REPLIGEN CORP - Quarter Report: 2016 September (Form 10-Q)

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2016

OR

For the transition period from                      to                     

Commission File Number 000-14656

REPLIGEN CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (781) 250-0111

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.):    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of October 28, 2016.

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REPLIGEN CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Unaudited)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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REPLIGEN CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(Unaudited)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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REPLIGEN CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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REPLIGEN CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

1. Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements included herein have been prepared by Repligen Corporation (the “Company,” “Repligen” or “we”) in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), for Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X and do not include all of the information and footnote disclosures required by U.S. GAAP. These consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Repligen Sweden AB (“Repligen Sweden”), Repligen GmbH (acquired as Atoll GmbH as of April 1, 2016 and renamed on September 20, 2016) and Repligen Singapore Pte. Ltd. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, consisting of only normal, recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position, results of operations and cash flows. The results of operations for the interim periods presented are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the entire year.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In April 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2015-03, “Interest – Imputation of Interest (Topic 835): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs.” ASU 2015-03 requires that debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability. The ASU became effective for public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015. The Company applied the amended presentation requirements in conjunction with its issuance of convertible senior notes in the second quarter of 2016.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606),” which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in Accounting Standards Codification Topic 605, Revenue Recognition, and creates a new Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Two adoption methods are permitted: retrospectively to all prior reporting periods presented, with certain practical expedients permitted; or retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially adopting the ASU recognized at the date of initial application. The adoption of this ASU will include updates as provided under ASU 2015-14, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Deferral of the Effective Date” ASU 2016-08, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net)” ASU 2016-10, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing” and ASU 2016-12, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients.” The Company has not yet determined which adoption method it will utilize or the effect that the adoption of this guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements.

In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-11, “Inventory (Topic 330): Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory” (“ASU 2015-11”). ASU 2015-11 requires inventory be measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value, and options that currently exist for market value be eliminated. ASU 2015-11 defines net realizable value as estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal, and transportation. The guidance is effective prospectively for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016 and interim periods within those fiscal years with early adoption permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2015-11 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842)” (“ASU 2016-02”). ASU 2016-02 requires lessees to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for most leases. Extensive quantitative and qualitative disclosures, including significant judgments made by management, will be required to provide greater insight into the extent of revenue and expense recognized and expected to be recognized from existing contracts. The accounting applied by a lessor is largely unchanged from that applied under the current standard. The standard must be adopted using a modified retrospective transition approach and provides for certain practical expedients. The ASU is effective for public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. The Company has not yet completed its assessment of the impact of the new standard on its consolidated financial statements.

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In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, “Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting”, which aims to simplify several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, classification of certain items on the statement of cash flows and accounting for forfeitures. The ASU is effective for public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, with early adoption permitted. The Company intends to adopt the provisions of this ASU as of January 1, 2017; the Company does not expect the impact of this new standard to have a material effect on its 2017 consolidated financial statements.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 203): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments”. ASU No. 2016-15 addresses eight specific cash flow issues and clarifies their presentation and classification in the Statement of Cash Flows. ASU No. 2016-15 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017 and is to be applied retrospectively with early adoption permitted. The Company currently classifies payments up to the amount of its contingent consideration liability recognized at the date of its acquisition of Refine Technology, LLC (“Refine”) as financing activities, with additional payments classified as operating activities. As a result, the Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2016-15 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

2. Acquisition of Atoll GmbH

On April 1, 2016, the Company’s subsidiary Repligen Sweden acquired Atoll GmbH (“Atoll”) from UV-Cap GmbH & Co. KG (the “Seller”) pursuant to a Share Purchase Agreement (the “Share Purchase Agreement”), dated as of March 31, 2016 (such acquisition, the “Atoll Acquisition”), by and among Repligen Sweden, the Seller, and the Company, in its capacity as guarantor of the obligations of Repligen Sweden under the Share Purchase Agreement. The Atoll Acquisition was subject to certain closing conditions that did not occur until April 1, 2016. Payment for the Atoll Acquisition was denominated in Euros but is reflected here in U.S. dollars for presentation purposes.

In connection with the Atoll Acquisition, the Company issued and contributed 538,700 shares of the Company’s common stock, par value of $0.01 per share valued at $14.1 million (the “Stock Consideration”) to Repligen Sweden through a transfer by the Company on behalf of Repligen Sweden to fulfill Repligen Sweden’s obligation to deliver the Stock Consideration under the Share Purchase Agreement. The issuance of the Stock Consideration was not registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), in reliance upon the exemption from registration provided by Section 4(2) of the Securities Act. The Stock Consideration was based on the fair value of the Company’s common stock on April 1, 2016.

This acquisition strengthened Repligen’s bioprocessing business by adding a complementary extension to an existing product line while expanding its direct sales presence worldwide. On September 20, 2016, Atoll changed its name to Repligen GmbH.

The Atoll Acquisition was accounted for as a purchase of a business under ASC 805, “Business Combinations.” The total purchase price of the Atoll Acquisition was $25.3 million, consisting of an upfront cash payment of $10.2 million, less $74,000 as a result of the final determination of working capital, issuance of the Stock Consideration, and a future potential milestone payment of $1.1 million if specific revenue growth targets are met for 2016. The $1.1 million potential contingent consideration had an initial probability weighted fair value at the time of the closing of the Atoll Acquisition of approximately $952,000.

Consideration Transferred

The Company accounted for the Atoll Acquisition as the purchase of a business under U.S. GAAP. Under the acquisition method of accounting, the assets of Atoll were recorded as of the acquisition date, at their respective fair values, and consolidated with those of Repligen. The fair value of the net assets acquired was approximately $25.3 million.

The preparation of the valuation required the use of significant assumptions and estimates. Critical estimates included, but were not limited to, future expected cash flows, including projected revenues and expenses, and the applicable discount rates. These estimates were based on assumptions that the Company believes to be reasonable. However, actual results may differ from these estimates.

The total consideration transferred follows (in thousands):

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The fair value of contingent consideration was determined based upon a probability weighted analysis of expected future milestone and settlement payments to be made to the Seller. The Company could make a contingent consideration payment of $1.1 million if specific revenue growth targets are met for 2016. The liability for contingent consideration is included in current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets and will be remeasured at each reporting period until the contingency is resolved. See Note 10 – Accrued Liabilities for further details.

Acquisition related costs are not included as a component of consideration transferred, but are expensed in the periods in which the costs are incurred. The Company incurred $1,262,000 in transaction costs related to the Atoll Acquisition. The transaction costs are included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.

Fair Value of Net Assets Acquired

The allocation of purchase price was based on the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of April 1, 2016. The components and allocation of the purchase price consists of the following amounts (in thousands):

Of the consideration paid, $5.3 million represents the fair value of customer relationships that will be amortized over the determined useful life of 16 years and $2.2 million represents the fair value of developed technology that will be amortized over a determined useful life of 14 years. $57,000 represents the fair value of non-competition agreements and $11,000 represents the fair value of trademarks and trade names that will be amortized over a determined useful life of 2 years. The aforementioned intangible assets will be amortized on a straight-line basis.

The assessment of fair value is preliminary and is based on information that was available to management at the time the condensed consolidated financial statements were prepared. The Company is finalizing its valuation of fixed assets and deferred tax assets related to net operating losses acquired; accordingly, such amounts may be subject to change.

3. Revenue Recognition

Product Sales

The Company’s revenue recognition policy is to recognize revenues from product sales and services in accordance with ASC 605, Revenue Recognition. These standards require that revenues are recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, product delivery, including customer acceptance when required, has occurred or services have been rendered, the price is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. Determination of whether these criteria have been met are based on management’s judgments primarily regarding the fixed nature of the fee charged for the product delivered and the collectability of those fees. The Company has a few longstanding customers who comprise the majority of revenue and have excellent payment histories and therefore the Company does not require collateral. The Company has had no significant write-offs of uncollectible invoices in the periods presented. When more than one element such as equipment, consumables, and services are contained in a single arrangement, the Company allocates revenue between the elements based on each element’s relative selling price, provided that each element meets the criteria for treatment as a separate unit of accounting. An item is considered a separate unit of accounting if it has value to the customer on a stand-alone basis. The selling price of the undelivered elements is determined by the price charged when the element is sold separately, or in cases when the item is not sold separately, by third-party evidence of selling price or management’s best estimate of selling price.

The Company’s product revenues are from the sale of bioprocessing products, equipment devices, and related consumables used with these equipment devices to customers in the life science and biopharmaceutical industries. On product sales to end customers, revenue

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is recognized, net of discounts, when both the title and risk of loss have transferred to the customer, as determined by the shipping terms provided there are no uncertainties regarding acceptance, and all obligations have been completed. Generally, our product arrangements for equipment sales are multiple element arrangements, and may include services, such as installation and training, and multiple products, such as consumables and spare parts. In accordance with ASC 605-25, based on terms and conditions of the product arrangements, the Company believes that these services and undelivered products can be accounted for separately from the delivered product element, as the delivered products have value to our customers on a standalone basis. Accordingly, revenue for services not yet performed at the time of product shipment are deferred and recognized as such services are performed. The relative selling price of any undelivered products is also deferred at the time of shipment and recognized as revenue when these products are delivered. For product sales to distributors, the Company recognizes revenue for both equipment and consumables upon delivery to the distributor unless direct shipment to the end user is requested. In this case, revenue is recognized upon delivery to the end user’s location. In general, distributors are responsible for shipment to the end customer along with installation, training and acceptance of the equipment by the end customer. Sales to distributors are not contingent upon resale of the product.

At the time of sale, the Company also evaluates the need to accrue for warranty and sales returns. The supply agreements the Company has with its customers and the related purchase orders identify the terms and conditions of each sale and the price of the goods ordered. Due to the nature of the sales arrangements, inventory produced for sale is tested for quality specifications prior to shipment. Since the product is manufactured to order and in compliance with required specifications prior to shipment, the likelihood of sales return, warranty or other issues is largely diminished. Furthermore, there is no customer right of return in our sales agreements. Sales returns and warranty issues are infrequent and have not had a material impact on the Company’s financial statements historically.

Shipping and handling fees are recorded as a component of product revenue, with the associated costs recorded as a component of cost of product revenue.

Therapeutics Licensing Agreements

Activities under licensing agreements are evaluated in accordance with ASC 605-25 to determine if they represent a multiple element revenue arrangement. The Company identifies the deliverables included within the agreement and evaluates which deliverables represent separate units of accounting. The Company accounts for those components as separate units of accounting if the following two criteria are met:

Factors considered in this determination include, among other things, whether any other vendors sell the items separately and if the licensee could use the delivered item for its intended purpose without the receipt of the remaining deliverables. If multiple deliverables included in an arrangement are separable into different units of accounting, the Company allocates the arrangement consideration to those units of accounting. The amount of allocable arrangement consideration is limited to amounts that are fixed or determinable. Arrangement consideration is allocated at the inception of the arrangement to the identified units of accounting based on their relative selling price. Revenue is recognized for each unit of accounting when the appropriate revenue recognition criteria are met.

Future milestone payments, if any, under a license agreement will be recognized under the provisions of ASC 605-28, which the Company adopted on January 1, 2011. The Company has elected to recognize a payment that is contingent upon the achievement of a substantive milestone in its entirety in the period in which the milestone is achieved. A milestone is substantive if:

The commercial milestone payments and royalty payments received under license agreements, if any, will be recognized as revenue when they are earned.

Sale of Intellectual Property to BioMarin

In January 2014, the Company entered into an asset purchase agreement (the “BioMarin Asset Purchase Agreement”) with BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc. (“BioMarin”) to sell Repligen’s histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) portfolio. Pursuant to the terms of the BioMarin Asset Purchase Agreement, the Company received $2.0 million from BioMarin as an upfront payment on January 30, 2014 and a $125,675 payment on September 3, 2014 upon completion of the Technology Transfer. The Company is entitled to receive up to

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$160 million in potential future milestone payments for the development, regulatory approval and commercial sale of portfolio compounds included in the agreement. These potential milestone payments are approximately 37% related to clinical development and 63% related to initial commercial sales in specific geographies. In addition, Repligen is eligible to receive royalties on sales of therapeutic products originating from the HDACi portfolio. The royalty rates are tiered and begin in the mid-single-digits for the first HDACi portfolio product and for the first non-HDACi portfolio product with lesser amounts for any backup products developed under the BioMarin Asset Purchase Agreement. The Company’s receipt of these royalties is subject to customary offsets and deductions. There are no refund provisions in this agreement. Any milestones earned upon specified clinical development or commercial sales events or future royalty payments, under the BioMarin Asset Purchase Agreement will be recognized as revenue when they are earned.

Activities under this agreement were evaluated in accordance with ASC 605-25 to determine if they represented a multiple element revenue arrangement. The Company identified the following deliverables in the BioMarin Asset Purchase Agreement:

Two criteria must be met in order for a deliverable to be considered a separate unit of accounting. The first criterion requires that the delivered item or items have value to the customer on a stand-alone basis. The second criterion, which relates to evaluating a general right of return, is not applicable because such a provision does not exist in the BioMarin Asset Purchase Agreement. The deliverables outlined above were deemed to have stand-alone value and to meet the criteria to be accounted for as separate units of accounting. Factors considered in this determination included, among other things, BioMarin’s right under the agreement to assign the Transferred Assets, whether any other vendors sell the items separately and if BioMarin could use the delivered item for its intended purpose without the receipt of the remaining deliverables. If multiple deliverables included in an arrangement are separable into different units of accounting, the multiple-element arrangements guidance addresses how to allocate the arrangement consideration to those units of accounting. The amount of allocable arrangement consideration is limited to amounts that are fixed or determinable. Arrangement consideration is allocated at the inception of the arrangement to the identified units of accounting based on their relative selling price.

The Company identified the arrangement consideration to allocate among the units of accounting as the $2.0 million non-refundable up-front payment and the $125,675 payment to be received upon completion of the Technology Transfer. The Company excluded the potential milestone payments provided for in the BioMarin Asset Purchase Agreement from the arrangement consideration as they were not considered fixed or determinable at the time the BioMarin Asset Purchase Agreement was signed. Because Repligen had not sold these items on a standalone basis previously, the Company had no vendor-specific objective evidence of selling price. Furthermore, the Company did not have detailed third-party evidence of selling price, and as a result the Company used its best estimate of selling price for each item. In determining these prices, the Company considered what it would be willing to sell the items for on a standalone basis, what the market would bear for such items and what another party might charge for these items.

The up-front arrangement consideration allocated to the Transferred Assets was recognized upon execution of the BioMarin Asset Purchase Agreement as the risks and rewards associated with the Transferred Assets transferred at that time. The Company used a discounted cash flow analysis to determine the value of the Transferred Assets. Key assumptions in the analysis included: the estimated market size for a compound targeted at Friedreich’s Ataxia, the estimated remaining costs of development and time to commercialization, and the probability of successfully developing and commercializing the program. Based on this analysis, the Company allocated $2,115,000 to the value of the Transferred Assets. However, as the recognized revenue is limited to the non-contingent consideration received, the Company recognized $2 million, the amount of the up-front payment, as revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2014.

In addition to the $2.1 million up-front payment, the Company is also eligible to receive up to $160 million in potential milestone payments from BioMarin comprised of:

The Company evaluated the potential milestones in accordance with ASC 605-28, which allows an entity to make an accounting policy election to recognize a payment that is contingent upon the achievement of a substantive milestone in its entirety in the period in which the milestone is achieved. This evaluation included an assessment of the risks that must be overcome to achieve the respective milestone as well as whether the achievement of the milestone was due in part to our initial clinical work, the level of effort and investment required to achieve the respective milestone and whether the milestone consideration is reasonable relative to all deliverables and payment terms in the arrangement. There is considerable judgment involved in determining whether a milestone satisfies all of the criteria required to conclude that a milestone is substantive. Milestones that are not considered substantive are recognized as earned if there are no remaining performance obligations or over the remaining period of performance, assuming all other revenue recognition criteria are met.

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The Company believes that the $60 million of specified clinical and regulatory milestone payments are substantive. Therefore, any such milestones achieved will be recognized as revenue when earned.

Any milestones achieved upon specified commercial sales events or future royalty payments are considered contingent revenue under the BioMarin Asset Purchase Agreement, and will be recognized as revenue when they are earned as there are no undelivered elements remaining and no continuing performance obligations under the arrangement.

4. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

The following table summarizes the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income by component (in thousands):

5. Earnings Per Share

The Company reports earnings per share in accordance with ASC Topic 260, “Earnings Per Share,” which establishes standards for computing and presenting earnings per share. Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares and dilutive common share equivalents then outstanding. Potential common share equivalents consist of restricted stock awards and the incremental common shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options. Under the treasury stock method, unexercised “in-the-money” stock options and warrants are assumed to be exercised at the beginning of the period or at issuance, if later. The assumed proceeds are then used to purchase common shares at the average market price during the period. Share-based payment awards that entitle their holders to receive non-forfeitable dividends before vesting are considered participating securities and are considered in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share. There were no such participating securities outstanding during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2016 and 2015.

Basic and diluted weighted average shares outstanding were as follows:

At September 30, 2016, there were outstanding options to purchase 1,198,673 shares of the Company’s common stock at a weighted average exercise price of $12.03 per share. For the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2016, 253,754 and 348,608 options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock, respectively, were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share because the exercise prices of the stock options were greater than or equal to the average price of the common shares, and were therefore anti-dilutive. The Company has excluded the effects of its convertible senior notes issued in May 2016 on earnings per share, as it is the Company’s intent to settle these notes in cash.

At September 30, 2015, there were outstanding options to purchase 1,252,356 shares of the Company’s common stock at a weighted average exercise price of $10.47 per share. For the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2015, 163,459 and 170,891 shares of the Company’s common stock, respectively, were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share because the exercise prices of the stock options were greater than or equal to the average price of the common shares, and were therefore anti-dilutive.

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6. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities

At September 30, 2016, the Company’s investments included money market funds and short-term marketable securities. At December 31, 2015, the Company’s investments included money market funds, short-term and long-term marketable securities. These marketable securities are classified as available-for-sale. Marketable securities are investments with original maturities of greater than 90 days. Long-term marketable securities are securities with maturities of greater than one year. The average remaining contractual maturity of marketable securities at September 30, 2016 was approximately 6.1 months.

Management reviewed the Company’s investments as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 and concluded that there are no securities with other than temporary impairments in the investment portfolio. The Company does not intend to sell any investments in an unrealized loss position, and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost bases.

Investments in marketable securities consisted of the following at September 30, 2016 (in thousands):

There were no long-term marketable securities as of September 30, 2016.

At September 30, 2016, the Company’s investments included three securities in unrealized loss positions with a total unrealized loss of approximately $1,000 and a total fair market value of approximately $1,415,000. All investments with gross unrealized losses have been in unrealized loss positions for less than 12 months. The unrealized losses were caused primarily by current economic and market conditions. There was no change in the credit risk of the securities. There were no realized gains or losses on the investments for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015.

Investments in marketable securities consisted of the following at December 31, 2015 (in thousands):

The contractual maturities of all money market funds and marketable securities are less than one year as of September 30, 2016.

7. Inventories

Inventories relate to the Company’s bioprocessing business. The Company values inventory at cost or, if lower, market value, using the first-in, first-out method. The Company reviews its inventories at least quarterly and records a provision for excess and obsolete inventory based on its estimates of expected sales volume, production capacity and expiration dates of raw materials, work-in-process and finished products. Expected sales volumes are determined based on supply forecasts provided by key customers for the next 3 to

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12 months. The Company writes down inventory that has become obsolete, inventory that has a cost basis in excess of its expected net realizable value, and inventory in excess of expected requirements to cost of product revenue. Manufacturing of bioprocessing finished goods is done to order and tested for quality specifications prior to shipment. Reserves for excess and obsolete inventory were approximately $476,000 at September 30, 2016 and $343,000 at December 31, 2015.

A change in the estimated timing or amount of demand for the Company’s products could result in additional provisions for excess inventory quantities on hand. Any significant unanticipated changes in demand or unexpected quality failures could have a significant impact on the value of inventory and reported operating results. During all periods presented in the accompanying financial statements, there have been no material adjustments related to a revised estimate of inventory valuations.

Work-in-process and finished products inventories consist of material, labor, outside processing costs and manufacturing overhead. Inventories consist of the following (in thousands):

8. Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment consist of the following (in thousands):

Depreciation expense totaled approximately $2,360,000 and $2,251,000 for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

9. Intangible Assets

Intangible assets are amortized over their useful lives using the straight-line method, as applicable, and the amortization expense is recorded within selling, general and administrative expense in the Company’s statements of comprehensive income (loss).

During the third quarter of 2016, the Company launched its XCell™ ATF single-use product line. The Company performed an assessment of the in-process research and development assets and their estimated useful lives to determine if any circumstances exist that would result in an impairment. The Company has determined that the fair value of these intangible assets exceeds their carrying values and are therefore not impaired; accordingly, the Company reclassified in-process research and development intangible assets to developed technology and began to amortize these intangible assets in the third quarter of 2016.

The Company reviews its indefinite-lived intangible assets not subject to amortization to determine if adverse conditions exist or a change in circumstances exists that would indicate an impairment. Intangible assets and their related useful lives are reviewed at least annually to determine if any adverse conditions exist that would indicate the carrying value of these assets may not be recoverable. More frequent impairment assessments are conducted if certain conditions exist, including a change in the competitive landscape, any internal decisions to pursue new or different technology strategies, a loss of a significant customer, or a significant change in the marketplace, including changes in the prices paid for our products or changes in the size of the market for our products. An impairment results if the carrying value of the asset exceeds the estimated fair value of the asset. If the estimate of an intangible asset’s remaining useful life is changed, the remaining carrying amount of the intangible asset is amortized prospectively over the revised remaining useful life. The Company continues to believe that its intangible assets are recoverable at September 30, 2016.

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Intangible assets consisted of the following at September 30, 2016 (in thousands):

Intangible assets consisted of the following at December 31, 2015 (in thousands):

Amortization expense for amortized intangible assets was approximately $1,484,000 and $1,201,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. As of September 30, 2016, the Company expects to record amortization expense as follows (in thousands):

10. Accrued Liabilities

Accrued liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):

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11. Long Term Debt

The carrying value of the Company’s convertible senior notes is as follows:

On May 24, 2016, the Company issued $115 million aggregate principal amount of its 2.125% Convertible Senior Notes due 2021 (the “Notes”). The net proceeds from the sale of the Notes, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and other related offering expenses, were approximately $111.1 million. The Notes bear interest at the rate of 2.125% per annum, payable semiannually in arrears on June 1 and December 1 of each year, beginning on December 1, 2016.

The Notes will mature on June 1, 2021, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted in accordance with their terms. Prior to March 1, 2021, the Notes will be convertible at the option of holders of the Notes only upon satisfaction of certain conditions and during certain periods, and thereafter, the notes will be convertible at any time until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date. Upon conversion, holders of the Notes will receive shares of the Company’s common stock, cash or a combination thereof, at the Company’s election. It is the Company’s current intent and policy to settle all conversions through combination settlement, which involves satisfying the principal amount outstanding with cash and any note conversion value over the principal amount in shares of the Company’s common stock.

The conversion rate for the Notes will initially be 31.1813 shares of the Company’s common stock per $1,000 principal amount of Notes, which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $32.07 per common share, and is subject to adjustment under the terms of the Notes. Holders of the Notes may require the Company to repurchase their Notes upon the occurrence of a fundamental change prior to maturity for cash at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Notes to be repurchased plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the repurchase date.

The Company will not have the right to redeem the Notes prior to June 5, 2019, but may redeem the Notes, at its option, in whole or in part, on any business day on or after June 5, 2019 and prior to the maturity date if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock has been at least 130% of the conversion price then in effect for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during any 30 consecutive trading day period ending on, and including, the trading day immediately preceding the date on which the Company provides written notice of redemption. The redemption price will be equal to 100% of the principal amount of the principal amount of Notes to be redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date.

The Notes contain customary terms and events of default. If an event of default (other than certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization involving the Company) occurs and is continuing, the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding Notes may declare 100% of the principal of, and any accrued and unpaid interest on, all of the Notes to be due and payable. Upon the occurrence of certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization involving the Company, 100% of the principal of and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, on all of the Notes will become due and payable automatically. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Notes provide that, to the extent the Company elects and for up to 270 days, the sole remedy for an event of default relating to certain failures by the Company to comply with certain reporting covenants consist exclusively of the right to receive additional interest on the Notes. The Company is not aware of any events of default, current events or market conditions that would allow holders to call or convert the Notes as of September 30, 2016.

The cash conversion feature of the Notes required bifurcation from the Notes and was initially accounted for as an equity instrument classified to stockholders’ equity, as the conversion feature was determined to be clearly and closely related to the Company’s stock. Based on market data available for publicly traded, senior, unsecured corporate bonds issued by companies in the same industry and asset base and with similar maturity, the Company estimated the implied interest rate, assuming no conversion option. Assumptions used in the estimate represent what market participants would use in pricing the liability component, including market interest rates, credit standing, and yield curves, all of which are defined as Level 2 observable inputs. The estimated implied interest rate was applied to the Notes, which resulted in a fair value of the liability component of $96,289,000 upon issuance, calculated as the present value of implied future payments based on the $115 million aggregate principal amount. The equity component of the Notes was recognized as a debt discount, recorded in additional paid-in capital, and represents the difference between the aggregate principal of the Notes and the fair value of the Notes without conversion option on their issuance date. The debt discount is amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over five years, or the life of the Notes. The Company assesses the equity classification of the cash conversion feature quarterly, and it is not remeasured as long as it continues to meet the conditions for equity classification.

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Interest expense recognized on the Notes during the three-month period ended September 30, 2016 includes $611,000, $798,000 and $140,000 for the contractual coupon interest, the accretion of the debt discount and the amortization of the debt issuance costs, respectively. Interest expense recognized on the Notes during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2016 includes $862,000, $1,123,000 and $197,000 for the contractual coupon interest, the accretion of the debt discount and the amortization of the debt issuance costs, respectively. The effective interest rate on the Notes is 6.6%, which includes the interest on the Notes, amortization of the debt discount and debt issuance costs. As of September 30, 2016, the carrying value of the Notes was approximately $94.3 million and the fair value of the principal was approximately $131.8 million. The fair value of the Notes was determined based on the most recent trade activity of the Notes as of September 30, 2016.

12. Stock-Based Compensation

For the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, the Company recorded stock-based compensation expense of approximately $1,282,000 and $981,000, respectively, for share-based awards granted under the Second Amended and Restated 2001 Repligen Corporation Stock Plan (the “2001 Plan”) and the Repligen Corporation Amended and Restated 2012 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (the “2012 Plan,” and collectively with the 2001 Plan and the 1992 Repligen Corporation Stock Option Plan, the “Plans”). The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense of approximately $3,341,000 and $2,668,000 for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively, for share-based awards granted under the Plans.

The following table presents stock-based compensation expense included in the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income (in thousands):

The 2012 Plan allows for the granting of incentive and nonqualified options to purchase shares of common stock, restricted stock and other equity awards. Incentive options granted to employees under the Plans generally vest over a three to five-year period, with 20%-33% vesting on the first anniversary of the date of grant and the remainder vesting in equal yearly installments thereafter. Nonqualified options issued to non-employee directors under the Plans generally vest over one year. Options granted under the Plans have a maximum term of ten years from the date of grant and generally, the exercise price of the stock options equals the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. At September 30, 2016, options to purchase 1,198,673 shares were outstanding under the Plans. At September 30, 2016, 1,929,834 shares were available for future grant under the 2012 Plan.

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to calculate the fair value of stock option awards on the grant date, and the Company uses the value of the common stock as of the grant date to value restricted stock units. The Company measures stock-based compensation cost at the grant date based on the estimated fair value of the award, and recognizes awards with service based vesting as expense over the employee’s requisite service period on a straight-line basis. The Company has no awards that are performance-based or subject to market conditions. The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense for options that are ultimately expected to vest, and accordingly, such compensation expense has been adjusted for estimated forfeitures.

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Information regarding option activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 under the Plans is summarized below:

The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the total pre-tax intrinsic value (the difference between the closing price of the common stock on September 30, 2016 of $30.19 and the exercise price of each in-the-money option) that would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options on September 30, 2016.

The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 was $20.80 and $22.41, respectively. The total fair value of stock options that vested during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 was approximately $2,905,000 and $1,862,000, respectively.

As of September 30, 2016, there was approximately $9,276,000 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested share-based awards. This cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average remaining requisite service period of 2.9 years. The Company expects 683,148 unvested options to vest over the next five years.

13. Income Taxes

The Company’s effective tax rate for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2016 was 47.8% and 34.3%, respectively, compared to 31.0% and 25.8%, respectively, for the corresponding periods in the prior year. For the current three- and nine-month periods, the effective tax rate was higher than the U.S. statutory tax rate of 34% primarily due to unbenefited domestic losses, partially offset by lower statutory tax rates in foreign jurisdictions. For the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2015, the effective tax rate differed from the U.S. statutory rate of 34% primarily due to the lower statutory tax rate in Sweden, partially offset by unbenefited domestic losses.

As of December 31, 2015, the Company had U.S. net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $46,984,000 and U.S. business tax credit carryforwards of approximately $1,920,000 available to reduce future federal income taxes, if any. The net operating loss and business tax credits carryforwards will continue to expire at various dates through December 2035. Net operating loss carryforwards and available tax credits are subject to review and possible adjustment by the Internal Revenue Service and may be limited in the event of certain changes in the ownership interest of significant stockholders.

As of December 31, 2015, the Company concluded that realization of deferred tax assets in the United States beyond December 31, 2015 is not more likely than not, and as such, the Company maintained a valuation allowance against the majority of its remaining deferred tax assets. As of September 30, 2016, the Company concluded that realization of deferred tax assets beyond September 30, 2016 is not more likely than not, and as such, the Company maintained a valuation allowance against the majority of its remaining U.S. deferred tax assets.

As a result of the Company’s acquisition of Atoll on April 1, 2016, the Company acquired intangible assets of approximately $7,561,000. Because the amortization of these intangible assets is not deductible under German tax law, the Company recorded deferred tax liabilities of approximately $2,202,000 as part of the Atoll Acquisition. Additionally, the Company was able to retain net operating losses of approximately $3,039,000. Accordingly, the Company recorded deferred tax assets of approximately $885,000 as part of the Atoll Acquisition.

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The fiscal years ended December 31, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015 are subject to examination by U.S. federal, state, Germany and Sweden taxing authorities.

14. Fair Value Measurement

In determining the fair value of its assets and liabilities, the Company uses various valuation approaches. The Company employs a hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s assumptions about the inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability and are developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. The fair value hierarchy is broken down into three levels based on the source of inputs as follows:

The availability of observable inputs can vary among the various types of financial assets and liabilities. To the extent that the valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, for financial statement disclosure purposes, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement is categorized is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the overall fair value measurement.

The Company’s fixed income investments are comprised of obligations of U.S. government agencies and corporate marketable securities. These investments have been initially valued at the transaction price and subsequently valued, at the end of each reporting period, utilizing third party pricing services or other market observable data. The pricing services utilize industry standard valuation models, including both income and market based approaches and observable market inputs to determine value. These observable market inputs include reportable trades, benchmark yields, credit spreads, broker/dealer quotes, bids, offers, current spot rates and other industry and economic events. At least annually, the Company validates the prices provided by third party pricing services by reviewing their pricing methods and matrices, obtaining market values from other pricing sources, analyzing pricing data in certain instances and confirming that the relevant markets are active. The Company did not adjust or override any fair value measurements provided by the pricing services as of September 30, 2016.

The following fair value hierarchy table presents information about each major category of the Company’s assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2016 (in thousands):

The Company has no other assets or liabilities for which fair value measurement is either required or has been elected to be applied. The liabilities for contingent consideration are recorded in connection with the Refine and Atoll business combinations. The Company entered into a settlement agreement and remitted all remaining contingent consideration to BioFlash Partners, LLC (“BioFlash”) in the third quarter of 2016. The contingent consideration related to Refine is valued using management’s estimates of expected future milestone payments based on forecasted sales and a portion of any receipts that might be received in connection with the resolution, withdrawal or settlement of certain patent disputes with a third party to be paid to Refine. The contingent consideration related to Atoll is valued using management’s estimates of expected future milestone payments based on forecasted sales. These valuations are Level 3 valuations, as the primary inputs are unobservable.

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Changes in the fair value of contingent consideration in the nine-month period ended September 30, 2016 are primarily attributable to contingent consideration recorded at the date of the Atoll Acquisition in the amount of €836,000 (approximately $928,000), an increase to the expected 2016 Refine milestone payment of $3,156,000, an increase to the expected 2016 Atoll milestone payment of €132,000 (approximately $148,000), a $4,350,000 milestone payment to Refine, a $130,000 minimum royalty payment made to BioFlash, and a final settlement payment of $500,000 to BioFlash, of which $301,000 was previously accrued as contingent consideration and $199,000 was previously accrued and recorded to selling, general and administrative expenses.

The following table provides a rollforward of the fair value of contingent consideration (in thousands):

The following tables provide quantitative information associated with the fair value measurement of the Company’s contingent consideration related to Refine using Level 3 inputs (in thousands):

The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of Refine’s contingent consideration are the probabilities of successful achievement of 2016 sales milestones. During the first nine months of 2016, the estimated fair value of the 2016 contingent payment was increased by $3,156,000 to $5,175,000 based on revised sales forecasts. Increases or decreases in the Company’s projected sales during the fourth quarter of 2016 may result in a significantly higher or lower fair value measurement, respectively, and could result in a reversal of the current accrual.

The following table provides quantitative information associated with the fair value measurement of the Company’s contingent consideration related to Atoll using Level 3 inputs (in thousands):

The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of Atoll’s contingent consideration are the probabilities of successful achievement of 2016 sales milestones. The initial valuation of contingent consideration upon the Atoll Acquisition in April 2016 resulted in a fair value of €836,000 (approximately $928,000). The estimated fair value of the contingent payment was increased by €132,000 (approximately $148,000) based on revised sales forecasts. Increases or decreases in the Company’s projected sales during the fourth quarter of 2016 may result in a significantly higher or lower fair value measurement, respectively, and could result in a reversal of the current accrual.

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In May 2016, the Company issued $115 million aggregate principal amount of the Notes due June 1, 2021. Interest is payable semi-annually in arrears on June 1 and December 1 of each year, beginning on December 1, 2016. As of September 30, 2016, the carrying value of the Notes was $94.3 million, net of unamortized discount, and the fair value of the Notes was approximately $131.8 million. The fair value of the Notes was determined based on the most recent trade activity of the Notes as of September 30, 2016. The Notes are discussed in more detail in Note 11, “Long Term Debt.”

There were no re-measurements to fair value during the three months ended September 30, 2016 of financial assets and liabilities that are not measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

15. Commitments and Contingencies

Future minimum rental commitments under the Company’s leases as of September 30, 2016 are as follows (in thousands):

16. Segment Reporting

The Company views its operations, makes decisions regarding how to allocate resources and manages its business as one operating segment. As a result, the financial information disclosed herein represents all of the material financial information related to the Company’s principal operating segment.

The following table represents the Company’s total revenue by geographic area (based on the location of the customer):

Revenue from significant customers as a percentage of the Company’s total revenue is as follows:

Significant accounts receivable balances as a percentage of the Company’s total trade accounts receivable are as follows:

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Overview

Repligen is a bioprocessing company that develops, manufactures and markets innovative products and solutions used to manufacture biologic drugs. Biologics, or principally monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins, and vaccines, are manufactured through a complex process involving the use of live cells to produce the drug, followed by multiple separation and purification processes. Our products are used in this process to enhance end product yields for the manufacturer while lowering costs and reducing risks through increased process efficiencies.

For over twenty-five years, we have been a global market leader in native and recombinant forms of Protein A, a critical reagent used in the downstream purification of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, or mAbs, one of the largest and fastest-growing classes of biologic drugs on the market. Our Protein A ligands are a critical component of Protein A resins currently used in the commercial production of over 50 mAbs, and in clinical stage production of over 350 investigational mAbs. In upstream bioprocessing, where a biologic drug product is grown in bioreactors, we supply several growth factor products used to supplement cell culture media and enhance cell productivity. Our XCell™ ATF filtration systems, which now include a commercial single-use version are also used upstream to increase cell retention and accelerate cell productivity, resulting in significantly higher product yield from a bioreactor. In downstream bioprocessing, where the biologic drug product is separated and purified, we develop and market our innovative OPUS^® line of chromatography columns for use in bench-scale through clinical production-scale purification. We deliver OPUS^® pre-packed with chromatography resins of our customers’ choice, and customized to their size requirements. In the industry, OPUS^® is one of the leading “single-use” technologies that are being adopted for their convenience, flexibility and reliability as biomanufacturers seek ways to increase productivity while reducing facility size and cost. In October 2016, we introduced to the market OPUS^® R, which are OPUS^® pre-packed columns with an innovative side port for recovering chromatography resin from inside the column allowing our customers to re-use the unpacked resin in other applications. The unpacking port feature will be available in the first quarter of 2017 on our largest production-scale OPUS^® columns; we refer to these as our OPUS^® 45R and OPUS^® 60R columns.

We generally manufacture and sell Protein A ligands through long-term supply agreements, and we sell our XCell™ ATF and OPUS^® lines directly to end users (biopharmaceutical developers and contract manufacturing organizations) worldwide. Our growth factor products are sold through a distribution agreement with MilliporeSigma under which we co-promote LONG^®R3 IGF-1 and other growth factors in our portfolio. We refer to these activities as our bioprocessing business. Our manufacturing facilities are located in the United States, Sweden and Germany.

Through strategic acquisitions and internal product development, we have expanded our portfolio of products that we sell direct to end users. This expansion includes our acquisition of the Alternating Tangential Flow (“ATF”) System (now XCell™ ATF) which we acquired under an asset purchase agreement with Refine Technology LLC, or Refine, on June 2, 2014. This acquisition strengthened our upstream product portfolio and complements our growth factor portfolio. Additionally, on April 1, 2016, we acquired Atoll GmbH (“Atoll”), an innovator and manufacturer of pre-packed chromatography columns used in process development and clinical manufacturing of biologic drugs, from UV-Cap GmbH & Co. KG. This acquisition strengthens and complements our growing OPUS^® product line, and provides an important customer-facing center in Central Europe.

Historically, we also conducted activities aimed at developing proprietary therapeutic drug candidates, often with a potential of entering into a collaboration with a larger commercial stage pharmaceutical or biotechnology company in respect of these programs. As part of our strategic decision in 2012 to focus our efforts on our core bioprocessing business, we discontinued our clinical development programs, and outlicensed those programs to biopharmaceutical companies, including BioMarin, under agreements that allow us to share in the potential commercialization of the subject compounds.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

A “critical accounting policy” is one which is both important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results and requires management’s most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. For additional information, please see the discussion of our critical accounting policies in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and our significant accounting policies in Note 2 to the Financial Statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015.

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Results of Operations

Revenues

Product revenues for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 were as follows:

Sales of bioprocessing products increased 24.5% and 27.1% in the current three- and nine-month periods, respectively, compared to the corresponding periods in the prior year. This increase was primarily due to increases in orders for our chromatography columns and ATF products from our key bioprocessing customers. Sales of our bioprocessing products are impacted by the timing of orders, development efforts at our customers or end-users and regulatory approvals for biologics that incorporate our products, which may result in significant quarterly fluctuations. Such quarterly fluctuations are expected, but they may not be predictive of future revenue or otherwise indicate a trend.

Costs and operating expenses

Total costs and operating expenses for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 were comprised of the following:

Cost of product revenue increased 33.1% and 39.2% in the current three- and nine-month periods, respectively, compared to the corresponding periods in the prior year. This increase is primarily due to the increased product revenues noted above and product mix. Gross margins may fluctuate in the fourth quarter of 2016 based on expected production volume and product mix.

Research and development expenses increased 26.6% and 23.4% in the current three- and nine-month periods, respectively, compared to the corresponding periods in the prior year. This increase is primarily related to the timing and scale of our bioprocessing product development projects. Expenses generally include personnel costs, external development costs, supplies and other expenses related to our new products in development.

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased 19.6% and 22.3% in the current three- and nine-month periods, respectively, compared to the corresponding periods in the prior year. This increase is primarily due to the continued buildout of our administrative infrastructure to support future growth, the expansion of our customer-facing activities to drive sales of our bioprocessing products and approximately $1.3 million of costs incurred related to the acquisition of Atoll on April 1, 2016.

Contingent consideration fair value adjustments increased 189.7% and 56.9% in the current three- and nine-month periods, respectively, compared to the corresponding periods in the prior year. Fair value adjustments for contingent consideration are based on changes in the probabilities of achieving milestones and payments related to our acquisitions of Refine and Atoll.

Investment income

Investment income for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 was as follows:

Investment income includes income earned on invested cash balances. Increases in investment income in the current three- and nine-month periods, respectively, compared to the corresponding periods in the prior year are mainly attributable to higher average invested cash balances related to the receipt of proceeds from our issuance of convertible senior notes in May 2016.

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Interest expense

Interest expense for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 was as follows:

Increases in interest expense in the current three- and nine-month periods, respectively, compared to the corresponding periods in the prior year are attributable to interest expense related to the issuance of convertible senior notes in May 2016.

Other expense

Other expense for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 was as follows:

Increases in other expense in the current three- and nine-month periods, respectively, compared to the corresponding periods in the prior year are primarily attributable to foreign currency losses related to amounts due from non-Swedish kronor-based customers and cash balances denominated in U.S. dollars and British pounds held by our Sweden operations.

Provision for income taxes

Provision for income taxes for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 was as follows:

Our effective tax rate for the current three- and nine-month periods was 47.8% and 34.3%, respectively, compared to 31.0% and 25.8%, respectively, for the corresponding periods in the prior year. The effective tax rate in the current year is higher than the U.S. statutory tax rate primarily due to unbenefited domestic losses, partially offset by lower statutory tax rates in foreign jurisdictions. The effective tax rate in the prior year is lower than the U.S. statutory tax rate primarily due to lower statutory tax rates in foreign jurisdictions and the tax treatment of contingent consideration expense and related payments.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We provide non-GAAP adjusted income from operations, non-GAAP adjusted net income and adjusted EBITDA as supplemental measures to GAAP measures regarding our operating performance. These financial measures exclude the impact of certain acquisition related items and, therefore, have not been calculated in accordance with GAAP. A detailed explanation and a reconciliation of each non-GAAP financial measures to its most comparable GAAP financial measures are described below.

We include this financial information because we believe these measures provide a more accurate comparison of our financial results between periods and more accurately reflect how management reviews its financial results. We excluded the impact of certain acquisition related items because we believe that the resulting charges do not accurately reflect the performance of our ongoing operations for the period in which such charges are incurred.

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Non-GAAP Adjusted Income from Operations

Non-GAAP adjusted income from operations is measured by taking income from operations as reported in accordance with GAAP and excluding acquisition costs and contingent consideration expenses booked through our consolidated statements of comprehensive income. The following is a reconciliation of income from operations in accordance with GAAP to non-GAAP adjusted income from operations for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 (in thousands):

Non-GAAP Adjusted Net Income

Non-GAAP adjusted net income is measured by taking net income as reported in accordance with GAAP and excluding acquisition costs, contingent consideration expenses and non-cash interest expense booked through our consolidated statements of comprehensive income. The following is a reconciliation of net income in accordance with GAAP to non-GAAP adjusted net income for the three-month periods ended September 30, 2016 and 2015:

The following is a reconciliation of net income in accordance with GAAP to non-GAAP adjusted net income for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2016 and 2015:

Note that earnings per share amounts may not add due to rounding.

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Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA is measured by taking net income as reported in accordance with GAAP, excluding investment income, interest expense, taxes, depreciation and amortization, and excluding acquisition costs and contingent consideration expenses booked through our consolidated statements of comprehensive income. The following is a reconciliation of net income in accordance with GAAP to adjusted EBITDA for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 (in thousands):