PharmaCyte Biotech, Inc. - Quarter Report: 2022 January (Form 10-Q)

Table of Contents

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

For the quarterly period ended January 31, 2022

or

For the transition period from __________ to __________

Commission file number 001-40699

PHARMACYTE BIOTECH, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

3960 Howard Hughes Parkway, Suite 500, Las Vegas, Nevada 89169

(Address of principal executive offices)

(917) 595-2850

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of March 15, 2022, the registrant had 20,721,047 outstanding shares of common stock, with a par value of $0.0001 per share. 0

PHARMACYTE BIOTECH, INC.

INDEX TO QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q

THREE AND NINE MONTHS ENDED JANUARY 31, 2022

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

PHARMACYTE BIOTECH, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(UNAUDITED)

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

PHARMACYTE BIOTECH, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(UNAUDITED)

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

PHARMACYTE BIOTECH, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(UNAUDITED)

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

PHARMACYTE BIOTECH, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

NINE MONTHS ENDED JANUARY 31, 2022, AND 2021 

(UNAUDITED)

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

PHARMACYTE BIOTECH, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(UNAUDITED)

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

PHARMACYTE BIOTECH, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

NOTE 1 – NATURE OF BUSINESS

PharmaCyte Biotech, Inc. (“PharmaCyte” or “Company”) is a biotechnology company focused on developing cellular therapies for cancer and diabetes based upon a proprietary cellulose-based live cell encapsulation technology known as “Cell-in-a-Box^®”. The Cell-in-a-Box^® technology is intended to be used as a platform upon which therapies for several types of cancer, including locally advanced, inoperable pancreatic cancer (“LAPC”) will be developed. The current generation of the Company’s product candidate is referred to as “CypCaps™”. On September 1, 2020, the Company submitted an Investigational New Drug Application (“IND”) to the United States Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) for a planned Phase 2b clinical trial in LAPC. On October 1, 2020, the Company received notice from the FDA that it had placed the IND on clinical hold. On October 30, 2020, the FDA sent a letter to the Company setting forth the reasons for the clinical hold and specific guidance on what the Company must do to have the clinical hold lifted. To lift the clinical hold, the FDA has informed the Company that it needs to conduct several additional preclinical studies. The FDA also requested additional information regarding several topics, including DNA sequencing data, manufacturing information and product release specifications. The Company is also in the process of conducting these studies and gathering additional information to submit to the FDA. See “The Investigational New Drug Application and the Clinical Hold” below.

The Cell-in-a-Box^® encapsulation technology potentially enables genetically engineered live human cells to be used as a means to produce various biologically active molecules. The technology is intended to result in the formation of pinhead sized cellulose-based porous capsules in which genetically modified live human cells can be encapsulated and maintained. In a laboratory setting, this proprietary live cell encapsulation technology has been shown to create a micro-environment in which encapsulated cells survive and flourish. They are protected from environmental challenges, such as the sheer forces associated with bioreactors and passage through catheters and needles. The Company believes that this enables greater cell growth and production of the active molecules. The capsules are largely composed of cellulose (cotton) and are bio inert.

The Company is developing therapies for pancreatic and other solid cancerous tumors by using genetically engineered live human cells that it believes are capable of converting a cancer prodrug into its cancer-killing form. The Company encapsulates those cells using the Cell-in-a-Box^® technology and places those capsules in the body as close as possible to the tumor. In this way, the Company believes that when a cancer prodrug is administered to a patient with a particular type of cancer that may be affected by the prodrug the killing of the patient’s cancerous tumor may be optimized.

In addition, the Company has been exploring ways to delay the production and accumulation of malignant ascites that results from many types of abdominal cancerous tumors. Malignant ascites is secreted by abdominal cancerous tumors into the abdomen after the tumors have reached a certain stage of growth. This fluid contains cancer cells that can seed and form new tumors throughout the abdomen. This fluid accumulates in the abdominal cavity, causing swelling of the abdomen, severe breathing difficulties and extreme pain. On November 30, 2021, the Company announced the commencement of a pre-clinical study to determine if the treatment the Company uses for LAPC can also delay the rate of production and accumulation of malignant ascites.

The Company has also been developing a potential therapy for Type 1 diabetes and insulin-dependent Type 2 diabetes. The Company’s product candidate for the treatment of diabetes consists of encapsulated genetically modified insulin-producing cells. The encapsulation will be done using the Cell-in-a-Box^® technology. Implanting these cells in the body is designed to function as a bio-artificial pancreas for purposes of insulin production.

The Company has also been considering ways to exploit the benefits of the Cell-in-a-Box^® technology to develop therapies for cancer that involve prodrugs based upon certain constituents of the Cannabis plant (“Cannabis Program”); these constituents are of the class of compounds known as “cannabinoids”.

Until: (i) the FDA allows the Company to commence a clinical trial in LAPC described in its IND for which the FDA has placed a clinical hold; and (ii) the Company validates its Cell-in-a-Box^® encapsulation technology in its planned Phase 2b clinical trial in LAPC, the Company is not spending any further resources developing the Cannabis Program.

The Investigational New Drug Application and the Clinical Hold

On September 1, 2020, the Company submitted an IND to the FDA for a planned Phase 2b clinical trial in LAPC. Shortly thereafter, the Company received Information Requests from the FDA related to the IND. The Company timely responded to all Information Requests.

On October 1, 2020, the Company received notice that the FDA had placed the Company’s IND on clinical hold.

On October 30, 2020, the FDA sent a letter to the Company setting forth the reasons for the clinical hold and providing specific guidance on what the Company must do to have the clinical hold lifted.

In order to address the clinical hold, the FDA has requested that the Company:

The FDA also requested that the Company address the following issues as an amendment to the IND:

The Company assembled a scientific and regulatory team of experts to address the FDA requests. That team is working to complete the items requested by the FDA. The Company is in varying stages of addressing the studies and acquiring the information requested by the FDA.

The following provides a summary of the activities in which the Company is engaged to have the clinical hold lifted:

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Company’s Operations

The coronavirus SARS-Cov2 pandemic (“COVID-19”) is causing significant, industry-wide delays in clinical trials. Although the Company is not yet in a clinical trial, the Company has filed an IND with the FDA to commence a clinical trial in LAPC. While the IND has been placed on clinical hold by the FDA, the Company has assessed the impact of COVID-19 on its operations. Currently, many clinical trials are being delayed due to COVID-19. There are numerous reasons for these delays. For example, patients have shown a reluctance to enroll or continue in a clinical trial due to fear of exposure to COVID-19 when they are in a hospital or doctor’s office. There are local, regional, and state-wide orders and regulations restricting usual normal activity by people. These discourage and interfere with patient visits to a doctor’s office if the visit is not COVID-19 related. Healthcare providers and health systems are shifting their resources away from clinical trials toward the care of COVID-19 patients. The FDA and other healthcare providers are making product candidates for the treatment of COVID-19 a priority over product candidates unrelated to COVID-19. As of the date of this Report on Form 10-Q (“Report”), the COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact upon the Company’s operations, although the Company believes that impact is not material. The impact primarily relates to delays in tasks associated with the preparation of the Company’s responses to the clinical hold, including all requested preclinical studies. There may be further delays in generating responses to the requests from the FDA related to the clinical hold.

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, commencement of the Company’s planned clinical trial to treat LAPC may be delayed beyond the lifting of the clinical hold by the FDA should that occur. Also, enrollment may be difficult for the reasons discussed above. In addition, after enrollment in the trial, if a patient contracts COVID-19 during his or her participation in the trial or is subject to isolation or shelter in place restrictions, this may cause him or her to drop out of our clinical trial, miss scheduled therapy appointments or follow-up visits or otherwise fail to follow the clinical trial protocol. If a patient is unable to follow the clinical trial protocol or if the trial results are otherwise affected by the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on patient participation or actions taken to mitigate COVID-19 spread, the integrity of data from the clinical trial may be compromised or not be accepted by the FDA. This could further adversely impact or delay the Company’s clinical development program if the FDA allows it to proceed.

It is highly speculative in projecting the effects of COVID-19 on the Company’s proposed clinical development program and the Company generally. The effects of COVID-19 may quickly and dramatically change over time. Its evolution is difficult to predict, and no one is able to say with certainty when the pandemic will subside.

Company Operations

Background

The Company is a Nevada corporation incorporated in 1996. In 2013, the Company restructured its operations from being a nutraceutical company to being a biotechnology company. The restructuring resulted in PharmaCyte focusing its efforts upon the development of a novel, effective and safe way to treat cancer and diabetes. In January 2015, the Company changed its name from Nuvilex, Inc. to PharmaCyte Biotech, Inc. to reflect the nature of its current business. In October 2021, the Company moved its headquarters to Las Vegas, Nevada.

Increase in Authorized Shares

On July 2, 2021, pursuant to stockholder approval at the Annual Meeting of Stockholders, the Company filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada a Certificate of Amendment to its Articles of Incorporation, as amended, to increase the number of authorized shares to fifty billion ten million (50,010,000,000), of which fifty billion (50,000,000,000) shares, with a par value of $0.0001 per share, are designated as common stock and of which ten million (10,000,000) shares, with a par value of $0.0001 per share, are designated as preferred stock. The reverse stock split described below reduced the number of authorized shares to thirty-three million three hundred thirty-three thousand three hundred thirty-four (33,333,334). See Reverse Stock Split.

Nasdaq Listing

PharmaCyte’s common stock began trading on Nasdaq on August 10, 2021, under the symbol “PMCB.” Prior to that, PharmaCyte’s common stock was quoted on the OTCQB Market under the symbol “PMCB.” Following the reverse stock split (discussed below) of the Company’s common stock on July 12, 2021, and until August 6, 2021, the OTCQB Market Symbol for the Company’s common stock had temporarily been “PMCBD.”

Reverse Stock Split

Effective July 12, 2021, pursuant to the approval by the Company’s Board of Directors (“Board”), the Company filed with the Secretary of State of Nevada a Certificate of Change to the Articles of Incorporation, to cause a 1-for-1,500 reverse stock split of the Company’s common stock. The reverse stock split decreased the number of authorized shares of common stock from fifty billion (50,000,000,000) shares to thirty-three million three hundred thirty-three thousand three hundred thirty-four (33,333,334) shares, with a par value of $0.0001 per share. Any fractional shares resulting from the reverse stock split were rounded up to the next whole share. Except as otherwise indicated, all share and per share information in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and related footnotes gives effect to the reverse stock split of the Company’s common stock.

NOTE 2 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation

The Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. The Company operates independently and through four wholly owned subsidiaries: (i) Bio Blue Bird; (ii) PharmaCyte Biotech Europe Limited; (iii) PharmaCyte Biotech Australia Private Limited; and (iv) Viridis Biotech, Inc. and are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). Upon consolidation, intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated. The Company’s 14.3% investment in SG Austria is presented on the cost method of accounting.

Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires the use of estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities known to exist as of the date the financial statements are published and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Uncertainties with respect to such estimates and assumptions are inherent in the preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements; accordingly, it is possible that the actual results could differ from these estimates and assumptions, which could have a material effect on the reported amounts of the Company’s consolidated financial position and results of operations. The severity, magnitude, and duration, as well as the economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, are uncertain, rapidly changing, and difficult to predict. Therefore, the Company’s accounting estimates and assumptions may change over time in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and may change materially in future periods.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash in banks and short-term liquid investments purchased with maturities of three months or less.

Intangible Assets

The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) standard on goodwill and other intangible assets prescribes a two-step process for impairment testing of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles, which is performed annually, as well as when an event triggering impairment may have occurred. The first step tests for impairment, while the second step, if necessary, measures the impairment. The Company has elected to perform its annual analysis at the end of its reporting year.

The Company’s intangible assets are licensing agreements related to the Cell-in-a-Box^® technology for $1,549,427 and a diabetes license for $2,000,000 for an aggregate total of $3,549,427.

These intangible assets have an indefinite life; therefore, they are not amortizable.

The Company concluded that there was no impairment of the carrying value of the intangible assets for the nine months ended January 31, 2022, and 2021.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company evaluates long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be fully recoverable. If the estimated future cash flows (undiscounted and without interest charges) from the use of an asset are less than carrying value, a write-down would be recorded to reduce the related asset to its estimated fair value. No impairment was identified or recorded for the nine months ended January 31, 2022, and 2021.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

For certain of the Company’s non-derivative financial instruments, including cash, accounts payable and accrued expenses, the carrying amount approximates fair value due to the short-term maturities of these instruments.

Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures,” requires disclosure of the fair value of financial instruments held by the Company. ASC Topic 820, “Financial Instruments,” defines fair value, and establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosures of fair value measurement that enhances disclosure requirements for fair value measures. The carrying amounts reported in the condensed consolidated balance sheets for current liabilities qualify as financial instruments and are a reasonable estimate of their fair values because of the short period between the origination of such instruments and their expected realization and their current market rate of interest. The three levels of valuation hierarchy are defined as follows:

Income Taxes

Deferred taxes are calculated using the liability method whereby deferred tax assets are recognized for deductible temporary differences and operating loss and tax credit carry forwards, and deferred tax liabilities are recognized for taxable temporary differences. Temporary differences are the differences between the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and their tax bases. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more-likely-than-not that some portion or all the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted for the effects of changes in tax laws and rates on the date of enactment.

A valuation allowance is provided for deferred income tax assets when, in management’s judgment, based upon currently available information and other factors, it is more-likely-than-not that all or a portion of such deferred income tax assets will not be realized. The determination of the need for a valuation allowance is based on an on-going evaluation of current information including, among other things, historical operating results, estimates of future earnings in different taxing jurisdictions and the expected timing of the reversals of temporary differences. The Company believes the determination to record a valuation allowance to reduce a deferred income tax asset is a significant accounting estimate because it is based on, among other things, an estimate of future taxable income in the United States (“U.S.”) and certain other jurisdictions, which is susceptible to change and may or may not occur, and because the impact of adjusting a valuation allowance may be material. In determining when to release the valuation allowance established against the Company’s net deferred income tax assets, the Company considers all available evidence, both positive and negative. Consistent with the Company’s policy, and because of the Company’s history of operating losses, the Company does not currently recognize the benefit of all its deferred tax assets, including tax loss carry forwards, which may be used to offset future taxable income. The Company continually assesses its ability to generate sufficient taxable income during future periods in which deferred tax assets may be realized. When the Company believes it is more-likely-than-not that it will recover its deferred tax assets, the Company will reverse the valuation allowance as an income tax benefit in the statements of operations.

The U.S. GAAP method of accounting for uncertain tax positions utilizes a two-step approach to evaluate tax positions. Step one, recognition, requires evaluation of the tax position to determine if based solely on technical merits it is more-likely-than-not to be sustained upon examination. Step two, measurement, is addressed only if a position is more-likely-than-not to be sustained. In step two, the tax benefit is measured as the largest amount of benefit, determined on a cumulative probability basis, which is more-likely-than-not to be realized upon ultimate settlement with tax authorities. If a position does not meet the more-likely-than-not threshold for recognition in step one, no benefit is recorded until the first subsequent period in which the more-likely-than-not standard is met, the issue is resolved with the taxing authorities, or the statute of limitations expires. Positions previously recognized are derecognized when the Company subsequently determines the position no longer is more-likely-than-not to be sustained. Evaluation of tax positions, their technical merits and measurements using cumulative probability are highly subjective management estimates. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates.

On March 27, 2020, Congress enacted the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”) to provide certain relief as a result of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 outbreak. The Company maintains a full valuation allowance on its U.S, net deferred tax assets. Deferred tax asset remeasurement (tax expense) was offset by a net decrease in valuation allowance, that resulted in no impact on the Company's income tax expense. Therefore, the Company does not expect the provisions in the CARES Act will impact the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

On March 11, 2021, Congress enacted the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (“Act”). The Company does not expect the provisions of this Act will impact the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Research and Development

Research and Development (“R&D”) expenses consist of costs incurred for direct and overhead-related research expenses and are expensed as incurred. Costs to acquire technologies, including licenses, that are utilized in R&D and that have no alternative future use are expensed when incurred. Technology developed for use in the Company’s product candidates is expensed as incurred until technological feasibility has been established.

R&D expenses for the three months ended January 31, 2022, and 2021 were $158,039 and $174,088, respectively, and for the nine months ended January 31, 2022, and 2021 were $436,872 and $595,976, respectively.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense for only those awards ultimately expected to vest on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award. The Company estimates the fair value of stock options using a Black-Scholes-Merton valuation model. This model requires the input of highly subjective assumptions, including the option's expected term and stock price volatility. In addition, judgment is also required in estimating the number of stock-based awards that are expected to be forfeited. Forfeitures are estimated based on historical experience at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. The assumptions used in calculating the fair value of share-based payment awards represent management's best estimates, but these estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management's judgment. Thus, if factors change and the Company uses different assumptions, the stock-based compensation expense could be materially different in the future.

Concentration of Credit Risk

The Company has no significant off-balance-sheet concentrations of credit risk such as foreign exchange contracts, options contracts, or other foreign hedging arrangements. The Company maintains most of its cash balance at financial institutions located throughout the U.S. Accounts at these institutions are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation up to $250,000 for each financial institution. Uninsured balances aggregated approximately $36,356,000 as of January 31, 2022, and $1,921,000 as of April 30, 2021. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts.

Foreign Currency Translation

The Company translates the financial statements of its foreign subsidiaries from the local (functional) currencies to U.S. dollars in accordance with FASB ASC 830, Foreign Currency Matters. All assets and liabilities of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries are translated at year-end exchange rates, while revenue and expenses are translated at average exchange rates prevailing during the year. Adjustments for foreign currency translation fluctuations are excluded from net loss and are included in other comprehensive income (loss). Gains and losses on short-term intercompany foreign currency transactions are recognized as incurred.

Liquidity

On August 9, 2021, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement to offer and sell shares of common stock, pre-funded warrants to purchase common stock and warrants to purchase common stock in a public offering (“First Offering”). The gross proceeds of the First Offering were $15 million, before deduction of underwriting discounts, commissions, and estimated offering expenses.

On August 19, 2021, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (“Securities Purchase Agreement”) with certain institutional investors (“Purchasers”) pursuant to which the Company agreed to sell in a registered direct offering (“Registered Direct Offering”), shares of the Company’s common stock and pre-funded warrants to purchase shares of common stock. Further, pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement, in a concurrent private placement (together with the Registered Direct Offering, “Second Offering”), the Company also agreed to issue to the Purchasers unregistered warrants (“Series A Warrants”) to purchase shares of common stock. The Company received gross proceeds from the Second Offering, before deducting placement agent fees and other estimated offering expenses payable by the Company, of approximately $70 million. On November 17, 2021, the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 registering the resale of the common stock underlying the Series A Warrants was declared effective by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“Commission”).

Deferred Offering Costs

The Company complies with the requirements of FASB ASC 340-10-S99-1 and SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin Topic 5A — “Expenses of Offering.” Offering costs were $8,362,137 (including $7,116,445 in underwriters' fees and $108,979 in selling concessions), consisting principally of costs incurred in connection with formation and preparation for the Company offering securities to the public (“Public Offerings”). These costs, together with the underwriters’ discount, were charged to additional paid-in capital upon closing of the Public Offerings on August 9 and 19, 2021.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”), was issued in June 2016. Under ASU 2016-13, existing guidance on reporting credit losses for trade and other receivables and available for sale debt securities will be replaced with a new forward-looking “expected loss” model that generally will result in the earlier recognition of allowances for losses. The Company’s adoption of ASU 2016-13 during the period ended July 31, 2020, did not result in an impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements. As part of the Company’s continuing assessment of the adequacy of ASU 2016-13, there are no factors to be considered at this time since the Company does not have an allowance for credit losses.

ASU No. 2019-12, Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (“ASU 2019-12”), was issued in December 2019. Under ASU 2019-12, the accounting for income taxes is simplified by eliminating certain exceptions and implementing additional requirements which result in a more consistent application of ASC 740. The Company’s adoption of ASU 2019-12 during the period ended July 31, 2021, did not result in an impact on the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting (“ASU 2020-04”) and also issued subsequent amendments to the initial guidance (collectively, “Topic 848”). Topic 848 is effective for all entities as of March 12, 2020, through December 31, 2022, and provides optional guidance for contract modifications and certain hedging relationships associated with the transition from reference rates that are expected to be discontinued. The Company will adopt Topic 848 when relevant contracts are modified upon transition to alternative reference rates. The Company does not expect the adoption of Topic 848 to have a material impact on the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

NOTE 3 – ACCRUED EXPENSES

Accrued expenses as of January 31, 2022, and April 30, 2021, are summarized below: 

The Director and Officer insurance policy for the policy term of September 8, 2021, through September 8, 2022, was paid in full on August 8, 2021. The Company financed the Director and Officer insurance policy for the policy term of March 8, 2021, through September 8, 2021. The financing agreement had an interest rate of 4.85% per annum and required eight monthly payments of $12,829. The unpaid balances as of January 31, 2022, and April 30, 2021, of $0 and $50,805, respectively, are included in accrued expenses.

NOTE 4 – SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION – PAYCHECK PROTECTION PROGRAM

On March 27, 2020, the CARES Act was enacted to provide financial aid to family and businesses impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The Company participated in the CARES Act, and on April 15, 2020, the Company entered into a note payable with a bank under the Small Business Administration (“SBA”), Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) in the amount of $75,200. This PPP loan was to mature on April 15, 2022, with a fixed interest rate of 1% per annum with interest deferred for six months. The PPP loan has an initial term of two years, is unsecured and guaranteed by the SBA.

The Company used the proceeds from the PPP loan for qualifying expenses as defined in the PPP. The Company also applied for forgiveness of the PPP loan in accordance with the terms of the CARES Act. The SBA issued a notice of PPP loan forgiveness with an effective date of April 28, 2021, forgiving the entire principal of $75,200 and the accrued interest of $779. The Company recognized the forgiveness of the PPP loan and accrued interest as Gain on forgiveness of Paycheck Protection Program loan in the fiscal year ended April 30, 2021.

NOTE 5 – COMMON STOCK TRANSACTIONS

A summary of the Company’s compensatory stock activity and related weighted average grant date fair value information for the three and nine months ended January 31, 2022, and 2021 is as follows: 

During the year ended April 30, 2020, four non-employee members of the Board were issued 1,333 shares of common stock pursuant to their Director Letter Agreements (“DLAs”) and relating to their services for the prior year. The shares were fully vested upon issuance. The Company recorded a non-cash expense of $0 and $0 for the three months ended January 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively, and $0 and $10,561 for the nine months ended January 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively. There were zero unvested shares of common stock remaining related to these DLAs as of January 31, 2022, and 2021.

In January 2020, the Company awarded 4,400 shares of common stock to the executive officers of the Company as part of their compensation agreements for 2020. These shares vested monthly over a twelve-month period and are subject to the executive officers continuing service under their respective employment agreement with the Company. During the three months ended January 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively, the Company recorded a non-cash compensation expense in the amount of $0 and $44,881, respectively, and $0 and $179,521 for the nine months ended January 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively. There were zero unvested shares as of January 31, 2022, and 2021.

During the nine months ended January 31, 2021, the four independent directors on the Board were issued 1,334 shares of common stock pursuant to their DLAs in respect of their service during that year. The shares were fully vested upon issuance. The Company recorded a non-cash expense of $0 and $10,411 for the three months ended January 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively, and $4,342 and $26,859 for the nine months ended January 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively. There were zero unvested shares remaining related to such DLAs as of January 31, 2022, and 2021.

During the nine months ended January 31, 2021, four consultants were issued 667 shares of common stock pursuant to their consulting agreements with the Company. The shares vest monthly over a twelve-month period and are subject to the consultants continuing to provide services under their consulting agreements. The Company recorded a non-cash consulting expense in the amount of $0 and $5,409 for the three months ended January 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively, and $0 and $15,017 for the nine months ended January 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively. There were zero and 167 unvested shares remaining related to these consulting agreements as of January 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

In September 2020, a consultant was issued 333 shares of common stock in respect of his services as the Chairman of the Company’s Medical and Scientific Advisory Board with vesting subject to the consultant continuing to provide services to the Company. The Company recorded a non-cash consulting expense in the amount of $0 and $2,125 for the three months ended January 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively, and $3,542 and $2,833 for the nine months ended January 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively. There were zero unvested shares remaining related to his compensation arrangement as of January 31, 2022, and 2021.

In January 2021, the Company awarded 4,400 shares of common stock to the executive officers of the Company as part of their compensation agreements for 2021. These shares vest monthly over a twelve-month period and are subject to the executive officers continuing to provide service under their compensation agreements. During the three months ended January 31, 2022, and 2021, the Company recorded a non-cash compensation expense in the amount of $7,370 and $3,685, respectively, and $29,480 and $3,685 for the nine months ended January 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively. There were 0 and 4,033 unvested shares as of January 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

During the nine months ended January 31, 2022, four non-employee members of the Board were issued 1,336 shares of common stock pursuant to their DLAs in respect of their service during that year. The shares were fully vested upon issuance. The Company recorded a non-cash expense of $6,056 and $16,792 for the three and nine months ended January 31, 2022, respectively. There were zero unvested shares remaining related to such DLAs as of January 31, 2022.

During the nine months ended January 31, 2022, two consultants were issued 334 shares of common stock pursuant to their consulting agreements with the Company. The shares vest monthly over a twelve-month period and are subject to the consultants continuing to provide services under their consulting agreements. The Company recorded a non-cash consulting expense in the amount of $2,442 and $6,504 for the three and nine months ended January 31, 2022, respectively. There were 84 unvested shares remaining related to these consulting agreements as of January 31, 2022.

In September 2021, a consultant was issued 334 shares of common stock in respect of his services as the Chairman of the Company’s Medical and Scientific Advisory Board with vesting subject to the consultant continuing to provide services to the Company. The Company recorded a non-cash consulting expense in the amount of $265 and $353 for the three and nine months ended January 31, 2022, respectively. There were zero unvested shares remaining related to his compensation arrangement as of January 31, 20221.

In January 2022, the Company awarded 4,400 shares of common stock to the executive officers of the Company as part of their compensation agreements for 2022. These shares vest monthly over a twelve-month period and are subject to the executive officers continuing to provide service under their compensation agreements. During the three and nine months ended January 31, 2022, the Company recorded a non-cash compensation expense in the amount of $916 and $916, respectively. There were 4,033 unvested shares as of January 31, 2022.

All shares were issued without registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (“Securities Act”) in reliance upon the exemption afforded by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act.

On September 28, 2017, an S-3 Registration Statement (“Second S-3”) was declared effective by the Commission for the Company to sell from time to time in one or more public offerings of up to $50 million of its securities on a “shelf offering” basis. During the nine months ended January 31, 2021, the Company sold and issued approximately 462,000 shares of common stock, at prices ranging from approximately $15 to $45 per share. Net of underwriting discounts, legal, accounting, and other offering expenses, the Company received proceeds of approximately $4.7 million from the sale of these shares for the nine months ended January 31, 2021. On April 9, 2021, the Third S-3 (“Third S-3”) was declared effective by the Commission for a public offering of up to $100 million on a “shelf offering” basis. During the nine months ended January 31, 2022, the Company sold and issued approximately 19.1 million shares of common stock, at prices ranging from $4.25 to $5.00 per share. Net of underwriting discounts, legal, accounting, and other offering expenses, the Company received approximately $87.4 million from the sale of these shares and the exercise of approximately 2.5 million warrant shares for the nine months ended January 31, 2022.

A summary of the Company’s non-vested restricted stock activity and related weighted average grant date fair value information for the nine months ended January 31, 2022, are as follows: 

NOTE 6 – STOCK OPTIONS AND WARRANTS

Stock Options

As of January 31, 2022, the Company had 48,667 outstanding stock options to its directors and officers (“Employee Options”) and consultants (“Non-Employee Options”).

During the nine months ended January 31, 2022, and 2021, the Company granted 7,334 and 7,334 Employee Options, respectively.

The fair value of the Employee Options at the date of grant was estimated using the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model, based on the following weighted average assumptions: 

The Company’s computation of expected volatility is based on the historical daily volatility of its publicly traded stock. For stock option grants issued during the nine months ended January 31, 2022, and 2021, the Company used a calculated volatility for each grant. The Company lacks adequate information about the exercise behavior now and has determined the expected term assumption under the simplified method provided for under ASC 718, which averages the contractual term of the Company’s stock options of five years with the average vesting term of two and one-half years for an average of three years. The dividend yield assumption of zero is based upon the fact the Company has never paid cash dividends and presently has no intention of paying cash dividends. The risk-free interest rate used for each grant is equal to the U.S. Treasury rates in effect at the time of the grant for instruments with a similar expected life.

A summary of the Company’s stock option activity and related information for the nine months ended January 31, 2022, are shown below: 

A summary of the activity for unvested stock options during the nine months ended January 31, 2022, is as follows: 

The Company recorded $7,365 and $38,606 of stock-based compensation related to the issuance of Employee Options to certain officers and directors in exchange for services during the three months ended January 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively, and $41,893, and $166,982 during the nine months ended January 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively. On January 31, 2022, there remained $10,695 of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested Employee Options granted to officers and directors, to be recognized as expense over a weighted-average period of the remaining eleven months in the calendar year. The unvested options vest at 500 shares per month and are expected to be fully vested on December 31, 2022.

The following table summarizes the outstanding stock options by exercise price on January 31, 2022: 

The aggregate intrinsic value of outstanding options as of January 31, 2022, was $0. This represents options whose exercise price was less than the closing fair market value of the Company’s common stock on January 31, 2022, of approximately $2.14 per share.

Warrants

The warrants issued by the Company are equity-classified. The fair value of the warrants was recorded as additional paid-in-capital, and no further adjustments are made.

The Company concluded the following warrants met the permanent equity criteria classification as they are freestanding financial instruments that are legally detachable and separately exercisable from the shares of common stock with which they were issued. The warrants are immediately exercisable and do not embody an obligation for the Company to repurchase the shares. The warrants also permit the holders to receive a fixed number of shares upon exercise and do not provide any guarantee of value or return.

The Company has elected to early adopt ASU No. 2020-06 Debt - Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging — Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40) during the period October 31, 2021, as is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, including interim periods within those fiscal years, and the Company’s fiscal year began on May 1, 2021.

Effective August 12, 2021, the Company issued Common Stock Warrant Agreements (“Common Warrants”) with respect to the First Offering. The Company issued Common Warrants to purchase 4,028,528 shares of common stock based upon the underwriting agreement with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (“Wainwright”). The Common Warrants have a term of five years with an exercise price of $4.25 per warrant share, are fully vested upon issuance and have a cashless exercise feature. Using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model, the Company determined the aggregate fair value of these Common Warrants to be approximately $9,385,000.

Additionally, with respect to the First Offering, the Company issued common stock warrant agreements to Wainwright (“Underwriter Warrants”) to purchase 264,706 shares of common stock. The Underwriter Warrants have a term of five years with an exercise price of $5.3125 per warrant share, are fully vested upon issuance and have a cashless exercise feature. Using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model, the Company determined the aggregate fair value of these Underwriter Warrants to be approximately $601,000.

Effective August 12, 2021, the Company issued 899,027 pre-funded warrants (“Pre-funded Warrants”) to purchase common stock and Common Warrants based upon the underwriting agreement with Wainwright with respect to the First Offering. The Pre-funded Warrants required a payment upon issuance of $4.249 per warrant share and are fully vested upon issuance. The Company received approximately $3,820,000 from the issuance of the Pre-funded Warrants. The Pre-funded Warrants have an exercise price of $0.001 per share, are exercisable immediately, have a cashless exercise feature and do not have an expiration date. In August 2021, all 899,027 of the Pre-funded Warrants issued under the underwriting agreement were exercised. The Company received $899 as a result of the exercise of the Pre-funded Warrants and issued 899,027 shares of common stock as a result of the exercise notices.

Effective August 23, 2021, the Company issued additional Common Stock Warrant Agreements (“Series A Warrants”) with respect to its Registered Direct Public offering. The Company issued Series A Warrants to purchase 7,000,000 shares of common stock based upon the Securities Purchase Agreement with certain institutional investors. The Series A Warrants have a term of five years with an exercise price of $5.00 per warrant share, are fully vested upon issuance, have a cashless exercise feature and are exercisable immediately. Using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model, the Company determined the aggregate fair value of these Series A Warrants to be approximately $21,340,000.

Effective August 23, 2021, the Company issued additional Common Stock Warrant Agreements (“Placement Agent Warrants”) with respect to its Registered Direct Public Offering. The Company issued Placement Agent Warrants to purchase 1,050,000 shares of common stock to Wainwright or its designees based upon Wainwright acting as placement agent. The Placement Agent Warrants have a term of five years with an exercise price of $6.25 per warrant share, are fully vested upon issuance, have a cashless exercise feature and are exercisable immediately. Using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model, the Company determined the aggregate fair value of these Placement Agent Warrants to be approximately $3,151,000.

Effective August 23, 2021, the Company issued Pre-funded Warrants pursuant to the Registered Direct Offering to purchase 5,570,000 shares of common stock in the amount of approximately $27,844,000 which required payments upon issuance of $4.999 per warrant share. The Pre-funded Warrants have an exercise price of $0.001 per share, are fully vested upon issuance, are immediately exercisable, have a cashless exercise feature and do not have an expiration date. As of January 31, 2022, 4,620,000 of the Pre-funded Warrants have been exercised for aggregate gross proceeds of $4,620.

In August 2021, the Company received twenty-seven cash exercise notices relating to the Common Warrants with respect to the First Offering totaling 2,522,387 warrant shares. The Company received approximately $10,720,000 and issued 2,522,387 shares of common stock as a result of the exercise notices.

Series A Warrants and Placement Agent Warrants were issued pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement dated as of August 19, 2021. At the time the Series A Warrants and the Placement Agent Warrants were issued, neither the Series A Warrants, the Placement Agent Warrants nor the underlying common stock was registered pursuant to the Securities Act. The Company registered the common stock underlying the Series A Warrants and the Placement Agent Warrants pursuant to a Registration Statement on Form S-3 (“Registration Statement”) filed with the Commission on November 8, 2021. The Registration Statement became effective on November 17, 2021.

A summary of the Company’s warrant activity and related information for the nine months ended January 31, 2022, are shown below: 

The following table summarizes additional information concerning warrants outstanding and exercisable on January 31, 2022: 

NOTE 7 – LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

There is no material litigation currently pending against the Company or any of its subsidiaries or to which any of the subsidiaries’ property is subject. To the Company’s knowledge, there is no material litigation against any of its officers or directors in their capacity as such, and no such litigation is contemplated by any governmental authorities.

NOTE 8 – RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

The Company had the following related party transactions during the three and nine months ended January 31, 2022, and 2021.

The Company owns 14.3% of the equity in SG Austria Pte. Ltd. (“SG Austria”) and is reported on the cost method of accounting. SG Austria has two subsidiaries: (i) Austrianova Singapore Pte. Ltd. (“Austrianova”); and (ii) Austrianova Thailand Co., Ltd. The Company purchased products and services from these companies in the approximate amounts of $63,000 and $174,000 in the three and nine months ended January 31, 2022, respectively, and $110,000 and $184,000 in the three and nine months ended January 31, 2021, respectively.

In April 2014, the Company entered a Consulting Agreement with Vin-de-Bona Trading Company, Pte. Ltd. (“Vin-de Bona”) pursuant to which Vin-de-Bona agreed to provide professional consulting services to the Company. Vin-de-Bona is owned by Prof. Walter H. Günzburg (“Prof. Günzburg”) and Dr. Brian Salmons (“Dr. Salmons”), both of whom are involved in numerous aspects of the Company’s scientific endeavors relating to cancer and diabetes (Prof. Gunzburg is the Chairman of Austrianova, and Dr. Salmons is the Chief Executive Officer and President of Austrianova). The term of the agreement is for 12 months, automatically renewable for successive 12-month terms. After the initial term, either party can terminate the agreement by giving the other party 30 days’ written notice before the effective date of termination. The agreement has been automatically renewed annually. The amounts incurred for the three and nine months ended January 31, 2022, were approximately $29,000 and $79,000, respectively, and $21,000 and $65,000 for the three and nine months ended January 31, 2021, respectively. In addition, during the nine months ended January 31, 2022, and 2021 the Company issued 0 and 167 shares of common stock, to Dr. Salmons. The Company recorded a noncash consulting expense of approximately $0 and $2,300 relating to these share issuances for the nine months ended January 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

NOTE 9 – COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

The Company acquires assets still in development and enters R&D arrangements with third parties that often require milestone and royalty payments to the third-party contingent upon the occurrence of certain future events linked to the success of the asset in development. Milestone payments may be required, contingent upon the successful achievement of an important point in the development lifecycle of the pharmaceutical product (e.g., approval of the product for marketing by a regulatory agency). If required by the license agreements, the Company may have to make royalty payments based upon a percentage of the sales of the pharmaceutical products if regulatory approval for marketing is obtained.

Office Lease

In May 2019, the Company entered into a lease for its office space in Laguna Hills, California for a one-year lease for the leased premises. The term of the lease expired on August 31, 2020.

On May 28, 2020, the Company entered into an additional six-month lease of this office space, commencing on September 1, 2020. The term of the new lease expired on February 28, 2021.

On May 24, 2021, the Company entered into an additional six-month lease of this office space, commencing on September 1, 2021, which expires on February 28, 2022.

In October 2021, the Company moved the Company’s headquarter from Laguna Hills, California to Las Vegas. Nevada. In doing so, the Company entered into a lease for office space in Las Vegas, Nevada. The term of the lease expires on April 30, 2022.

In January 2022, the Company entered into an additional six-month lease of the Las Vegas, Nevada office space, commencing on May 1, 2022, which expires on October 31, 2022.

Rent expense for the office leases for the three and nine months ended January 31, 2022, were $6,103 and $13,995, respectively, and for the three and nine months ended January 31, 2021, were $5,288 and $17,824, respectively.

The following table summarizes the Company’s aggregate future minimum lease payments required under the operating lease as of:

Compensation Agreements

The Company entered into executive compensation agreements with its three executive officers in March 2015, each of which was amended in December 2015 and March 2017. Each agreement has a term of two years with annual extensions thereafter unless the Company or the officer provides written notification of termination at least ninety days prior to the end of the term or subsequent extensions. The Company also entered a compensation agreement with a Board member in April 2015 which continued in effect until amended in May 2017.

In May 2017, the Company amended the compensation agreements with the Board members, and the terms of each compensation agreement continues in effect until a member is no longer on the Board.

As of January 31, 2022, the Company had four independent directors. Each director receives the same compensation: (i) $12,500 in cash for each calendar quarter of service on the Board; (ii) 333 fully paid, non-assessable shares of the Company’s restricted common stock (“Shares”) annually; and (iii) a five-year option to purchase 333 Shares annually at an exercise price equal to the fair market value of the Shares on the date of grant. The Shares and the option Shares fully vest on the date of the grants.

NOTE 10 - INCOME TAXES

The Company had income tax expense for the nine months ended January 31, 2022, and 2021, of $1,600 and $800, respectively. During the nine months ended January 31, 2022, and 2021, the Company had a net operating loss (“NOL”) for each period which generated deferred tax assets for NOL carryforwards. The Company provided valuation allowances against the net deferred tax assets including the deferred tax assets for NOL carryforwards. Valuation allowances provided for the net deferred tax asset increased by approximately $814,000 and $565,000 for the nine months ended January 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

There was no material difference between the effective tax rate and the projected blended statutory tax rate for the nine months ended January 31, 2022, and 2021.

Current tax laws limit the amount of loss available to be offset against future taxable income when a substantial change in ownership occurs. Therefore, the amount available to offset future taxable income may be limited. Based on the assessment of all available evidence including, but not limited to, the Company’s limited operating history in its core business and lack of profitability, uncertainties of the commercial viability of its technology, the impact of government regulations and healthcare reform initiatives and other risks normally associated with biotechnology companies, the Company has concluded that is more-likely-than-not that these operating loss carryforwards will not be realized. Accordingly, 100% of the deferred tax valuation allowance has been recorded against these assets as of January 31, 2022.

The Company’s policy is to recognize any interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. As of the nine months ended January 31, 2022, and 2021, the Company had no accrued interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions.

See Note 10 of Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended April 30, 2021, for additional information regarding income taxes.

NOTE 11 – EARNINGS (LOSS) PER SHARE

Basic earnings (loss) per share is computed by dividing earnings available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares and potentially dilutive shares of common stock outstanding during the period increased to include the number of additional shares of common stock that would be outstanding if the potentially dilutive securities had been issued. Potential shares of common stock outstanding principally include stock options and warrants. During the periods ended January 31, 2022, and 2021, the Company incurred losses. Accordingly, the effect of any common stock equivalent would be anti-dilutive during those periods and are not included in the calculation of diluted weighted average number of shares outstanding.

As of January 31, 2022, Pre-Funded Warrants to purchase 950,000 shares of common stock that were issued in connection with the Registered Direct Offering with an effective date of August 23, 2021, remain unexercised (see Note 6 – Stock Options and Warrants). The 950,000 shares were included in the basic and diluted net loss per share calculation.

The table below sets forth the basic loss per share calculations: 

The table below sets forth these potentially dilutive securities:

NOTE 12 – PREFERRED STOCK

The Company has authorized 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, with a par value of $0.0001, of which one share has been designated as "Series A Preferred Stock". The one share of Series A Preferred Stock was issued on October 30, 2019, and repurchased by the Company on December 3, 2019. As of January 31, 2022, there are no shares of preferred stock issued and outstanding.

The description of the Series A Preferred Stock below is qualified in its entirety by reference to the Company’s Articles of Incorporation, as amended.

The Series A Preferred Stock has the following features:

NOTE 13 – SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

On February 13, 2022, Mr. Thomas C.K. Yuen, a member of the Board of Directors of the Company, passed away. Mr. Yuen served as an independent member of the Board and as a member of the Board’s Compensation Committee and Nominating Committee (of which he was the Chairman).

On February 15, 2022, the Company notified the Nasdaq Stock Market (“Nasdaq”) of Mr. Yuen’s death and that, because of the loss, the Company is temporarily not in compliance with the continued listing requirements as set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(b)(1), regarding the composition of the Board. This is because a majority of the Board is, as a result of Mr. Yuen’s death, not comprised of independent directors.

In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(b)(1)(A), the Company has an automatic cure period in order to regain compliance. The Company expects to regain compliance with such rule by filling Mr. Yuen’s vacancy on the Board with a new independent director who satisfies the applicable requirements of the Nasdaq Listing Rules prior to the expiration of the cure period provided under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605.

Nasdaq rules require that a majority of the Board of Directors be independent directors. The Company is technically no longer in compliance with Nasdaq rules. As required, the Company filed an 8-K with the SEC on Feb. 17 disclosing this.

On February 24, 2022, the Company received a letter from Nasdaq confirming that we are not in compliance with Nasdaq rules. The Company expected to receive this letter. The letter also sets forth the cure period the Company was given to regain compliance:

Item 2.  Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Report on Form 10-Q (“Report”) includes “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the federal securities laws. All statements other than statements of historical fact are “forward-looking statements” for purposes of this Report, including any projections of earnings, revenue or other financial items, any statements regarding the plans and objectives of management for future operations, any statements concerning proposed new products or services, any statements regarding future economic conditions or performance, any statements regarding expected benefits from any transactions and any statements of assumptions underlying any of the foregoing. In some cases, forward-looking statements can be identified by use of terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “believes,” “intends,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “goal,” “aim,” “potential” or “continue,” or the negative thereof or other comparable terminology. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements contained in this Report are reasonable, there can be no assurance that such expectations or any of the forward-looking statements will prove to be correct, and actual results could differ materially from those projected or assumed in the forward-looking statements. Thus, investors should refer to and carefully review information in future documents we file with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“Commission”). Our future financial condition and results of operations, as well as any forward-looking statements, are subject to inherent risk and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, the risk factors set forth in “Part I, Item 1A – Risk Factors” set forth in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended April 30, 2021, and for the reasons described elsewhere in this Report. Among others, these include our estimates regarding expenses, future revenues, capital requirements and needs for additional financing; whether the United States Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) approves our Investigational New Drug Application (“IND”) after we submit a response to the FDA’s clinical hold, so that we can commence our planned clinical trial involving locally advanced, inoperable pancreatic cancer (“LAPC”); the success and timing of our preclinical studies and clinical trials; the potential that results of preclinical studies and clinical trials may indicate that any of our technologies and product candidates are unsafe or ineffective; our dependence on third parties in the conduct of our preclinical studies and clinical trials; the difficulties and expenses associated with obtaining and maintaining regulatory approval of our product candidates; the material adverse impact that the coronavirus pandemic may have on our business, including our planned clinical trial involving LAPC, which could materially affect our operations as well as the business or operations of third parties with whom we conduct business; and whether the FDA will approve our product candidates after our clinical trials are completed, assuming the FDA allows our clinical trials to proceed after submission and review of our response to the FDA’s clinical hold. All forward- looking statements and reasons why results may differ included in this Report are made as of the date hereof, and we do not intend to update any forward-looking statements except as required by law or applicable regulations. Except where the context otherwise requires, in this Report, the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to PharmaCyte Biotech, Inc., a Nevada corporation, and, where appropriate, its subsidiaries.

Overview of Business

We are a biotechnology company focused on developing cellular therapies for cancer and diabetes based upon a proprietary cellulose-based live cell encapsulation technology known as “Cell-in-a-Box^®.” The Cell-in-a-Box^® technology is intended to be used as a platform upon which therapies for several types of cancer, including LAPC, will be developed. The current generation of our product candidate is referred to as “CypCaps™”. On September 1, 2020, we submitted an IND to the FDA for a planned Phase 2b clinical trial in LAPC. On October 1, 2020, the Company received notice from the FDA that it had placed the IND on clinical hold. On October 30, 2020, the FDA sent a letter to us setting forth the reasons for the clinical hold and specific guidance on what we must do to have the clinical hold lifted. To lift the clinical hold, the FDA has informed us that we need to conduct several additional preclinical studies. The FDA also requested additional information regarding several topics, including DNA sequencing data, manufacturing information and product candidate release specifications. We are in the process of conducting these studies and gathering additional information to submit to the FDA. See “Our Investigational New Drug Application and the Clinical Hold” below.

The Cell-in-a-Box^® encapsulation technology potentially enables genetically engineered live human cells to be used as a means to produce various biologically active molecules. The technology is intended to result in the formation of pinhead sized cellulose-based porous capsules in which genetically modified live human cells can be encapsulated and maintained. In a laboratory setting, this proprietary live cell encapsulation technology has been shown to create a micro-environment in which encapsulated cells survive and flourish. They are protected from environmental challenges, such as the sheer forces associated with bioreactors and passage through catheters and needles. We believe that this enables greater growth and production. The capsules are largely composed of cellulose (cotton) and are bio inert.

We are developing therapies for pancreatic and other solid cancerous tumors by using genetically engineered live human cells that we believe are capable of converting a cancer prodrug into its cancer-killing form. We encapsulate those cells using the Cell-in-a-Box^® technology and place those capsules in the body as close as possible to the tumor. In this way, we believe that when a cancer prodrug is administered to a patient with a particular type of cancer that may be affected by the prodrug, the killing of the patient’s cancerous tumor may be optimized.

In addition, we have been exploring ways to delay the production and accumulation of malignant ascites that results from many types of abdominal cancerous tumors. Malignant ascites is secreted by abdominal cancerous tumors into the abdomen after the tumors have reached a certain stage of growth. This malignant ascites contains cancer cells that can seed and form new tumors throughout the abdomen. This fluid accumulates in the abdominal cavity, causing swelling of the abdomen, severe breathing difficulties and extreme pain. On November 30, 2021, we announced the commencement of a pre-clinical study to determine if the treatment we use for LAPC can also delay the rate of production and accumulation of malignant ascites.

We have also been developing a potential therapy for Type 1 diabetes and insulin-dependent Type 2 diabetes. Our product candidate for the treatment of diabetes consists of encapsulated genetically modified insulin-producing cells. The encapsulation will be done using the Cell-in-a-Box^® technology. Implanting these cells in the body is designed to function as a bio-artificial pancreas for purposes of insulin production.

We have also been considering ways to exploit the benefits of the Cell-in-a-Box^® technology to develop therapies for cancer that involve prodrugs based upon certain constituents of the Cannabis plant (“Cannabis Program”); these constituents are of the class of compounds known as “cannabinoids”.

Until: (i) the FDA allows us to commence a clinical trial in LAPC described in our IND for which the FDA has placed a clinical hold; and (ii) we validate our Cell-in-a-Box^® encapsulation technology in our planned Phase 2b clinical trial in LAPC, we are not spending any further resources developing the Cannabis Program.

Our Investigational New Drug Application and the Clinical Hold

On September 1, 2020, we submitted an IND to the FDA for a planned Phase 2b clinical trial in LAPC. Shortly thereafter, we received Information Requests from the FDA related to the IND. We timely responded to all Information Requests.

On October 1, 2020, we received notice that the FDA had placed our IND on clinical hold.

On October 30, 2020, the FDA sent a letter to us setting forth the reasons for the clinical hold and providing specific guidance on what we must do to have the clinical hold lifted.

In order to address the clinical hold, the FDA has requested that we:

The FDA also requested that we address the following issues as an amendment to the IND:

We have assembled a scientific and regulatory team of experts to address the FDA requests. That team is working to complete the items requested by the FDA. We are in varying stages of addressing the studies and acquiring the information requested by the FDA.

The following provides a summary of the activities in which we are engaged to have the clinical hold lifted:

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Operations

The coronavirus SARS-Cov2 pandemic (“COVID-19”) is causing significant, industry-wide delays in clinical trials. Although we are not yet in a clinical trial, we have filed an IND with the FDA to commence a clinical trial in LAPC. While the IND has been placed on clinical hold by the FDA, we have assessed the impact of COVID-19 on our operations. Currently, many clinical trials are being delayed due to COVID-19. There are numerous reasons for these delays. For example, patients have shown a reluctance to enroll or continue in a clinical trial due to fear of exposure to COVID-19 when they are in a hospital or doctor’s office. There are local, regional, and state-wide orders and regulations restricting usual normal activity by people. These discourage and interfere with patient visits to a doctor’s office if the visit is not COVID-19 related. Healthcare providers and health systems are shifting their resources away from clinical trials toward the care of COVID-19 patients. The FDA and other healthcare providers are making product candidates for the treatment of COVID-19 a priority over product candidates unrelated to COVID-19. As of the date of this Report, the COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact upon our operations, although we believe that impact is not material. The impact primarily relates to delays in tasks associated with the preparation of the Company’s responses to the clinical hold, including all requested preclinical studies. There may be further delays in generating responses to the requests from the FDA related to the clinical hold.

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, commencement of our planned clinical trial to treat LAPC may be delayed beyond the lifting of the clinical hold by the FDA should that occur. Also, enrollment may be difficult for the reasons discussed above. In addition, after enrollment in the trial, if a patient contracts COVID-19 during his or her participation in the trial or is subject to isolation or shelter in place restrictions, this may cause him or her to drop out of our clinical trial, miss scheduled therapy appointments or follow-up visits or otherwise fail to follow the clinical trial protocol. If a patient is unable to follow the clinical trial protocol or if the trial results are otherwise affected by the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on patient participation or actions taken to mitigate COVID-19 spread, the integrity of data from the clinical trial may be compromised or not be accepted by the FDA. This could further adversely impact or delay our clinical development program if the FDA allows it to proceed.

It is highly speculative in projecting the effects of COVID-19 on our proposed clinical development program and the Company generally. The effects of COVID-19 may quickly and dramatically change over time. Its evolution is difficult to predict, and no one can say with certainty when the pandemic will subside.

Performance Indicators

Non-financial performance indicators used by management to manage and assess how the business is progressing will include, but are not limited to, the ability to: (i) acquire appropriate funding for all aspects of our operations; (ii) acquire and complete necessary contracts; (iii) complete activities for producing genetically modified human cells and having them encapsulated for our preclinical studies and the planned clinical trial in LAPC; (iv) have regulatory work completed to enable studies and trials to be submitted to regulatory agencies; (v) complete all required studies on the cells and capsules we plan to use in our clinical trial in patients with LAPC; and (vi) ensure completion of the production of encapsulated cells according to cGMP regulations to use in our planned clinical trial involving LAPC.

There are numerous items required to be completed successfully to ensure our final product candidate is ready for use in our planned clinical trial involving LAPC. The effects of material transactions with related parties, and certain other parties to the extent necessary for such an undertaking, may have substantial effects on both the timeliness and success of our current and prospective financial position and operating results. Nonetheless, we are actively working to ensure strong ties and interactions to minimize the inherent risks regarding success. We do not believe there are factors which will cause materially different amounts to be reported than those presented in this Report. We aim to assess this regularly to provide accurate information to our shareholders.

Results of Operations

Three and nine months ended January 31, 2022, compared to three and nine months ended January 31, 2021

Revenue

We had no revenues for the three and nine months ended January 31, 2022, and 2021.

Operating Expenses and Loss from Operations

The following table summarizes our operating expenses and loss from operations for the three and nine months ended January 31, 2022, and 2021:

The total operating expenses for the three months ended January 31, 2022, increased by $99,272 from the three months ended January 31, 2021. The increase is attributable to an increase in R&D expense of $93,022, an increase in general and administrative (“G&A”) expenses of $130,324, an increase in legal and professional expense of $35,038, an increase in director fees of $18,944, net of a decrease in compensation expense of $178,056. The increase in G&A expenses were mainly attributable to increases in consulting fees, filing fees and expenses related to our 2021 annual shareholders’ meeting.

The total operating expenses for the nine-month period ended January 31, 2022, increased by $296,275 from the nine months ended January 31, 2021. The increase is attributable to an increase in R&D expense of $205,031, an increase in G&A expenses of $544,583, an increase in legal and professional expense of $275,500, an increase in director fees of $1,816 net of a decrease in compensation expense of $730,655. The increase in G&A expenses were mainly attributable to increases in consulting fees, filing fees and expenses related to our 2021 annual shareholders’ meeting.

Other (income) expense

The following table sets forth our other (income) expense for the three and nine months ended January 31, 2022, and 2021: