrant shall be decreased proportionately and the exercise price shall be increased proportionately.

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The Company has identified certain embedded derivatives related to its Convertible Note. Since the Convertible Note has a conversion feature whereby the principal amount will convert into a variable number of shares based on the future trading price of the Company’s common stock, the conversion feature is recorded as a derivative liability. Therefore, the fair value of the convertible feature at inception on May 6, 2021 in the amount of $17,063 was recorded as a debt discount and an addition to “derivative liability” on the consolidated balance sheets. The derivative liability is adjusted to fair value each reporting period, with the changes in fair value reported in “Gain from change in fair value of derivative liability” on the consolidated statements of operations.

During August and September 2021, an aggregate of $12,137 of Convertible Notes were converted into 1,055,388 shares of the Company’s common stock. The Company recognized a gain on extinguishment of $2,194 in “Gain on extinguishment of debt” on the consolidated statement of operations associated with the difference between (1) the sum of the fair value of the common stock issued of $10,089 and cash paid for the remaining annual interest due May 2022 of $668 and (2) the sum of the carrying amount of the converted debt $7,965 and the fair value of the convertible note derivative liability of $4,986. The following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for the convertible note derivative liability measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):

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The Convertible Note warrants are considered free-standing instruments and meet the criteria for equity classification because they are indexed to the Company’s own stock and provide a fixed number of shares. Therefore, the fair value of the Convertible Note warrants on May 6, 2021 in the amount of $14,522 was recorded as a debt discount and an addition to “additional paid-in capital” on the consolidated balance sheets.

Interest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was $3,762, of which $1,647 related to contractual interest expense and $2,115 related to amortization of the discount.

Facility

In October 2019, the Company entered into the Facility with a company represented on the Board of Lightning Systems. Upon consummation of the Business Combination, the company holding the Facility was no longer represented on the Board. The Facility provides for both term and working capital loans for borrowings up to $9,000 as of March 31, 2022. However, the Company’s Convertible Note requirements limit the Company’s permitted indebtedness to $5,000. Interest is payable quarterly on borrowings at a fixed annual rate of 15%. Borrowings under the Facility are secured by substantially all the Company’s assets, are subject to borrowing base limitations, and require the Company to meet certain covenants. The Facility borrowings, with a maturity date of October 21, 2024, were $3,000 as of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. Interest expense was $118 and $630 for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

In connection with entering into this Facility, the Company issued warrants in 2020 and 2019, exercisable into 60,241 and 301,205, respectively, shares of Series C preferred stock at the conversion price of $1.66 per share. At the time of issuance, the Company estimated the fair value of the warrants at $6 and $66, respectively, and recorded a debt discount, which is being recognized over the life of the Facility borrowings, and a warrant liability, which was adjusted to fair value each reporting period, with the changes in fair value reported as a component of “other income, net.” As a result of the Business Combination, the warrants were converted to common stock based on the Exchange Ratio.

Related and Third-party 2020 short-term convertible notes payable

In August and September 2020, the Company borrowed $9,679 in the aggregate under convertible note purchase agreements from third parties ($6,454) and related parties ($3,225). The related parties included officers, a director, and individuals whose companies were represented on the board. These convertible notes bore interest at 8%. Interest was payable monthly, with principal and unpaid interest due June 30, 2021. The notes were convertible into 5,830,723 Series C redeemable convertible preferred shares at the conversion price of $1.66 per share. These notes were subordinate to the Facility and third-party unsecured facility agreement.

The 2020 short-term notes were convertible into shares of Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock upon 1) a change in control (“CIC”) having a value in excess of $200,000; 2) a debt or equity financing with aggregated gross proceeds in excess of $10,000; or 3) at maturity. Should the notes be converted at maturity, the debt holders would receive a beneficial conversion feature allowing the conversion at 75% of the lowest issue price. The Company recorded the beneficial conversion feature at its intrinsic value of $3,071. This was recorded as a debt discount and an addition to “additional paid-in capital”. During the three months ended March 31, 2021, amortization of the debt discount of $981 was recorded to “interest expense”.

As a result of the Business Combination, these convertible notes were converted to Series C redeemable convertible stock which converted into common stock based on the Exchange Ratio with the balance of $9,679 recorded to “additional paid-in capital”. In addition, the accrued interest through the date of the Business Combination close was forgiven.

Third party unsecured facility agreement

In March 2015, the Company borrowed $1,500 under an unsecured facility agreement. As a result of the Business Combination, the amount outstanding was paid in full.

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