MALACHITE INNOVATIONS, INC. - Quarter Report: 2018 December (Form 10-Q)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

For the quarterly period ended December 31, 2018

For the transition period from _____ to _____

Commission File Number: 000-53832

VITALITY BIOPHARMA, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

(530) 231-7800

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes [X] No [  ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes [X] No [  ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “non-accelerated filer,” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes [  ] No [X]

As of February 13, 2019, there were 53,230,147 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.

VITALITY BIOPHARMA, INC.

Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

For the Quarterly Period Ended

December 31, 2018

INDEX

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements (unaudited)

VITALITY BIOPHARMA, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

THREE AND NINE MONTHS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017

(Unaudited)

VITALITY BIOPHARMA, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed financial statements.

VITALITY BIOPHARMA, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(Unaudited)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed financial statements.

VITALITY BIOPHARMA, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed financial statements.

VITALITY BIOPHARMA, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (cont.)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed financial statements.

VITALITY BIOPHARMA, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed financial statements.

VITALITY BIOPHARMA, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

THREE AND NINE MONTHS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017

(Unaudited)

1. NATURE OF BUSINESS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Vitality Biopharma, Inc. (the “Company”, “we”, “us” or “our”), was incorporated in the State of Nevada on June 29, 2007. The Company’s fiscal year end is March 31.

In 2015, the Company developed a new class of cannabinoids, known as cannabosides, which were discovered through application of the Company’s proprietary enzymatic bioprocessing technologies originally developed for stevia sweeteners. In 2016, the Company received approvals from the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (the “DEA”) and the State of California to initiate studies and manufacturing scale-up at its research and development facilities in order to develop cannabosides.

On October 19, 2018, the Company acquired Summit Healthtech, Inc. (“Summit”) and its subsidiary, The Control Center, Inc., which is in the business of behavioral health and addiction medicine treatment (see Note 2).

Liquidity

As reflected in the accompanying financial statements, for the nine months ended December 31, 2018, the Company incurred a net loss of $3,564,587 and used cash in operating activities of $2,435,664. In August 2018 and October 2018, the Company sold an aggregate of 6,000,000 shares of its common stock and warrants to purchase 5,833,333 shares of the Company’s common stock, resulting in net proceeds to the Company of approximately $8,850,000 after deducting fees and expenses of the offering. The common stock and warrants were sold in units, consisting of a share of common stock and a warrant to purchase a share of common stock, at a price of $1.50 per unit, with exercise prices for the warrants ranging from $2.00 to $3.00 per share. As of December 31, 2018, we had $7,462,171 of cash, stockholders’ equity of $15,868,390 and had working capital of $6,783,459.

We have not yet received significant revenues from sales of products or services, and have recurring losses from operations, and further losses are anticipated in the development of our business. During 2019, we expect to expand our clinical operations and research and development. Our budget for 2019 includes increased revenue primarily from our clinical operations that were acquired in October 2018, increased spending on clinical operations and research and development, and higher payroll expenses as we increase our professional and scientific staff. Based on the funds we had available on December 31, 2018, we believe that we have sufficient capital to fund our anticipated operating expenses for at least the next 12 months.

While we believe that our existing cash balances will be sufficient to fund our currently planned level of operations for at least 12 months, we may require additional financing to fund our planned future operations, including the continuation of our ongoing research and development efforts, licensing or acquiring new assets, and researching and developing any potential patents and any further intellectual property that we may acquire. Further, these estimates could differ if we encounter unanticipated difficulties, in which case our current funds may not be sufficient to operate our business for that period. In addition, our estimates of the amount of cash necessary to operate our business may prove to be wrong, and we could spend our available financial resources much faster than we currently expect. Despite the amount of funds that we have raised, no assurance can be given that any future financing, if needed, will be available or, if available, that it will be on terms that are satisfactory to the Company.

Basis of Presentation of Unaudited Condensed Financial Information

The unaudited condensed financial statements of the Company for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information, applied on a consistent basis, and pursuant to the requirements for reporting on Form 10-Q and the requirements of Regulation S-K and Regulation S-X promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). Accordingly, they do not include all the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete audited financial statements. However, the information included in these financial statements reflects all adjustments (consisting solely of normal recurring adjustments), which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for the fair presentation of the Company’s financial position and the results of operations. Results shown for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results to be obtained for a full fiscal year or any future annual or interim period. The balance sheet information as of March 31, 2018 was derived from the Company’s audited financial statements as of and for the year ended March 31, 2018 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on June 28, 2018. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with that report.

Principles of Consolidation

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries, Vitality Healthtech, Inc., a Nevada corporation, and The Control Center, Inc., a California corporation. Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates and assumptions by management include, among others, the allocation of acquisition costs, the fair value of equity instruments issued for services, assumptions used in the valuation of derivative liabilities, the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets, and the accrual of potential liabilities.

Impairment of long-lived assets

The Company’s long-lived assets are tested for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that its carrying amount may not be recoverable. It tests its long-lived assets for potential impairment indicators at least annually and more frequently upon the occurrence of such events. An impairment loss will be recognized only if the carrying amount of a long-lived asset is not recoverable and exceeds its fair value. The carrying amount of a long-lived asset is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset. That assessment is based on the carrying amount of the asset at the date it is tested for recoverability. An impairment loss is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of a long-lived asset exceeds its fair value. If an impairment loss is recognized, the adjusted carrying amount of a long-lived asset will be its new cost basis. For a depreciable long-lived asset, the new cost basis will be depreciated (amortized) over the remaining useful life of that asset. Restoring a previously recognized impairment loss is prohibited.

Revenue Recognition

Effective April 1, 2018 the Company adopted the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASC 606”) which superseded previous revenue recognition guidance. The underlying principle of ASC 606 is to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers at the amount expected to be collected. ASC 606 creates a five-step model that requires entities to exercise judgment when considering the terms of contracts, which includes (1) identifying the contracts or agreements with a customer, (2) identifying the Company’s performance obligations in the contract or agreement, (3) determining the transaction price, (4) allocating the transaction price to the separate performance obligations, and (5) recognizing revenue as each performance obligation is satisfied. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the Company will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the services it transfers to its clients. The Company has concluded that the new guidance did not require any significant change to its revenue recognition processes and the implementation of ASC 606 did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.

Fees for outpatient counselling, coaching, psychological assessments and other related services are recognized when patients receive the service. Our contracts with patients generally cover periods ranging from one week to four weeks.

Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value

The Company uses various inputs in determining the fair value of its investments and measures these assets on a recurring basis. Financial assets recorded at fair value in the balance sheets are categorized by the level of objectivity associated with the inputs used to measure their fair value. Authoritative guidance provided by FASB defines the following levels directly related to the amount of subjectivity associated with the inputs to fair valuation of these financial assets:

The fair value of the derivative liabilities of $52,483 and $153,042 at December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2018, respectively, were valued using Level 2 inputs.

The carrying value of cash and accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximates their fair value because of the short maturity of these instruments. Unless otherwise noted, it is management’s opinion that the Company is not exposed to significant interest, currency or credit risks arising from these financial instruments.

Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company evaluates its financial instruments to determine if such instruments are derivatives or contain features that qualify as embedded derivatives. For derivative financial instruments that are accounted for as liabilities, the derivative instrument is initially recorded at its fair value and is then re-valued at each reporting date, with changes in the fair value reported in the statements of operations. For stock-based derivative financial instruments, the Company uses a probability weighted average Black-Scholes-Merton models to value the derivative instruments at inception and on subsequent valuation dates through the December 31, 2018, reporting date. The classification of derivative instruments, including whether such instruments should be recorded as liabilities or as equity, is evaluated at the end of each reporting period.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company periodically issues stock options and warrants to employees and non-employees in non-capital raising transactions, for services and for financing costs. The Company accounts for share-based payments under the guidance as set forth in the Share-Based Payment Topic of the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”), which requires the measurement and recognition of compensation expense for all share-based payment awards made to employees, officers, directors, and consultants, including employee stock options, based on estimated fair values. The Company estimates the fair value of share-based payment awards to employees and directors on the date of grant using a Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model, and the value of the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as expense over the required service period in the Company’s statements of operations. The Company accounts for stock option and warrant grants issued and vesting to non-employees in accordance with the authoritative guidance whereas the value of the stock compensation is based upon the measurement date as determined at either a) the date at which a performance commitment is reached, or b) the date at which the necessary performance to earn the equity instruments is complete. Stock-based compensation is based on awards ultimately expected to vest and is reduced for estimated forfeitures. Forfeitures are estimated at the time of grant and revised, as necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.

The Company periodically issues unvested (“restricted”) shares of its common stock to employees as equity incentives. The Company’s restricted stock vests upon the satisfaction of a recipient’s service condition, which is satisfied over a period of number of years. The restricted shares vest over certain period and remain subject to forfeiture if vesting conditions are not met. The Company values the shares based on the price per share of the Company’s shares at the date of grant and recognizes the value as compensation expense ratably over the vesting period.

Basic and Diluted Loss Per Share

Basic loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period, excluding unvested restricted common stock. Shares of restricted stock are included in the basic weighted average number of common shares outstanding from the time they vest. Diluted loss per share is computed by dividing net loss applicable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding plus the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if all dilutive potential common shares had been issued. Diluted loss per share excludes all potential common shares if their effect is anti-dilutive. The following potentially dilutive shares were excluded from the shares used to calculate diluted earnings per share as their inclusion would be anti-dilutive:

Research and Development

Research and development costs consist primarily of fees paid to consultants and outside service providers, patent fees and costs, and other expenses relating to the acquisition, design, development and testing of the Company’s treatments and product candidates. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.

Segments

The Company operates in two reportable business segments. In accordance with the “Segment Reporting” Topic of the ASC, the Company’s chief operating decision maker has been identified as the Chief Executive Officer, who reviews operating results to make decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance for the entire Company. Existing guidance, which is based on a management approach to segment reporting, establishes requirements to report selected segment information quarterly and to report annually entity-wide disclosures about products and services, major customers, and the countries in which the entity holds material assets and reports revenue. All material operating units qualify for aggregation under “Segment Reporting” due to their similar customer base and similarities in: economic characteristics; nature of products and services; and procurement, manufacturing and distribution processes. All financial information required by “Segment Reporting” can be found in Note 9 of the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-02, Leases, which was subsequently amended in 2018 by ASU 2018-10, ASU 2018-11 and ASU 2018-20 (collectively, Topic 842). Topic 842 will require the recognition of a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability, initially measured at the present value of the lease payments, for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. For operating leases, the asset and liability will be expensed over the lease term on a straight-line basis, with all cash flows included in the operating section of the statement of cash flows. For finance leases, interest on the lease liability will be recognized separately from the amortization of the right-of-use asset in the statement of comprehensive income and the repayment of the principal portion of the lease liability will be classified as a financing activity while the interest component will be included in the operating section of the statement of cash flows. Topic 842 is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. Upon adoption, leases will be recognized and measured at the beginning of the earliest period presented using a modified retrospective approach. Topic 842 allows for a cumulative-effect adjustment in the period the new lease standard is adopted and will not require restatement of prior periods. The Company plans to adopt Topic 842 on April 1, 2019. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact of Topic 842 on the Company’s financial statements and disclosures, though the adoption is expected to result in a material increase in the assets and liabilities reflected on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

In July 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-11, Earnings Per Share (Topic 260) and Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) - Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments with Down Round Features. ASU 2017-11 allows companies to exclude a down round feature when determining whether a financial instrument (or embedded conversion feature) is considered indexed to the entity’s own stock. As a result, financial instruments (or embedded conversion features) with down round features may no longer be required to be accounted for as derivative liabilities. A company will recognize the value of a down round feature only when it is triggered and the strike price has been adjusted downward. For equity-classified freestanding financial instruments, an entity will treat the value of the effect of the down round as a dividend and a reduction of income available to common shareholders in computing basic earnings per share. For convertible instruments with embedded conversion features containing down round provisions, entities will recognize the value of the down round as a beneficial conversion discount to be amortized to earnings. The guidance in ASU 2017-11 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, and the guidance is to be applied using a full or modified retrospective approach. The Company plans to adopt ASU 2017-11 on April 1, 2019. The adoption of ASU 2017-11 is not expected to have an impact on the Company’s financial statements and related disclosures because the conversion feature of the Company’s warrants have features other than down round provisions that require the current accounting treatment and classification.

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, “Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting.” The ASU expands the scope of Topic 718 to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees. The ASU also clarifies that Topic 718 does not apply to share-based payments used to effectively provide (1) financing to the issuer or (2) awards granted in conjunction with selling goods or services to customers as part of a contract accounted for under Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that fiscal year. Early adoption is permitted. The Company plans to adopt ASU 2017-11 on April 1, 2019. The adoption of ASU 2018-07 is not expected to have an impact on the Company’s financial statements and related disclosures.

Other recent accounting pronouncements issued by the FASB, including its Emerging Issues Task Force, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, and the Securities and Exchange Commission did not or are not believed by management to have a material impact on the Company’s present or future financial statements.

2. ACQUISITION OF SUMMIT HEALTHTECH

On October 22, 2018, the Company issued 6,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock valued at $9,000,000, in exchange for all of the outstanding common stock of Summit Healthtech, Inc. (“Summit”). Summit was formed to develop treatments and specialty healthcare centers focused on the use of cannabinoid therapies as an alternative to opioid painkillers. Summit owns 49% of The Control Center, Inc. which it purchased from Dr. Reef Karim, the founder of The Control Center. The remaining 51% of The Control Center is in the name of Dr. Karim and will be assigned to Summit upon the earlier of (i) the successful filing of a change of ownership for The Control Center’s facility’s license with the California Department of Health Care Services or (ii) October 12, 2019. The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Summit and The Control Center after the acquisition of Summit was completed given that the assignment of Dr. Karim’s interest in The Control Center to the Company is considered perfunctory. The Control Center is in the business of behavioral health and addiction medicine treatment. On October 22, 2018, Summit was renamed Vitality Healthtech, Inc.

The Company accounted for the transaction as a business combination in accordance ASC 805 “Business Combinations”. The Company is in the process of performing an allocation of the purchase price paid for the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed with the assistance of an independent valuation firm. The fair values of the assets acquired, as set forth below, are considered provisional and subject to adjustment as additional information is obtained through the purchase price measurement period (a period of up to one year from the closing date). The provisional allocation of the purchase price is based on management’s preliminary estimates. Once management completes its analysis to finalize the purchase price allocation with assistance from a third-party valuation firm, it is reasonably possible that there could be changes to the preliminary values. The primary areas of the purchase price allocation that are not yet finalized relate to identifiable intangible assets and goodwill.

The following unaudited pro forma information presents the combined results of operations as if the share exchange agreement with Summit had been completed on April 1, 2017, the beginning of the comparable prior annual reporting period. These unaudited pro forma results are presented for informational purpose only and are not necessarily indicative of what the actual results of operations of the combined company would have been if the acquisition had occurred at the beginning of the period presented, nor are they indicative of future results of operations:

3. DERIVATIVE LIABILITY

In May 2015, the Company issued certain warrants which included an anti-dilution provision that allows for the automatic reset of the exercise price of the warrants upon future sale of the Company’s common stock, warrants, options, convertible debt or any other equity-linked securities at an issuance, exercise or conversion price below the current exercise price of the warrants. In addition, the Company determined that the warrants can be settled for cash at the holders’ option in a future fundamental transaction, as defined. As a result of the anti-dilution and fundamental transaction provisions, the Company determined that the warrants should be recognized as a derivative liability, and re-measured at each reporting period with the change in value reported in the statement of operations.

At March 31, 2018, the balance of the derivative liabilities was $153,042. During the nine months ended December 31, 2018, the Company recorded a decrease in derivative liability of $100,559. At December 31, 2018, the balance of the derivative liabilities was $52,483.

At December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2018, the derivative liabilities were valued using a probability weighted Black-Scholes-Merton pricing model with the following assumptions:

The risk-free interest rate was based on rates established by the Federal Reserve Bank. The Company uses the historical volatility of its common stock to estimate the future volatility for its common stock. The expected life of the warrants was determined by the expiration date of the warrants. The expected dividend yield was based on the fact that the Company has not paid dividends to its common stockholders in the past and does not expect to pay dividends to its common stockholders in the future.

4. ADVANCE PAYABLE

In July 2018, we received an advance from an unrelated party for $250,000 related to a potential investment in the Company. Negotiations for the potential investment are currently ongoing. The advance is unsecured, non-interest bearing, and due on demand.

5. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Issuance of Common Stock and Warrants

On August 29, 2018, the Company sold 333,334 shares of its common stock and warrants to purchase 166,667 shares of the Company’s common stock, resulting in proceeds to the Company of $500,000. The common stock and warrants were sold in units, consisting of a share of common stock and a warrant to purchase a share of common stock, at a price of $1.50 per unit, with an exercise price for the warrants of $2.00 per share.

On October 19, 2018, the Company sold 5,666,666 shares of its common stock and warrants to purchase 5,666,666 shares of the Company’s common stock, resulting in net proceeds to the Company of $8,350,000 after deducting fees and expenses of the offering. The common stock and warrants were sold in units, consisting of a share of common stock and a warrant to purchase a share of common stock, at a price of $1.50 per unit, with an exercise price for the warrants of $3.00 per share.

On October 19, 2018, the Company also entered into a share exchange agreement with the shareholders of Summit (See Note 2) and issued 6,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, in exchange for all of the outstanding common stock of Summit.

Common stock issued to employees with vesting terms

The Company has issued shares of common stock to employees and directors that vest over time. The fair value of these stock awards is based on the market price of the Company’s common stock on the dates granted, and are amortized over vesting terms ranging up to three years.

During the nine months ended December 31, 2018, we recorded expense related to the fair value of stock awards that vested which amounted to an aggregate of $320,642. At December 31, 2018, the amount of unvested compensation related to these awards is approximately $33,000, and will be recorded as expense over the next three months.

Shares of restricted stock granted above are subject to forfeiture to the Company or other restrictions that will lapse in accordance with a vesting schedule determined by our Board. In the event a recipient’s employment or service with the Company terminates, any or all of the shares of common stock held by such recipient that have not vested as of the date of termination under the terms of the restricted stock agreement are forfeited to the Company in accordance with such restricted grant agreement.

The following table summarizes restricted common stock activity:

Common stock issued for services

During the nine months ended December 31, 2018, the Company issued a total of 205,000 shares of common stock to two consultants as payment for services and recorded expenses of $316,050 based on the fair value of the Company’s common stock at the issuance date.

6. STOCK OPTIONS

A summary of the Company’s stock option activity during the nine months ended December 31, 2018 is as follows:

A summary of the Company’s stock options outstanding and exercisable as of December 31, 2018 is as follows:

During the nine months ended December 31, 2018, we expensed total stock-based compensation related to vested stock options of $624,011, and the remaining unamortized cost of the outstanding stock-based awards at December 31, 2018 was approximately $570,000. The remaining unamortized cost will be amortized on a straight line basis over a weighted average remaining vesting period of one year. At December 31, 2018, the 3,456,710 outstanding stock options had an intrinsic value of $250,000.

7. WARRANTS

At December 31, 2018, warrants to purchase common shares were outstanding as follows:

In August 2018 and October 2018, we issued warrants to purchase an aggregate of 5,833,333 shares of the Company’s common stock with exercise prices ranging from $2.00 to $3.00 per share (see Note 5). These warrants were cancelled in January 2019 (see Note 10).

At December 31, 2018, the 6,968,336 outstanding warrants had no intrinsic value.

8. RELATED PARTY OBLIGATIONS

In May 2017, the Company extended a lease with One World Ranches, which is jointly-owned by Dr. Avtar Dhillon, the Chairman of the Company’s Board of Directors, and his wife, to rent the space being used as the Company’s office and laboratory facility through May 1, 2020. Rent payments are $2,600 per month. Aggregate payments under the lease for the nine months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were $23,400 and $23,100, respectively.

9. SEGMENT INFORMATION

ASC 280, “Segment Reporting” establishes standards for reporting information about operating segments on a basis consistent with the Company’s internal organization structure as well as information about services categories, business segments and major customers in financial statements. The Company has two reportable segments that are based on the following business units: Research & Development and Clinical Operations. In accordance with the “Segment Reporting” Topic of the ASC, the Company’s chief operating decision maker has been identified as the Chief Executive Officer, who reviews operating results to make decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance for the entire Company. Existing guidance, which is based on a management approach to segment reporting, establishes requirements to report selected segment information quarterly and to report annually entity-wide disclosures about products and services, major customers and the countries in which the entity holds material assets and reports revenue. All material operating units qualify for aggregation under “Segment Reporting” due to their similar customer base and similarities in: economic characteristics; nature of products and services; and procurement, manufacturing and distribution processes. The Company operates two reportable business segments:

The Company had no inter-segment sales for the periods presented. Summarized financial information concerning the Company’s reportable segments is shown as below:

By Categories

10. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

In August 2018 and October 2018, the Company entered into securities purchase agreements with certain investors and issued a total of 6 million shares of common stock and warrants to purchase 5.8 million shares of the Company’s common stock for net proceeds of approximately $8.4 million (See Note 5). On January 18, 2019, the Company entered into an amendment to these securities purchase agreements. Pursuant to the amendment, the warrants to purchase the 5.8 million shares of the Company’s common stock were cancelled, and the investors were issued an additional 16,750,000 shares of the Company’s common stock for no additional consideration.  The fair value of the additional shares is estimated to be approximately $9.7 million, and will be recorded as a deemed dividend to the investors.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

As used in this discussion and analysis and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report, the “Company”, “we”, “us” or “our” refer to Vitality Biopharma, Inc., a Nevada corporation.

Cautionary Statement

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our Unaudited Condensed Financial Statements and the related notes thereto contained in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report. The information contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q is not a complete description of our business or the risks associated with an investment in our common stock. We urge you to carefully review and consider the various disclosures made by us in this Quarterly Report and in our other reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), including our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018 filed on June 28, 2018, and the related audited financial statements and notes included therein.

Certain statements made in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). Forward-looking statements are projections in respect of future events or our future financial performance. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “intend,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” or “continue” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. These statements are only predictions and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, which may cause our or our industry’s actual results, levels of activity or performance to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity or performance expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include: general economic and financial market conditions; our ability to obtain additional financing as necessary; any adverse occurrence with respect to our business or; results of our research and development activities that are less positive than we expect ; our ability to bring our intended products to market; market demand for our intended products; shifts in industry capacity; product development or other initiatives by our competitors; fluctuations in the availability of raw materials and costs associated with growing raw materials for our intended products; poor growing conditions for the stevia plant; other factors beyond our control; and the other risks described under the heading “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on June 28, 2018.

Although we believe that the expectations and assumptions reflected in the forward-looking statements we make are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity or performance. In addition, we cannot assess the impact of each factor on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed by any forward-looking statements. As a result, readers should not place undue reliance on any of the forward-looking statements we make in this report. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to revise or update publicly any forward-looking statements for any reason.

Company Overview

Vitality Biopharma, Inc. is unlocking the power of cannabinoids for the treatment of serious neurological and inflammatory disorders

We hold exclusive worldwide intellectual property and commercialization rights to a new class of cannabinoid pharmaceutical candidates known as cannabosides. This class of compounds includes VBX-100, a prodrug of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which enables targeted delivery of THC to the gastrointestinal tract without any resulting drug psychoactivity or intoxication.

In October 2018, we acquired and initiated a specialty health care business named Vitality Healthtech, Inc., which was founded and is led by a team of physicians and psychologists dedicated to use of cannabinoid therapies as an alternative to opiate painkillers. Vitality Healthtech, Inc. is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company and the business is focused on the use of cannabinoids for opiate reduction.

Cannabosides are cannabinoid glycoside “prodrugs,” which means that they are medications or compounds that, after administration, are converted within the body into a pharmacologically active drug. Because there often already exists independent verification of the active drug’s safety and efficacy, as is the case with THC, which has been FDA-approved as a pharmaceutical since 1985, prodrugs may receive regulatory and marketing approvals more quickly than others. At the same time, a prodrug can have many commercial advantages, including that they can be proprietary and patentable compositions of matter, unlike cannabinoids themselves, or older pharmaceutical formulations where patent protection has already expired.

Our most advanced drug candidate, VBX-100, is a prodrug of THC, which was first approved as a pharmaceutical by the FDA in 1985 under the brand name MARINOL^TM and that is known by the generic drug name of dronabinol. VBX-100 enables targeting or restriction of THC to the gastrointestinal tract, thereby eliminating or avoiding the psychoactive or intoxicating effects that occur when THC enters the bloodstream and brain. VBX-100 may enable more widespread use of THC for treatment of gastrointestinal conditions as well as its use in many patient populations for whom treatment today with THC is not generally recommended, including children, patients who are pregnant or breastfeeding, and patients with a history or high risk of mental illness.

VBX-100 is being developed for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), C. difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis (CDAC), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and narcotic bowel syndrome (NBS), a severe form of opiate-induced abdominal pain.

For IBD, which includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, there have been independently-conducted preclinical and clinical studies that have demonstrated the benefit of cannabinoids. Independently-run retrospective clinical studies have found that in 56 patients who used cannabinoids with IBD that 83.9% of patients reported improvement in abdominal pain, and 76.8% of patients reported improvement in abdominal cramping. In addition, in a prospective trial that was independently-managed and placebo-controlled, it was found that 45% of Crohn’s disease patients achieved remission after 8 weeks of treatment. Patients reported improvements in sleep and appetite with no significant side effects and some patients were able to eliminate use of corticosteroids and opiate pain medications. Patients experienced benefits with cannabis treatment despite being non-responders to conventional therapies, such as corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and TNF-alpha inhibitors. VBX-100 may enable treatment of drug-resistant forms of IBD without any psychoactivity and also without the adverse effects of alternative IBD therapies, many of which today suppress the immune system throughout the body and can increase the risk of infections or cancer.

A key part of our strategy will be to take advantage of a more efficient Food & Drug Administration (FDA) review and approval process that is available for prodrugs, which reduces the need for large and expensive clinical trials. Expedited regulatory processes may be available for our cannabosides because in the U.S. and internationally there have already been many independent preclinical and clinical studies completed using THC, and so existing clinical data may be submitted to drug regulatory agencies as supporting evidence of our compounds’ safety.

We aim to develop and approve our pharmaceutical candidates using a low-risk regulatory strategy that is available for prodrugs, and to amplify the benefits that have been seen in independent, early-stage clinical trials and preclinical studies describing the use of cannabinoids for treatment of neurological and inflammatory conditions. Our focus is especially on eliminating well known side effects of existing therapies, and on treating conditions known to involve the endocannabinoid system and the gastrointestinal tract.

Our primary operations are based in Yuba City, California, where we originally developed our proprietary bioprocessing methods. The Company’s research and development facilities include laboratories and a manufacturing suite that will be used for pharmaceutical-grade production of drug material for clinical trials. These facilities and the company’s operations involving handling and use of controlled substances have been registered with and authorized by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) as well as the Research Advisory Panel of California, a part of the State of California’s Department of Justice.

Product Pipeline

We have produced more than 25 novel cannabosides so far and have patent applications that include composition of matter claims for prodrugs of cannabinoids that have been studied extensively in clinical trials worldwide, including THC and cannabidiol (CBD). Upon successful patent prosecution, protection would extend until 2035 and be available in all major markets worldwide. In addition, we have filed patent applications that seek to protect more broad claims on novel vanilloid glycoside compounds that target TRPV receptors for mediating pain relief, methods of use for TRPV1 agonists to effect neural repair, and based on findings in early 2017, for drug compositions and methods to use cannabinoids to treat gut dysbiosis and drug-resistant C.difficile infections, which colonize the large intestine.

Cannaboside prodrugs may deliver a variety of benefits over existing cannabinoid therapies, including:

VBX-100 is an oral cannaboside and a prodrug of THC, or dronabinol, which was first approved by the US FDA in 1985. MARINOL^TM is an approved version of dronabinol that is indicated for treatment of anorexia and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. VBX-100 is targeted or restricted to the gastrointestinal tract, so it could eliminate the psychoactive effects of THC, which may enable widespread adult use of THC for treatment of gastrointestinal conditions as well as use in patient populations where use of THC is currently limited or avoided, including for treatment of pediatric conditions or for treatment of patients with a history of mental illness. VBX-100 is intended primarily for acute or short-term use, such as for treatment regimens to induce remission of disease flares that occur in pediatric Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis, or for use to relieve severe abdominal pain while narcotic bowel syndrome patients reduce or eliminate use of opioid painkillers.

VBX-210 is an oral cannaboside formulation being investigated in preclinical studies for treatment of gastrointestinal conditions. VBX-210 is intended primarily for chronic or long-term use (greater than 6 months per year), including long-term management of irritable bowel syndrome, chronic pain, prevention of colorectal cancer, or maintaining remission of inflammatory bowel disease. We are developing additional cannabinoid product formulations that are intended to provide relief of refractory pain in patients using cannabinoids as an alternative to opioid painkillers, as well as formulations intended to improve the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder.

For each of the pharmaceutical candidates in our pipeline, the active cannabinoid pharmaceutical agents have been independently approved by regulatory bodies and there is extensive clinical data already available related to drug safety and effectiveness. Because of this, we will in general benefit from the increased familiarity of clinical investigators and regulators with these compounds, which may enable abbreviated paths towards clinical testing and eventual approval of our pharmaceutical products.

Our Operations

We believe that our long-term commercial success and profit potential depends in large part on our ability to develop and advance proprietary cannabinoid prodrugs that are strongly differentiated from both medical cannabis and existing cannabinoid drugs, and to do this more quickly, efficiently and effectively than our competitors. Another critical factor that will determine our success is our ability to obtain and enforce patents, maintain protection of trade secrets, and operate our business without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. As a result, we are dedicated to the continued development and protection of our intellectual property portfolio.

We developed internally and hold exclusive worldwide intellectual property rights related to two U.S. patent applications filed in September and October 2015, titled “Cannabinoid Glycoside Prodrugs and Methods of Synthesis.” In September 2016, an expanded international application was filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty system, which includes 79 patent claims to almost 200 individual compounds, including but not limited to prodrugs of THC and CBD. In March and April 2018, applications were filed for national and regional prosecution in major pharmaceutical markets worldwide including the U.S., Europe, Japan, Canada, Mexico, Australia, New Zealand, China, and Brazil. For more information, see the “Intellectual Property” section below.

Short Term Development Targets

We plan to complete all necessary preclinical studies for VBX-100 and to initiate a Phase 1 clinical trial in 2019. This first-in-man clinical study will focus primarily on evaluating the clinical pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of VBX-100 in healthy volunteers. Additional endpoints may be analyzed to examine the effects of VBX-100 on GI motility, intestinal permeability, and on the human microbiome. The Phase 1 first-in-human trial is intended to provide safety data sufficient for us to initiate a Phase 2 proof-of-concept clinical study in the second half of 2019, or immediately upon completion of the Phase 1 trial, including for treatment of IBD and IBS. We plan to conduct additional preclinical studies on VBX-100 and our other pharmaceutical candidates, as well as sponsor observational clinical studies of cannabinoids for new treatment indications including prevention of colorectal cancer, treatment of refractory pain (opioid substitution therapy), and treatment of autism spectrum disorder.

Short-term development targets include:

Additional Operations

In October 2018, we acquired and initiated a specialty health care business named Vitality Healthtech, Inc., which was founded and is led by a team of physicians and psychologists dedicated to use of cannabinoid therapies as an alternative to opiate painkillers. Vitality Healthtech, Inc. is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company and the business is focused on the use of cannabinoids for opiate reduction. The Company is developing proprietary treatment regimens and operating health care facilities that enable provision of related health care services for opioid-dependent patients, targeting the more than 10 million Americans currently using opioids for treatment of chronic non-cancer pain. The Company intends to structure the products and services offered by Vitality Healthtech, Inc. such that they will be federally-compliant, enabling access to patients located in all U.S. states. Expansion plans are being developed and the Company expects Vitality Healthtech, Inc. to operate on a cashflow positive basis or better by 2020. The audited financial statements of Vitality Healthtech, Inc. were filed publicly on a Form 8-K on January 7, 2019.

Results of Operations

Three Months Ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017

Our net loss during the three months ended December 31, 2018 was $1,208,571 compared to a net loss of $1,241,973 for the three months ended December 31, 2017. During the three months ended December 31, 2018, we generated $94,823 in revenue from the provision of addiction treatment services through Vitality Healthtech, Inc. and the sale of research diagnostic testing kits, compared to $19,305 in revenue for the 2017 period from the sale of research diagnostic testing kits. These products are sold primarily to research universities and companies in the United States and through a network of research product distributors internationally. The tests enable measurement by life science researchers of biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative signaling and stress. The kits and products include antibodies, enzymes, as well as specialty chemicals. We are planning to discontinue the operation of Percipio Biosciences within the first half of 2019.

During the three months ended December 31, 2018, we incurred salaries and cost of outpatient services and other costs of $313,285 compared to $16,976 during the three months ended December 31, 2017. These costs included the costs associated with the acquisition of Summit during the 2018 period and did not in the 2017 period.

During the three months ended December 31, 2018, we incurred general and administrative expenses in the aggregate amount of $1,027,127 compared to $619,312 incurred during the three months ended December 31, 2017 (an increase of $407,815). General and administrative expenses generally include corporate overhead, corporate salaries and other compensation costs, financial and administrative contracted services, marketing, consulting costs and travel expenses. A significant portion of these costs are related to the development of our organizational capabilities as a biotechnology company, including costs such as legal and advisory fees related to intellectual property development as well as the additional costs of operating Vitality Healthtech. The majority of the increase in general and administrative costs in the period relates to the additional costs of operating Vitality Healthtech, which incurred $391,299 in such expenses.

In addition, during the three months ended December 31, 2018, we incurred research and development costs of $112,210, compared to $562,504 during the three months ended December 31, 2017 (a decrease of $450,294). This decrease resulted from decreased laboratory and consulting expenses during the 2018 period as a result of lower stock based compensation expenses.

During each of the three months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, we incurred related party rent and other costs totaling $7,800.

This resulted in a loss from operations of $1,365,599 during the three months ended December 31, 2018 compared to a loss from operations of $1,187,287 during the three months ended December 31, 2017.

During the three months ended December 31, 2018, we recorded total net other income in the amount of $157,028, compared to total net other expenses recorded during the three months ended December 31, 2017 in the amount of $54,686. During the three months ended December 31, 2018, we recorded a gain related to the change in fair value of derivatives of $162,908, compared to a loss of $54,686 during the 2017 quarter. This resulted in a net loss of $1,208,571 during the three months ended December 31, 2018, compared to a net loss of $1,241,973 during the three months ended December 31, 2017.

The decrease in net loss during the three months ended December 31, 2018 compared to the net loss for the three months ended December 31, 2017 is attributable primarily to lower research and development costs recorded during the 2018 quarter offset by higher general and administrative costs related to the addition of Vitality Healthtech, during the 2018 quarter.

Nine Months Ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017

Our net loss during the nine months ended December 31, 2018 was $3,564,587 compared to a net loss of $3,246,847 for the nine months ended December 31, 2017. During the nine months ended December 31, 2018, we generated $157,656 in revenue from the provision of addiction treatment services and the sales of certain research products, compared to $77,324 in revenue from sales of certain research products during the nine months ended December 31, 2017. In May 2014, we purchased the assets of a Percipio Biosciences, Inc., which produced and sold these products, and which we continue to sell under their existing brand names. These products are sold primarily to research universities and companies in the United States and through a network of research product distributors internationally. The tests enable measurement by life science researchers of biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative signaling and stress. The kits and products include antibodies, enzymes, as well as specialty chemicals. We expect to discontinue the operation of Percipio Biosciences during the first half of 2019.

During the nine months ended December 31, 2018, we incurred salaries and cost of outpatient services and other costs of $353,742 compared to $54,942 during the nine months ended December 31, 2017. These costs included the costs associated with the acquisition of Summit during the 2018 period and did not in the 2017 period.

During the nine months ended December 31, 2018, we incurred general and administrative expenses in the aggregate amount of $2,234,584 compared to $1,894,984 incurred during the nine months ended December 31, 2017 (an increase of $339,600). General and administrative expenses generally include corporate overhead, corporate salaries and other compensation costs, costs of financial and administrative contracted services, marketing and consulting costs and travel expenses. A significant portion of these costs are related to the development of our organizational capabilities as a biotechnology company, including costs such as legal and advisory fees related to intellectual property development. The general and administrative expenses included stock-based compensation of $593,227 during the nine months ended December 31, 2018, as compared to stock-based compensation of $505,555 during the nine months ended December 31, 2017 (an increase of $87,672), professional fees of $369,836 during the nine months ended December 31, 2018, as compared to professional fees of $475,929 during the nine months ended December 31, 2017 (a decrease of $106,093), and legal fees of $204,715 during the nine months ended December 31, 2018, as compared to legal fees of $82,839 during the nine months ended December 31, 2017 (an increase of $121,876).

In addition, during the nine months ended December 31, 2018, we incurred research and development costs of $1,205,196, compared to $1,390,100 during the nine months ended December 31, 2017 (a decrease of $184,904). The decrease resulted primarily from decreased stock based compensation costs during the 2018 period.

During the nine months ended December 31, 2018, we incurred related party rent and other costs totaling $23,400 compared to $23,100 incurred during the nine months ended December 31, 2017 (an increase of $300).

This resulted in a loss from operations of $3,659,266 during the nine months ended December 31, 2018 compared to a loss from operations of $3,285,802 during the nine months ended December 31, 2017.

During the nine months ended December 31, 2018, we recorded total other income in the amount of $94,679, compared to total other income recorded during the nine months ended December 31, 2017 in the amount of $38,955. During the nine months ended December 31, 2018, we recorded a gain related to the change in fair value of derivative liabilities of $100,559, compared to a gain of $38,955 during the nine months ended December 31, 2017. This resulted in a net loss of $3,564,587 during the nine months ended December 31, 2018, compared to a net loss of $3,246,847 during the nine months ended December 31, 2017.

The increase in net loss during the nine months ended December 31, 2018 compared to the net loss for the nine months ended December 31, 2017 is attributable primarily to higher general and administrative costs related to the addition of Vitality Healthtech, during the 2018 quarter offset by lower research and development costs recorded during the 2018 period.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As reflected in the accompanying financial statements, for the nine months ended December 31, 2018, the Company incurred a net loss of $3,564,587 and used cash in operating activities of $2,435,664. In August 2018 and October 2018, the Company sold an aggregate of 6,000,000 shares of its common stock and warrants to purchase 5,833,333 shares of the Company’s common stock, resulting in net proceeds to the Company of approximately $8,850,000 after deducting fees and expenses of the offering. The common stock and warrants were sold in units, consisting of a share of common stock and a warrant to purchase a share of common stock, at a price of $1.50 per unit, with exercise prices for the warrants ranging from $2.00 to $3.00 per share. As of December 31, 2018, we had $7,462,171 of cash, stockholders’ equity of $15,868,390 and had working capital of $6,783,459.

We have not yet received significant revenues from sales of products or services, and have recurring losses from operations, and further losses are anticipated in the development of our business. During 2019, we expect to expand our clinical operations and research and development. Our budget for 2019 includes increased revenue primarily from our clinical operations that were acquired in October 2018, increased spending on clinical operations and research and development, and higher payroll expenses as we increase our professional and scientific staff. Based on the funds we had available on December 31, 2018, we believe that we have sufficient capital to fund our anticipated operating expenses for at least the next 12 months.

While we believe that our existing cash balances will be sufficient to fund our currently planned level of operations for at least 12 months, we may require additional financing to fund our planned future operations, including the continuation of our ongoing research and development efforts, licensing or acquiring new assets, and researching and developing any potential patents and any further intellectual property that we may acquire. Further, these estimates could differ if we encounter unanticipated difficulties, in which case our current funds may not be sufficient to operate our business for that period. In addition, our estimates of the amount of cash necessary to operate our business may prove to be wrong, and we could spend our available financial resources much faster than we currently expect. Despite the amount of funds that we have raised, no assurance can be given that any future financing, if needed, will be available or, if available, that it will be on terms that are satisfactory to the Company.

On August 29, 2018, the Company issued and sold 333,334 shares of its common stock and warrants to purchase up to 166,667 shares of the Company’s common stock, at a price of $1.50 per unit, resulting in proceeds of $500,000 to the Company. Additionally, on October 19, 2018, the Company sold 5,666,666 shares of its common stock and warrants to purchase 5,666,666 shares of the Company’s common stock, resulting in net proceeds to the Company of $8,350,000 after deducting fees and expenses of the offering. Despite the amount of funds that we have raised, no assurance can be given that any future financing, if needed, will be available or, if available, that it will be on terms that are satisfactory to the Company.

On November 7, 2018, the SEC suspended the trading of the Company’s common stock. The Company’s common stock resumed trading with limited liquidity on the grey market on November 21, 2018. Grey market stocks are not traded or quoted on an exchange or inter-dealer quotation system, but are reported by broker-dealers to their self-regulatory organization (“SRO”) and the SRO distributes the trade data to market data vendors and financial websites. Since grey market securities are not traded or quoted on an exchange or inter-dealer quotation system, investor’s bids and offers are not collected in a central spot, so market transparency is diminished and execution of orders is difficult. The Company is actively pursuing the resumption of ordinary course trading status on the OTCQB or a national exchange.

We do not have any firm commitments for future capital and until the Company resumes ordinary course trading status on the OTCQB or a national exchange it will be difficult to obtain financing on commercially reasonable or acceptable terms. Additional financing may be required to fund our planned operations in future periods, including research and development activities relating to our principal product candidate, seeking regulatory approval of that or any other product candidate we may choose to develop, commercializing any product candidate for which we are able to obtain regulatory approval or certification, seeking to license or acquire new assets or businesses, and maintaining our intellectual property rights and pursuing rights to new technologies. We may seek to raise such funding from a variety of sources. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders’ ownership will be diluted, and obtaining commercial loans would increase our liabilities and future cash commitments. If we pursue capital through alternative sources, such as collaborations or other similar arrangements, we may be forced to relinquish rights to our proprietary technology or other intellectual property that could result in our receipt of only a portion of any revenue that may be generated from a partnered product or business. Further, we may not be able to obtain additional financing from any of these sources on commercially reasonable or acceptable terms when needed, or at all. If we cannot raise the money that we need in order to continue to operate and develop our business, we will be forced to delay, scale back or eliminate some or all of our operations. If any of these were to occur, there is a substantial risk that our business would fail and our stockholders could lose all of their investment.

Net Cash Used in Operating Activities

We have not generated positive cash flows from operating activities. For the nine months ended December 31, 2018, net cash used in operating activities was $2,435,664 compared to net cash used in operating activities of $2,180,055 for the nine months ended December 31, 2017. This increase was primarily attributable to an increase in net loss in the 2018 period compared to 2017. Net cash used in operating activities during the nine months ended December 31, 2018 consisted primarily of a net loss of $3,564,587, offset by $1,260,703 related to stock-based compensation. Net cash used in operating activities during the nine months ended December 31, 2017 consisted primarily of a net loss of $3,246,847, offset by $ 1,151,304 in aggregate stock compensation from vested stock options and common stock, and $313,676 of shares of stock issued for services.

Net Cash Used in Investing Activities

Cash provided by investing activities during the nine months ended December 31, 2018 was attributable to the cash acquired from the acquisition of Summit. During the nine months ended December 31, 2017, no net cash was used in or provided by investing activities.

Net Cash Provided By Financing Activities

During the nine months ended December 31, 2018, net cash provided by financing activities was $9,100,000, consisting of $8,850,000 in proceeds from the sale of common stock and warrants and $250,000 from an advance received from a third party. During the nine months ended December 31, 2017, cash provided by financing activities was $2,389,999 in net proceeds from the sale of common stock and warrants.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements