ORGANOVO HOLDINGS, INC. - Annual Report: 2018 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 2018

OR

For the Transition Period from                      to                     

Commission File No. 001-35996

ORGANOVO HOLDINGS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: 858-224-1000

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company.  See the definitions of “accelerated filer”, “large accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates based on the closing stock price as reported on the NASDAQ Global Market on September 30, 2017, the last trading day of the registrant’s second fiscal quarter, was $232,023,855. For purposes of this computation only, shares of common stock held by each executive officer, director, and 10% or greater stockholders have been excluded in that such persons may be deemed affiliates.

The number of outstanding shares of the registrant’s common stock, as of May 29, 2018 was 111,126,625.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Certain information required for Part III of this report is incorporated herein by reference to the definitive proxy statement for the 2018 annual meeting of the registrant’s stockholders, expected to be filed within 120 days of the end of the registrant’s fiscal year.

Organovo Holdings, Inc.

Annual Report on Form 10-K

For the Year Ended March 31, 2018

Table of Contents

Important Information Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

Portions of this annual report on Form 10-K (including information incorporated by reference) include “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the safe harbor provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, based on our current beliefs, expectations and projections regarding our technology, our product and service development opportunities and timelines, our business strategies, customer acceptance and the market potential of our technology, products and services, our future capital requirements, our future financial performance and other matters. This includes, in particular, Item 1. “Business” and Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of this annual report on Form 10-K, as well as other portions of this annual report on Form 10-K. The words “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “project,” “could,” “would,” and similar expressions, among others, generally identify “forward-looking statements,” which speak only as of the date the statements were made. The matters discussed in these forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those projected, anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements. As a result, you should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. The most significant of these risks, uncertainties and other factors are described in Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of this annual report on Form 10-K. Except to the limited extent required by applicable law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

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PART I

Item 1. Business.

Overview

Organovo Holdings, Inc. (“Organovo Holdings,” “we,” “us,” “our,” “the Company” and “our Company”) is a biotechnology company pioneering a unique set of therapeutic and drug profiling capabilities based on its revolutionary ability to 3D bioprint tissues that emulate human biology and disease. We are developing in vivo liver tissues to treat a range of rare, life-threatening diseases, for which there are few current treatment options other than organ transplantation. Our first program, which focuses on a rare disease known as Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (“A1AT”), received the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s (“FDA”) orphan drug designation in December 2017 and is targeted for an Initial New Drug Application (“IND”) filing in calendar-year 2020.  We are also capitalizing on our foundational ability to isolate highly specialized human cells to build robust, functional human tissues by creating a range of novel preclinical in vitro disease modeling platforms, including a broad set of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (“NAFLD”) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (“NASH”) conditions. Our clients are accessing these diseased tissue platforms through a growing number of collaborative, revenue-generating agreements.  

We aim to grow revenue through product sales, fee-based service agreements and collaborations for our in vitro tissues to help provide a portion of the required cash flow to support our in vivo therapeutics development program.  Our in vitro and in vivo tissues are both built upon the same proprietary 3D bioprinting technology and our highly specialized cells, providing valuable synergies in advancing each of our businesses. We are striving to change the face of medicine by enabling translational drug discovery and through clinical development of novel approaches to treating disease.

In the near-term, we will focus on several value-driving inflection points including:

Over the long-term, we will focus on achieving the following key milestones:

Our Platform Technology

Our 3D human tissue platform is enabled by our proprietary NovoGen Bioprinters^® and related technologies for preparing bio-inks and bioprinting multicellular tissues with complex architecture. We believe the tissue-like configuration and extended lifespan of our 3D human tissues make them ideally suited for the assessment of drug safety and efficacy, and as implantable tissue patches for augmentation or replacement of organ function. Our foundational proprietary technology, grounded in over a decade of peer-reviewed scientific publications, derives from research led by Dr. Gabor Forgacs, the former George H. Vineyard Professor of Biological Physics at the University of Missouri-Columbia. We have a broad portfolio of intellectual property rights covering the principles, enabling instrumentation, applications, and methods of cell-based printing, including exclusive licenses to certain patented and patent pending technologies from the University of Missouri-Columbia and Clemson University. We have continued to develop our

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technology and grow our intellectual property portfolio. In addition to our in-licensed patents, we own more than 100 additional patents and pending applications worldwide covering specific tissue designs, uses, and methods of manufacture. We believe that our broad and exclusive commercial rights to patented and patent-pending 3D tissues and related bioprinting technology provide us with a strong and defensible market position for the successful commercialization of 3D bioprinted human tissues to address a broad array of unmet preclinical and clinical needs.

The key distinguishing features of our bioprinted 3D human tissues are their dense cellularity and the controlled patterning of specific cell types relative to each other, both of which are enabled by our proprietary bio-inks and bioprinters. Cells within our bioprinted tissues develop extensive cell-cell interactions and features analogous to those found in native tissues, which drives their extended viability and function outside of the body. Unlike the majority of engineered tissue strategies, where biomaterials are the major component of the tissue and cells are present in relatively low proportions, the Organovo platform builds tissues that are comprised almost entirely of human cells with minimal usage of any biomaterial components. Prior to the invention of our NovoGen^® bioprinting platform, the most common fabrication method for 3D tissues was the use of biomaterial scaffolding into which cells were incorporated. While useful for some applications, scaffold-based engineered tissues lack features of native tissue that are critical to function such as dense cellularity where cells have intimate contact with neighboring cells, and an intricate architecture created by the spatial arrangement of specific cellular compartments relative to each other. Moreover, we focus exclusively on the use of human cells as inputs, yielding functional models of human tissue that can be used in vitro for drug discovery and development. In addition, complex bioprinted human tissues may also address unmet clinical needs by serving as tissue grafts for the augmentation or replacement of functional mass in tissues and organs that are damaged by trauma or disease

Our Market Opportunity

We believe that our proprietary 3D bioprinting platform enables us to deliver functional human tissues to multiple clinical markets for direct therapeutic purposes and to the drug discovery and development market for the creation and optimization of novel therapeutic treatments:

During the past year, we have implanted our 3D bioprinted human liver tissue patches onto the livers of diseased mice, and through serum and histopathologic evaluation of the implanted therapeutic tissue, showed engraftment, retention and a high degree of disease clearing through 125 days post-implantation, a significant increase in duration from our earlier preclinical studies.  These results demonstrate a significant increase in the reported duration of implanted human hepatocyte synthetic function, demonstrating sustained presence of key human liver proteins such as albumin and A1AT in the animal bloodstream.  In addition, our pathologic evaluation of diseased animals receiving our implanted bioprinted liver tissues suggested an approximately 75 percent reduction in the pathologic hallmarks of the disease in treated animals versus non-treated animals in the region of implant.  

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The NovoGen Bioprinter® Platform

Our NovoGen Bioprinters^® are automated devices that enable the fabrication of 3D living tissues comprised of mammalian cells. A custom graphic user interface (“GUI”) facilitates the 3D design and execution of scripts that direct precision movement of multiple dispensing heads to deposit defined cellular building blocks called bio-ink. Bio-ink can be formulated as a 100% cellular composition or as a mixture of cells and other matter (hydrogels, particles, etc.). Our NovoGen Bioprinters^® can also dispense pure hydrogel formulations provided the physical properties of the hydrogel are compatible with the dispensing parameters. Most typically, hydrogels are deployed to create void spaces within specific locations in a 3D tissue or to aid in the deposition of specific cell types. We employ a wide variety of proprietary cell- and hydrogel-based bio-inks in the fabrication of tissues. Our NovoGen Bioprinters^® also serve as important components of our tissue prototyping and manufacturing platform, as they are able to rapidly and precisely fabricate intricate small-scale tissue models for in vitro use as well as larger-scale tissues suitable for in vivo use.

Our efforts in systems engineering are focused on ensuring the continuous improvement and evolution of our NovoGen Bioprinters^® to meet the needs of internally driven and externally partnered tissue programs. To date, several generations of NovoGen Bioprinters^® have been designed, developed, and are being used for tissue production.

Generation of bio-ink comprising human cells is the first step in bioprinting. A wide variety of cells and cell-laden hydrogels can be formulated into bio-ink and bioprinted tissues, including cell lines, primary cells, and stem/progenitor cells. The majority of tissue designs employ two or more distinct varieties of bio-ink, usually comprised of cells that represent distinct compartments within a target tissue. For example, a 3D liver might consist of two to three distinct bio-inks that are each made from a single cell type or combination of multiple cell types. Our NovoGen Bioprinters^® can optionally dispense bio-inert hydrogels to serve as physical supports for the bioprinted tissue during its maturation period, or to transiently occupy negative spaces in a tissue design.

Research Collaborations

We currently collaborate with several academic institutions by providing them with access to our NovoGen Bioprinters^® for research purposes, including:  Yale School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (“UCSF”), Knight Cancer Institute at Oregon Health & Science University (“OHSU”), the National Eye Institute (“NEI”), Murdoch Children’s Research Institute (“MCRI”), and the University of Virginia (“UVA”). We believe that the use of our bioprinting platform by major research institutions will help to advance the capabilities of the platform and generate new applications for bioprinted tissues, ultimately creating future opportunities for our commercial products and intellectual property licensing.  Our collaborations with pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies generally involve the partner providing research funding to cover, in part or in full, the scope of work. This funding is typically reflected as collaboration revenues in our financial statements. Our research collaborations typically involve both us and the academic partner contributing resources directly to projects, but also may involve sponsored research agreements where we fund specific research programs. We may also contribute a bioprinter and technical support or a bioprinter and research headcount, depending on the project scope.

Samsara Sciences, Inc. (“Samsara”)

In January 2016, we announced that Samsara had commenced commercial operations. We formed Samsara to serve as a key source of certain of the primary human cells we utilize in our products and services and in the development of our therapeutic products. We believe Samsara can help us optimize our supply chain and reduce operating expenses related to cell sourcing and procurement and ensure that the cellular raw materials we use are of the highest quality and are derived from tissues that are ethically sourced in full compliance with state and federal guidelines. Samsara has begun providing us with qualified liver cells for use in our 3D Human Liver Tissue manufacturing, and certain other human cells for use in our preclinical research and development programs. In addition to serving as one of our key suppliers, Samsara offers human cells for use by life science customers, both directly and through distribution partners.

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Competition

We are subject to competition from pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies; academic and research institutions; and government or other publicly-funded agencies that are pursuing the development of tissue models and therapeutic products targeted to our potential customers and market opportunities. We believe our future success will depend, in large part, on our ability to maintain a first mover advantage and competitive lead in our industry.

Set forth below is a discussion of the competitive factors for each of the markets in which we intend to utilize our technology:

Research and Development

We continuously engage in research and development to enhance our platform technology, to develop new products and service offerings and to pursue our therapeutic initiatives. Our research and development efforts include internal initiatives as well as collaborative development opportunities with third parties. Our research and development expenses were $18.0 million, $19.5 million and $18.0 million for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. We focus our research and development activities in areas where we have technological expertise and where we believe a significant market opportunity exists for our technology and the products and services we develop. We intend to continue our focus on research and development as a key strategy for the growth of our business.

Intellectual Property

Our success depends in large part on our ability to establish and protect our proprietary bioprinting technologies and our engineered tissue products and services. We rely on a combination of patents, trademarks, trade secrets, confidential know-how, copyrights and a variety of contractual mechanisms such as confidentiality, material transfer, licenses, research collaboration, limited technology access, and invention assignment agreements, to protect our intellectual property. Our intellectual property portfolio for our core technology was initially built through licenses from the University of Missouri-Columbia (“MU”) and the Medical University of South Carolina. We have subsequently expanded our intellectual property portfolio by filing patent and trademark applications worldwide and negotiating additional licenses and purchases.

We solely own or hold exclusive licenses to 18 issued U.S. patents and more than 40 issued international patent applications. We solely or jointly own, or hold exclusive licenses to more than 18 pending U.S. patent applications and more than 90 pending international applications. These patent families relate to our bioprinting technology and our engineered tissue products and services, including its various uses in areas of tissue creation, in vitro testing, utilization in drug discovery, and in vivo therapeutics.

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In-Licensed IP

In 2009 and 2010, we obtained world-wide exclusive licenses to intellectual property owned by MU and the Medical University of South Carolina, which now includes 6 issued U.S. patents, 2 pending U.S. applications, 13 issued international patents and 2 pending international applications. Dr. Gabor Forgacs, one of our founders and a former George H. Vineyard Professor of Biophysics at MU, was one of the co-inventors of all of these works (collectively, the “Forgacs Intellectual Property”). The Forgacs Intellectual Property provides us with intellectual property rights relating to cellular aggregates, the use of cellular aggregates to create engineered tissues, and the use of cellular aggregates to create engineered tissue with no scaffold present. The intellectual property rights derived from the Forgacs Intellectual Property also enables us to utilize our NovoGen MMX Bioprinter^® to create engineered tissues. 

In 2011, we obtained an exclusive license to a U.S. patent (U.S. Pat. No. 7,051,654) owned by the Clemson University Research Foundation that provides us with intellectual property rights relating to methods of using ink-jet printer technology to dispense cells, and relating to the creation of matrices of bioprinted cells on gel materials.

In 2015, we obtained world-wide exclusive licenses to intellectual property owned by The University of Queensland (collectively, “UniQuest Intellectual Property”) relating to technologies for producing kidney cells and kidney organoids from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). At the time, Professor Melissa Little and her team at The University of Queensland developed a method of growing kidney tissue from iPSCs for potential use in drug screening, disease modeling and cell therapy. Professor Little’s research was eventually published in 2015 in the prestigious scientific journal Nature. Currently, the UniQuest Intellectual Property includes 2 pending U.S. patent application, one issued international patent and 17 pending international patent applications.  

The patent rights we obtained through these exclusive licenses are not only foundational within the field of 3D Bioprinting, but provide us with favorable priority dates. We are required to make ongoing royalty payments under these exclusive licenses based on net sales of products and services that rely on the intellectual property we in-licensed. For additional information regarding our royalty obligations see “Note 7. Licensing Agreements and Research Contracts” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report.

Company Owned IP

In addition to the IP we have in-licensed, we have continued to innovate and grow our IP portfolio.

With respect to our bioprinting platform, we have 6 issued U.S. patents and 7 issued foreign patents directed to our NovoGen MMX Bioprinter^® and methods of bioprinting:  U.S. Patent Nos. 8,931,880; 9,149,952; 9,227,339, 9,499,779, 9,315,043 and 9,855,369; Australia Patent Nos. 2,011,318,437, 2,015,202,836, and 2,013,249,569; China Patent No. ZL201180050831.4; Hong Kong Patent No. HK1187024, Israel Patent No. 225392, and Russia Patent No. 2,560,393. We have additional U.S. continuation applications pending in these families as well foreign counterpart applications in multiple countries. We intend to continue pursuing patent protection as we continue to innovate in relation to the design, features, and functionality of our bioprinter platform and bioprinting methods.

We are also pursuing U.S. and foreign patents covering our 3D bioprinted tissues and methods of fabricating such tissues. Our ExVive™ Human Liver Tissue is protected by U.S. Patent No. 9,222,932, U.S. Patent No. 9,442,105, Singapore Patent No. 1,120,157,202Y, Israel Patent No. 241,055, Australia Patent No. 201,423,6780, Canada Patent No. 2,903,844, and Russia Patent No. 2625016. Our ExVive™ Human Kidney Tissue is protected by U.S. Patent No. 9,481,868. We have additional U.S. patent applications pending in these families, as well as foreign counterpart applications in multiple countries. We currently have pending numerous patent applications in the U.S. and globally that are directed to additional types of tissues, their methods of fabrication, and specific applications. We intend to continue filing additional patent applications as we continue to innovate in this area.

Additionally, in 2013, we purchased the exclusive rights to “Perfusion Bioreactors for Culturing Cells” (U.S. Patent No. 7,767,446, Japan Patent No. 4,914,835, and Australia Patent No. 2,005,287,162) from Becton Dickinson and Company. This patent represents the acquisition of bioreactor technology for the support of our 3D tissues for use in drug discovery and development.

We believe that protection of the proprietary nature of our bioprinting technologies and products and services is essential to our business. Accordingly, we have adopted and will continue a vigorous program to secure and maintain protection of our intellectual property. Under this program, we intend to continue to file patent applications with respect to novel technology, and improvements thereof, that are important to our business. This program may also feature out-bound patent licensing of some or all of our IP portfolio. We also will continue to rely upon trade secret and confidential know-how protection of our methods and technology, including our proprietary in-house manufacturing methods and in vitro testing methods. As with other areas of biotechnology, this provides a critical adjunct to the protection offered by patents. As always, we continue to pursue our internal technological innovation and external licensing opportunities to develop and maintain our competitive position. There can be no assurance, however, that others will not independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary technology or that we can meaningfully protect our proprietary position.

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Regulatory Considerations

We are not aware of any current U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulatory requirements for sale or use of our in vitro 3D tissues and models in research applications, and we are not currently conducting research services pursuant to Good Laboratory Practice (“GLP”). GLP data is required in the development of any human therapeutic, and our technology platform has been designed to support compliance with GLP, although no independent certification has been performed to date to confirm this compliance.

Therapeutic tissues and other regenerative medicine products are subject to an extensive, lengthy and uncertain regulatory approval process by the FDA and comparable agencies in other countries. The regulation of new products is extensive, and the required process of laboratory testing and human studies is lengthy and expensive. For example, as our therapeutic tissue constructs move into clinical and commercial settings, full compliance with the FDA’s cGTP (current Good Tissue Practices) and cGMP (current Good Manufacturing Practices) guidelines will be required. Suitable design and documentation for clinical use of the bioprinter will be a part of future phases of our NovoGen Bioprinter^® design programs.

The process required by the FDA under the drug provisions of the United States Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act before our initial therapeutic tissue products may be marketed in the U.S. generally involves the following:

The testing and approval process requires substantial time, effort, and financial resources. The resource investment necessary to meet the requirements of these regulations will fall on our collaborating partners, or may be shared with us, to the extent that we are developing proprietary products that are the result of a collaboration effort. The resource investment of time, staff and expense to satisfy these regulations will fall on us for the proprietary products we are developing on our own. We may not be able to obtain FDA approvals for those products in a timely manner, or at all. We may encounter significant delays or excessive costs in our efforts to secure necessary approvals or licenses. Even if we obtain FDA regulatory approvals, the FDA extensively regulates manufacturing, labeling, distributing, marketing, promotion and advertising after product approval. Moreover, several of our product development areas may involve relatively new technology and have not been the subject of extensive product testing in humans. The regulatory requirements governing these products and related clinical procedures remain uncertain and the products themselves may be subject to substantial review by the FDA and/or foreign governmental regulatory authorities that could prevent or delay approval of these products and procedures. Regulatory requirements ultimately imposed on our products could limit our ability to test, manufacture and, ultimately, commercialize our products and thereby could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Raw Materials

We use live human cells to produce our 3D tissues. We source cells only from suppliers who have provided assurances that their cells come from tissues that were (1) collected in compliance with applicable laws, and (2) provided based on informed consent by the donors. We formed our wholly-owned subsidiary, Samsara, in 2016 to serve as a key source of the primary human cells we use in our products and services and in the development of therapeutic products. Samsara is currently supplying us with qualified human liver and kidney cells for use in manufacturing our ExVive™ Human Liver Tissue and ExVive™ Human Kidney Tissue, as well as certain specialized cells for research and development activities. We believe that Samsara can help us optimize our supply chain and reduce operating expenses and ensure that the human cells we use for our services, products and research and development programs are of the highest quality and are derived from tissues that are ethically sourced in full compliance with state and federal guidelines. In addition to Samsara, we also purchase human cells from selected third-party suppliers based on quality assurance, cost effectiveness and regulatory requirements. Although we believe we have adequate available sources of raw materials, there can be no guarantee that we will be able to access the quantity of raw material needed to meet our demands on a timely basis or at a cost effective price.

Employees

As of May 1, 2018, we had approximately 75 full-time employees. We also engage consultants and temporary employees from time to time to provide services that relate to our bioprinting business and technology as well as for general administrative services.

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Available Information

Our investor relations website is located at http://ir.organovo.com. We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Reports filed with the SEC pursuant to the Exchange Act, including annual and quarterly reports, and other reports we file, are available free of charge, through our website, and we make them available on the website as soon as reasonably possible after we file them with the SEC. The content of our website is not intended to be incorporated by reference into this report or in any other report or document that we file.

The reports we file with the SEC can also be inspected and copied at the public reference facilities maintained by the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. Investors may obtain information on the operation of the public reference room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. Investors can request copies of these documents upon payment of a duplicating fee by writing to the SEC. The reports we file with the SEC are also available on the SEC’s website (http://www.sec.gov).

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Investment in our common stock involves a substantial degree of risk and should be regarded as speculative. As a result, the purchase of our common stock should be considered only by persons who can reasonably afford to lose their entire investment. Before you elect to purchase our common stock, you should carefully consider the risk and uncertainties described below in addition to the other information incorporated herein by reference. Additional risks and uncertainties of which we are unaware or which we currently believe are immaterial could also materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. If any of the risks or uncertainties discussed in this Annual Report occur, our business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected, in which case the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry

We have a limited operating history and a history of operating losses, and expect to incur significant additional operating losses.

We were incorporated in 2007, and opened our laboratories in San Diego, California in January 2009. Since our incorporation, we have focused primarily on the development of our platform technology and the development of our biological research, drug discovery and therapeutic products and services based on that technology. We announced the initiation of contracting for our ExVive™ Human Liver Tissue and ExVive™ Human Kidney services in November 2014 and September 2016, respectively, for use in toxicology and other preclinical drug testing. We only recently began focusing on offering our tissues to support in vitro disease modeling. Because of our limited commercial operating history, investors have limited historical financial or other information upon which to base an evaluation of our performance and future prospects. Moreover, our future prospects must be considered in light of the uncertainties, risks, expenses, and difficulties frequently encountered by companies in their early stages of operations and competing in new and rapidly developing technology areas. Additionally, our therapeutic tissue programs are in the early stages of development, and there is no assurance if or when we will obtain the required regulatory approvals to be marketing a therapeutic product. We have generated operating losses each year since we began operations, including $35.3 million, $38.6 million and $38.6 million for the years ended March 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. As of March 31, 2018, we had incurred cumulative operating losses of $181.1 million and cumulative net losses totaling $234.1 million. We expect to incur substantial additional operating losses over the next several years as our research, development, regulatory and commercial activities increase. The amount of future losses and when, if ever, we will achieve profitability are uncertain. Our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability will depend on, among other things:

We might not succeed at any of these undertakings. If we are unsuccessful at one or more of these undertakings, our business, prospects, and results of operations will be materially adversely affected.

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We are an early-stage company with an unproven business strategy, and may never achieve profitability.

We are in the early stages of using our proprietary platform technology to develop and commercialize functional human tissues that can be employed in drug discovery and development and in biological research.  We are also in the early stages of developing and completing preclinical studies for our first therapeutic liver tissue candidate, which focuses on a rare disease known as Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (“A1AT”).  Our success will depend upon the commercial adoption of our platform technology, as well as on our ability to determine which drug discovery, biological research, and therapeutic tools, products and services can be successfully developed and commercialized with our platform technology. Our success will also depend on our ability to increase customer awareness and demand for our products and services, to enter into additional collaboration agreements on favorable terms and to select an appropriate commercialization strategy for the products and services we or our collaborators choose to pursue. Additionally, our success will depend on our ability to successfully develop, complete preclinical and clinical studies and eventually obtain regulatory approval for any therapeutic tissue candidates we elect to pursue. If we are not successful in implementing our product development, regulatory and commercialization strategies, which are new and unproven, and/or if we underprice or overrun our cost estimates for our contracts or our development, regulatory and commercialization activities, we may never achieve profitability, or even if we achieve profitability, we may not be able to maintain or increase our profitability.

We may not be able to correctly estimate our future revenues and operating expenses, which could lead to cash shortfalls, and require us to secure additional financing sooner than planned.

We may not correctly predict the amount or timing of future revenues and our operating expenses may fluctuate significantly in the future as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control. These factors include:

In addition, our budgeted expense levels are based in part on our expectations concerning future revenues from sales of our products and services, and from collaborations with third parties. However, we may not correctly predict the amount or timing of future revenues. In addition, we may not correctly estimate the costs and time required to develop, complete preclinical and clinical studies and obtain regulatory approval for our therapeutic tissue candidates.  We may not be able to adjust our operations in a timely manner to compensate for any unexpected shortfall in our revenues or any increase in our expenses as part of implementing our long-term business plan. As a result, a significant shortfall in our planned revenues or a significant increase in our planned expenses could have an immediate and material adverse effect on our business and financial condition. In such case, we may be required to issue additional equity or debt securities or enter into other commercial arrangements, including relationships with corporate and other partners, sooner than anticipated to secure the additional financial resources to support our development efforts and future operations.

Our quarterly operating results may vary, which could negatively affect the market price of our common stock.

Our results of operations in any quarter may vary from quarter to quarter and are influenced by such factors as:

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We believe that operating results for any particular quarter are not necessarily a meaningful indication of future results. Nonetheless, fluctuations in our quarterly operating results could negatively affect the market price of our common stock.

We will require significant additional financing to support our long-term business plans.

We have used significant funds to develop our current bioprinting technologies, products and services and our tissue platform development and commercialization infrastructure. We will require additional funds to support our long-term business plans, including the development and regulatory approval process for any therapeutic tissue candidates we elect to pursue. We expect that we will be required to issue additional equity or debt securities or enter into other commercial arrangements, including relationships with corporate and other partners, to secure the additional financial resources to support our development and regulatory approval efforts and to implement our long-term business plans. Depending upon market conditions, we may not be successful in raising sufficient additional capital on a timely basis, on favorable terms, or at all. Additionally, the issuance of additional equity securities, including securities convertible into or exercisable for our equity securities, would result in the dilution of the ownership interests of our present stockholders. If we fail to obtain sufficient additional financing, or enter into relationships with others that provide additional financial resources, we may not be able to develop our technology and products or complete the preclinical and clinical studies required to obtain required regulatory approval for any therapeutic tissue candidate in accordance with our long-term business plan, and we may be required to delay significantly, reduce the scope of or eliminate one or more of our research or development programs, downsize our general and administrative infrastructure, or seek alternative measures to raise additional funds.

Our current therapeutic product candidate portfolio is in the early stages of development.

We are in the early stages of developing potential therapeutic products based on our proprietary technology. In October 2016, we announced our plan to develop 3D bioprinted human liver tissue for direct transplantation to patients. This therapeutic program is in the early stages of preclinical development. The results of our future preclinical studies on our therapeutic liver tissue may be different from our existing studies and preclinical results, and may not support further clinical development of this therapeutic product candidate.  Moreover, we have not finalized the design of the preclinical studies required to support an IND submission for our first liver therapeutic tissue indication, A1AT.  There is no assurance that we will be successful in obtaining FDA approval of our IND submission, or that our future preclinical studies will support the filling of an IND for our therapeutic tissue candidate. Further, we may not successfully complete the required preclinical and clinical trials required to obtain regulatory approval for our therapeutic liver tissue on a timely basis, or at all. Similarly, there is no assurance that we can successfully identify and develop additional therapeutic product candidates, prove that they are safe and efficacious in clinical trials, or meet applicable regulatory standards. We do not currently have sufficient resources to complete the clinical development of our therapeutic liver tissue or any other therapeutic tissue candidate we identify, and as a result, we will need to raise additional funds or pursue licensing, partnering and other strategic alternatives. There is no assurance, however, that we will be able to do so based on their early stage of development of our therapeutic liver tissue and any other therapeutic tissue candidates we identify. As a result, we may not be successful in developing, showing clinical efficacy, obtaining regulatory approval or raising the required capital for our therapeutic liver tissue or any therapeutic programs we identify and elect to pursue.

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If testing of a particular product candidate does not yield successful results, then we will be unable to obtain the regulatory approvals required to commercialize that product candidate.

We must demonstrate our product candidates’ safety and efficacy in humans through extensive clinical testing. Our research and development programs are at an early stage of development. We may experience numerous unforeseen events during, or as a result of, the testing process that could delay or prevent us from obtaining the regulatory approvals required to commercialization of any of our product candidates, including the following:

We may not enjoy the market exclusivity benefits of our orphan drug designation.

Although we may obtain orphan designations in the treatment of certain diseases our therapeutic products are intended to treat, the designation may not be applicable to any particular product we might get approved and that product may not be the first product to receive approval for that indication. Under the Orphan Drug Act, the first product with an orphan drug designation receives market exclusivity, which prohibits the FDA from approving the “same” drug for the same indication. The FDA has stated that drugs can be the “same” even when they are not identical, but has not provided guidance with respect to how it will determine “sameness” in the context of 3D bioprinted tissues. It is possible that another bioprinted therapeutic tissue product could be approved for the treatment of a disease one of our orphan products is intended to treat before our product is approved, which means that we may not obtain orphan drug exclusivity and could also potentially be blocked from approval until the first product’s orphan drug exclusivity for a product expires or we demonstrate, if we can, that our product is superior. Further, even if we obtain orphan drug exclusivity for a product, that exclusivity may not effectively protect the product from competition because different drugs can be approved for the same condition. Even after an orphan drug is approved and granted orphan drug exclusivity, the FDA can subsequently approve the same drug for the same condition if the FDA concludes that the later drug is safer, more effective or makes a major contribution to patient care.

Our platform technology and our drug discovery, biological research, therapeutic tools, products and services are new and unproven.

Our platform technology, as well as our drug discovery, biological research, therapeutic tools, products and services, involve new and unproven models and approaches. We only began offering our first commercial product (and related research services), our ExVive™ Human Liver Tissue, on a limited basis in April 2014 and more broadly in November 2014. We only began offering our second product (and related research services), our ExVive™ Human Kidney Tissue, for predictive preclinical testing of drug compounds in September 2016. We only recently begin focusing on offering our tissues to support in vitro disease modeling. As a result, we have had a limited time to prove that our ExVive™ Human Liver Tissue and ExVive™ Human Kidney Tissue and related services will enable our customers to conduct drug discovery and biological research, including disease modeling, more effectively than through the use of existing technologies. Our commercial products reflect a novel approach to preclinical testing of drug compounds and disease modeling, and there is no assurance that they will perform as expected or as required by our customers. Our success depends on the commercial acceptance of, and the success of our efforts to increase customer awareness and demand for, our drug discovery and biological research tools, products and services. Some of our customers may require unique features, cell sourcing, or validation data in order to utilize our commercial products in their drug discovery, biological research or development programs. Even if we or our collaborators are successful in our respective efforts, we or our collaborators may not be able to discover or develop commercially viable therapeutics or other products therefrom. If our drug discovery and biological research tools, products and services do not assist in the discovery and development of such therapeutic products or to model diseases, our current and potential collaborators may lose confidence in us and our drug discovery and biological research tools, products and services. Our inability to successfully develop effective and competitive drug discovery, biological research, tools, products and services and achieve and maintain commercial acceptance for those tools, products and services would materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Our technology, products and services are subject to the risks associated with new and rapidly evolving technologies and industries.

Our proprietary tissue creation technology and our drug discovery and biological research tools, products and services and our therapeutic tissue candidates are subject to the risks associated with new, rapidly evolving technologies and industries. We may experience unforeseen technical complications, unrecognized defects and limitations in the development and commercialization of our tools, products and services, including our ExVive™ Human Liver and ExVive™ Kidney Tissues. Similarly, we may experience unforeseen difficulties in developing our therapeutic tissue candidates. In addition, our customers may request cell sources, validation studies, or features not included in our standard commercial tissue products. These complications could materially delay or limit customer demand for and use of those tools, products and services, substantially increase the anticipated cost of manufacturing, or prevent us or our collaborators from implementing their drug discovery or biological research projects successfully or at all. In addition, the process of developing new technologies, products and services is complex, and if we are unable to develop enhancements to, and new features for, our existing products and services or acceptable new products and services that keep pace with technological developments, customer requirements, or industry standards, our products and services may become obsolete, less marketable and less competitive.

Our ability to successfully commercialize the drug discovery, biological research, and therapeutic tools, products and services we develop is subject to a variety of risks.

The commercialization of our drug discovery, biological research and therapeutic tools, products and services are subject to risks and uncertainties, including:

If any of these or any other risks and uncertainties occur, our efforts to commercialize our drug discovery and biological research tools, products and services may be unsuccessful, which would harm our business and results of operations.

The near and long-term viability of our products and services will depend on our ability to successfully establish new strategic relationships.

The near and long-term viability of our products and services will depend in part on our ability to successfully establish new strategic collaborations with biotechnology companies, pharmaceutical companies, universities, hospitals, insurance companies and government agencies. Establishing strategic collaborations is difficult and time-consuming. Potential collaborators may reject collaborations based upon their assessment of our technology or product offerings or our financial, regulatory or intellectual property position. If we fail to establish a sufficient number of new collaborations on acceptable terms, we may not be able to commercialize our products or generate sufficient revenue to fund further research and development efforts. Even if we establish new collaborations, these relationships may never result in the successful development or commercialization of any product or service candidates for several reasons both within and outside of our control.

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We cannot control our collaborators’ allocation of resources or the amount of time that our collaborators devote to developing our programs or potential products, which may have a material adverse effect on our business.

Our existing research and collaboration agreements may allow our collaborators to obtain the options to license or exclusive rights to negotiate licenses to our new technologies. Our collaborators may have significant discretion in electing whether to pursue product development, regulatory approval, manufacturing and marketing of the products they may develop with the help of our technology. We cannot control the amount and timing of resources our collaborators may devote to our programs or potential products. As a result, we cannot be certain that our collaborators will choose to develop and commercialize products utilizing our technology or that we will realize any future milestone payments, royalties and other payments provided for in the agreements with our collaborators. In addition, if a collaborator is involved in a business combination, such as a merger or acquisition, or if a collaborator changes its business focus, its performance pursuant to its agreement with us may suffer. As a result, we may not generate any revenues from royalty, milestone and similar provisions that may be included in our collaborative agreements.

In addition, our collaborative partners or other customers that utilize our research tools will be required to submit their research for regulatory review in order to proceed with human testing of drug candidates. This review by the FDA and other regulatory agencies may result in timeline setbacks or complete rejection of an application to begin human studies, such as an Investigative New Drug (IND) application, or the ultimate failure to receive the regulatory approval required to commercialize the drug candidate or product. Should our collaborative partners or other customers face such setbacks, we would be at risk of not earning any future milestone or royalty payments.

Any termination or breach by or conflict with our collaborators or licensees could harm our business.

Our research and collaboration agreements typically involve various stages in which our collaborators can make a “go” or “no-go” decision in determining whether to continue their collaboration with us. If we or any of our existing or future collaborators or licensees fail to renew or terminate any of our collaboration or license agreements, or if either party fails to satisfy its obligations under any of our collaboration or license agreements or complete them in a timely manner, we could lose significant sources of revenue, which could result in volatility in our future revenues. In addition, our agreements with our collaborators and licensees may have provisions that give rise to disputes regarding the rights and obligations of the parties. These and other possible disagreements could lead to termination of the agreement or delays in collaborative research, development, supply or commercialization of certain products, or could require or result in litigation or arbitration. Moreover, disagreements could arise with our collaborators over rights to our intellectual property or our rights to share in any of the future revenues of products developed by our collaborators. These kinds of disagreements could result in costly and time-consuming litigation. Any such conflicts with our collaborators could reduce our ability to obtain future collaboration agreements and could have a negative impact on our relationship with existing collaborators, adversely affecting our business and revenues. Finally, any of our collaborations or license agreements may prove to be unsuccessful.

Our collaborators could develop competing research tools or services, reducing the available pool of potential collaborators and increasing competition, which may adversely affect our business and revenues.

Our collaborators and potential collaborators could develop in vitro research tools similar to our own, reducing our pool of possible collaborative parties and increasing competition. Any of these developments could harm our commercialization efforts, which could seriously harm our business. In addition, we may pursue opportunities in fields that could conflict with those of our collaborators. Developing products and services that compete with our collaborators’ or potential collaborators’ products and services could preclude us from entering into future collaborations with our collaborators or potential collaborators. Any of these developments could harm our product development efforts and could adversely affect our business and revenues.

We face intense competition which could result in reduced acceptance and demand for our products and services.

The biotechnology industry is subject to intense competition and rapid and significant technological change. We have many potential competitors, including major drug companies, specialized biotechnology firms, academic institutions, government agencies and private and public research institutions. Many of these competitors have significantly greater financial and technical resources, experience and expertise in the following areas than we do:

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Principal competitive factors in our industry include the quality, scientific and technical support, price and breadth of technology and services; management and the execution of product development and commercialization strategies; skill and experience of employees, including the ability to recruit and retain skilled, experienced employees; intellectual property portfolio; range of capabilities, including product identification, development, regulatory approval, manufacturing and marketing; and the availability of substantial capital resources to fund these activities. Please see the “Competition” section of Item 1. “Business” for a further description of the competition for our products and services, including the identity of certain of our significant competitors.

In order to effectively compete, we will need to make substantial investments in our research and technology development, product identification and development, testing and regulatory approval, manufacturing, customer awareness activities, publications of our technology and results in scientific publications and sales and marketing activities. There is no assurance that we will be successful in commercializing and gaining significant market share for any products or services we offer in part through use of our technology. Our technologies, products and services also may be rendered obsolete or noncompetitive as a result of products and services introduced by our competitors.

We may have product liability exposure from the sale of our research tools and therapeutic products or the services we provide.

We may have exposure to claims for product liability. Product liability coverage is expensive and sometimes difficult to obtain. There can be no assurance that our existing insurance coverage will extend to other products in the future. Our product liability insurance coverage may not be sufficient to satisfy all liabilities resulting from product liability claims. A successful claim may prevent us from obtaining adequate product liability insurance in the future on commercially desirable items, if at all. Even if a claim is not successful, defending such a claim would be time-consuming and expensive, may damage our reputation in the marketplace, and would likely divert management’s attention.

We may be dependent on third-party research organizations to conduct some of our future laboratory testing, animal and human studies.

We may be dependent on third-party research organizations to conduct some of our laboratory testing, animal and human studies with respect to therapeutic tissues and other life science products that we may develop in the future. If we are unable to obtain any necessary testing services on acceptable terms, we may not complete our product development or regulatory approval efforts in a timely manner. If we rely on third parties for laboratory testing and/or animal and human studies, we may lose some control over these activities and become too dependent upon these parties. These third parties may not complete testing activities on schedule or when we so request. We may not be able to secure and maintain suitable research organizations to conduct our laboratory testing and/or animal and human studies. We are responsible for confirming that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with our general plan and protocol. Moreover, the FDA and foreign regulatory agencies require us to comply with regulations and standards, commonly referred to as good clinical practices, for conducting, recording and reporting the results of clinical trials to assure that data and reported results are credible and accurate and that the trial participants are adequately protected. Our reliance on third parties does not relieve us of these responsibilities and requirements. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or regulatory obligations or meet expected deadlines, if the third parties need to be replaced or if the quality or accuracy of the data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols or regulatory requirements or for other reasons, our pre-clinical development activities or clinical trials may be extended, delayed, suspended or terminated, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for our future product candidates.

We will require access to a constant, steady, reliable supply of human cells to successfully develop and commercialize our tools and products.

We require a reliable supply of qualified human cells for our commercial products and services and for our research and product development activities. We purchase certain qualified human cells from selected third-party suppliers based on quality assurance, cost effectiveness, and regulatory requirements. We formed our wholly-owned subsidiary, Samsara, to eventually serve as a key source of the primary human cells we utilize in our business. We intend to utilize a combination of third party suppliers and Samsara to meet our overall future demand for human cells. We work closely with Samsara and our third-party suppliers to assure adequate supply while maintaining high quality and reliability. If demand for our products and services grows significantly, we may need to identify additional sources of qualified human cells and there can be no guarantee that we will be able to access the quantity and quality of raw materials needed at a cost effective price. Any failure to obtain a reliable supply of human cells at cost effective prices will harm our business and our results of operations, and could cause us to be unable to comply with the contractual obligations we owe to our customers and collaboration partners. Further, any failure to obtain a reliable supply of human cells may delay or harm our therapeutic tissue development and regulatory approval efforts.

If our laboratory facilities become inoperable, we will lose access to our 3D bioprinters and tissues, and our ability to conduct our business and comply with our contractual obligations will be harmed.

We manufacture our NovoGen Bioprinters^® and our 3D Human Liver Tissues at our laboratory facilities in San Diego, California. We also provide research services to our customers and collaboration partners and conduct our product research and development activities at our laboratory facilities in San Diego, California. We do not currently have redundant laboratory facilities. Our San Diego, California laboratory facilities are situated near active earthquake fault lines. Our facilities may be harmed or rendered inoperable by

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natural or manmade disasters, including earthquakes, flooding, fires, power outages and contamination, which may render it difficult or impossible for us to continue to provide our products and services and engage in our research and development activities for some period of time. Even if our facilities are inoperable for a short period of time, we may suffer the loss of our existing tissue and cell inventory, and the loss of any research services and activities currently in process. Accordingly, any disruption to operations at our laboratory facilities in San Diego, California would materially affect our business, prospects and results of operations.

We currently rely on third-party suppliers for some of our materials, including our supply of human cells, and we may rely on third-party manufacturers in the future to produce our tools and products.

We rely on third-party suppliers and vendors for some of the human cells and other materials we utilize in our products and services and in our research and development activities. We currently acquire our human cells from Samsara and third-party suppliers. Any significant problem experienced by one of our suppliers could result in a delay or interruption in the supply of materials to us until such supplier resolves the problem or an alternative source of supply is located. Any delay, interruption or inability to obtain an adequate supply of human cells would negatively affect our operations. In addition, in the future we may require access to, or development of, facilities to manufacture a sufficient supply of our tools and products. If we are unable to manufacture our products in commercial quantities or the third-parties on which we rely to manufacture our tools and products fail to perform as anticipated, our business and future growth will suffer.

We may not be successful in establishing Samsara as a profitable commercial business.

In January 2016, we announced that our wholly-owned subsidiary, Samsara, commenced commercial operations. We formed Samsara to serve as a key source of certain of the primary human cells we utilize in our products and services and in the development of therapeutic products. In addition to supplying human cells for our business requirements, we believe there is an opportunity for Samsara to operate as a commercial business by selling human cells to other pharmaceutical, biotech and research organizations. Samsara has begun selling its human cell offerings to end users both directly and through distribution partners. Operating and developing Samsara’s business is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including:

If any of these or any other risks and uncertainties occur, our efforts to establish Samsara as a commercial business may be unsuccessful, which would harm our business and results of operations.

A significant portion of our sales will be dependent upon our customers’ capital spending policies and research and development budgets, and government funding of research and development programs at universities and other organizations, which are each subject to significant and unexpected decrease.

Our prospective customers include pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic institutions, government laboratories, and private research foundations. Fluctuations in the research and development budgets at these organizations could have a significant effect on the demand for our products and services. Research and development budgets fluctuate due to changes in available resources, patent expirations, mergers of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, spending priorities, general economic conditions, and institutional and governmental budgetary policies, including but not limited to reductions in grants for research by federal and state agencies as a result of the current budget crises and budget reduction measures. In addition, our business could be seriously damaged by any significant decrease in life sciences research and development expenditures by pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic institutions, government laboratories, or private foundations.

The timing and amount of revenues from customers that rely on government funding of research may vary significantly due to factors that can be difficult to forecast. Research funding for life science research has increased more slowly during the past several years compared to the previous years and has declined in some countries, and some grants have been frozen for extended periods of time or otherwise become unavailable to various institutions, sometimes without advance notice. Government funding of research and

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development is subject to the political process, which is inherently fluid and unpredictable. Other programs, such as homeland security or defense, or general efforts to reduce the federal budget deficit could be viewed by the United States government as a higher priority. These budgetary pressures may result in reduced allocations to government agencies that fund research and development activities. National Institute of Health and other research and development allocations have been diminished in recent years by federal budget control efforts. The prolonged or increased shift away from the funding of life sciences research and development or delays surrounding the approval of government budget proposals may cause our customers to delay or forego purchases of our products or services, which could seriously damage our business.

An inability to manage our growth or expansion of our operations could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our business operations and activities and employee headcount may grow rapidly, which could place a strain on our management and operational systems. To effectively manage our operations and growth, we may need to expend funds to enhance our operational, financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures and to attract and retain sufficient numbers of talented employees. In addition, our management will need to successfully:

We may not manage any required growth and expansion successfully, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business will be adversely impacted if we are unable to successfully attract, hire and integrate key additional employees or if we are unable to retain our executive officers and other key personnel.

Our future success depends in part on our ability to successfully integrate our recently hired key executive officers, such as Taylor Crouch (our Chief Executive Officer) and Craig Kussman (our Chief Financial Officer), as well as the other technical, managerial and sales and marketing personnel required to support our business. Our success will also depend to a significant degree upon the continued contributions of our key personnel, especially our executive officers. We do not currently have long-term employment agreements with our executive officers or our other key personnel, and there is no guarantee that our executive officers or key personnel will remain employed with us. Moreover, we have not obtained key man life insurance that would provide us with proceeds in the event of the death, disability or incapacity of any of our executive officers or other key personnel. Further, the process of attracting and retaining suitable replacements for any executive officers and other key personnel we lose in the future would result in transition costs and would divert the attention of other members of our senior management from our existing operations. Additionally, such a loss could be negatively perceived in the capital markets. As a result, the loss of any of our executive officers or other key personnel or our inability to timely attract and hire qualified personnel in the future (in particular skilled technical, managerial and sales and marketing personnel) will adversely impact our ability to meet our key commercial and technical goals and successfully implement our business plan.

We may be subject to security breaches or other cybersecurity incidents that could compromise our information and expose us to liability.

We routinely collect and store sensitive data (such as intellectual property, proprietary business information and personally identifiable information) for the Company, its employees and its suppliers and customers. We make significant efforts to maintain the security and integrity of our computer systems and networks and to protect this information. However, like other companies in our industry, our networks and infrastructure may be vulnerable to cyber-attacks or intrusions, including by computer hackers, foreign governments, foreign companies or competitors, or may be breached by employee error, malfeasance or other disruption. Any such breach could result in unauthorized access to (or disclosure of) sensitive, proprietary or confidential information of ours, our employees or our suppliers or customers, and/or loss or damage to our data. Any such unauthorized access, disclosure, or loss of information could cause competitive harms, result in legal claims or proceedings, liability under laws that protect the privacy of personal information, and/or cause reputational harm.

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We are subject to risks associated with doing business outside the United States.

We do business with customers outside the United States. We intend to continue to pursue customers and growth opportunities in international markets, and we expect that international revenues may account for a significant percentage of our revenues in the foreseeable future. There are a number of risks arising from our international business, including those related to:

These risks, individually or in the aggregate, could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. For example, we are subject to compliance with the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar anti-bribery laws, which generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to foreign government officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. While our employees are required to comply with these laws, we cannot be sure that our internal policies and procedures will always protect us from violations of these laws, despite our commitment to legal compliance and corporate ethics. The occurrence or allegation of these types of risks may adversely affect our business, performance, prospects, value, financial condition, and results of operations.

Risks Related to Government Regulation

Violation of government regulations or quality programs could harm demand for our products or services, and the evolving nature of government regulations could have an adverse impact on our business.

To the extent that our collaborators or customers use our products in the manufacturing or testing processes for their drug and medical device products, such end-products or services may be regulated by the FDA under Quality System Regulations (QSR) or the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) under Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (CLIA’88) regulations. The customer is ultimately responsible for QSR, CLIA’88 and other compliance requirements for their products. However, we may agree to comply with certain requirements, and, if we fail to do so, we could lose sales and our collaborators or customers and be exposed to regulatory delays or objections and potential product liability claims. In addition, our customers may require that our services be conducted pursuant to the requirements of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) in order to provide suitable data for their INDs and other regulatory filings. No regulatory review of data from our platform technology has yet been conducted and there is no guarantee that our technology will be acceptable under GLP, or that we will be able to comply with GLP requirements on the timetable required by our customers. As a result, the violation of government regulations or failure to comply with quality requirements could harm demand for our products or services, and the evolving nature of government regulations could have an adverse impact on our business.

Any therapeutic tissues we develop will be subject to extensive, lengthy and uncertain regulatory requirements, which could adversely affect our ability to obtain regulatory approval in a timely manner, or at all.

Any therapeutic and other life science products we develop, including our therapeutic human liver tissue, will be subject to extensive, lengthy and uncertain regulatory approval process by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and comparable agencies in other countries. The regulation of new products is extensive, and the required process of laboratory testing and clinical studies is lengthy, expensive and uncertain. We may not be able to obtain FDA approvals for any therapeutic products we develop in a timely manner, or at all. We may encounter significant delays or excessive costs in our efforts to secure necessary approvals or licenses. Even if we obtain FDA regulatory approvals, the FDA extensively regulates manufacturing, labeling, distributing, marketing, promotion and advertising after product approval. Moreover, several of our product development areas may involve relatively new technologies and have not been the subject of extensive laboratory testing and clinical studies. The regulatory requirements governing these products and related clinical procedures remain uncertain and the products themselves may be subject to substantial review by the FDA and other foreign governmental regulatory authorities that could prevent or delay approval in the United States and any other foreign country. Regulatory requirements ultimately imposed on our products could limit our ability to test, manufacture and, ultimately, commercialize our products and thereby could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

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As we continue to adapt and develop parts of our product line in the future, including tissue-based products in the field of regenerative medicine, the manufacture and marketing of our products will become subject to government regulation in the United States and other countries. In the United States and most foreign countries, we will be required to complete rigorous preclinical testing and extensive human clinical trials that demonstrate the safety and efficacy of a product in order to apply for regulatory approval to market the product. The steps required by the FDA before our proposed products may be marketed in the United States include performance of preclinical (animal and laboratory) tests; submissions to the FDA of an IND, NDA (New Drug Application), or BLA (Biologic License Application) which must become effective before human clinical trials may commence; performance of adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials to establish the safety and efficacy of the product in the intended target population; and performance of a consistent and reproducible manufacturing process intended for commercial use.

The processes are expensive and can take many years to complete, and we may not be able to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our products to the satisfaction of such regulatory authorities. The start of clinical trials can be delayed or take longer than anticipated for many and varied reasons, many of which are outside of our control. Safety concerns may emerge that could lengthen the ongoing trials or require additional trials to be conducted. Regulatory authorities may also require additional testing, and we may be required to demonstrate that our proposed products represent an improved form of treatment over existing therapies, which we may be unable to do without conducting further clinical studies. Moreover, if the FDA grants regulatory approval of a product, the approval may be limited to specific indications or limited with respect to our distribution. Expanded or additional indications for approved devices or drugs may not be approved, which could limit our revenues. Foreign regulatory authorities may apply similar limitations or may refuse to grant any approval. Consequently, even if we believe that preclinical and clinical data are sufficient to support regulatory approval for our product candidates, the FDA and foreign regulatory authorities may not ultimately grant approval for commercial sale in any jurisdiction. If our products are not approved, our ability to generate revenues will be limited and our business will be adversely affected.

Even if a product gains regulatory approval, such approval is likely to limit the indicated uses for which it may be marketed, and the product and the manufacturer of the product will be subject to continuing regulatory review, including adverse event reporting requirements and the FDA’s general prohibition against promoting products for unapproved uses. Failure to comply with any post-approval requirements can, among other things, result in warning letters, product seizures, recalls, substantial fines, injunctions, suspensions or revocations of marketing licenses, operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions. Any of these enforcement actions, any unanticipated changes in existing regulatory requirements or the adoption of new requirements, or any safety issues that arise with any approved products, could adversely affect our ability to market products and generate revenues and thus adversely affect our ability to continue our business.

We also may be restricted or prohibited from marketing or manufacturing a product, even after obtaining product approval, if previously unknown problems with the product or our manufacturer are subsequently discovered and we cannot provide assurance that newly discovered or developed safety issues will not arise following any regulatory approval. With the use of any treatment by a wide patient population, serious adverse events may occur from time to time that initially do not appear to relate to the treatment itself, and only if the specific event occurs with some regularity over a period of time does the treatment become suspect as having a causal relationship to the adverse event. Any safety issues could cause us to suspend or cease marketing of our approved products, possibly subject us to substantial liabilities, and adversely affect our ability to generate revenues.

If restrictions on reimbursements and health care reform limit our or our collaborators’ actual or potential financial returns on therapeutic products that we or they develop based on our platform technology, we may not be able to recover our research and development costs and our collaborators may reduce or terminate their collaborations with us.

Our ability to recover our research and development costs and successfully commercialize any therapeutic products we develop and our collaborators’ abilities to successfully commercialize the therapeutic and other life science products they develop through the research tools or services that we provide them may depend in part on the extent to which coverage and adequate payments for these products will be available from government payers, such as Medicare and Medicaid, private health insurers, including managed care organizations, and other third-party payers. These payers are increasingly challenging the price of medical products and services. Significant uncertainty exists as to the reimbursement status of newly approved therapeutic and other life science products, and coverage and adequate payments may not be available for these products.

In recent years, officials have made numerous proposals to change the health care system in the U.S. These proposals included measures to limit or eliminate payments for some medical procedures and treatments or subject the pricing of pharmaceuticals and other medical products to government control. Government and other third-party payers increasingly attempt to contain health care costs by limiting both coverage and the level of payments of newly approved health care products. In some cases, they may also refuse to provide any coverage of uses of approved products for disease indications other than those for which the FDA has granted marketing approval. Governments may adopt future legislative proposals and federal, state or private payers for healthcare goods and services may take action to limit their payments for goods and services. Any of these events could reduce the demand for our products and services by our collaboration partners, reduce the proceeds we receive from our arrangements with our collaboration partners based on future sales of their therapeutic products or limit our ability to recover our research and development costs and successfully commercialize any therapeutic products we develop.

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We use hazardous chemicals, biological materials and infectious agents in our business. Any claims relating to improper handling, storage or disposal of these materials could be time consuming and costly.

Our product manufacturing research and development, and testing activities involve the controlled use of hazardous materials, including chemicals, biological materials and infectious disease agents. We cannot eliminate the risks of accidental contamination or the accidental spread or discharge of these materials, or any resulting injury from such an event. We may be sued for any injury or contamination that results from our use or the use by third parties of these materials, and our liability may exceed our insurance coverage and our total assets. Federal, state and local laws and regulations govern the use, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of these hazardous materials and specified waste products, as well as the discharge of pollutants into the environment and human health and safety matters. We are also subject to various laws and regulations relating to safe working conditions, laboratory and manufacturing practices, and the experimental use of animals. Our operations may require that environmental permits and approvals be issued by applicable government agencies. We also cannot accurately predict the extent of regulations that might result from any future legislative or administrative action. Any of these laws or regulations could cause us to incur additional expense or restrict our operations. Compliance with environmental laws and regulations may be expensive, and current or future environmental regulations may impair our research, development or production efforts. If we fail to comply with these requirements, we could incur substantial costs, including civil or criminal fines and penalties, clean-up costs or capital expenditures for control equipment or operational changes necessary to achieve and maintain compliance.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

If we are not able to adequately protect our proprietary rights, our business could be harmed.

Our commercial success will depend to a significant extent on our ability to obtain patents and maintain adequate protection for our technologies, intellectual property and products and service offerings in the United States and other countries. If we do not protect our intellectual property adequately, competitors may be able to use our technologies and gain a competitive advantage.

To protect our products and technologies, we and our collaborators and licensors must prosecute and maintain existing patents, obtain new patents and pursue other intellectual property protection. Our existing patents and any future patents we obtain may not be sufficiently broad to prevent others from using our technologies or from developing competing products and technologies. Moreover, the patent positions of many biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies are highly uncertain, involve complex legal and factual questions and have in recent years been the subject of much litigation. As a result, we cannot guarantee that:

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

Certain foreign jurisdictions have an absolute requirement of novelty that renders any public disclosure of an invention immediately fatal to patentability in such jurisdictions. Therefore, there is a risk that we may not be able to protect some of our intellectual property in the United States or abroad due to disclosures, which we may not be aware of, by our collaborators or licensors. Some foreign jurisdictions prohibit certain types of patent claims, such as “method-of-treatment/use-type” claims; thus, the scope of protection available to us in such jurisdictions is limited.

Moreover, filing, prosecuting and defending patents on all of our potential products and technologies throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not sought or obtained patent protection to develop their own products and further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but where enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our future products in jurisdictions where we do not have any issued patents and our patent claims or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from so competing.

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Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to biopharmaceuticals, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights generally. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial cost and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business.

We may be involved in lawsuits or other proceedings to protect or enforce our patents or the patents of our licensors, which could be expensive, time-consuming and unsuccessful.

Competitors may infringe our patents or the patents of our collaborators or licensors. Or, our licensors may breach or otherwise prematurely terminate the provisions of our license agreements with them. To counter infringement or unauthorized use, we may be required to file infringement claims or lawsuits, which can be expensive and time-consuming. In addition, in an infringement proceeding, a court may decide that a patent of ours or our collaborators or licensors is not valid or is unenforceable, or may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that our patents do not cover the technology in question. An adverse result in any litigation or defense proceedings could put one or more of our patents at risk of being invalidated, held unenforceable, or interpreted narrowly and could put our patent applications at risk of not issuing. Additionally, our licensors may retain certain rights to use technologies licensed by us for research purposes. Patent disputes can take years to resolve, can be very costly and can result in loss of rights, injunctions and substantial penalties. Moreover, patent disputes and related proceedings can distract management’s attention and interfere with running the business.

Furthermore, because of the potential for substantial discovery in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments which could harm our business.

As more companies file patents relating to bioprinters and bioprinted tissues, it is possible that patent claims relating to bioprinters or bioprinted human tissue may be asserted against us, and any such assertions could harm our business. Moreover, we may face claims from non-practicing entities, which have no relevant product revenue and against whom our own patent portfolio may thus have no deterrent effect. Any such claims, with or without merit, could be time-consuming to defend, result in costly litigation and diversion of resources, cause product shipment or delays or require us to enter into royalty or license agreements. These licenses may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Even if we are successful in defending such claims, infringement and other intellectual property litigation can be expensive and time-consuming to litigate and divert management’s attention from our core business. Any of these events could harm our business significantly.

Our current and future research, development and commercialization activities also must satisfy the obligations under our license agreements. Any disputes arising under our license agreements could be costly and distract our management from the conduct of our business. Moreover, premature termination of a license agreement could have an adverse impact on our business.

In addition to infringement claims against us, if third parties have prepared and filed patent applications in the United States that also claim technology to which we have rights, we may have to participate in interference proceedings in the United States Patent and Trademark Office (“PTO”) to determine the priority of invention. An unfavorable outcome could require us to cease using the related technology or to attempt to license rights to it from the prevailing party.

Third parties may also attempt to initiate reexamination, post grant review or inter partes review of our patents or those of our collaborators or licensors in the PTO. We may also become involved in similar opposition proceedings in the European Patent Office or similar offices in other jurisdictions regarding our intellectual property rights with respect to our products and technology.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position would be harmed.

In addition to seeking patents for some of our technology and potential products, we also rely on trade secrets, including unpatented know-how, technology and other proprietary information, to maintain our competitive position. We seek to protect these trade secrets, in part, by entering into non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to them, such as our employees, corporate collaborators, outside scientific collaborators, contract manufacturers, consultants, advisors and other third parties. We also enter into confidentiality and invention or patent assignment agreements with our employees and consultants that obligate them to assign their inventions to us. Despite these efforts, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for these breaches. Alternatively, if a third party alleges that any of our employees or consultants has breached confidentiality obligations to our benefit, we may have to defend against allegations of trade secret misappropriation.

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Enforcing or defending a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some courts inside and outside the United States are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. Further, if any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor, we would have no right to prevent that competitor from using that technology or information to compete with us. If any of our trade secrets were to be disclosed to or independently developed by a competitor, our competitive position would be harmed.

We rely in part on trademarks to distinguish our products and services from those of other entities. Trademarks may be opposed or cancelled and we may be involved in lawsuits or other proceedings to protect or enforce our trademarks.

We rely on trademarks, in the United States and in certain foreign jurisdictions, to distinguish our products and services in the minds of consumers and our business partners from those of other entities. Third parties may challenge our pending trademark applications through opposition proceedings in the U.S., or comparable proceedings in foreign jurisdictions, in which they seek to prevent registration of a mark. Our registered trademarks may be subject to cancellation proceedings in the U.S., or comparable proceedings in foreign jurisdictions, in which a third party seeks to cancel an existing registration. To enforce our trademark rights, we may be involved in lawsuits or other proceedings which could be expensive, time-consuming and uncertain.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock and Liquidity Risks

We have a limited trading history and there is no assurance that an active market in our common stock will continue at present levels or increase in the future.

There is limited trading history in our common stock, and although our common stock is now traded on the NASDAQ Global Market, there is no assurance that an active market in our common stock will continue at present levels or increase in the future. As a result, an investor may find it difficult to dispose of our common stock on the timeline and at the volumes they desire. This factor limits the liquidity of our common stock, and may have a material adverse effect on the market price of our common stock and on our ability to raise additional capital.

Compliance with the reporting requirements of federal securities laws can be expensive.

We are a public reporting company in the United States, and accordingly, subject to the information and reporting requirements of the Exchange Act and other federal securities laws, including the compliance obligations of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The costs of complying with the reporting requirements of the federal securities laws, including preparing and filing annual and quarterly reports and other information with the SEC and furnishing audited reports to stockholders, can be substantial.

If we fail to comply with the rules of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 related to accounting controls and procedures, or, if we discover material weaknesses and deficiencies in our internal control and accounting procedures, we may be subject to sanctions by regulatory authorities and our stock price could decline.

Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (the “Act”) requires that we evaluate and determine the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and requires an attestation and report by our external auditing firm on our internal control over financial reporting. We believe our system and process evaluation and testing comply with the management certification and auditor attestation requirements of Section 404. We cannot be certain, however, that we will be able to satisfy the requirements in Section 404 in all future periods, especially as we grow our business. If we are not able to continue to meet the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner or with adequate compliance, we may be subject to sanctions or investigation by regulatory authorities, such as the SEC or NASDAQ. Any such action could adversely affect our financial results or investors’ confidence in us and could cause our stock price to fall. Moreover, if we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner, or if we or our independent registered public accounting firm identifies deficiencies in our internal controls that are deemed to be material weaknesses, we may be required to incur significant additional financial and management resources to achieve compliance.

The price of our common stock may continue to be volatile, which could lead to losses by investors and costly securities litigation.

The trading price of our common stock is likely to be highly volatile and could fluctuate in response to factors such as:

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The stock market is subject to significant price and volume fluctuations. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been initiated against such a company. Litigation initiated against us, whether or not successful, could result in substantial costs and diversion of our management’s attention and resources, which could harm our business and financial condition.

Investors may experience dilution of their ownership interests because of the future issuance of additional shares of our capital stock.

We are authorized to issue 150,000,000 shares of common stock and 25,000,000 shares of preferred stock. As of March 31, 2018, there were an aggregate of 129,467,796 shares of our common stock issued and outstanding on a fully diluted basis and no shares of preferred stock outstanding. That total for our common stock includes 14,674,466 shares of our common stock that may be issued upon the exercise of outstanding stock options or is available for issuance under our equity incentive plans, 1,285,103 shares of common stock that may be issued through our Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”), and 220,000 shares of our common stock that may be issued upon the exercise of outstanding warrants.

In the future, we may issue additional authorized but previously unissued equity securities to raise funds to support our continued operations and to implement our business plan. We may also issue additional shares of our capital stock or other securities that are convertible into or exercisable for our capital stock in connection with hiring or retaining employees, future acquisitions, or for other business purposes. If we raise additional funds from the issuance of equity securities, substantial dilution to our existing stockholders may result. In addition, the future issuance of any such additional shares of capital stock may create downward pressure on the trading price of our common stock. There can be no assurance that we will not be required to issue additional shares, warrants or other convertible securities in the future in conjunction with any capital raising efforts, including at a price (or exercise prices) below the price at which shares of our common stock is currently traded on the NASDAQ Global Market. Moreover, depending on market conditions, we cannot be sure that additional financing will be available when needed or that, if available, financing will be obtained on terms favorable to us or to our stockholders.

Our common stock is subject to trading risks created by the influence of third party investor websites.

Our common stock is widely traded and held by retail investors, and these investors are subject to the influence of information provided by third party investor websites and independent authors distributing information on the internet. This information has become influential because it is widely distributed and links to it appear as top company headlines on commonly used stock quote and finance websites, or through services such as Google alerts. These emerging information distribution models are a consequence of the emergence of the internet. Some information and content distribution is by individuals through platforms that mainly serve as hosts seeking advertising revenue. As such, we believe an incentive exists for these sites to increase advertising revenue by increasing page views, and for them to post or allow to be posted inflammatory information to achieve this end. It has been our experience that a significant portion of the information on these websites or distributed by independent authors about our Company is false or misleading, and occasionally, we believe, purposefully misleading. These sites and internet distribution strategies also create opportunity for individuals to pursue both “pump and dump” and “short and distort” strategies. We believe that many of these websites have little or no requirements for authors to have professional qualifications. While these sites sometimes require disclosure of stock positions by authors, as far as we are aware these sites do not audit the accuracy of such conflict of interest disclosures. We believe that many of these websites have few or lax editorial standards, and thin or non-existent editorial staffs. Despite our best efforts, we have not and may not be able in the future to obtain corrections to information provided on these websites about our Company, including both positive and negative information, and any corrections that are obtained may not be achieved prior to the majority of audience impressions being formed for a given article. These conditions create volatility and risk for holders of our common stock and should be considered by investors. We can make no guarantees that regulatory authorities will take action on these types of activities, and we cannot guarantee that legislators will act responsively, or ever act at all, to appropriately restrict the activities of these websites and authors.

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We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future.

We have paid no dividends on our common stock to date and it is not anticipated that any dividends will be paid to holders of our common stock in the foreseeable future. While our future dividend policy will be based on the operating results and capital needs of our business, it is currently anticipated that any earnings will be retained to finance our future expansion and for the implementation of our business plan. As an investor, you should take note of the fact that a lack of a dividend can further affect the market value of our stock, and could significantly affect the value of any investment.

Anti-takeover provisions in our organizational documents and Delaware law may discourage or prevent a change of control, even if an acquisition would be beneficial to our stockholders, which could affect our stock price adversely and prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.

Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain provisions that could delay or prevent a change of control of our company or changes in our Board of Directors that our stockholders might consider favorable. Some of these provisions:

In addition, we are subject to the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which may prohibit certain business combinations with stockholders owning 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock. These and other provisions in our certificate of incorporation, bylaws and Delaware law could make it more difficult for stockholders or potential acquirers to obtain control of our Board of Directors or initiate actions that are opposed by our then-current Board of Directors, including delaying or impeding a merger, tender offer, or proxy contest involving our company. Any delay or prevention of a change of control transaction or changes in our Board of Directors could cause the market price of our common stock to decline.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

None.

Item 2. Properties.

The Company leases its main facility at 6275 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121. The lease consists of approximately 45,580 rentable square feet containing laboratory, clean room, and office space. The lease term for 14,685 of the total rentable square footage expires on December 15, 2018. The remainder of the rentable square footage expires on September 1, 2021, with the Company having an option to terminate this lease on or after September 1, 2019.

We believe our facilities are adequate for our current and near-term needs, and will be able to locate additional facilities as needed.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

The Company is not involved in any material legal proceedings or legal matters at this time. See “Note 6. Commitments and Contingencies” of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained within this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a further discussion of potential commitments and contingencies related to legal proceedings.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Market Information for Common Stock

Our common stock has been quoted on The NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “ONVO” since August 8, 2016. Prior to that time, we traded on the NYSE MKT and the OTC. The following table sets forth, on a per share basis, for the periods indicated, the high and low bid or sales prices of our common stock.

Holders of Record

As of March 31, 2018, there were 117 holders of record of the Company’s common stock. The number of beneficial owners is substantially greater than the number of record holders because a large portion of our common stock is held of record through brokerage firms in “street name.”

Dividend Policy

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain all future earnings, if any, for use in our business and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

None.

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Performance Graph

This performance graph is furnished and shall not be deemed “filed” with the SEC or subject to Section 18 of the Exchange Act, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference in any of our filings under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

The graph set forth below compares the cumulative total stockholder return data on our common stock with the cumulative return data of (i) the NASDAQ Stock Market Composite Index, and (ii) the NASDAQ Biotechnology Index over the five year period ending March 31, 2018. This graph assumes the investment of $100 on March 31, 2013 in our common stock and each of the comparative indices, and assumes the reinvestment of dividends. No cash dividends have been declared or paid on our common stock.

The comparisons in the graph and related information is not intended to forecast or be indicative of possible future performance of our common stock, and we do not make or endorse any predictions as to future stockholder returns.

COMPARISON OF 5 YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN*

Among Organovo Holdings, Inc.,

the NASDAQ Composite Index, and the NASDAQ Biotechnology Index

* $100 invested on March 31, 2013 in stock or index, including reinvestment of dividends.

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans

Information about securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans is set forth in Part III, Item 12. “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters” of this annual report.

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Item 6. Selected Financial Data (in thousands except per share data).

The following selected historical financial data reflects our consolidated statements of operations and consolidated balance sheets as of and for the years ended March 31, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015, and 2014. The data below should be read in conjunction with, and is qualified by reference to, Item 7. “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our audited financial statements and notes thereto contained elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10-K. The following table is presented in thousands, except per share amounts.

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our historical consolidated financial statements and the related notes. This management’s discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, such as statements of our plans, objectives, expectations and intentions. Any statements that are not statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results or events to differ materially from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those discussed in section Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in this annual report. Except as required by applicable law we do not undertake any obligation to update our forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances occurring after the date of this Annual Report.

Overview

We are a biotechnology company pioneering a unique set of therapeutic and drug profiling capabilities based on our revolutionary ability to 3D bioprint liver and kidney tissues which emulate human biology and disease.  We are developing our in vivo liver tissues to treat a range of life-threatening, rare diseases, for which there are few current treatment options other than organ transplantation. Our first program, which focuses on a rare disease known as Alpha-1-anityprisin deficiency (“A1AT”), received the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s (“FDA”) orphan drug designation in December 2017 and is targeted for an Initial New Drug Application (“IND”) filing in calendar-year 2020.  We are also capitalizing on our foundational ability to characterize highly specialized human cells and to build robust, functional human tissues by creating a range of novel in vitro disease modeling platforms, including a broad set of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (“NAFLD”) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (“NASH”) conditions. Our clients are accessing these diseased tissue platforms through a growing number of collaborative, revenue-generating agreements.  

We aim to grow revenue through product sales and fee-based service agreements and collaborations for our invitro tissues to help provide a portion of the required cash flow to support our therapeutics development program. Our in vitro and in vivo tissues are both built upon the same proprietary 3D bioprinting technology and our highly specialized cells, providing valuable synergies in advancing each of our businesses. We are striving to change the face of medicine by enabling more relevant and translational drug discovery and by launching novel approaches to treating disease.

In the near-term, we will focus on several value-driving inflection points including:

Over the long-term, we will focus on achieving the following key milestones:

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Critical Accounting Policies

Our discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which we have prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate such estimates and judgments, including those described in greater detail below. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Our significant accounting policies are set forth in “Note 1. Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Of those policies, we believe that the policies discussed below may involve a higher degree of judgment and may be more critical to an accurate reflection of our financial condition and results of operations.

Revenue recognition

Our revenues are derived from research service agreements, product sales, and collaborative agreements with pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, grants from the National Institutes of Health (“NIH”) and private not-for-profit organizations, and license-payments from academic institutions.

We recognize revenue when the following criteria have been met: (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; (ii) services have been rendered or product has been delivered; (iii) price to the customer is fixed and determinable; and (iv) collection of the underlying receivable is reasonably assured.

Billings to customers or payments received from customers are included in deferred revenue on the balance sheet until all revenue recognition criteria are met. As of March 31, 2018 and March 31, 2017, we had approximately $687,000 and $640,000, respectively, in deferred revenue related to our licenses, collaborative agreements, and research service agreements.

Revenue arrangements with multiple deliverables

We follow ASC 605-25 Revenue Recognition – Multiple-Element Arrangements for revenue arrangements that contain multiple deliverables. Judgment is required to properly identify the accounting units of the multiple deliverable transactions and to determine the manner in which revenue should be allocated among the accounting units. Moreover, judgment is used in interpreting the commercial terms and determining when all criteria of revenue recognition have been met for each deliverable in order for revenue recognition to occur in the appropriate accounting period. For multiple deliverable agreements, consideration is allocated at the inception of the agreement to all deliverables based on their relative selling price. The relative selling price for each deliverable is determined using vendor-specific objective evidence (“VSOE”) of selling price or third-party evidence of selling price if VSOE does not exist. If neither VSOE nor third-party evidence of selling price exists, we use our best estimate of the selling price for the deliverable.

While changes in the allocation of the arrangement consideration between the units of accounting will not affect the amount of total revenue recognized for a particular sales arrangement, any material changes in these allocations could impact the timing of revenue recognition, which could affect our results of operations.

We periodically receive license fees for non-exclusive research licensing associated with funded research projects. License fees under these arrangements are recognized over the term of the contract or development period as it has been determined that such licenses do not have stand-alone value.

Revenue from research service agreements

For research service agreements that contain only a single or primary deliverable, we defer any up-front fees collected from customers, and recognizes revenue for the delivered element only when it determines there are no uncertainties regarding customer acceptance. For agreements that contain multiple deliverables, we follow ASC 605-25 as described above.

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Research and development revenue under collaborative agreements

Our collaboration revenue consists of license and collaboration agreements that contain multiple elements, which may include non-refundable up-front fees, payments for reimbursement of third-party research costs, payments for ongoing research, payments associated with achieving specific development milestones and royalties based on specified percentages of net product sales, if any. We consider a variety of factors in determining the appropriate method of revenue recognition under these arrangements, such as whether the elements are separable, whether there are determinable fair values and whether there is a unique earnings process associated with each element of a contract.

We recognize revenue from research funding under collaboration agreements when earned on a “proportional performance” basis as research services are provided or substantive milestones are achieved. We recognize revenue that is contingent upon the achievement of a substantive milestone in its entirety in the period in which the milestone is achieved. A milestone is considered substantive when the consideration payable to us for the milestone (i) is consistent with our performance necessary to achieve the milestone or the increase in value to the collaboration resulting from our performance, (ii) relates solely to our past performance and (iii) is reasonable relative to all of the other deliverables and payments within the arrangement. In making this assessment, we consider all facts and circumstances relevant to the arrangement, including factors such as the risks that must be overcome to achieve the milestone, the level of effort and investment required to achieve the milestone and whether any portion of the milestone consideration is related to future performance or deliverables.

We initially defer revenue for any amounts billed or payments received in advance of the services being performed, and recognize revenue pursuant to the related pattern of performance, using the appropriate method of revenue recognition based on our analysis of the related contractual element(s).

In November 2014, we entered into a collaborative non-exclusive research affiliation with a university medical school and a non-profit medical charity, under which we received a one-time grant from the charity towards the placement of a NovoGen Bioprinter^® at the university for the purpose of developing bioprinted tissues for surgical transplantation research. We have recorded $0 and $32,000 for the twelve months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, in revenue related to this collaboration in recognition of the proportional performance achieved. We completed our obligations under this agreement as of November 30, 2016.

In April 2015, we entered into a research collaboration agreement with a third party to develop custom tissue models for fixed fees. Based on the proportional performance achieved under this agreement, $150,000 and $117,000 in collaboration revenue was recorded for the twelve months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. We have completed our obligations under this agreement as of March 31, 2018.

Also in April 2015, we entered into a multi-year research agreement with a third party to develop multiple custom tissue models for use in drug development. Approximately $0 and $835,000 were recorded as revenue in recognition of the proportional performance achieved under this agreement during the twelve months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

In June 2016, we entered into another collaborative non-exclusive research affiliation with a university medical school and a non-profit medical charity, under which we received a one-time grant from the charity towards the placement of a NovoGen Bioprinter^® at the university for the purpose of developing bioprinted tissues for skeletal disease research. We received an up-front payment in June 2016, which was initially recorded as deferred revenue. Revenue of $65,000 and $34,000 has been recorded under this agreement during the twelve months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

In December 2016, we entered into another collaborative non-exclusive research affiliation with a university medical school and a non-profit medical charity, under which we received a one-time grant from the charity towards the placement of a NovoGen Bioprinter^® at the university for the purpose of developing an architecturally correct kidney for potential therapeutic applications. We received an up-front payment in January and March of 2017, which has been recorded as deferred revenue. Revenue of approximately $39,000 and $3,000 has been recorded under this agreement for the twelve months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

In April 2017, we entered into a collaborative non-exclusive research affiliation with a university, under which we received a one-time non-refundable payment toward the placement of a NovoGen Bioprinter^® at the university for the purpose of specific research projects mutually agreed upon by the university and us in the field of volumetric muscle loss. We received an up-front payment in May of 2017, which has been recorded as deferred revenue. Revenue of approximately $43,000 has been recorded under this agreement for the twelve months ended March 31, 2018, beginning subsequent to the installation of the printer in July of 2017. In addition, during April of 2017, we signed a non-exclusive patent license agreement with the university including an annual fee of $75,000 for each of the two years for the license to our patents for research use limited to the field of volumetric muscle loss. We received the first annual payment of $75,000 in April of 2017, which was initially recorded as deferred revenue. We recorded revenue of $75,000 under this agreement for the twelve months ended March 31, 2018.

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In September 2017, we entered into an agreement with a company, under which we received a one-time non-refundable payment of $50,000 for limited use of a Company patent in reference to four bioprinters developed and placed at research and academic facilities. We have recorded $50,000 in revenue for the twelve months ended March 31, 2018.

Product revenue

We recognize product revenue at the time of delivery to the customer, provided all other revenue recognition criteria have been met.

We expect to establish a reserve for estimated product returns that will be recorded as a reduction to revenue. This reserve will be maintained to account for future return of products sold in the current period. The reserve will be reviewed quarterly and will be estimated based on an analysis of our historical experience related to product returns.

Grant revenue

During August 2013, we were awarded a research grant by a private, not-for-profit organization for up to $251,700, contingent on go/no-go decisions made by the grantor at the completion of each stage of research as outlined in the grant award. Revenues from the grant are based upon internal costs incurred that are specifically covered by the grant, plus an additional rate that provides funding for overhead expenses. Revenue is recognized when we incur expenses that are related to the grant. Revenue recognized under this grant was approximately $0, $41,000, and $43,000 for the twelve months ended March 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively.  We have completed our obligations under this agreement as of March 31, 2017.

During September of 2014, the NIH awarded the Company a research grant totaling approximately $222,000. Revenues from the grant are based upon internal costs incurred that are specifically covered by the grant, plus an additional rate that provides funding for overhead expenses. Revenue is recognized when the Company incurs expenses that are related to the grant. Revenue recognized under this grant was approximately $148,000 for the twelve months ended 2016. The Company completed its obligations under this agreement during the year ended March 31, 2016.

During July 2017, the NIH awarded us a research grant totaling approximately $1,657,000. Revenues from the grant are based upon internal costs incurred that are specifically covered by the grant, plus an additional rate that provides funding for overhead expenses. Revenue is recognized when the Company incurs expenses that are related to the grant. Revenue is recognized upon completion of substantive milestones. Revenue recognized under this grant was approximately $554,000 and $0 for the twelve months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Cost of revenues

We reported approximately $1.0 million and $1.0 million in cost of revenues for the twelve months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Cost of revenues for the twelve months ended March 31, 2016 was immaterial and was therefore included in research and development expenses. Cost of revenues consists of our costs related to manufacturing and delivering our product and service revenue.

Derivative Financial Instruments

We do not use derivative instruments to hedge exposures to cash flow, market or foreign currency risks.

We review the terms of convertible debt and equity instruments it issues to determine whether there are derivative instruments, including an embedded conversion option that is required to be bifurcated and accounted for separately as a derivative financial instrument. In circumstances where the convertible instrument contains more than one embedded derivative instrument, including the conversion option, that is required to be bifurcated, the bifurcated derivative instruments are accounted for as a single, compound derivative instrument. Also, in connection with the sale of convertible debt and equity instruments, we may issue freestanding warrants that may, depending on their terms, be accounted for as derivative instrument liabilities, rather than as equity.

Derivative instruments are initially recorded at fair value and are then revalued at each reporting date with changes in the fair value reported as non-operating income or expense. When the convertible debt or equity instruments contain embedded derivative instruments that are to be bifurcated and accounted for as liabilities, the total proceeds allocated to the convertible host instruments are first allocated to the fair value of all the bifurcated derivative instruments. The remaining proceeds, if any, are then allocated to the convertible instruments themselves, usually resulting in those instruments being recorded at a discount from their face value.

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Fair Value Measurements

We had issued warrants, of which some were classified as derivative liabilities as a result of the terms in the warrants that provide for down round protection in the event of a dilutive issuance. We used Level 3 inputs (unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity, and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities) for our valuation methodology for the warrant derivative liabilities. The estimated fair values were determined using a Monte Carlo option pricing model based on various assumptions. Our derivative liabilities were adjusted to reflect estimated fair value at each period end, with any increase or decrease in the estimated fair value being recorded in other income or expense accordingly, as adjustments to the fair value of the derivative liabilities. Various factors are considered in the pricing models we used to value the warrants, including our current stock price, the remaining life of the warrant, the volatility of our stock price, and the risk-free interest rate. The remaining warrants expired as of March 31, 2017 and were removed from the Balance Sheet.

Stock-Based Compensation

For purposes of calculating stock-based compensation, we estimate the fair value of stock options and shares acquirable under our 2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”) using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The determination of the fair value of share-based payment awards utilizing the Black-Scholes model is affected by our stock price and a number of assumptions, including expected volatility, expected life, risk-free interest rate and expected dividends. The expected volatility is based on the historical common stock volatility of our peer group over the most recent period commensurate with the estimated expected term of the stock options or ESPP, as the case may be. The expected life of the stock options is based on historical and other economic data trended into the future. The risk-free interest rate assumption is based on observed interest rates appropriate for the expected terms of our stock options. The dividend yield assumption is based on our history and expectation of no dividend payouts. If factors change and we employ different assumptions, our stock-based compensation expense may differ significantly from what we have recorded in the past. If there is a difference between the assumptions used in determining our stock-based compensation expense and the actual factors that become known over time, specifically with respect to anticipated forfeitures, we may change the input factors used in determining stock-based compensation costs for future grants. These changes, if any, may materially impact our results of operations in the period such changes are made.

For purposes of calculating stock-based compensation, we estimate the fair value of restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and performance-based restricted stock units (“PBRSUs”) with pre-defined performance criteria, is based on the closing stock price on the date of grant. No exercise price or other monetary payment is required for receipt of the shares issued in settlement of the respective award; instead, consideration is furnished in the form of the participant’s service to the Company. The expense for PBRSUs with pre-defined performance criteria is adjusted with the probability of achievement of such performance criteria at each period end.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the Years Ended March 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the years ended March 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 (in thousands):

Revenues

Revenues of $4.6 million for the year ended March 31, 2018 increased approximately $0.4 million, or approximately 9%, over revenues of $4.2 million for the year ended March 31, 2017. This change reflects increases of $0.5 million and $0.5 million in product and service revenue and grant revenue, respectively, over the year ended March 31, 2017, due to an increase in primary human cell-based products and the commencement of our NIH SBIR grant. These increases offset a $0.6 million decrease in collaboration revenue resulting from the completion of two collaborations that concluded during fiscal year 2017. Revenues of $4.2 million for the year ended March 31, 2017 increased approximately $2.7 million, or more than 180%, over revenues of $1.5 million for the year ended March 31, 2016. This change reflects an increase of $2.4 million in product and service revenue over the year ended March 31, 2016, due to an increasing number of customer contracts for our tissue research services. In addition, collaboration revenue increased $0.5 million due to substantial milestone achievements under collaboration agreements with multiple partners to develop custom tissue models. These increases were offset by a decrease in grant revenue by $0.2 million primarily related to a grant that concluded during fiscal year 2016.

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Costs and Expenses

Cost of Revenues

Cost of product and service revenues, which reflects expenses related to manufacturing our products and delivering services was $1.0 million and $1.0 million for the years ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.  The resulting improvement in our product and service gross margin is due to an increased proportion of higher margin revenues from the sales of primary human cell-based products. Cost of product and service revenues was $1.0 million for the year ended March 31, 2017, compared to zero for the year ended March 31, 2016 as cost of revenues for the year ended March 31, 2016 was immaterial and was therefore included in research and development expenses.

Research and Development Expenses

The following table summarizes our research and development expenses for the years ended March 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 (in thousands):

Research and development expenses decreased $1.6 million, or 8%, from approximately $19.5 million for the year ended March 31, 2017 to approximately $18.0 million for the year ended March 31, 2018 as we sharpened the focus of our research staff activities to emphasize development of disease modeling research services and reduced our product development staff utilized to support obligations under collaborative research agreements that expired in fiscal 2017.  Full-time research and development staffing decreased from an average of eighty full-time employees during the year ended March 31, 2017 to an average of seventy-one full-time employees during the year ended March 31, 2018, resulting in decreases of $1.3 million and $0.6 million in staffing expense and lab services and supply expenses, respectively.  These decreases offset a $0.3 million increase in facility allocation costs. Research and development expense increased $1.5 million, or 8%, from approximately $18.0 million for the year ended March 31, 2016 to approximately $19.5 million for the year ended March 31, 2017 as we increased our research staff activities to support development of commercial research services and expanded our product development staff to support obligations under existing collaborative research agreements. Full-time research and development staffing increased from an average of sixty-eight full-time employees during the year ended March 31, 2016 to an average of eighty full-time employees during the year ended March 31, 2017, resulting in increases in staffing expense of approximately $1.5 million.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

The following table summarizes our selling, general and administrative expenses for the years ended March 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 (in thousands):

Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased approximately $1.4 million, or 6%, from $22.3 million for the year ended March 31, 2017 to approximately $20.9 million for the year ended March 31, 2018. The decrease was primarily driven by a reduction in legal and patent costs of approximately $0.8 million, a reduction in facility costs of $0.3 million and a decrease in compensation costs due to reduced cash incentive payments and a headcount decrease from an average of thirty-six full-time employees during the year ended March 31, 2017 to an average of thirty-three full-time employees during the year ended March 31, 2018, resulting from a sharpened strategic focus and the prioritization of projects. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased approximately $0.2 million, or 1%, from $22.1 million for the year ended March 31, 2016 to approximately $22.3 million for the year ended March 31, 2017. This increase was primarily driven by an increase in staffing-related expenses of approximately $1.1 million due to a headcount increase from an average of twenty-eight full-time employees during the year ended March 31, 2016 to an average of thirty-six full-time employees during the year ended March 31, 2017, to provide strategic infrastructure in developing collaborative relationships and the commercializing of research-derived product introductions. Additionally, the increase was related to higher executive recruiting costs of $0.3 million, and outside services in the amount of $0.2 million. This increase was offset by a $1.6 million decrease in share-based compensation related to the absence of non-recurring expenses for two departed executives.

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Other Income (Expense)

Other income was approximately $0.5 million for the year ended March 31, 2018, and consisted primarily of interest income. For the year ended March 31, 2017, other income of approximately $0.2 million consisted primarily of interest income. Interest income increased from fiscal 2017 due to higher average yields. For the year ended March 31, 2016, other income of approximately $0.1 million consisted primarily of interest income. Interest income increased from fiscal 2016 due to higher average yields.

Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have primarily devoted our efforts to developing and commercializing a platform technology to produce and study living tissues that emulate key aspects of human biology and disease, raising capital and building infrastructure.

As of March 31, 2018, we had cash and cash equivalents of $43.7 million and an accumulated deficit of $234.1 million. We also had negative cash flows from operations of $28.9 million, $29.2 million, and $29.4 million for the years ended March 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

At March 31, 2018, we had total current assets of $46.8 million and current liabilities of $4.7 million, resulting in working capital of $42.1 million. At March 31, 2017, we had total current assets of $65.1 million and current liabilities of $6.0 million, resulting in working capital of $59.1 million.

The following table sets forth a summary of the primary sources and uses of cash for the years ended March 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 (in thousands):

Operating activities

Net cash used by operating activities was approximately $28.9 million, $29.2 million, and $29.4 million for the years ended March 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. This $0.3 million decrease, for the year ended March 31, 2018, is a result of a $3.2 million improvement in operating cost offset by a $2.9 million increase in working capital requirements.

Investing activities

Net cash used in investing activities was approximately $0.3 million, $1.4 million, and $2.1 million for the years ended March 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. The majority of net cash used in investing activities to date has been for capital purchases, including laboratory equipment purchases and the expansion and buildout of our facilities related to our expanded research capabilities and the commercialization of our products.

Financing activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was approximately $10.1 million, $31.2 million, and $43.5 million for the years ended March 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Operations funding requirements

During the year ended March 31, 2018, we raised net proceeds of approximately $9.2 million through the sale of 5,307,105 shares of our common stock in “at-the-market” offerings and approximately $0.8 million through stock option exercises and $0.2 million through the sale of shares through the ESPP, which were offset by $0.1 million of payroll taxes paid by the Company related to the vesting of restricted stock units where vested shares were withheld by us to satisfy employee withholding tax obligations.

During the year ended March 31, 2017, we raised net proceeds of approximately $25.7 million from our public offering of 10,065,000 shares of our common stock in October 2016, approximately $4.5 million through the sale of 997,181 shares of our common stock in “at-the-market” offerings and approximately $1.1 million through warrant exercises, stock option exercises and the sale of shares through the ESPP.

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During the year ended March 31, 2016, we raised net proceeds of approximately $43.1 million through the sale of 10,838,750 shares of our common stock. In addition, we raised approximately $0.3 million from stock option exercises during the year ended March 31, 2016.

Through March 31, 2018, we have financed our operations primarily through the sale of convertible notes, the private placement of equity securities, the sale of common stock through public offerings, and from revenue derived from products and research-based services, grants, and collaborative research agreements. Based on our current operating plan and available cash resources, we have sufficient resources to fund our business for at least the next twelve months.

We will need additional capital to further fund the development of our therapeutic tissues and the implementation of our business plan. We intend to cover our future operating expenses through cash on hand, revenue derived from research service agreements, product sales, grants, and collaborative research agreements and through the issuance of additional equity or debt securities. Depending on market conditions, we cannot be sure that additional financing will be available when needed or that, if available, financing will be obtained on terms favorable to us or to our stockholders.

We have an effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-222929), or the 2018 Shelf, that expires on February 22, 2021. As of March 31, 2018, we are authorized to offer and sell under the 2018 Shelf, in one or more offerings, common stock, preferred stock, warrants to purchase common stock, preferred stock, or any combination of the foregoing, either individually or as units compromised one or more of the other securities. On March 16, 2018, we filed a prospectus supplement to the 2018 Shelf to register the sale of up to $50.0 million of shares of our common stock that may be issued in at-the-market offerings pursuant to an equity offering sales agreement we entered into with two investment banking firms as of the same date. During the twelve months ended March 31, 2018, we sold 5,307,105 shares of common stock in at-the-market offerings, with net proceeds of approximately $9.2 million under its 2015 Shelf, which expired on March 17, 2018.

Based on our use of the 2018 Shelf through March 31, 2018, we cannot raise more than an aggregate of $100.0 million in future offerings under the 2018 Shelf, including through our at-the-market program.

Having insufficient funds may require us to delay, scale back, or eliminate some or all of our development programs or relinquish rights to our technology on less favorable terms than we would otherwise choose. Failure to obtain adequate financing could eventually adversely affect our ability to operate as a going concern. If we raise additional funds from the issuance of equity securities, substantial dilution to our existing stockholders would likely result. If we raise additional funds by incurring debt financing, the terms of the debt may involve significant cash payment obligations as well as covenants and specific financial ratios that may restrict our ability to operate our business.

As of March 31, 2018, we had 111,032,957 total issued and outstanding shares of common stock and 220,000 warrants with remaining terms between one and two years and exercise prices between $6.84 and $7.62 per share.

In addition, our 2008 Equity Incentive Plan provides for the issuance of up to 896,256 shares of common stock upon the exercise of outstanding stock options and the 2012 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended, provides for the issuance of up to 17,553,986 shares of our common stock, of which 4,595,021 shares remain available for issuance as of March 31, 2018, to executive officers, directors, advisory board members, employees and consultants. Additionally, 1,500,000 shares of common stock have been reserved for issuance under the 2016 ESPP, of which 1,285,103 shares remain available for future issuance as of March 31, 2018. Lastly, 2,288,682 shares of common stock have been reserved for issuances under Inducement Award Agreements. In aggregate, issued and outstanding common stock, shares underlying outstanding warrants, and shares issuable under outstanding equity awards or reserved for future issuance under the 2008 and 2012 Equity Incentive Plans, the Inducement Award Agreements, and the 2016 ESPP total 129,501,208 shares of common stock as of March 31, 2018.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no off-balance sheet arrangements, including unrecorded derivative instruments that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future material effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources. We have certain warrants and options outstanding but we do not expect to receive sufficient proceeds from the exercise of these instruments unless and until the underlying securities are registered, and/or all restrictions on trading, if any, are removed, and in either case the trading price of our common stock is significantly greater than the applicable exercise prices of the options and warrants.

Effect of Inflation and Changes in Prices

Management does not believe that inflation and changes in price will have a material effect on our operations.

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Contractual Obligations

In the normal course of business, we enter into contracts and commitments that obligate us to make payments in the future. The table below sets forth our significant contractual obligations and related scheduled payments as of March 31, 2018 (in thousands):

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

For information regarding recently adopted and issued accounting pronouncements, see “Note 12. Recent Accounting Pronouncements” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve our capital for the purpose of funding our operations. To achieve these objectives, our investment policy allows us to maintain a portfolio of cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments in a variety of securities, including money market funds. Our primary exposure to market risk is interest income sensitivity, which is affected by changes in the general level of U.S. interest rates, particularly because the majority of our investments are comprised of cash and cash equivalents. We currently do not hedge interest rate exposure. Due to the nature of our short-term investments, we believe that we are not subject to any material market risk exposure. We have limited foreign currency risk exposure as our business operates primarily in U.S. dollars. We do not have significant foreign currency nor any other derivative financial instruments.

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Item 8. Consolidated Financial Statements.

Organovo Holdings, Inc.

Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

F-1

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and

Stockholders of Organovo Holdings, Inc.:

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Organovo Holdings, Inc. (the “Company”) as of March 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three year period ended March 31, 2018, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of March 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended March 31, 2018, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2018, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) and our report dated May 31, 2018 expressed an unqualified opinion.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Mayer Hoffman McCann P.C.

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2011.

San Diego, California

May 31, 2018

F-2

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and

Stockholders of Organovo Holdings, Inc.:

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited Organovo Holdings, Inc.’s (“Company”) internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO criteria). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2018, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of March 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the years in the three year period ended March 31, 2018, and our report dated May 31, 2018, expressed an unqualified opinion.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Mayer Hoffman McCann P.C.

San Diego, California

May 31, 2018

F-3

ORGANOVO HOLDINGS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands except per share data)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-4

ORGANOVO HOLDINGS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(in thousands except per share data)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-5

ORGANOVO HOLDINGS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (in thousands)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-6

ORGANOVO HOLDINGS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (in thousands)