Stereotaxis, Inc. - Annual Report: 2022 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(MARK ONE)

FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022

OR

FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM          TO

COMMISSION FILE NUMBER 001-36159

STEREOTAXIS, INC.

(Exact name of the Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

710 North Tucker Boulevard, Suite 110

St. Louis, MO 63101

(Address of Principal Executive Offices including Zip Code)

(314) 678-6100

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T “See 232.405 of this Chapter” during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant on the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter (based on the closing sales prices on the NYSE American on June 30, 2022) was approximately $110.7 million.

The number of outstanding shares of the registrant’s common stock on February 28, 2023 was 75,045,484.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the Proxy Statement for the registrant’s 2023 Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference in Part III, Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14.

STEREOTAXIS, INC.

INDEX TO ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

STEREOTAXIS, INC.

INDEX TO FORM 10-K

PART I

In this report, “Stereotaxis”, the “Company”, “Registrant”, “we”, “us”, and “our” refer to Stereotaxis, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries. Genesis RMN^®, Niobe^®, Navigant^®, Odyssey^®, Odyssey Cinema^™, Vdrive^®, Vdrive Duo^™, V-CAS^™, V-Loop^™, V-Sono^™, QuikCAS^™ and Cardiodrive^® are trademarks of Stereotaxis, Inc. All other trademarks that appear in this report are the property of their respective owners.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This annual report on Form 10-K, including the sections entitled “Business” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” contains forward-looking statements. These statements relate to, among other things:

These statements relate to future events or future financial performance, and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may”, “will”, “should”, “could”, “expects”, “plans”, “intends”, “anticipates”, “believes”, “estimates”, “predicts”, “potential”, or “continue”, or the negative of such terms or other comparable terminology. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance, or achievements. These statements are only predictions.

Factors that may cause our actual results to differ materially from our forward-looking statements include, among others, changes in general economic and business conditions and the risks and other factors set forth in “Item 1A—Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10-K.

Our actual results may be materially different from what we expect. We undertake no duty to update these forward-looking statements after the date of this annual report, even though our situation may change in the future. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

OVERVIEW

Stereotaxis is a pioneer and global leader in surgical robotics for minimally invasive endovascular intervention. We design, manufacture and market robotic systems, instruments and information systems for the interventional laboratory. Our proprietary robotic technology, Robotic Magnetic Navigation, fundamentally transforms endovascular interventions using precise computer-controlled magnetic fields to directly control the tip of flexible interventional catheters or devices. Direct control of the tip of an interventional device, in contrast to all manual hand-held devices that are controlled from their handle, can improve the precision, stability, reach and safety of these devices during procedures.

Our primary clinical focus has been electrophysiology, specifically cardiac ablation procedures for the treatment of arrhythmias. Cardiac ablation has become a well-accepted therapy for arrhythmias and a multi-billion-dollar medical device market with expectations for substantial long-term growth. We have shared our aspiration and a product strategy to expand the clinical focus of our technology to several additional endovascular indications including coronary, neuro, and peripheral interventions.

There is substantial real-world evidence and clinical literature for Robotic Magnetic Navigation in electrophysiology. Hundreds of electrophysiologists at over one hundred hospitals globally have treated over 100,000 arrhythmia patients with our robotic technology. Clinical use of our technology has been documented in over 400 clinical publications. Robotic Magnetic Navigation is designed to enable physicians to complete more complex interventional procedures with greater success and safety by providing image-guided delivery of catheters through the blood vessels and chambers of the heart to treatment sites. This is achieved using externally applied computer-controlled magnetic fields that govern the motion of the working tip of the catheter, resulting in improved navigation. The more flexible atraumatic design of catheters driven using magnetic fields may reduce the risk of patient harm and other adverse events. Performing the procedure from a control cockpit enables physicians to complete procedures in a safe location protected from x-ray exposure, with greater ergonomics, and improved efficiency. We believe these benefits can be applicable in other endovascular indications where navigation through complex vasculature is often challenging or unsuccessful and generates significant x-ray exposure.

Our primary products include the Genesis RMN System, the Odyssey Solution, and other related devices. We also offer to our customers the Stereotaxis Imaging Model S x-ray System and other accessory devices.

The Genesis RMN System is designed to enable physicians to complete more complex interventional procedures by providing image-guided delivery of catheters through the blood vessels and chambers of the heart to treatment sites. This is achieved using externally applied magnetic fields that govern the motion of the working tip of the catheter, resulting in improved navigation, efficient procedures, and reduced x-ray exposure.

The Odyssey Solution consolidates lab information onto one large integrated display, enabling physicians to view and control all the key information in the operating room. This is designed to improve lab layout and procedure efficiency. The system also features a remote viewing and recording capability called Odyssey Cinema, which is an innovative solution that delivers synchronized content for optimized workflow, advanced care, and improved productivity. This tool includes an archiving capability that allows clinicians to store and replay entire procedures or segments of procedures. This information can be accessed from locations throughout the hospital local area network and over the global Odyssey Network providing physicians with a tool for clinical collaboration, remote consultation, and training.

The Stereotaxis Imaging Model S provides an integrated complete solution for a robotic interventional operating room. It is a single-plane, full-power x-ray system and includes the c-arm, powered table, motorized boom, and large high-definition monitors. Stereotaxis Imaging Model S incorporates modern fluoroscopy technology to support high quality imaging while minimizing radiation exposure for patients and physicians. The combination of RMN Systems with Stereotaxis Imaging Model S is designed to reduce the cost of acquisition, the ongoing cost of ownership, and the complexity of installation of a robotic electrophysiology practice.

We promote our full suite of products in a typical hospital implementation, subject to regulatory approvals or clearances. This implementation requires a hospital to agree to an upfront capital payment and recurring payments. The upfront capital payment typically includes equipment and installation charges. The recurring payments typically include disposable costs for each procedure, equipment service costs beyond the warranty period, and ongoing software updates. In hospitals where our full suite of products has not been implemented, equipment upgrade or expansion can be implemented upon purchasing of the necessary upgrade or expansion.

We have received regulatory clearances and registration necessary for us to market the Genesis RMN System in the U.S. and Europe, and we are in the process of obtaining necessary registrations for extending our markets in other countries. Our prior generation robotic magnetic navigation system, the Niobe System, and the Odyssey Solution, Cardiodrive, and various disposable interventional devices have received regulatory clearance in the U.S., Europe, Canada, China, Japan and various other countries. We have received the regulatory clearance, licensing and/or CE Mark approvals that allow us to market the Vdrive and Vdrive Duo Systems with the V-CAS, V-Loop and V-Sono devices in the U.S., Canada and Europe. The Stereotaxis Imaging Model S x-ray System is CE marked and cleared by the FDA.

Not all products have and/or require regulatory clearance in all of the markets we serve. Please refer to “Regulatory Approval” in Item 1 for a description of the regulatory clearance, licensing, and/or approvals we currently have or are pursuing.

As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately $14.8 million of backlog, consisting of outstanding purchase orders and other commitments for these systems. Of the December 31, 2022 backlog, we expect approximately 89% to be recognized as revenue over the course of 2023. We had backlog of approximately $10.1 million as of December 31, 2021. There can be no assurance that we will recognize such revenue in any particular period or at all because some of our purchase orders and other commitments are subject to contingencies that are outside our control. These orders and commitments may be revised, modified or canceled, either by their express terms, as a result of negotiations or by project changes or delays. In addition, the sales cycle for the robotic magnetic navigation system is lengthy and generally involves construction or renovation activities at customer sites. Consequently, revenues and/or orders resulting from sales of our robotic magnetic navigation system can vary significantly from one reporting period to the next.

We have strategic relationships with technology leaders and innovators in the global interventional market. Through these strategic relationships we provide compatibility between our robotic magnetic navigation system and digital imaging and 3D catheter location sensing technology, as well as disposable interventional devices. The maintenance of these strategic relationships, or the establishment of equivalent alternatives, is critical to our commercialization efforts. There are no guarantees that any existing strategic relationships will continue, and efforts are ongoing to ensure the availability of integrated systems and devices and/or equivalent alternatives. We cannot provide assurance as to the timeline of the ongoing availability of such compatible systems or our ability to obtain equivalent alternatives on competitive terms or at all.

We were incorporated in Delaware in June, 1990 as Stereotaxis, Inc. Our principal executive offices are located at 710 North Tucker Boulevard, Suite 110, St. Louis, Missouri 63101, and our telephone number is (314) 678-6100.

THE STEREOTAXIS VALUE PROPOSITION

Although great strides have been made in manual interventional devices and techniques, significant challenges remain that reduce interventional productivity and limit both the number of complex procedures and the types of diseases that can be treated manually. These challenges primarily involve the inherent mechanical limitations of manual instrument control and the lack of integration of the information systems used by physicians in the interventional lab as well as a significant amount of training and experience required to ensure proficiency. As a result, many complex cases in electrophysiology are treated with palliative drug therapy, and many procedures are still performed as invasive surgeries rather than as minimally invasive endovascular interventions.

Our systems address the current challenges in the interventional lab by providing precise computerized control of the working tip of the interventional instrument and by integrating this control with the visualization technology and information systems used during electrophysiology and endovascular interventional procedures, on a cost-justified basis.

We believe that our technology can:

PRODUCTS

Robotic Magnetic Navigation

Our proprietary robotic magnetic navigation systems (“RMN”) include the Genesis RMN and the prior generation Niobe Systems. These systems are designed to enable physicians to complete more complex interventional procedures by providing image-guided delivery of catheters and guidewires through the blood vessels and chambers of the heart to treatment sites. This is achieved using externally applied magnetic fields that govern the motion of the working tip of the catheter or guidewire, resulting in improved navigation, efficient procedures and reduced x-ray exposure. Our systems provide physicians with precise remote digital instrument control in combination with sophisticated image integration. It can be operated either from an adjacent room and outside the x-ray fluoroscopy field or beside the patient table, as in traditional interventional procedures. The RMN system allows the operator to navigate disposable interventional devices to the treatment site through complex paths in the blood vessels and chambers of the heart to deliver treatment by using computer controlled, externally applied magnetic fields to directly govern the motion of the working tip of these devices, each of which has a magnetically sensitive tip that predictably responds to magnetic fields generated by our system. Because the working tip of the disposable interventional device is directly controlled by these external magnetic fields, the physician has the same degree of control regardless of the number or type of turns, or the distance traveled by the working tip to arrive at its position in the blood vessels or chambers of the heart. This results in highly precise digital control of the working tip of the disposable interventional device while still giving the physician the option to manually advance the device.

Through our arrangements with fluoroscopy system manufacturers and providers of catheters and electrophysiology mapping systems, we provide compatibility between the robotic magnetic navigation system and the visualization and information systems used during electrophysiology and endovascular procedures in order to provide the physician with a comprehensive information and instrument control system. In addition, we have integrated the robotic magnetic navigation system with 3D catheter location sensing technology to provide accurate real-time information as to the 3D location of the working tip of the instrument.

The components of the robotic magnetic navigation system are identified and described below:

Robotic Magnetic Navigation System. Our robotic magnetic navigation systems utilize two permanent magnets mounted on articulating and pivoting arms with one magnet on either side of the patient table. These magnets generate magnetic navigation fields that are less than the strength of fields typically generated by MRI equipment and therefore require significantly less shielding, and cause significantly less interference, than MRI equipment. The robotic magnetic navigation system is indicated for use in cardiac, peripheral and neurovascular applications.

Cardiodrive^® Automated Catheter Advancement System. As the physician conducts the procedure from the adjacent control room, the Cardiodrive Automated Catheter Advancement System (“Cardiodrive”) in conjunction with the QuikCAS automated catheter advancement system is used to remotely advance and retract the electrophysiology catheter in the patient’s heart while the robotic magnetic navigation system magnets precisely steer the working tip of the device.

Odyssey^® Solution

The Odyssey Solution offers a fully integrated, real-time information solution to manage, control, record and share procedures across networks or around the world. We believe that the Odyssey Solution enhances the physician workflow in interventional labs through a consolidated user interface of multiple systems on a single display to enable greater focus on the case and improve the efficiency of the lab. Through the use of a single mouse and keyboard, the Odyssey Solution allows the user to command multiple systems in the lab from a single point of control. In addition, the Odyssey Solution acquires a real-time, remote view of the lab, capturing synchronized procedure data for review of important events during cases. The Odyssey Solution enables physicians to access recorded cases and create snapshots following procedures for enhanced clinical reporting, auditing and presentation. The Odyssey Solution enables physicians to establish a comprehensive master archive of procedures performed in the lab providing an excellent tool for training new staff on the standard practices. The Odyssey Solution further enables procedures to be observed remotely around the world with high speed Internet access over a hospital VPN, even wirelessly using a standard laptop or Windows tablet computer.

Stereotaxis Imaging Model S X-ray System

Developed in collaboration with Omega Medical Imaging, and designed to be specifically available with RMN Systems, the Stereotaxis Imaging Model S provides an integrated complete solution for a robotic interventional operating room. It is a single-plane, full-power x-ray system and includes the c-arm, powered table, motorized boom, and large high-definition monitors. Stereotaxis Imaging Model S incorporates modern fluoroscopy technology to support high quality imaging while minimizing radiation exposure for patients and physicians. The combination of RMN Systems with Stereotaxis Imaging Model S is designed to reduce the cost of acquisition, the ongoing cost of ownership, and the complexity of installation of a robotic electrophysiology practice.

Disposables and Other Accessories

Our robotic magnetic navigation systems are designed to use a toolkit of associated disposable interventional devices. The toolkit currently consists of:

Revenue from sales of disposable products is recognized when control is transferred to the customers, which generally occurs at the time of shipment, but can also occur at the time of delivery depending on the customer arrangement. Disposable products are covered by an assurance type warranty that provides for the return of defective products. Warranty costs were not material for the periods presented.

We also manufacture and market various disposable (the V-Loop, V-Sono, and V-CAS) components which can be manipulated by our Vdrive™ Robotic Navigation System a complimentary product that provides navigation and stability for diagnostic and therapeutic devices designed to improve interventional procedures. In addition, we also market and distribute other disposable and related devices that can be use with our robotic magnetic navigation systems.

Other Recurring Revenue

Other recurring revenue includes revenue from product maintenance plans, other post warranty maintenance, and the implied obligation to provide software enhancements if and when available for a specified period, typically one year following installation of our systems. Revenue from services and software enhancements is deferred and amortized over the service or update period, which is typically one year. Revenue related to services performed on a time-and-materials basis is recognized when performed.

Regulatory Approval

We have received regulatory clearance, licensing and/or CE Mark approvals necessary for us to market the Genesis RMN System in the U.S. and Europe, and we are in the process of obtaining necessary registrations for extending our markets in other countries.

We have received regulatory clearance, licensing and/or CE Mark approvals necessary for us to market the Niobe System, Cardiodrive, and various disposable devices in the U.S., Canada, Europe, China, Japan, and various other countries. The Stereotaxis Imaging Model S x-ray System is CE marked and cleared by the FDA.

We have received regulatory clearance, licensing and/or CE Mark approvals necessary for us to market the Vdrive and Vdrive Duo Systems with the V-CAS, V-Loop and V-Sono devices in the U.S., Canada and Europe.

Biosense Webster has received FDA approval, and CE Mark for the CARTO^® RMT navigation system for use with the Niobe System, the 4mm CELSIUS^® RMT Diagnostic/Ablation Steerable Tip Catheter, the 4mm NAVISTAR^® RMT Diagnostic/Ablation Steerable Tip Catheter, the 8mm Navistar RMT DS Diagnostic/Ablation Steerable Tip Catheter, and the 3.5mm NAVISTAR^® RMT THERMOCOOL^® Irrigated Tip Catheter. In addition, Biosense Webster has received FDA approval and CE Mark for the 3.5mm CELSIUS^® RMT THERMOCOOL^® Irrigated Tip Catheter. Biosense Webster also received China CFDA approval and Japan PMDA approval for the CARTO^® RMT navigation system for use with the Niobe System, and the 3.5mm NAVISTAR^® RMT THERMOCOOL^® Irrigated Tip Catheter. Our strategic relationship with Biosense Webster provided for co-development of catheters that can be navigated with our system, both with and without Biosense Webster’s 3D catheter location sensing technology. In addition, we can utilize technology which allows our system to recognize specific disposable interventional devices in order to prevent unauthorized use of our system. See “Strategic Relationships” below for a description of our arrangements with Biosense Webster.

FINANCIAL INFORMATION ABOUT CUSTOMERS

No single customer accounted for more than 10% of total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Revenue from customers in China accounted for $3.7 million, or 10%, of total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2021. No other single country, other than the U.S., accounted for more than 10% of total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

CLINICAL APPLICATIONS

We have focused our clinical and commercial efforts on applications of our products primarily in electrophysiology procedures for the treatment of arrhythmias and secondarily in complex interventional cardiology procedures for the treatment of coronary artery disease. Our system potentially has broad applicability in other areas, such as structural heart repair, interventional neurosurgery, interventional neuroradiology, peripheral vascular, renal denervation, pulmonology, urology, gynecology and gastrointestinal medicine, and some of our patents may be applicable in these areas as well.

Electrophysiology

The rhythmic beating of the heart results from the transmission of electrical impulses. When these electrical impulses are mistimed or uncoordinated, the heart fails to function properly, resulting in symptoms that can range from fatigue to stroke or death. Over 5.0 million people in the U.S. currently suffer from abnormal heart rhythms, which are known as arrhythmias. The prevalence of arrhythmias is expected to continue to rise as the population ages, life expectancy increases, and lifestyle factors such as obesity become more prevalent. Arrhythmias are a major physical and economic burden and are associated with stroke, heart failure, and adverse symptoms causing patients to be motivated to seek treatment. The combination of symptoms, prevalence and comorbidities make arrhythmias a major economic factor in healthcare.

Drug therapies for arrhythmias often have limited efficacy, poor compliance, and side effects. Consequently, physicians have increasingly sought more permanent, non-pharmacological, solutions for arrhythmias. The most common interventional treatment for arrhythmias is an ablation procedure in which the diseased tissue giving rise to the arrhythmia is isolated or destroyed. Prior to performing an electrophysiology ablation, a physician typically performs a diagnostic procedure in which the electrical signal patterns of the heart wall are “mapped” to identify the heart tissue generating the aberrant electrical signals. Following the mapping, the physician may then use an ablation catheter to eliminate the aberrant signal or signal path, restoring the heart to its normal rhythm. These procedures may be performed separately but are more commonly performed at the same time.

We believe more than 5,000 interventional labs around the world are currently conducting over one million cardiac ablation procedures annually. The market has grown rapidly over the last decade with annualized procedure growth of approximately 10%.

We believe that Robotic Magnetic Navigation is particularly well-suited for these electrophysiology procedures which are time consuming, or which can only be performed by highly experienced physicians. These procedures include:

We believe that our system can address the current challenges in electrophysiology by permitting the physician to remotely navigate disposable interventional devices from a control room outside the x-ray field. Additionally, we believe that our system allows for more predictable and efficient navigation of these devices to the treatment site and enables catheter contact to be consistently maintained to efficiently apply energy on the wall of the beating heart. We also believe that our system will significantly lower the skill barriers required for physicians to perform complex electrophysiology procedures and, additionally, improve interventional lab efficiency and reduce disposable interventional device utilization.

Interventional Cardiology

More than half a million people die annually from coronary artery disease, a condition in which the formation of plaque in the coronary arteries obstructs the supply of blood to the heart, making this the leading cause of death in the U.S. Despite various attempts to reduce risk factors, each year over one million patients undergo interventional procedures in an attempt to open blocked vessels and another one half million patients undergo open heart surgery to bypass blocked coronary arteries.

Blockages within a coronary artery, often called lesions, are categorized by degree of obstruction as partial occlusions, non-chronic total occlusions and chronic total occlusions. Lesions are also categorized by the degree of difficulty with which they can be opened as simple or complex. Complex lesions, such as chronic total occlusions, longer lesions, and lesions located within smaller diameter vessels, are often very difficult or time consuming to open with manual interventional techniques.

We believe approximately 11,000 interventional labs worldwide are currently capable of conducting interventional cardiology. Over 4 million interventional cardiology procedures are performed annually in the U.S. alone. We estimate that approximately 10-15% of these interventional cardiology procedures currently being performed are complex and therefore require longer procedure times and may have sub-optimal outcomes. We believe that our system can substantially benefit this subset of complex interventional cardiology procedures.

Interventional Neuroradiology, Neurosurgery and Other Interventional Applications

Physicians used a predecessor to our Niobe System to conduct a number of procedures for the treatment of brain aneurysms, a condition in which a portion of a blood vessel wall balloons and which can result in debilitating or fatal bleeding and strokes. We believe the robotic magnetic navigation system also has a range of potential applications in minimally invasive neurosurgery, including biopsies and the treatment of tumors, treatment of vascular malformations and fetal interventions.

STRATEGIC RELATIONSHIPS

We have entered into business arrangements with technology leaders in the global interventional market, including manufacturers of fluoroscopy systems, ablation catheters, and electrophysiology mapping systems, that we believe aid us in commercializing our robotic magnetic navigation system. These arrangements are important to us as they provide for the integration of our system with digital imaging and 3D catheter location sensing technology, as well as catheters compatible with our system.

Imaging

We have successfully integrated our robotic magnetic navigation system with digital fluoroscopy systems to provide advanced interventional lab visualization and instrument control through user-friendly computerized interfaces. The maintenance of these arrangements, or the establishment of equivalent alternatives, is critical to our commercialization efforts. There are no guarantees that any existing strategic relationships will continue, and efforts are ongoing to ensure the availability of integrated next generation systems and/or equivalent alternatives. We cannot provide assurance as to the timeline of the ongoing availability of such compatible systems or our ability to obtain equivalent alternatives on competitive terms or at all.

Disposables Devices

We have entered into strategic relationships and successfully integrated with diagnostic mapping and imaging technologies to provide an ecosystem where physicians and patients benefit from the integration of procedure data.

With Biosense Webster, we have jointly developed associated location and non-location sensing electrophysiology mapping and ablation catheters that are navigable with our robotic magnetic navigation system. We believe that these products provide physicians with the elements required for effective complex electrophysiology procedures: highly accurate information as to the exact location of the catheter in the body and highly precise control over the working tip of the catheter.

The co-developed catheters are manufactured and distributed by Biosense Webster, and both of the parties contributed to the resources required for their development. Biosense Webster’s distribution rights for co-developed catheters were nonexclusive until December 31, 2022. We received royalty payments from Biosense Webster during the term of the agreement. The royalty payments were payable quarterly based on net revenues from sales of the co-developed catheters. Royalty revenue from the co-developed catheters represented 7% of revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Upon the expiration or termination of the agreement, other than due to a change of control of Stereotaxis, the agreement provided for a continuation of supply by Biosense Webster of the co-developed catheters to us or our customers for three years.

Additionally, we have entered into a broad strategic collaboration with Osypka AG. This collaboration includes the development of a next-generation magnetic ablation catheter to be navigated using Stereotaxis’ robotic technology. Stereotaxis is funding the development and will be the sole owner of the catheter.

The maintenance of these arrangements, or the establishment of equivalent alternatives, is critical to our commercialization efforts. There are no guarantees that any existing strategic relationships or collaborations will continue.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

We have assembled an experienced group of engineers and physicists with recognized expertise in magnetics, software, control algorithms, mechanics, electronics, systems integration and disposable interventional device design.

Our research and development efforts are focused in the following areas:

Our research and development team collaborates with strategic third parties to integrate our robotic magnetic navigation system’s open architecture platform with key imaging, location sensing and information systems in the interventional lab. We have also collaborated with a number of highly regarded interventional physicians in key clinical areas and have entered into agreements with a number of universities and teaching hospitals, which serve to increase our access to world class physicians and to expand our name recognition in the medical community.

CUSTOMER SERVICE AND SUPPORT

We provide worldwide maintenance and support services to our customers for our integrated products directly or with the assistance of outsourced product and service representatives. By utilizing these relationships, we provide direct, on-site technical support activities, including call center, customer support engineers and service parts logistics and delivery. In certain situations, we use these third parties as a single point of contact for the customer, allowing us to focus on providing installation, training, and back-up technical support.

Our back-up technical support includes a combination of on-line, telephone and on-site technical assistance services 24 hours a day, seven days a week. We employ service and support engineers with networking and medical equipment expertise and outsource a portion of our installation and support services. We offer different levels of support to our customers, including basic hardware and software maintenance, extended product maintenance, and rapid response capability for both parts and service.

We have established a call center in our St. Louis facilities, which provides real-time clinical and technical support to our customers worldwide.

MANUFACTURING

Robotic Magnetic Navigation Systems and Odyssey Solution

Our manufacturing strategy for our Robotic Magnetic Navigation Systems and Odyssey Solution is to sub-contract many of the manufacture of major subassemblies of our systems to maximize manufacturing flexibility and lower fixed costs. We maintain quality control for all of our systems by completing final system assembly and inspection in-house.

We purchase both custom and off-the-shelf components from a large number of suppliers and subject them to quality specifications and processes. Some of the components necessary for the assembly of our products are currently provided to us by sole-sourced suppliers (the only recognized supply source available to us) or single-sourced suppliers (the only approved supply source for us among other sources). We purchase the majority of our components and major assemblies through purchase orders rather than long-term supply agreements and generally do not maintain large volumes of finished goods.

Disposable Interventional Devices

Our manufacturing strategy for disposable interventional devices is to outsource their manufacture through subcontracting and to expand partnerships for other interventional devices. We work closely with our contract manufacturers and have strong relationships with component suppliers. We have entered into manufacturing agreements to provide high volume capability for devices other than catheters.

Software

The software components of the robotic magnetic navigation system and Odyssey Solution, including control and application software, are developed both internally and with integrated modules we purchase or license. We perform final testing of software products in-house prior to their commercial release.

General

Our manufacturing facility operates under processes that meet the FDA’s requirements under the Quality System Regulation (QSR). Our ISO registrar and European notified British Standard Institution (BSI) has audited our facility annually since 2001 and found the facility to be in compliance with relevant requirements. The most recent ISO 13485 and MDSAP Certificate of Registration were issued in 2022 and are valid through September 2025.

SALES AND MARKETING

We market our products in the U.S and internationally through a direct sales force of senior sales specialists, distributors and sales agents, supported by account managers and clinical specialists who provide training, clinical support, and other services to our customers.

Our sales and marketing efforts include two important elements: (1) selling robotic magnetic systems, Odyssey Solutions, and Stereotaxis Imaging Model S x-ray Systems directly and through distributors; and (2) leveraging our installed base of systems to drive recurring sales of disposable interventional devices, software and service.

REIMBURSEMENT

We believe that substantially all of the procedures, whether commercial or in clinical trials, conducted in the U.S. with the robotic magnetic navigation systems have been reimbursed to date. We expect that third-party payors will reimburse, under existing billing codes, procedures in which compatible ablation catheters are used. We expect healthcare facilities in the U.S. to bill various third-party payors, such as Medicare, Medicaid, other government programs and private insurers, for services performed with our products. We believe that procedures performed using our products, or targeted for use by products that do not yet have regulatory clearance or approval, are generally already reimbursable under government programs and most private plans. Accordingly, we believe providers in the U.S. will generally not be required to obtain new billing authorizations or codes in order to be compensated for performing medically necessary procedures using our products on insured patients. We cannot guarantee that reimbursement policies of third-party payors will not change in the future with respect to some or all of the procedures using the robotic magnetic navigation system.

In countries outside the United States, reimbursement is obtained from various sources, including governmental authorities, private health insurance plans, and labor unions. In most foreign countries, private insurance systems may also offer payments for some therapies. Additionally, health maintenance organizations are emerging in certain European countries. In Europe, we believe that substantially all of the procedures, whether commercial or in clinical trials, conducted with the robotic magnetic navigation systems have been reimbursed to date. In Japan, the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW) has classified the Niobe System as a C2 medical device (the highest reimbursement category) and has established a “technical fee” of Japanese Yen 50,000 per procedure. In other foreign countries, we may need to seek international reimbursement approvals, and we do not know if these required approvals will be obtained in a timely manner or at all.

See “Item 1A—Risk Factors” for a discussion of various risks associated with reimbursement from third-party payors.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

The proprietary nature of, and protection for, our products, processes and know-how are important to our business. We seek patent protection in the United States and internationally for our systems and other technology where available and when appropriate.

We have an extensive patent portfolio that we believe protects the fundamental scope of our technology and systems, including our robotic magnetic technology, navigational methods, mapping system and procedural workflows, 3D integration technology, and disposable interventional devices. As of December 31, 2022, we had 50 issued U.S. patents and 2 pending U.S. patent applications. In addition, we had 15 issued foreign patents and 2 pending foreign patent applications. The key patents that protect our technology and systems extend until 2028 and beyond.

We also have a number of invention disclosures under consideration and several applications that are being prepared for filing. We cannot be certain that any patents will be issued from any of our pending patent applications, nor can we be certain that any of our existing patents or any patents that may be granted in the future will provide us with protection.

It would be technically difficult and costly to reverse engineer our robotic magnetic navigation system, which contains numerous complex algorithms that control our disposable devices inside the magnetic fields generated by the robotic magnetic navigation system. We further believe that our patent portfolio is broad enough in scope to enable us to obtain legal relief if any entity not licensed by us attempted to market disposable devices in the U.S. that can be navigated by the robotic magnetic navigation system. We can also utilize security keys, such as embedded smart chips or associated software that could allow our system to recognize specific disposable interventional devices in order to prevent unauthorized use of our system.

We have also developed substantial expertise in magnet design, magnet physics and magnetic instrument control that was developed in connection with the development of the robotic magnetic navigation system, which we maintain as trade secrets. This expertise centers around our proprietary magnet design, which is a critical aspect of our ability to design, manufacture and install a cost-effective magnetic navigation system that is small enough to be installed in a standard interventional lab. Our Odyssey Solution contains numerous complex algorithms and proprietary software and hardware configurations, and requires substantial knowledge to design and assemble, which we maintain as trade secrets. This proprietary software and hardware, some of which is owned by Stereotaxis, and some of which is licensed to Stereotaxis, is a material aspect of the ability to design, manufacture and install a cost-effective and efficient information integration, storage, and delivery platform.

In addition, we seek to protect our proprietary information by entering into confidentiality, assignment of invention or license agreements with our employees, consultants, contractors, advisers and other third parties. However, we believe that these measures afford only limited protection.

COMPETITION

The markets for medical devices are intensely competitive and are characterized by rapid technological advances, frequent new product introductions, evolving industry standards and price erosion.

In electrophysiology we consider the primary competition to our robotic magnetic navigation system to be traditional catheter-based electrophysiology ablation approaches including RF (radiofrequency) ablation and non-RF therapies. To our knowledge, we are the only company that has commercialized remote, digital and direct control of the working tip of catheters for use in RF ablation procedures. Our success depends in part on convincing hospitals and physicians to convert traditional interventional procedures to procedures using our robotic magnetic navigation system.

We face competition from companies that are developing and marketing new products for use in electrophysiology. These products include next generation mapping systems and RF ablation devices with which our robotic magnetic navigation system is not currently compatible, as well as non-RF ablation devices including single-shot cryoablation devices and other new products, such as pulse field ablation, for use in other interventional therapies. Some of these products are marketed by companies that may have an established presence in the field of electrophysiology, including major imaging, capital equipment and disposables companies that are currently selling products in the interventional lab. In addition, we face competition from companies that currently market or are developing drugs, gene or cellular therapies to treat the conditions for which our products are intended.

We also face competition from companies that are developing robotic technologies for electrophysiology and non-electrophysiology interventional procedures. We are aware of three companies that commercialized endovascular catheter navigation systems which have been cleared by the FDA for electrophysiology procedures as well as two companies with electromagnetic catheter navigation systems that received CE Mark approval in Europe. None of these companies seem to be active with any current commercial activities. Outside of electrophysiology, there are at least two companies that have commercialized robotic systems for guidewire manipulation and can be viewed as potential competitors as we look to address additional clinical applications.

We face direct competition to certain products in our Odyssey Solution. These competitors include established imaging companies as well as dedicated solution providers. We expect to continue to face competitive pressure in this market in the future, based on the rapid pace of advancements with this technology.

We believe that the primary competitive factors in the market we address are capability, safety, efficacy, ease of use, price, quality, reliability and effective sales, support, training and service. The length of time required for products to be developed and to receive regulatory and reimbursement approval is also an important competitive factor. See “Item 1A—Risk Factors” for a discussion of other competitive risks facing our business.

GOVERNMENT REGULATION

Our products are medical devices that are subject to extensive regulation in the U.S. and in foreign countries where we do business. The U.S. FDA regulates the development, testing, manufacturing, labeling, storage, recordkeeping, promotion, marketing, distribution and service of medical devices in the U.S. to ensure that medical products distributed domestically are safe and effective for their intended uses. In addition, the FDA regulates the export of medical devices manufactured in the U.S. to international markets and the importation of medical devices manufactured abroad.

In many foreign countries in which we market our products, we are subject to regulations affecting, among other things, product standards, packaging requirements, labeling requirements, import restrictions, tariff regulations, duties and tax requirements. Many of these regulations are similar to those of the FDA or other U.S. regulations. In addition, our products must meet the requirements of a large and growing body of international standards which govern the design, manufacture, materials content and sourcing, testing, certification, packaging, installation, use and disposal of our products. Failure to meet these standards could limit the ability to market our products in those regions which require compliance to such standards. Examples of groups of such standards are electrical safety standards such as those of the International Electrotechnical Commission and composition standards such as the Reduction of Hazardous Substances (“RoHS”) and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (“WEEE”) Directives.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration

Unless an exemption applies, each medical device we wish to commercially market in the United States will require 510(k) clearance, de novo approval, or pre-market approval from the FDA. The FDA classifies medical devices into one of three classes. Devices deemed to pose lower risks are placed in either Class I or II, which requires the manufacturer to submit to the FDA a pre-market notification requesting permission to commercially distribute the device, known as 510(k) clearance. Some low-risk devices are exempted from this requirement. Devices deemed by the FDA to pose the greatest risks, such as life-sustaining, or life-supporting, or devices deemed not substantially equivalent to a previously cleared 510(k) device, are placed in Class III, requiring pre-market approval, or PMA. The majority of our current products are Class II devices requiring 510(k) clearances. Biosense Webster’s compatible catheters used with our magnetic navigation system are Class III therapeutic devices and are subject to the PMA process.

If U.S. clinical data are needed to support clearance, approval or a marketing application for our devices, generally, an investigational device exemption, or IDE, is assembled and submitted to the FDA. The FDA reviews and must approve the IDE before the study can begin. In addition, the study must be approved by an Institutional Review Board covering each clinical site involved in the study. When all approvals are obtained, we initiate a clinical study to evaluate the device. Following completion of the study, we collect, analyze and present the data in an appropriate submission to the FDA (i.e., in support of a 510(k), de novo, or PMA).

When a 510(k) clearance is required, we must submit a pre-market notification demonstrating that our proposed device is substantially equivalent to a previously cleared and legally marketed 510(k) device, de novo approved device, or a device that was in commercial distribution before May 28, 1976, for which the FDA has not yet called for the submission of pre-market approval applications. To establish substantial equivalence, the applicant must show that the new device has the same intended use as the predicate device, and it either has the same technological characteristics or has been shown to be equally safe and effective and does not raise different questions of safety and effectiveness as compared to the predicate device. The FDA may require further information, including clinical trial results or product test data, to make a determination regarding substantial equivalence. The FDA’s 510(k) clearance process usually takes from four to 12 months but can take longer.

If a device is not eligible for the 510(k) clearance process, but the product is low or moderate risk, we may be able to obtain de novo review. The de novo process allows FDA to classify a low- to moderate-risk device not previously classified into Class I or II. If the device is not eligible for either the 510(k) or de novo processes, a PMA must be submitted to the FDA. A PMA must be supported by extensive data, including but not limited to, technical, preclinical, clinical trials, manufacturing and labeling to demonstrate reasonable evidence of the device’s safety and efficacy to the FDA’s satisfaction. The PMA process is much more costly, lengthy and uncertain than the 510(k) clearance process, and it generally takes from one to three years, but can take longer. We cannot be sure that the FDA will ever grant 510(k) clearance, de novo approval or pre-market approval for any product we propose to market in the United States.

After a device receives 510(k) clearance or de novo approval, any modification that could significantly affect its safety or effectiveness, or that would constitute a significant change in its intended use, will require a new clearance. Modification to a PMA approved device or its labeling may require either a new PMA or PMA supplement approval, which could be a costly and lengthy process.

After a device is placed on the market, numerous regulatory requirements apply. These include for example:

The FDA has broad post-market and regulatory enforcement powers. We are subject to unannounced inspections by the FDA to determine our compliance with the QSR and other regulations. If we fail to comply with the QSR or other regulatory requirements, we may receive a warning or untitled letter from the FDA or be subject to other enforcement actions, including fines, injunctions, civil penalties, seizures, operating restrictions, partial suspension or total shutdown of production, refusing requests for 510(k) clearance, de novo petitions, or PMA approval of new products, withdrawing 510(k) clearance, de novo approvals, or PMA approvals already granted, and criminal prosecution. The FDA also has the authority to require us to repair, replace or refund the cost of any medical device that we have manufactured or distributed if there is a reasonable probability that the device would cause serious, adverse health consequences or death.

International Regulation

In order for us to market our products in other countries, we must obtain regulatory approvals and comply with extensive safety and quality regulations in other countries. These regulations, including the requirements for approvals or clearance and the time required for regulatory review, vary from country to country and can involve additional product testing and additional administrative review periods. The time required to obtain approval in other countries may differ from that required to obtain FDA clearance or approval.

The primary regulatory environment in Europe is that of the European Union (EU), which encompasses most of the major countries in Europe. The EU, along with other member countries of the European Economic Area, or EEA, requires that manufacturers of medical products obtain the right to affix the CE Mark to their products before selling them in member countries of the EEA. The CE Mark is an international symbol of adherence to quality assurance standards and compliance with applicable directives. In order to obtain the right to affix the CE Mark to products, a manufacturer must obtain certification that its processes meet certain quality standards. Compliance with the Medical Device Directive (MDD), as certified by a recognized European Notified Body, permits the medical device manufacturer to affix the CE Mark on its products and commercially distribute those products throughout the EEA. We are subject to annual surveillance audits and periodic re-certification audits in order to maintain our CE Mark permissions. A new Medical Device Regulation (MDR) was published by the EU in 2017 which will impose significant additional premarket and postmarket requirements. The MDR establishes a uniform, transparent, predictable, and sustainable regulatory framework across the EU for medical devices and ensures a high level of safety and health while supporting innovation. Unlike directives, regulations are directly applicable in EU member states without the need for member states to implement into national law. This aims at increasing harmonization across the EU. The MDR became effective on May 26, 2021. Devices lawfully placed on the market pursuant to the MDD prior to May 26, 2021, may generally continue to be made available on the market or put into service until and including May 26, 2025, provided that the requirements of the transitional provisions are fulfilled (referred to as the “sell-off” provision). In particular, the certificate in question must still be valid. However, even in this case, manufacturers must comply with a number of new or reinforced requirements set forth in the MDR. If it is adopted by the European Parliament and Council, under draft legislation proposed by the European Commission, the sell-off provision would be removed.

To be sold in Japan, most medical devices must undergo thorough safety examinations and demonstrate medical efficacy before they receive regulatory (“Shonin”) approval. We are subject to additional regulations in other foreign countries, including, but not limited to, Canada, Taiwan, China, Korea, and Russia, in order to sell our products. We intend that either we or our distributors will receive any necessary approvals or clearance prior to marketing our products in these international markets.

Please refer to “Regulatory Approval” in Item 1 of this annual report for a description of the regulatory clearance, licensing and/or approvals we currently have or are pursuing.

Anti-Kickback and False Claims Laws

We are subject to various federal and state laws relating to healthcare fraud and abuse, including anti-kickback and false claims laws. The U.S. federal healthcare program Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, in exchange for or to induce either the referral of an individual, or furnishing or arranging for a good or service, for which payment may be made under a federal healthcare program such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs. The definition of “remuneration” has been broadly interpreted to include anything of value, including for example, gifts, discounts, the furnishing of supplies or equipment, credit arrangements, payments of cash and waivers of payments, and providing anything of value at less than fair market value. Penalties for violations include criminal penalties and civil sanctions such as fines, imprisonment and possible exclusion from Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs. Federal false claims laws prohibit any person from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, a false claim for payment to the federal government, or knowingly making, or causing to be made, a false statement to have a false claim paid. Recently, several healthcare companies have been prosecuted under these laws for allegedly providing free product to customers with the expectation that the customers would bill federal programs for the product. In addition, certain marketing practices, including off-label promotion, may also violate false claims laws.

Many states have adopted laws similar to the federal healthcare program Anti-Kickback Statute and the federal false claims laws. Some of these state prohibitions apply to healthcare items or services reimbursed by any source, not only the Medicare and Medicaid programs.

Transparency Laws

Under the Physician Payments Sunshine Act, or the Sunshine Act, which was enacted by Congress as part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, we are required to track and report to the federal government on an annual basis, subject to certain exceptions, all payments and other transfers of value to U.S. physicians and teaching hospitals, as well as ownership interests held by physicians. Such data are made available by the government on a publicly searchable website. In addition, we are subject to similar state laws related to the tracking and reporting of certain payments and other transfers of value to healthcare professionals.

HIPAA and Other Privacy Laws

We are subject to laws and regulations protecting the privacy and integrity of patient medical information, including the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, which imposes certain requirements relating to the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information, and the applicable Privacy and Security Standards of HITECH, the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act. HIPAA also prohibits executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or making false statements relating to healthcare matters.

In addition to federal regulations issued under HIPAA, some states and foreign countries have enacted privacy and security statutes or regulations that, in some cases, are more stringent than those issued under HIPAA. For example, the General Data Protection Regulation (the “GDPR”), which is in effect across the European Economic Area (the “EEA”), imposes several stringent requirements for controllers and processors of personal data and increased our obligations, for example, by imposing higher standards when obtaining consent from individuals to process their personal data, requiring more robust disclosures to individuals, strengthening individual data rights, shortening timelines for data breach notifications, limiting retention periods and secondary use of information, increasing requirements pertaining to health data as well as pseudonymised data, and imposing additional obligations when we contract third-party processors in connection with the processing of personal data. The GDPR provides that EU member states may make their own further laws and regulations limiting the processing of genetic, biometric, or health data. Failure to comply with the requirements of the GDPR and the applicable national data protection laws of the EU member states may result in fines of up to 4% of the total worldwide annual turnover of the preceding financial year and other administrative penalties.

In addition, effective January 1, 2020, California passed the California Consumer Privacy Act (the “CCPA”), which is considered by many to be the most far-reaching data privacy law introduced in the U.S. to date and which introduces new compliance burdens on many organizations doing business in California who collect Personal Information about California residents. The CCPA’s definition of Personal Information is very broad and specifically includes biometric information. The CCPA took effect in 2020 and will allow for significant fines by the state attorney general, as well as a private right of action from individuals in relation to certain security breaches. The enactment of the CCPA is prompting a wave of similar legislative developments in other U.S. states and creating the potential for a patchwork of overlapping but different state laws. Additionally, a new California ballot initiative, the California Privacy Rights Act (the “CPRA”) recently passed in California. The CPRA will impose additional data protection obligations on companies doing business in California. The majority of the provisions will go into effect on January 1, 2023, and additional compliance investment and potential business process changes may be required.

As a result of any of the foregoing, it may be necessary to modify our operations and procedures to comply with the more stringent state and foreign laws, which may entail significant and costly changes for us.

Certificate of Need Laws

In a number of states in the U.S., a certificate of need or similar regulatory approval is required prior to the acquisition of high-cost capital items or various types of advanced medical equipment, such as our robotic magnetic navigation system. Many of the states in which we sell robotic magnetic navigation systems have laws that require institutions located in those states to obtain a certificate of need in connection with the purchase of our system, and some of our purchase orders are conditioned upon our customer’s receipt of necessary certificate of need approval.

Human Capital

Given the highly competitive nature of the medical device industry, the future success of our company depends on our ability to attract, retain, and further develop top talent. We value the diversity of each of our employees and the contributions they make in helping us achieve our mission to discover, develop and deliver robotic systems, instruments, and information solutions for the interventional laboratory. We are committed to attracting, developing, and retaining the best talent reflecting a diversity of ideas, backgrounds, and perspectives.

As of December 31, 2022, we had 130 employees, 37 of whom were engaged directly in research and development, 58 in sales and marketing activities, 16 in manufacturing and service, and 19 in general administrative activities including finance, information systems, legal and general management. A significant majority of our employees are not covered by a collective bargaining agreement, and we consider our relationship with our employees to be positive. We also engage the services of independent contractors and consultants as needed for special or temporary projects or specific expertise.

As of December 31, 2022, our employees were based in 11 different countries around the world, including the U.S. Our global workforce consists of diverse, highly skilled talent at all levels.

Diversity, Equity & Inclusion

Diversity, equity and inclusion are integral parts of our culture. We strongly believe in a diverse workplace where all employees can thrive in an inclusive environment free from discrimination, harassment, bias and prejudice. We strive to foster a culture where mutual respect, inclusive behavior, and dignity are core to our individual expectations.

Our employees represent a broad range of backgrounds and bring a wide array of perspectives and experiences that have helped us achieve our global leadership in innovative robotic technologies designed to enhance the treatment of arrhythmias and perform endovascular procedures.

Health, Safety, and Wellness

The health, safety, and wellness of our employees is a priority in which we continue to invest. We provide our employees and their families with access to health and wellness programs that support employee wellbeing, time away from work, family care, mental health, and financial well-being. We also conduct on-site engagement activities that facilitate cross-team networking, collaboration, and innovation.

We continue to evolve our programs to respond to the best interest of our changing workforce, as well as the communities in which we operate, in compliance with government regulations. We manage overall safety with guidance based on regional, country, and local regulations and best practices. In the ongoing response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we continue to evaluate and adapt our protocols as necessary to support our employees as well as external physician customers and patients.

Compensation and Benefits

We strive to provide our employees with what we believe is a competitive and comprehensive total rewards package of compensation, benefits and services. In addition to base compensation, these packages, which vary by country and region, can include annual bonuses, sales commissions, 401(k) and/or pension plans, healthcare and insurance benefits for employees and family members, health savings and flexible spending accounts, paid time off, family leave, and flexible work schedules. In addition, we offer employees the benefit of equity ownership in the company through stock option grants and/or restricted stock units. Eligible employees have the opportunity to participate in an employee stock purchase plan, which offers the opportunity to purchase our common stock at a discount of 5%.

Training and Development

We recognize the importance of furthering education and development of our employees through the various stages of their careers. We are dedicated to promoting individual, leader, team, and organizational development through a number of tools and services. We offer a variety of professional development courses for our employees and support employee continuing education. In addition, our employees are required to complete compliance training applicable to our industry. We also have an annual global performance review process for reviewing all employees’ performance and pay.

Availability of Information

We make certain filings with the SEC, including our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments and exhibits to those reports, available free of charge in the Investors section of our website, http://www.stereotaxis.com, as soon as reasonably practicable after they are filed with the SEC. Further, these filings are available on the Internet at http://www.sec.gov. Information contained on our website is not part of this report and such information is not incorporated by reference into this report.

Executive Officers

See Part III – Item 10 for information about our Executive Officers.

The following uncertainties and factors, among others, could affect future performance and cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by forward looking statements.

RISK FACTORS SUMMARY

Risks Related to Our Business and Business Operations

Risks Relating to Technology and Intellectual Property Matters

Risks Relating to Regulatory and Legal Matters

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

Risks Related to the February 2021 CEO Performance Stock Unit Grant

Summary of General Risk Factors

Risks Related to Our Business and Business Operations

We may not generate cash from operations or be able to raise the necessary capital to continue operations.

We may require additional funds to meet our operational, working capital and capital expenditure needs in the future. We cannot be certain that we will be able to obtain additional funds on favorable terms or at all. If we cannot raise capital on acceptable terms, we will not be able to, among other things:

Our failure to do any of these things could result in lower revenue and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations, and we may have to curtail or cease operations.

A pandemic, epidemic or outbreak of infectious disease could have an adverse effect our business, operating results or financial condition.

The global healthcare system is continuing to respond to the unprecedented challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. While we cannot reliably estimate the duration of the impact, or the severity of ongoing resurgences, we continue to anticipate periodic disruptions to our manufacturing operations, supply chains, procedures volumes, service activities, and capital system orders and placements, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. For example, in 2021, resurgences of COVID-19 as well as hospital staffing shortages depressed procedure volumes at various times throughout the year. After such resurgences procedure volumes would generally stabilize or recover. Similarly, in 2022, procedure volumes continued to be challenged by periodic resurgences of COVID-19, ongoing hospital staffing issues and other factors.

We have experienced business disruptions, including travel restrictions on us and our third-party distributors, which have negatively affected our complex sales, marketing, installation, distribution and service network relating to our products and services. The COVID-19 pandemic may continue to negatively affect demand for both our systems and our disposable products by limiting the ability of our sales personnel to maintain their customary contacts with customers as a result of preventative and precautionary measures that we, our customers, other businesses and governments have taken and may continue to take.

In addition, many of our hospital customers, for whom the purchase of our system involves a significant capital purchase which may be part of a larger construction project at the customer site (typically the construction of a new building), may themselves be under economic pressures. This may cause delays or cancellations of current purchase orders and other commitments and may exacerbate the long and variable sales and installation cycles for our robotic magnetic navigation systems. We may also experience significant reductions in demand for our disposable products if our healthcare customers (physicians and hospitals) re-prioritize the treatment of patients and divert resources away from non-coronavirus areas, which we anticipate could lead to the performance of fewer procedures in which our disposable products are used.

As of the date of the filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we have experienced challenges and disruptions due to the pandemic such as periodic worldwide supply chain disruptions, including shortages and inflationary pressures, and logistics delays which makes it difficult for us to source parts and ship our products. Our customers have also experienced similar supply chain issues as well as labor shortages, both of which have contributed to delayed hospital construction project timelines. To-date, we have been generally able to conduct normal business activities albeit in a more deliberate manner than prior to the pandemic, including taking action to increase inventory levels, but we cannot guarantee that they will not be impacted more severely in the future. If our manufacturing operations or supply chains are materially interrupted, it may not be possible for us to timely manufacture relevant products at required levels, or at all. Changes in economic conditions and supply chain constraints could lead to higher inflation than previously experienced or expected, which could, in turn, lead to an increase in costs. We may be unable to raise the prices of our products sufficiently to keep up with the rate of inflation. A material reduction or interruption to any of our manufacturing processes or a substantial increase in costs would have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition.

If governmental authorities around the world reinstitute preventative and precautionary measures such as prolonged mandatory closures, social distancing protocols and shelter-in-place orders, or as private parties on whom we rely to operate our business put in place their own protocols that go beyond those instituted by relevant governmental authorities, our ability to adequately staff and maintain our operations or further our product development could be negatively impacted.

Any disruption to the capital markets could negatively impact our ability to raise capital. If the capital markets are disrupted for an extended period of time and we need to raise additional capital, such capital may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Continued disruptions to the capital markets and other financing sources could also negatively impact our hospital customers’ ability to raise capital or otherwise obtain financing to fund their operations and capital projects. Such could result in delayed spending on current projects, a longer sales cycle for new projects where a large capital commitment is required, and decreased demand for our disposable products as well as an increased risk of customer defaults or delays in payments for our systems installation, service contracts and disposable products.

The global healthcare system is continuing to respond to the unprecedented challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. While we cannot reliably estimate the ultimate duration of the impact or the severity of ongoing periodic resurgences thereof, we continue to anticipate periodic disruptions to our manufacturing operations, supply chains, procedures volumes, service activities, and capital system orders and placements, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

We may not be able to fund our business operations in the same manner as we have done historically if we do not improve the operating performance of the Company or raise additional capital.

The Company has sustained operating losses throughout its corporate history and expects that its 2023 operating expenses will exceed its 2023 gross margin. The Company expects to continue to incur operating losses and negative cash flows until revenues reach a level sufficient to support ongoing operations or expense reductions are in place. The Company’s liquidity needs will be largely determined by the success of clinical adoption within the installed base of our robotic magnetic navigation system as well as by new placements of capital systems. The Company’s plans for improving the liquidity conditions primarily include its ability to control the timing and spending of its operating expenses and raising additional funds through debt or equity financing.

There can be no assurance that any of our plans will be successful or that additional capital will be available to us on reasonable terms, or at all, when needed. If we are unable to improve the operating performance of the Company or if we are unable to obtain sufficient additional capital, it may impair our ability to obtain new customers or hire and retain employees, any of which could force us to substantially revise our business plan or cease operations, which may reduce or negate the value of your investment.

Hospital decision-makers may not purchase our Robotic Magnetic Navigation Systems or related products or may think that such systems and products are too expensive.

To achieve and grow sales, hospitals must purchase our products, and in particular, our robotic magnetic navigation system. The robotic magnetic navigation system is a novel device, and hospitals and physicians are traditionally slow to adopt new products and treatment practices. In addition, hospitals may delay their purchase or installation decision for the robotic magnetic navigation system based on the disposable interventional devices that have received regulatory clearance or approval. Moreover, the robotic magnetic navigation system is an expensive piece of capital equipment, representing a significant portion of the cost of a new or replacement interventional lab. Although priced significantly below a robotic magnetic navigation system, the Odyssey Solution is still an expensive product. While we have developed and designed the Stereotaxis Imaging Model S System to reduce the cost of acquisition, the ongoing cost of ownership, and the complexity of installation of a robotic electrophysiology practice, this strategy may not be successful. If hospitals do not widely adopt our systems, or if they decide that they are too expensive, we may never become profitable. Any failure to sell as many systems as our business plan requires could also have a seriously detrimental impact on our results of operations, financial condition, liquidity position, and cash flow.

If we are unable to fulfill our current purchase orders and other commitments on a timely basis or at all, we may not be able to achieve future sales growth.

Our backlog, which consists of purchase orders and other commitments, is considered by some investors to be a significant indicator of future performance. Consequently, negative changes to this backlog or its failure to grow commensurate with expectations could negatively impact our future operating results or our share price. Our backlog includes those outstanding purchase orders and other commitments that management believes will result in recognition of revenue upon delivery or installation of our systems. We cannot assure you that we will recognize revenue in any particular period or at all because some of our purchase orders and other commitments are subject to contingencies that are outside our control. In addition, these orders and commitments may be revised, modified or cancelled, either by their express terms, as a result of negotiations or by project changes or delays. System installation is, by its nature, subject to the interventional lab construction or renovation process which comprises multiple stages, all of which are outside of our control. Although the actual installation of our robotic magnetic navigation system requires only a few weeks and can be accomplished by either our staff or by subcontractors, successful installation of our system can be subjected to delays related to the overall construction or renovation process. If we experience any failures or delays in completing the installation of these systems, our reputation would suffer and we may not be able to sell additional systems. We have experienced situations in which our purchase orders and other commitments did not result in recognizing revenue from placement of a system with a customer. In addition to construction delays, there are risks that an institution will attempt to cancel a purchase order as a result of subsequent project review by the institution or the departure from the institution of physicians or physician groups who have expressed an interest in purchasing our products.

Decreases in our backlog have occurred in the past and could occur in the future, causing delays in revenue recognition or even removal of orders and other commitments from our backlog. Such events would have a negative effect on our revenue and results of operations.

We will likely experience long and variable sales and installation cycles, which could result in substantial fluctuations in our quarterly results of operations.

We anticipate that our robotic magnetic navigation system will continue to have a lengthy sales cycle because it consists of a relatively expensive piece of capital equipment, the purchase of which requires the approval of senior management at hospitals, inclusion in the hospitals’ interventional lab budget process for capital expenditures, and, in some instances, a certificate of need from the state or other regulatory approval. In addition, historically the majority of our products have been delivered less than one year after the receipt of a purchase order from a hospital, with the timing being dependent on the construction cycle for the new or replacement interventional suite in which the equipment will be installed. In some cases, this time frame has been extended further because the interventional suite construction is part of a larger construction project at the customer site (typically the construction of a new building), which may occur with our existing and future purchase orders. We cannot assure you that the time from purchase order to delivery for systems to be delivered in the future will be consistent with our historical experience. Moreover, the continuation of the current global economic slowdown has caused, and may continue to cause, our customers to delay construction or significant capital purchases, which could further lengthen our sales cycle. This may contribute to substantial fluctuations in our quarterly operating results. As a result, in future quarters our operating results could fall below the expectations of securities analysts or investors, in which event our stock price would likely decrease.

Physicians may not use our products if they do not believe they are safe, efficient and effective.

We believe that physicians will not use our products unless they determine that our products provide a safe, effective and preferable alternative to interventional methods in general use today. If longer-term patient studies or clinical experience indicate that treatment with our system or products is less effective, less efficient or less safe than our current data suggest, our sales would be harmed, and we could be subject to significant liability. Further, unsatisfactory patient outcomes or patient injury could cause negative publicity for our products, particularly in the early phases of product introduction. In addition, physicians may be slow to adopt our products if they perceive liability risks arising from the use of these new products. It is also possible that as our products become more widely used, latent defects could be identified, creating negative publicity and liability problems for us and adversely affecting demand for our products. If physicians do not use our products, we likely will not become profitable or generate sufficient cash to fund company operations going forward.

Our collaborations with fluoroscopy system manufacturers and providers of catheters and electrophysiology mapping systems or other parties may fail, or we may not be able to enter into additional collaborations in the future.

We have collaborated with and are continuing to collaborate with fluoroscopy system manufacturers and providers of catheters and electrophysiology mapping systems and other parties to make our instrument control technology compatible with their respective imaging products or disposable interventional devices and to co-develop additional disposable interventional devices for use with our products. A significant portion of our revenue from system sales is derived from these integrated products. The maintenance of these collaborations, or the establishment of equivalent alternatives, is critical to our commercialization efforts.

There are no guarantees that any existing strategic relationships will continue, and efforts are ongoing to ensure the availability of integrated next generation systems and/or equivalent alternatives. We cannot provide assurance as to the timeline of the ongoing availability of such compatible systems or our ability to obtain equivalent alternatives on competitive terms or at all.

Our product commercialization plans could be disrupted, leading to lower than expected revenue and a material and adverse impact on our results of operations and cash flow, if:

Some of our collaborators are large, global organizations with diverse product lines and interests that may diverge from our interests in commercializing our products. Accordingly, our collaborators may not devote adequate resources to our products, or may experience financial difficulties, change their business strategy or undergo a business combination that may affect their willingness or ability to fulfill their obligations to us.

The failure of one or more of our collaborations could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. In addition, if we are unable to enter into additional collaborations in the future, or if these collaborations fail, our ability to develop and commercialize products could be impacted negatively and our revenue could be adversely affected.

The complexity associated with selling, marketing, and distributing products could impair our ability to increase revenue.

We currently market our products in the U.S., Europe and the rest of the world through a direct sales force of senior sales specialists, distributors and sales agents, supported by account managers and clinical specialists who provide training, clinical support, and other services to our customers. If we are unable to effectively utilize our existing sales force or increase our existing sales force in the foreseeable future, we may be unable to generate the revenue we have projected in our business plan. Factors that may inhibit our sales and marketing efforts include:

In addition, if we fail to effectively use distributors or contract sales agents for distribution of our products where appropriate, our revenue and profitability would be adversely affected.

Our marketing strategy is dependent on collaboration with physician “thought leaders.”

Our research and development efforts and our marketing strategy depend heavily on obtaining support, physician training assistance, and collaboration from highly regarded physicians at leading commercial and research hospitals, particularly in the U.S. and Europe. If we are unable to gain and/or maintain such support, training services, and collaboration or if the reputation or standing of these physicians is impaired or otherwise adversely affected, our ability to market our products and, as a result, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow could be materially and adversely affected.

Physicians may not commit enough time to sufficiently learn our system.

In order for physicians to learn to use the robotic magnetic navigation system, they must attend structured training sessions in order to familiarize themselves with a sophisticated user interface and they must be committed to learning the technology. Further, physicians must utilize the technology on a regular basis to ensure they maintain the skill set necessary to use the interface. Continued market acceptance could be delayed by lack of physician willingness to attend training sessions, by the time required to complete this training, or by state or institutional restrictions on our ability to provide training. An inability to train a sufficient number of physicians to generate adequate demand for our products could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and cash flow.

Customers may choose to purchase competing products and not ours.

Our products must compete with traditional interventional methods. These methods are widely accepted in the medical community, have a long history of use and do not require the purchase of an additional expensive piece of capital equipment. In addition, many of the medical conditions that can be treated using our products can also be treated with pharmaceuticals or other medical devices and procedures. Many of these alternative treatments are also widely accepted in the medical community and have a long history of use.

We also face competition from companies that are developing robotic technologies for electrophysiology and non-electrophysiology interventional procedures. We are aware of three companies that commercialized endovascular catheter navigation systems which have been cleared by the FDA for electrophysiology procedures as well as two companies with electromagnetic catheter navigation systems that received CE Mark approval in Europe. None of these companies seem to be active with any current commercial activities. Outside of electrophysiology, there are at least two companies that have commercialized robotic systems for guidewire manipulation and can be viewed as potential competitors as we look to address additional clinical applications.

We face competition from companies that are developing drugs, gene or cellular therapies or other medical devices or procedures to treat the conditions for which our products are intended. The medical device and pharmaceutical industries make significant investments in research and development, and innovation is rapid and continuous. Other companies in the medical device industry continue to develop new devices and technologies for traditional interventional methods.

If these or other new products or technologies emerge that provide the same or superior benefits as our products at equal or lesser cost, it could render our products obsolete or unmarketable. In addition, the presence of other competitors may cause potential customers to delay their purchasing decisions, resulting in a longer than expected sales cycle, even if they do not choose our competitors’ products. We cannot be certain that physicians will use our products to replace or supplement established treatments or that our products will be competitive with current or future products and technologies.

Many of our other competitors also have longer operating histories, significantly greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources, greater name recognition and a larger base of customers than we do. In addition, as the markets for medical devices develop, additional competitors could enter the market. We cannot assure you that we will be able to compete successfully against existing or new competitors. Our revenue would be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and market products that are more effective and less expensive than our products.

If the magnetic fields generated by our system are not compatible with, or interfere with, other widely used equipment in the interventional labs, sales of our products would be negatively affected.

Our robotic magnetic navigation system generates magnetic fields that directly govern the motion of the internal, or working, tip of disposable interventional devices. If other equipment in the interventional labs or elsewhere in a hospital is incompatible with the magnetic fields generated by our system, or if our system interferes with such equipment, we may be required to install additional shielding, which may be expensive and which may not solve the problem. If magnetic interference becomes a significant issue at targeted institutions, it would increase our installation costs at those institutions and could limit the number of hospitals that would be willing to purchase and install our systems, either of which would adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow.

The use of our products could result in product liability claims that could be expensive, divert management’s attention, and harm our reputation and business.

Our business exposes us to significant risks of product liability claims. The medical device industry has historically been litigious, and we could face product liability claims if the use of our products were to cause injury or death. The coverage limits of our product liability insurance policies may not be adequate to cover future claims, and we may be unable to maintain product liability insurance in the future at satisfactory rates or adequate amounts. A product liability claim, regardless of its merit or eventual outcome, could divert management’s attention, and result in significant legal defense costs, significant harm to our reputation and a decline in revenue.

We have incurred substantial losses in the past and may not be profitable in the future.

We have incurred substantial net losses since inception, including incurring an accumulated deficit of $517.0 million as of December 31, 2022, and we expect to incur losses into the future as we continue the commercialization of our products. Moreover, the extent of our future losses and the timing of profitability are highly uncertain. Although we have achieved operating profitability during certain quarters, we may not achieve profitable operations on an annual basis, and if we achieve profitable operations, we may not sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. If we require more time than we expect to generate significant revenue and achieve annual profitability, or if we are unable to sustain profitability once achieved, we may not be able to continue our operations. Our failure to achieve annual profitability or sustain profitability on an annual or quarterly basis could negatively impact the market price of our common stock. Furthermore, even if we achieve significant revenue, we may choose to pursue a strategy of increasing market penetration and presence or expand or accelerate new product development or clinical research activities at the expense of profitability.

Our reliance on contract manufacturers and on suppliers, and in some cases, a single supplier, could harm our ability to meet demand for our products in a timely manner or within budget.

We depend on contract manufacturers to produce and assemble certain of the components of our systems and other products such as our electrophysiology catheter advancement device and other disposable devices. We also depend on various third-party suppliers for the magnets we use in our robotic magnetic navigation system and certain components of our Odyssey Solution. In addition, some of the components necessary for the assembly of our products are currently provided to us by a single supplier, including the magnets for our robotic magnetic navigation system and certain components of our Odyssey Solution, and we generally do not maintain large volumes of inventory. Our reliance on these third parties involves a number of risks, including, among other things, the risk that:

If any of these risks materialize, it could significantly increase our costs and impair product delivery.

Lead times for materials and components ordered by us and our contract manufacturers vary and depend on factors such as the specific supplier, contract terms and demand for a component at a given time. We, and our contract manufacturers, acquire materials, complete standard subassemblies and assemble fully configured systems based on sales forecasts. If orders do not match forecasts, we, as well as our contract manufacturers, may have excess or inadequate inventory of materials and components.

In addition, if these manufacturers or suppliers stop providing us with the components or services necessary for the operation of our business, we may not be able to identify alternate sources in a timely fashion. Any transition to alternate manufacturers or suppliers would likely result in operational problems and increased expenses and could delay the shipment of or limit our ability to provide our products. We cannot assure you that we would be able to enter into agreements with new manufacturers or suppliers on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Additionally, obtaining components from a new supplier may require a new or supplemental filing with applicable regulatory authorities and clearance or approval of the filing before we could resume product sales. Any disruptions in product flow may harm our ability to generate revenue, lead to customer dissatisfaction, damage our reputation and result in additional costs or cancellation of orders by our customers.

We rely on other parties to manufacture our Model S x-ray system and a number of disposable interventional devices for use with our robotic magnetic navigation system. If these parties cannot or do not manufacture sufficient quantities to meet customer demand, or if their manufacturing processes are disrupted, our revenue and profitability would be adversely affected.

Risks associated with international manufacturing and trade could negatively impact the availability and cost of our products because materials used to manufacture our magnets, one of our key system components, are sourced from overseas.

We purchase the permanent magnets for our robotic magnetic system from a manufacturer that uses material produced in Japan, and we anticipate that a certain amount of the production work for these magnets will be performed for this manufacturer in China. Given the complex relationships between China and the U.S., political, diplomatic, military, or other events could result in business disruptions, including increased regulatory enforcement against companies, tariffs, trade embargoes, and export restrictions relating to this production work. For example, in 2020, the U.S. government amended the Entity List rules to expand the requirement to obtain a license prior to the export of certain technologies. In addition, in 2020, a new U.S. regulation sought to prohibit the U.S. government from contracting with companies who use the products or services of certain Chinese companies. While we believe that these regulations do not materially impact our business at this time, we cannot predict the impact that additional regulatory changes may have on our business in the future, which could adversely affect our business operations in China, or may otherwise limit our ability to offer our products and services in China and other parts of the world. In addition, our subcontractor may purchase magnets for our disposable interventional devices directly from a manufacturer in Japan. The relationships with these manufacturers and suppliers are generally on a purchase order basis and do not provide a contractual obligation to provide adequate supply or acceptable pricing on a long-term basis. These vendors could discontinue sourcing or supplying these magnets at any time. If any of our significant vendors were to discontinue their relationship with us or with our subcontractor, or if the factories were to suffer a disruption in their production, we may be unable to replace the vendors in a timely manner, which could result in short-term disruption to our supply of magnets as we transition our orders to new vendors or factories which could, in turn, cause a significant increase in price or a disruption of imports, including the imposition of import restrictions, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The flow of components from our vendors could also be adversely affected by financial or political instability or travel restrictions or bans in any of the countries in which the goods we purchase are manufactured, if the instability or restriction affects the production or export of product components from those countries. Trade restrictions in the form of tariffs or quotas, or both, could also affect the importation of those product components and could increase the cost and reduce the supply of products available to us. For example, previous administrations implemented, or considered the imposition of, tariffs on certain foreign goods, and we cannot predict the ongoing status of tariffs or any further potential legislation or actions taken by the U.S. federal government that restrict trade, such as additional tariffs, trade barriers, and other protectionist or retaliatory measures taken by governments in Europe, Asia, and other countries, could adversely impact our ability to sell products and services, which could increase the cost of our products and the components and raw materials that go into making them. Countries may also adopt other protectionist measures that could limit our ability to offer our products and services. In addition, decreases in the value of the U.S. dollar against foreign currencies, or significant price increase from these suppliers, could increase the cost of products we purchase from overseas vendors.

We may encounter problems at our manufacturing facilities or those of our subcontractors or otherwise experience manufacturing delays that could result in lost revenue.

We subcontract all or part of the manufacture and assembly of components of our products and devices. The products we design may not satisfy all of the performance requirements of our customers and we may need to improve or modify the design or ask our subcontractors to modify their production process in order to do so. In addition, we, or our subcontractors, may experience quality problems, substantial costs and unexpected delays related to efforts to upgrade and expand manufacturing, assembly and testing capabilities. If we incur delays due to quality problems or other unexpected events, our revenue may be impacted.

Our growth may place a significant strain on our resources, and if we fail to manage our growth, our ability to develop, market, and sell our products will be harmed.

Our business plan contemplates a period of substantial growth and business activity. This growth and activity will likely result in new and increased responsibilities for management personnel and place significant strain upon our operating and financial systems and resources. To accommodate our growth and compete effectively, we will be required to improve our information systems, create additional procedures and controls and expand, train, motivate and manage our work force. We cannot be certain that our personnel, systems, procedures, and controls will be adequate to support our future operations. Any failure to effectively manage our growth could impede our ability to successfully develop, market, and sell our products.

Risks Relating to Technology and Intellectual Property Matters

The rate of technological innovation of our products might not keep pace with the rest of the market.

The rate of innovation for the market in which our products compete is fast-paced and requires significant resources and innovation. If other products and technologies are developed that compete with, or may compete with, our products, it could be difficult for us to maintain our advantages associated with being an early developer of this technology. Likewise, the innovation and development cycle of competitors may impact our research and development efforts and ultimately, commercial adoption of viable research and development efforts. In addition, connectivity with other devices in the electrophysiology lab is a key driver of value. If the Company is not able to continue to commit sufficient resources to ensure that its products are compatible with other products within the electrophysiology lab, this could have a negative impact on revenue.

Security breaches and other disruptions to our information technology infrastructure could interfere with our operations, compromise confidential information, and expose us to liability which could materially adversely impact our business and reputation.

Security breaches and other disruptions to our information technology infrastructure could interfere with our operations; compromise information belonging to us, our employees, customers, and suppliers; and expose us to liability which could adversely impact our business and reputation. In the ordinary course of business, we rely on information technology networks and systems, some of which are managed by third parties, to process, transmit, and store electronic information, and to manage or support a variety of business processes and activities. Additionally, we collect and store certain data, including proprietary business information and customer and employee data, and may have access to confidential or personal information in certain of our businesses that is subject to privacy and security laws, regulations, and customer-imposed controls. Despite our cyber security measures (including employee and third-party training, use of user names and passwords for access to information technology systems, monitoring of networks and systems, and maintenance of backup and protective systems) which are continuously reviewed and upgraded, our information technology networks and infrastructure may still be vulnerable to damage, disruptions, or shutdowns due to attack by hackers, breaches, employee error or malfeasance, power outages, computer viruses, telecommunication or utility failures, systems failures, war or other military conflicts, natural disasters, or other catastrophic events. We have programs in place to detect, contain, and respond to data security incidents, and we continually make improvements to our networks and systems in order to minimize or eliminate vulnerabilities. However, because the techniques used to exploit systems change frequently and can be difficult to detect, we may not be able to prevent these intrusions or mitigate them when and if they occur. Additionally, we rely on some information technology networks and systems managed by third parties, and we rely on these third parties to deploy appropriate measures to protect their systems and networks. Vulnerabilities in their systems could compromise the security of our own infrastructure. Any such events could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability or penalties under privacy laws, disruption in operations, and damage to our reputation, which could materially adversely affect our business. While we have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, these types of threats to our information technology networks and infrastructure, to date none of these threats has had a material impact on our business or operations.

We may be unable to protect our technology from use by third parties, which may allow them to compete with us and harm our business.

Our commercial success depends in part on obtaining patent and other intellectual property right protection for the technologies contained in our products and on successfully defending these rights against third party challenges. The patent positions of medical device companies, including ours, can be highly uncertain and involve complex and evolving legal and factual questions. We cannot assure you that we will obtain the patent protection we seek, that any protection we do obtain will be found valid and enforceable if challenged or that it will confer any significant commercial advantage. U.S. patents and patent applications may also be subject to interference proceedings and U.S. patents may be subject to re-examination proceedings in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, and foreign patents may be subject to opposition or comparable proceedings in the corresponding foreign patent office, which proceedings could result in either loss of the patent, or denial of the patent application, or loss or reduction in the scope of one or more of the claims of the patent or patent application. In addition, such interference, re-examination, and opposition proceedings may be costly. Thus, any patents that we own or license from others may not provide any protection against competitors. Our pending patent applications, those we may file in the future, or those we may license from third parties may not result in patents being issued and certain foreign patent applications for medical related devices and methods may be found unpatentable. If issued, they may not provide us with proprietary protection or competitive advantages against competitors with similar technology.

Some of our technology was developed in conjunction with third parties, and thus there is a risk that a third party may claim rights in our intellectual property. Outside the U.S., we rely on third-party payment services for the payment of foreign patent annuities and other fees. Non-payment or delay in payment of such fees, whether intentional or unintentional, may result in loss of patents or patent rights important to our business. Many countries, including certain countries in Europe, have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner may be compelled to grant licenses to third parties (for example, the patent owner has failed to “work” the invention in that country, or the third party has patented improvements). In addition, many countries limit the enforceability of patents against government agencies or government contractors. In these countries, the patent owner may have limited remedies, which could materially diminish the value of the patent. We also cannot assure you that we will be able to develop additional patentable technologies. If we fail to obtain adequate patent protection for our technology, or if any protection we obtain becomes limited or invalidated, others may be able to make and sell competing products, impairing our competitive position.

Our trade secrets, nondisclosure agreements and other contractual provisions to protect unpatented technology provide only limited and possibly inadequate protection of our rights. As a result, third parties may be able to use our unpatented technology, and our ability to compete in the market would be reduced. In addition, employees, consultants and others who participate in developing our products or in commercial relationships with us may breach their agreements with us regarding our intellectual property, and we may not have adequate remedies for the breach.

Our competitors may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or products that are equal or superior to our technology and products without infringing any of our patent or other intellectual property rights, or may design around our proprietary technologies. Our competitors may acquire similar or even the same technology components that are utilized in our current offering eroding some differentiation in the marketplace. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent, as do the laws of the U.S., particularly in the field of medical products and procedures.

Third parties may assert that we are infringing their intellectual property rights, and any defense of such assertions may be unsuccessful and expensive, even if we are successful.

Successfully commercializing our products depends in part on not infringing patents held by third parties. It is possible that one or more of our products, including those that we have developed in conjunction with third parties, infringes existing patents. We may also be liable for patent infringement by third parties whose products we use or combine with our own and for which we have no right to indemnification. In addition, because patent applications are maintained under conditions of confidentiality and can take many years to issue, there may be applications now pending of which we are unaware and which may later result in issued patents that our products infringe. Determining whether a product infringes a patent involves complex legal and factual issues and may not become clear until finally determined by a court in litigation. Our competitors may assert that our products infringe patents held by them. Moreover, as the number of competitors in our market grows the possibility of a patent infringement claim against us increases. If we were unsuccessful in obtaining a license or redesigning our products, we could be subject to litigation. If we lose in this kind of litigation, a court could require us to pay substantial damages or prohibit us from using technologies essential to our products covered by third-party patents. An inability to use technologies essential to our products would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow and could undermine our ability to continue our current business operations.

Expensive intellectual property litigation is frequent in the medical device industry and may cause to incur substantial expenses to defend.

Infringement actions, validity challenges and other intellectual property claims and proceedings, whether with or without merit, can be expensive and time-consuming and would divert management’s attention from our business. We have incurred, and expect to continue to incur, substantial costs in obtaining patents and may have to incur substantial costs defending our proprietary rights. Incurring such costs could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow.

We may not be able to maintain all the licenses or rights from third parties necessary for the development, manufacture, or marketing of new and existing products.

As we develop additional products and improve or maintain existing products, we may find it advisable or necessary to seek licenses or otherwise make payments in exchange for rights from third parties who hold patents covering certain technology. If we cannot obtain or maintain the desired licenses or rights for any of our products, we could be forced to try to design around those patents at additional cost or abandon the product altogether, which could adversely affect revenue and results of operations. If we have to abandon a product, our ability to develop and grow our business in new directions and markets would be adversely affected.

Our products and related technologies can be applied in different medical applications, and we may fail to focus on the most profitable areas.

The robotic magnetic navigation system is designed to have the potential for expanded applications beyond electrophysiology and interventional cardiology, including congestive heart failure, structural heart repair, interventional neurosurgery, interventional neuroradiology, peripheral vascular, pulmonology, urology, gynecology and gastrointestinal medicine. However, we have limited financial and managerial resources and, therefore, may be required to focus on products in selected industries and sites and to forego efforts with regard to other products and industries. Our decisions may not produce viable commercial products and may divert our resources from more profitable market opportunities. Moreover, we may devote resources to developing products in these additional areas but may be unable to justify the value proposition or otherwise develop a commercial market for products we develop in these areas, if any. In that case, the return on investment in these additional areas may be limited, which could negatively affect our results of operations.

We may be subject to damages resulting from claims that our employees or we have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers.

Many of our employees were previously employed at hospitals, universities or other medical device companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. We could, in the future, be subject to claims that these employees or we have used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of their former employers. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management. Incurring such costs could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow.

Software errors or other defects may be discovered in our products and the resulting performance issues may damage our business and our reputation in the industry in which we operate.

Our products incorporate many components, including sophisticated computer software. Complex software frequently contains errors, especially when first introduced. Because our products are designed to be used to perform complex interventional procedures, we expect that physicians and hospitals will have an increased sensitivity to the potential for software defects. We cannot assure you that our software or other components will not experience errors or performance problems in the future. If we experience software errors or performance problems, we would likely also experience:

Risks Related to Regulatory and Legal Matters

If we or the parties in our strategic collaborations fail to obtain or maintain necessary FDA clearances or approvals for our medical device products, or if such clearances or approvals are delayed, we will be unable to continue to commercially distribute and market our products.

Our products are medical devices that are subject to extensive regulation in the U.S. and in foreign countries where we do business. Each medical device that we wish to market in the U.S. must be designated as exempt from premarket approval or notification, or first receive either a 510(k) clearance, de novo approval, or a pre-market approval, or PMA, from the U.S. FDA pursuant to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or FD&C Act. The FDA’s 510(k) clearance process usually takes from four to 12 months, but it can take longer. The process of obtaining PMA approval is much more costly, lengthy, and uncertain, generally taking from one to three years or even longer. Although we have 510(k) clearance for many of our products, including disposable interventional devices, and we are able to market these products commercially in the U.S., our business model relies significantly on revenue from new disposable interventional devices, some of which may not achieve FDA clearance or approval. We cannot assure you that any of our devices will not be required to undergo the lengthier and more burdensome PMA process. We cannot commercially market any disposable interventional devices in the U.S. until the necessary clearances or approvals from the FDA have been received. In addition, we are working with third parties to co-develop disposable products. In some cases, these companies are responsible for obtaining appropriate regulatory clearance or approval to market these disposable devices. If these clearances or approvals are not received or are substantially delayed or if we are not able to offer a sufficient array of approved disposable interventional devices, we may not be able to successfully market our system to as many institutions as we currently expect, which could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow.

Furthermore, obtaining 510(k) clearances, de novo approvals, PMAs or PMA supplement approvals, from the FDA could result in unexpected and significant costs for us and consume management’s time and other resources. The FDA could ask us to revise or supplement our submissions, collect non-clinical data, conduct clinical trials or engage in other time-consuming actions, or it could simply deny our applications. In addition, even if we obtain a 510(k) clearance, de novo approvals, or PMA or PMA supplement approval, the clearance or approval could be revoked or other restrictions imposed if post-market data demonstrates safety issues or lack of effectiveness. We cannot predict with certainty how, or when, the FDA will act on our marketing applications. If we are unable to obtain the necessary regulatory approvals, our financial condition and cash flow may be adversely affected. Also, a failure to obtain approvals may limit our ability to grow domestically and internationally.

If our strategic collaborations elect not to or we fail to obtain regulatory approvals in other countries for products under development, we will not be able to commercialize these products in those countries.

In order to market our products outside of the U.S., we and our strategic collaborations or distributors must establish and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements of other countries regarding safety and efficacy. Approval procedures vary among countries and can involve additional product testing and additional administrative review periods. The time required to obtain approval in other countries might differ from that required to obtain FDA approval. The regulatory approval process in other countries may include all of the risks detailed above regarding FDA approval in the U.S. Regulatory approval in one country does not ensure regulatory approval in another, but a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one country may negatively impact the regulatory process in others. Failure to obtain regulatory approval in other countries or any delay or setback in obtaining such approval could have the same adverse effects described above regarding FDA approval in the U.S. In addition, we may rely on our distributors and strategic collaborations, in some instances, to assist us in this regulatory approval process in countries outside the U.S. and Europe, for example, in Japan.

We may fail to comply with continuing regulatory requirements of the FDA and other authorities and become subject to enforcement action, which may include substantial penalties.

Even after product clearance or approval, we must comply with continuing regulation by the FDA and other authorities, including the FDA’s Quality System Regulation, or QSR, requirements, labeling and promotional requirements and medical device adverse event and other reporting requirements. Any failure to comply with continuing regulation by the FDA or other authorities could result in enforcement action that may include suspension or withdrawal of regulatory approvals, recalling products, ceasing product manufacture and/or marketing, seizure and detention of products, paying significant fines and penalties, criminal prosecution and similar actions that could limit product sales, delay product shipment and harm our profitability. Congress could amend the FD&C Act, and the FDA could modify its regulations promulgated under this law or its policies in a way to make ongoing regulatory compliance more burdensome and difficult.

Additionally, any modification to an FDA 510(k) cleared or de novo-approved device that could significantly affect its safety or effectiveness, or that would constitute a major change in its intended use, requires a new 510(k) clearance. Modifications to a PMA approved device or its labeling may require either a new PMA or PMA supplement approval, which could be a costly and lengthy process. In addition, if we are unable to obtain approval for key applications, we may face product market adoption barriers that we cannot overcome. In the future, we may modify our products after they have received clearance or approval, and we may determine that new clearance or approval is unnecessary. We cannot assure you that the FDA would agree with any of our decisions not to seek new clearance or approval. If the FDA requires us to seek clearance or approval for any modification that we determined to not require clearance or approval in the first instance, we could be subject to enforcement sanctions and we also may be required to cease marketing or recall the modified product until we obtain FDA clearance or approval which could also limit product sales, delay product shipment and harm our profitability.

In many foreign countries in which we market our products, we are subject to regulations affecting, among other things, product standards, packaging requirements, labeling requirements, import restrictions, tariff regulations, duties and tax requirements. Many of these regulations are similar to those of the FDA or other U.S. regulations. In addition, in many countries the national health or social security organizations require our products to be qualified before procedures performed using our products become eligible for reimbursement. Failure to receive, or delays in the receipt of, relevant foreign qualifications could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Due to the movement toward harmonization of standards in Europe, we expect a changing regulatory environment characterized by a shift from a country-by-country regulatory system to a Europe-wide single regulatory system. We cannot predict the timing of this harmonization and its effect on us. Adapting our business to changing regulatory systems could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. If we fail to comply with applicable foreign regulatory requirements, we may be subject to fines, suspension, or withdrawal of regulatory approvals, product recalls, seizure of products, operating restrictions and criminal prosecution.

In addition, we are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, anti-bribery, antitrust and anti-competition laws, and similar laws in foreign countries. Any violation of these laws by our distributors or agents or by us could create a substantial liability for us and also cause a loss of reputation in the market. From time to time, we may face audits or investigations by one or more government agencies, compliance with which could be costly and time-consuming, and could divert our management and key personnel from our business operations. An adverse outcome under any such investigation or audit could subject us to fines or other penalties, which could adversely affect our business and financial results.

Our suppliers, subcontractors, or we may fail to comply with the FDA quality system regulation or other quality standards.

Our manufacturing processes must comply with the FDA’s QSR, which covers the methods and documentation of the design, testing, production, control, quality assurance, labeling, packaging and shipping of our products. The FDA enforces the QSR through inspections. We cannot assure you that we or our suppliers or subcontractors would pass such an inspection. The European Union recently adopted new EN ISO 13485:2016 standards, and we have been certified to these standards. If we or our suppliers or subcontractors fail to comply with the FDA regulation or EN ISO 13485:2016 standards, we or they may be required to cease all or part of our operations for some period of time until we or they can demonstrate that appropriate steps have been taken to comply with such standards or face other enforcement action, such as a public warning letter, untitled letter, fines, injunctions, civil penalties, seizures, operating restrictions, partial suspension or total shutdown of production, refusing requests for 510(k) clearance, de novo petitions, or PMA approval of new products, withdrawing 510(k) clearance, de novo approvals, or PMA approvals already granted, and/or criminal prosecution. We cannot be certain that our facilities or those of our suppliers or subcontractors will comply with the FDA or EN ISO 13485:2016 standards in future audits by regulatory authorities. Failure to pass such an inspection could force a shutdown of manufacturing operations, a recall of our products or the imposition of other enforcement sanctions, which would significantly harm our revenue and profitability. Further, we cannot assure you that our key component suppliers are or will continue to be in compliance with applicable regulatory requirements and quality standards and will not encounter any manufacturing difficulties. Any failure to comply with the FDA’s QSR or EN ISO 13485:2016, by us or our suppliers, could significantly harm our available inventory and product sales. Further, any failure to comply with FDA’s QSR, by us or our suppliers, could result in the FDA refusing requests for and/or delays in 510(k) clearance, de novo approval, or PMA approval of new products.

If we fail to comply with health care regulations, we could face substantial penalties and our business, operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

While we do not control referrals of health care services or bill directly to Medicare, Medicaid or other third-party payors, many health care laws and regulations apply to our business. We are subject to health care fraud and patient privacy regulation by the federal government, the states in which we conduct our business, and internationally. The regulations that may affect our ability to operate include:

If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any other governmental laws or regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, loss of reimbursement for our products under federal or state government health programs such as Medicare and Medicaid and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. Any penalties, damages, fines, curtailment, or restructuring of our operations could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our financial results. The risk of our being found in violation of these laws is increased by the fact that many of them have not been fully interpreted by the regulatory authorities or the courts, and their provisions are open to a variety of interpretations. Any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expense and divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business. Moreover, to achieve compliance with applicable federal and state privacy, security, and electronic transaction laws, we may be required to modify our operations with respect to the handling of patient information. Implementing these modifications may prove costly. At this time, we are not able to determine the full consequences to us, including the total cost of compliance, of these various federal and state laws.

Healthcare policy changes, including the potential repeal or amendment of any existing legislation, may have a material adverse effect on us.

In response to perceived increases in health care costs in recent years, there have been and continues to be proposals by the federal administration, members of Congress, state governments, regulators and third-party payors to control these costs and, more generally, to reform the U.S. healthcare system.

Decisions by both the federal and state governments on funding priorities for various healthcare programs impact the finances of our customers on an ongoing and recurring basis. Such decisions may impact purchasing decisions of a customer.

Changes to, or repeal of, the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), which different administrations and certain members of Congress have affirmatively indicated that they will pursue, could materially and adversely affect our business and financial position, and results of operations. Even if the PPACA is not amended or repealed, the administration could propose changes impacting implementation of the PPACA, which could materially and adversely affect our financial position or operations. However, we cannot currently predict the content, timing or impact that any such future legislation will have on our business.

The application of state certificate of need regulations and compliance by our customers with federal and state licensing or other international requirements could substantially limit our ability to sell our products and grow our business.

Some states require health care providers to obtain a certificate of need or similar regulatory approval prior to the acquisition of high-cost capital items such as our products. In many cases, a limited number of these certificates are available. As a result of this limited availability, hospitals and other health care providers may be unable to obtain a certificate of need for the purchase of our systems. Further, the sales and installation cycle of our robotic magnetic navigation systems may be longer in certificate of need states due to the time it takes our customers to obtain the required approvals. In addition, our customers must meet various federal and state regulatory and/or accreditation requirements in order to receive payments from government-sponsored health care programs such as Medicare and Medicaid, receive full reimbursement from third party payors, and maintain their customers. Our international customers may be required to meet similar or other requirements. Any lapse by our customers in maintaining appropriate licensure, certification or accreditation, or the failure of our customers to satisfy the other necessary requirements under government-sponsored health care programs or other requirements could cause our sales to decline.

Hospitals or physicians may be unable to obtain reimbursement from third-party payors for procedures using our products, or reimbursement for procedures may be insufficient to recoup the costs of purchasing our products.

We expect that U.S. hospitals will continue to bill various third-party payors, such as Medicare, Medicaid and other government programs and private insurance plans, for procedures performed with our products, including the costs of the disposable interventional devices used in these procedures. If, in the future, our disposable interventional devices do not fall within U.S. reimbursement categories and our procedures are not reimbursed, or if the reimbursement is insufficient to cover the costs of purchasing our system and related disposable interventional devices, the adoption of our systems and products would be significantly slowed or halted, and we may be unable to generate sufficient sales to support our business. Our success in international markets also depends upon the eligibility of our products for reimbursement through government-sponsored health care payment systems and third-party payors. In both the U.S. and foreign markets, health care cost-containment efforts are prevalent and are expected to continue. These efforts could reduce levels of reimbursement available for procedures involving our products and, therefore, reduce overall demand for our products as well. A failure to generate sufficient sales could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow.

Our costs could substantially increase if we receive a significant number of warranty claims or have other significant, uninsured liabilities.

We generally warrant each of our products against defects in materials and workmanship for a period of 12 months following the installation of our system. If product returns or warranty claims increase, we could incur unanticipated additional expenditures for parts and service. In addition, our reputation and goodwill in the interventional lab market could be damaged. Unforeseen warranty exposure in excess of our established reserves for liabilities associated with product warranties could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow.

Moreover, for certain risks, we do not maintain insurance coverage because of cost and/or availability. In addition, in the future, we may not continue to maintain certain existing insurance coverage or adequate levels of coverage. Premiums for many types of insurance have increased significantly in recent years and, depending on market conditions and our circumstances, in the future, certain types of insurance, such as directors’ and officers’ insurance, may not be available on acceptable terms or at all. Because we retain some portion of our insurable risks and, in some cases, we are entirely self-insured, unforeseen or catastrophic losses in excess of insurance coverage could require us to pay substantial amounts, which may have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

Our principal stockholders continue to own a large percentage of our voting stock, and they have the ability to substantially influence matters requiring stockholder approval.

Certain of our directors and individuals or entities affiliated with them as well as other principal stockholders beneficially own or control a substantial percentage of the outstanding shares of our common stock. Accordingly, these stockholders acting as a group, will have substantial influence over the outcome of corporate actions requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors, any merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets or any other significant corporate transaction. These stockholders may also delay or prevent a change of control, even if such a change of control would benefit our other stockholders. This significant concentration of stock ownership may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock due to investors’ perception that conflicts of interest may exist or arise.

Future issuances of our securities could dilute current stockholders’ ownership.

As of December 31, 2022, we had 5.6 million shares of our common stock issuable upon conversion of our Series B Convertible Preferred Stock and 47.4 million shares of our common stock issuable upon conversion of our Series A Convertible Preferred Stock. Our Series A Convertible Preferred Stock bears dividends at a rate of six percent (6.0%) per annum, which are cumulative and accrue daily from the date of issuance on the $1,000 stated value. Such dividends will not be paid in cash, except in connection with any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company or any redemption of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock. Instead, the value of the accrued dividends is added to the liquidation preference of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and will increase the number of shares of common stock issuable upon conversion, which will dilute the ownership of our common stockholders.

In addition, a significant number of shares of our common stock are subject to issuance under our existing stock incentive plans and we may request the ability to issue additional such securities. We may also decide to raise additional funds through public or private debt or equity financing to fund our operations. While we cannot predict the effect, if any, that future sales of debt, our common stock, other equity securities or securities exercisable for or convertible into our common stock or other equity securities or the availability of any of the foregoing for future sale, will have on the market price of our common stock, it is likely that sales of substantial amounts of our common stock (including shares issued upon the exercise of stock options and stock appreciation rights, the vesting of the CEO Performance Share Unit Award and restricted stock units, or the conversion of any convertible securities outstanding now or in the future, including the Series A and Series B Convertible Preferred Stock), will dilute the ownership of our existing stockholders and that the perception that such sales could occur, will adversely affect prevailing market prices for our common stock.

Further, the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock rank senior to our common stock as to distributions and payments upon the liquidation, dissolution and winding up of the Company. No such distributions or payments upon the liquidation, dissolution and winding up of the Company may be made to holders of common stock unless and until the holders of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock have received the stated value of $1,000 per share plus any accrued and unpaid dividends. Until all Series A Convertible Preferred Stock have been converted or redeemed, no dividends may be paid on the common stock without the express written consent of the holders of a majority of the outstanding Series A Convertible Preferred Stock. In the event that dividends or other distributions of assets are made or paid by the Company to the holders of the common stock, the holders of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock are entitled to participate in such dividend or distribution on an as-converted basis. Any such distributions or payments upon the liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company may dilute the ownership interests of our existing stockholders.

We have never paid dividends on our common stock, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

We have paid no cash dividends on any of our classes of common stock to date and we currently intend to retain our future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be an investor’s sole source of gain for the foreseeable future.

Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, Delaware law, and one of our collaboration agreements contain provisions that could discourage a takeover.

Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws and Delaware law contain provisions that might enable our management to resist a takeover. These provisions may:

Evolving regulation of corporate governance and public disclosure may result in additional expenses and continuing uncertainty.

Changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure, including SEC regulations such as the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act have in the past created uncertainty for public companies. We continue to evaluate and monitor developments with respect to new and proposed rules and cannot predict or estimate the amount of the additional compliance costs we may incur or the timing of such costs. These new or changed laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by courts and regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices. Maintaining appropriate standards of corporate governance and public disclosure may result in increased general and administrative expense and a diversion of management time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities. In addition, if we fail to comply with new or changed laws, regulations and standards, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us and our business and reputation may be harmed.

Our future operating results may be below securities analysts’ or investors’ expectations, which could cause our stock price to decline.

The revenue and income potential of our products and our business model are unproven, and we may be unable to generate significant revenue or grow at the rate expected by securities analysts or investors. In addition, our costs may be higher than we, securities analysts, or investors expect. If we fail to generate sufficient revenue or our costs are higher than we expect, our results of operations will suffer, which in turn could cause our stock price to decline. Our results of operations will depend upon numerous factors, including:

Our operating results in any particular period may not be a reliable indication of our future performance. In some future quarters, our operating results may be below the expectations of securities analysts or investors. If this occurs the price of our common stock will likely decline.

We expect that the price of our common stock could fluctuate substantially, possibly resulting in class action securities litigation.

While our common stock is traded on the NYSE American Market, trading volume may be limited or sporadic. The market price of our common stock has experienced, and may continue to experience, substantial volatility. During 2022, our common stock traded between $1.55 and $7.22 per share, on trading volume ranging from approximately 42,900 to 5.9 million shares per day. The market price of our common stock will be affected by a number of factors, including:

These factors, as well as general economic, credit, political and market conditions, may materially adversely affect the market price of our common stock. As with the stock of many other public companies, the market price of our common stock has been particularly volatile during the recent period of upheaval in the capital markets and world economy. This excessive volatility may continue for an extended period of time following the filing date of this report. Furthermore, the stock prices of many companies in the medical device industry have experienced wide fluctuations that have often been unrelated to the operating performance of these companies. Volatility in the price of our common stock on the NYSE American Market may depress the trading price of our common stock, which could, among other things, allow a potential acquirer of the Company to purchase a significant amount of our common stock at low prices. In addition, the volatility of our stock price could lead to class action securities litigation being filed against us, which could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management resources, which could significantly harm our business.

If we fail to continue to meet all applicable NYSE American Market requirements and the NYSE American determines to delist our common stock, the delisting could adversely affect the market liquidity of our common stock, which would impair the value of your investment and ultimately harm our business by limiting our access to equity markets for capital raising.

Our common stock is currently listed on the NYSE American Market. We currently meet the continued listing standards of NYSE American. However, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to continue to comply with the required standards in order to maintain a listing of our common stock on the NYSE American. If we fail to continue to meet all applicable NYSE American requirements in the future and the NYSE American determines to delist our common stock, the delisting could adversely affect the market liquidity of our common stock, which would adversely affect our ability to obtain financing for the continuation of our operations, as a result, harming our business. This delisting could also impair the value of your investment.

Risks Related to the February 2021 CEO Performance Stock Unit Grant

We will incur significant additional stock-based compensation expense over the term of the CEO Performance Award regardless of whether or not any of the milestones are achieved.

As described in Note 10 of the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K, on February 23, 2021, the Company`s Board of Directors, upon recommendation of the Compensation Committee, approved the grant of the Performance Share Unit Award (“CEO Performance Award”) pursuant to the CEO Performance Share Unit Award Agreement (the “PSU Agreement”), to David L. Fischel, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer. Under the terms of the PSU Agreement, the Company will incur significant additional stock-based compensation expense over the term of the award regardless of whether or not any of the milestones are achieved as the probability of meeting the ten market capitalization milestones is not considered in determining the timing of expense recognition. The expense will be recognized on an accelerated basis through 2030. Total stock-based compensation recorded as operating expense for the CEO Performance Award was $7.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had approximately $44.1 million of total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense remaining under the CEO Performance Award if Mr. Fischel continues to serve as CEO, or in a similar capacity, through 2030. This additional stock-based compensation expense, incurred regardless of whether or not any milestones are achieved, increases the difficulty for the Company to achieve a profitable position as measured by generally accepted accounting principles.

Our stockholders may experience substantial dilution upon payout of shares under the CEO Performance Award.

If Mr. Fischel achieves all the milestones specified in the CEO Performance Award, by increasing the Company’s market capitalization to $5.5 billion for the specified period, he will receive 13,000,000 shares of common stock subject to the vesting requirements in the agreement. If (i) all 13,000,000 shares of common stock subject to the PSU Agreement were to become fully vested, outstanding and held by Mr. Fischel; (ii) all other shares of common stock and stock units held by Mr. Fischel were fully vested and were outstanding; (iii) estimated dilution as a result of potential exercises or conversions from existing grants to employees and non-employee directors and the outstanding convertible preferred stock were to be considered; and (iv) there were no other dilutive events of any kind, Mr. Fischel would beneficially own approximately 10% of the outstanding shares of Stereotaxis common stock after the dilutive events described above and without considering the impact of any other potential future dilutive events or the potential sale of stock required to pay taxes upon the vesting of the restricted stock units.

Certain provisions in the PSU Agreement may discourage a change in control of the Company even if such a transaction would otherwise be beneficial to our stockholders.

Under the terms of the CEO Performance Award, in the event of a change in control of the Company, the market capitalization formula will be modified to equal the total amount of consideration paid to all equity holders of the Company, with the number of shares to be issued pursuant to the CEO Performance Grant giving effect to such valuation. For all valuations above $1.0 billion in connection with a change in control, partial credit for the next following tranche shall be allocated pro rata based on the market capitalization in such change in control. Any vested shares upon such a change in control will vest and be paid at the time of the consummation of the change in control, and the service component of the CEO Performance Award will otherwise be disregarded. These terms may discourage potential business partners from pursuing a merger or acquisition, even if the merger or acquisition would be viewed favorably by, or be beneficial to, our other stockholders.

We are highly dependent on the services of Mr. Fischel, and our compensation package, including the CEO Performance Award, may fail to retain him.

Since assuming the role of CEO in February 2017, Mr. Fischel has revitalized the Company’s commercial capabilities, strengthened its financial position, and led the development of a robust innovation strategy, and stockholders have benefited substantially, with Stereotaxis’ stock appreciating substantially. However, between February 2017 and December 2020, Mr. Fischel served as CEO without drawing a salary or any other form of cash or equity compensation for his work as CEO, and currently his only compensation is an annual salary of $60,000, which is substantially below market. While the Board believes that the CEO Performance Award provides substantial future benefit to all its stockholders and incentivizes Mr. Fischel to serve as CEO for the long term, there is no assurance that Mr. Fischel will continue as CEO.

General Risk Factors

General economic conditions could materially adversely impact us.

Our operating performance is dependent upon economic conditions in the United States and in other countries in which we operate. Uncertainty about current global economic conditions and future global economic conditions may cause customers to delay purchasing or installation decisions or cancel existing orders. The robotic magnetic navigation systems, Model S x-ray System, and Odyssey Solution are typically purchased as part of a larger overall capital project and an economic downturn or the lack of a robust recovery might make it more difficult for our customers, including distributors, to obtain adequate financing to support the project or to obtain requisite approvals. Any delay in purchasing decisions or cancellation of purchasing commitments may result in a decrease in our revenues. A credit crisis could further affect our business if key suppliers are unable to obtain financing to manufacture our products or become insolvent and we are unable to manufacture product to meet customer demand. If the United States and global economy becomes sluggish or deteriorates for a longer period than we anticipate, we may experience a material negative decrease on the demand for our products which may, in turn, have a material adverse effect on our revenue, profitability, financial condition, ability to raise additional capital and the market price of our stock.

We may lose key personnel or fail to attract and retain replacement or additional personnel.

We are highly dependent on the principal members of our management, as well as our scientific and sales staff. Attracting and retaining qualified personnel will be critical to our success, and competition for qualified personnel is intense. We may not be able to attract and retain personnel on acceptable terms given the competition for qualified personnel among technology and healthcare companies and universities. The loss of personnel or our inability to attract and retain other qualified personnel could harm our business and our ability to compete. In addition, the loss of members of our scientific staff may significantly delay or prevent product development and other business objectives. A loss of key sales personnel could result in a reduction of revenue. In addition, if we outsource certain employee functions that were formerly handled in-house, our personnel costs could increase.

We face currency and other risks associated with international operations.

We intend to continue to devote significant efforts to marketing our systems and products outside of the U.S. This strategy will expose us to numerous risks associated with international operations, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition, including the following:

In addition, contracts may be difficult to enforce and receivables may be difficult to collect through a foreign country’s legal system.

We have not received any written comments regarding our periodic or current reports from the staff of the SEC that were issued 180 days or more preceding the end of our 2022 fiscal year and that remain unresolved.

On March 1, 2021, the Company entered into an office lease agreement (the “Lease”) with Globe Building Company (the “Landlord”), under which the Company leases executive office space and manufacturing facilities of approximately 43,100 square feet of rentable space located at 710 N. Tucker Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri (the “Premises”) that serves as the Company’s new principal executive and administrative offices and manufacturing facility. Lease payments commenced January 1, 2022 and the lease has a term of ten years, with two renewal options of five years each. The new lease space includes approximately 23,000 square feet of office space and 20,100 square feet of demonstration and assembly space. The Company gained access to the Premises in the third quarter 2021 to begin constructing leasehold improvements. In the fourth quarter of 2021, the Company received an occupancy permit and relocated its operations to the new leased space.

The Company’s previous primary facilities were also located in St. Louis, Missouri and the Company leased approximately 52,000 square feet of office space and 12,000 square feet of demonstration and assembly space under a lease agreement that ended December 31, 2021.

In August 2016, the Company entered into an agreement to sublease approximately 11,000 square feet of office space immediately and an additional 16,000 square feet of office space beginning in January of 2017. The sublease ended December 31, 2021.

The Company leased approximately 2,200 square feet of office space in Maple Grove, Minnesota, under a lease agreement that ended August 31, 2022.

The Company also has leased office space in Amsterdam, The Netherlands through August 31, 2023. In addition, we lease an office space in Beijing, China under a lease agreement through November 29, 2023.

The Company is involved from time to time in various lawsuits and claims arising in the normal course of business. Although the outcomes of these lawsuits and claims are uncertain, the Company does not believe any of them are likely to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Not applicable.

PART II

PRICE RANGE OF COMMON STOCK

Our common stock began trading on the NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “STXS” on August 12, 2004 and was transferred to the NASDAQ Capital Market effective August 19, 2013. On August 4, 2016 our common stock was transferred to the OTCQX^® Best Market and on September 6, 2019 our common stock was transferred to the NYSE American Market.

As of February 28, 2023, there were approximately 415 stockholders of record of our common stock, although we believe that there is a significantly larger number of beneficial owners of our common stock.

Not applicable.

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and notes thereto included in this report on Form 10-K. Operating results are not necessarily indicative of results that may occur in future periods.

This report includes various forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth in Item 1A. “Risk Factors.” Forward-looking statements discuss matters that are not historical facts. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, discussions regarding our operating strategy, sales and marketing strategy, regulatory strategy, our industry generally, overall economic conditions, our financial condition, liquidity and capital resources, our results of operations, and the impact of the ongoing coronavirus (“COVID-19”) pandemic and our responses to it. Such statements include, but are not limited to, statements preceded by, followed by or that otherwise include the words “believes,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “estimates,” “projects,” “can,” “could,” “may,” “will,” “would,” or similar expressions. For those statements, we claim the protection of the safe harbor for forward-looking statements contained in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. You should not unduly rely on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date on which they were made. They give our expectations regarding the future but are not guarantees. We undertake no obligation to update publicly or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, unless required by law.

Overview

Stereotaxis is a pioneer and global leader in surgical robotics for minimally invasive endovascular intervention. We design, manufacture and market robotic systems, instruments and information systems for the interventional laboratory. Our proprietary robotic technology, Robotic Magnetic Navigation (RMN), fundamentally transforms endovascular interventions using precise computer-controlled magnetic fields to directly control the tip of flexible interventional catheters or devices. Direct control of the tip of an interventional device, in contrast to all manual hand-held devices that are controlled from their handle, can improve the precision, stability, reach and safety of these devices during procedures.

Our primary clinical focus has been electrophysiology, specifically cardiac ablation procedures for the treatment of arrhythmias. Cardiac ablation has become a well-accepted therapy for arrhythmias and a multi-billion-dollar medical device market with expectations for substantial long-term growth. We have shared our aspiration and a product strategy to expand the clinical focus of our technology to several additional endovascular indications including coronary, neuro, and peripheral interventions.

There is substantial real-world evidence and clinical literature for Robotic Magnetic Navigation in electrophysiology. Hundreds of electrophysiologists at over one hundred hospitals globally have treated over 100,000 arrhythmia patients with our robotic technology. Clinical use of our technology has been documented in over 400 clinical publications. Robotic Magnetic Navigation is designed to enable physicians to complete more complex interventional procedures with greater success and safety by providing image-guided delivery of catheters through the blood vessels and chambers of the heart to treatment sites. This is achieved using externally applied computer-controlled magnetic fields that govern the motion of the working tip of the catheter, resulting in improved navigation. The more flexible atraumatic design of catheters driven using magnetic fields may reduce the risk of patient harm and other adverse events. Performing the procedure from a control cockpit enables physicians to complete procedures in a safe location protected from x-ray exposure, with greater ergonomics, and improved efficiency. We believe these benefits can be applicable in other endovascular indications where navigation through complex vasculature is often challenging or unsuccessful and generates significant x-ray exposure.

Our primary products include the Genesis RMN System, the Odyssey Solution, and other related devices. We also offer to our customers the Stereotaxis Imaging Model S x-ray System and other accessory devices.

The Genesis RMN System is designed to enable physicians to complete more complex interventional procedures by providing image-guided delivery of catheters through the blood vessels and chambers of the heart to treatment sites. This is achieved using externally applied magnetic fields that govern the motion of the working tip of the catheter, resulting in improved navigation, efficient procedures, and reduced x-ray exposure.

The Odyssey Solution consolidates lab information onto one large integrated display, enabling physicians to view and control all the key information in the operating room. This is designed to improve lab layout and procedure efficiency. The system also features a remote viewing and recording capability called Odyssey Cinema, which is an innovative solution that delivers synchronized content for optimized workflow, advanced care, and improved productivity. This tool includes an archiving capability that allows clinicians to store and replay entire procedures or segments of procedures. This information can be accessed from locations throughout the hospital local area network and over the global Odyssey Network providing physicians with a tool for clinical collaboration, remote consultation, and training.

The Stereotaxis Imaging Model S provides an integrated complete solution for a robotic interventional operating room. It is a single-plane, full-power x-ray system and includes the c-arm, powered table, motorized boom, and large high-definition monitors. The Stereotaxis Imaging Model S x-ray System incorporates modern fluoroscopy technology to support high quality imaging while minimizing radiation exposure for patients and physicians. The combination of RMN Systems with Stereotaxis Imaging Model S is designed to reduce the cost of acquisition, the ongoing cost of ownership, and the complexity of installation of a robotic electrophysiology practice.

We promote our full suite of products in a typical hospital implementation, subject to regulatory approvals or clearances. This implementation requires a hospital to agree to an upfront capital payment and recurring payments. The upfront capital payment typically includes equipment and installation charges. The recurring payments typically include disposable costs for each procedure, equipment service costs beyond the warranty period, and ongoing software updates. In hospitals where our full suite of products has not been implemented, equipment upgrade or expansion can be implemented upon purchasing of the necessary upgrade or expansion.

We have received regulatory clearances and registration necessary for us to market the Genesis RMN System in the U.S. and Europe, and we are in the process of obtaining necessary registrations for extending our markets in other countries. Our prior generation robotic magnetic navigation system, the Niobe System, and the Odyssey Solution, Cardiodrive, and various disposable interventional devices have received regulatory clearance in the U.S., Europe, Canada, China, Japan and various other countries. We have received the regulatory clearance, licensing and/or CE Mark approvals that allow us to market the Vdrive and Vdrive Duo Systems with the V-CAS, V-Loop and V-Sono devices in the U.S., Canada and Europe. The Stereotaxis Imaging Model S x-ray System is CE marked and cleared by the FDA.

Not all products have and/or require regulatory clearance in all of the markets we serve. Please refer to “Regulatory Approval” in Item 1 for a description of the regulatory clearance, licensing, and/or approvals we currently have or are pursuing.

As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately $14.8 million of backlog, consisting of outstanding purchase orders and other commitments for these systems. Of the December 31, 2022 backlog, we expect approximately 89% to be recognized as revenue over the course of 2023. We had backlog of approximately $10.1 million as of December 31, 2021. There can be no assurance that we will recognize such revenue in any particular period or at all because some of our purchase orders and other commitments are subject to contingencies that are outside our control. These orders and commitments may be revised, modified or canceled, either by their express terms, as a result of negotiations or by project changes or delays. In addition, the sales cycle for the robotic magnetic navigation system is lengthy and generally involves construction or renovation activities at customer sites. Consequently, revenues and/or orders resulting from sales of our robotic magnetic navigation system can vary significantly from one reporting period to the next.

We have strategic relationships with technology leaders in the global interventional market. Through these strategic relationships we provide compatibility between our robotic magnetic navigation system and digital imaging and 3D catheter location sensing technology, as well as disposable interventional devices. The maintenance of these strategic relationships, or the establishment of equivalent alternatives, is critical to our commercialization efforts. There are no guarantees that any existing strategic relationships will continue, and efforts are ongoing to ensure the availability of integrated systems and devices and/or equivalent alternatives. We cannot provide assurance as to the timeline of the ongoing availability of such compatible systems or our ability to obtain equivalent alternatives on competitive terms or at all.

COVID-19 Pandemic

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has varied widely over time by individual geography. In 2021, resurgences of COVID-19 as well as hospital staffing shortages depressed procedure volumes at various times throughout the year. After such resurgences procedure volumes would generally stabilize or recover. Similarly, in 2022, procedure volumes continued to be challenged by periodic resurgences of COVID-19, ongoing hospital staffing issues and other factors.

We have experienced challenges and disruptions due to the pandemic such as worldwide supply chain disruptions, including shortages and inflationary pressures, and logistics delays which makes it difficult for us to source parts and ship our products. Our customers have also experienced similar supply chain issues as well as labor shortages, both of which have contributed to delayed hospital construction project timelines. To-date, we have been generally able to conduct normal business activities albeit in a more deliberate manner than prior to the pandemic, including taking action to increase inventory levels, but we cannot guarantee that they will not be impacted more severely in the future.

The global healthcare system is continuing to respond to the unprecedented challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. While we cannot reliably estimate the ultimate duration of the impact or the severity of ongoing periodic resurgences thereof, we continue to anticipate periodic disruptions to our manufacturing operations, supply chains, procedures volumes, service activities, and capital system orders and placements, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses and related disclosures. We review our estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis. We base our estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates. We believe the following accounting policies are critical to the judgments and estimates we use in preparing our financial statements.

Investments Valuation

Our investments may include, at any time, a diversified portfolio of cash equivalents and short- and long-term investments in a variety of high-quality securities, including money market funds, U.S. treasury and U.S. government agency securities, corporate notes and bonds, commercial paper, non-U.S. government agency securities, and municipal notes. The assessment of the fair value of investments can be difficult and subjective. Generally accepted accounting principles for fair value measurement establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities (“Level 1”) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (“Level 3”). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below:

Each level of input has different levels of subjectivity and difficulty involved in determining fair value. Valuation of Level 1 and 2 instruments generally do not require significant management judgment, and the estimation is not difficult. Level 3 instruments include unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. The determination of fair value for Level 3 instruments requires the most management judgment and subjectivity. There were no Level 3 securities for the periods presented.

Revenue Recognition

The Company accounts for revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606 (“ASC 606”), Revenue from Contracts with Customers.

We generate revenue from the initial capital sales of systems as well as recurring revenue from the sale of our proprietary disposable devices, from royalties paid to the Company on the sale of various devices as provided by co-development and co-placement arrangements, and from other recurring revenue including ongoing software updates and service contracts.

In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606 (“ASC 606”), “Revenue from Contracts with Customers,” we account for a contract with a customer when there is a legally enforceable contract between the Company and the customer, the rights of the parties are identified, the contract has commercial substance, and collectability of the contract consideration is probable. We record our revenue based on consideration specified in the contract with each customer, net of any taxes collected from customers that are remitted to government authorities.

For contracts containing multiple products and services the Company accounts for individual products and services as separate performance obligations if they are distinct, which is if a product or service is separately identifiable from other items in the bundled package, and if a customer can benefit from it on its own or with other resources that are readily available to the customer. The Company recognizes revenues as the performance obligations are satisfied by transferring control of the product or service to a customer.

For arrangements with multiple performance obligations, revenue is allocated to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price. Standalone selling prices are based on observable prices at which the Company separately sells the products or services. If a standalone selling price is not directly observable, then the Company estimates the standalone selling price considering market conditions and entity-specific factors including, but not limited to, features and functionality of the products and services and market conditions. The Company regularly reviews standalone selling prices and updates these estimates as necessary.

Our revenue recognition policy affects the following revenue streams in our business as follows:

Systems:

Disposables:

Royalty:

Other Recurring Revenue:

Sublease Revenue:

The Company invoices its customers based on the billing schedules in its sales arrangements. Contract assets primarily represent the difference between the revenue that was recognized based on the relative selling price of the related performance obligations and the contractual billing terms in the arrangements. Customer deposits primarily relate to future system sales but can also include deposits on disposable sales. Deferred revenue is primarily related to service contracts, for which the service fees are billed up-front, generally quarterly or annually, and for amounts billed in advance for system contracts for which some performance obligations remain outstanding. For service contracts, the associated deferred revenue is generally recognized ratably over the service period. For system contracts, the associated deferred revenue is recognized when the remaining performance obligations are satisfied. See Note 2 to the financial statements for additional detail on deferred revenue. The Company did not have any impairment losses on its contract assets for the periods presented.

Assets Recognized from the Costs to Obtain a Contract with a Customer

The Company has determined that sales incentive programs for the Company’s sales team meet the requirements to be capitalized as the Company expects to generate future economic benefits from the related revenue generating contracts after the initial capital sales transaction. The costs capitalized as contract acquisition costs included in prepaid expenses and other assets in the Company’s balance sheets were $0.2 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. The Company did not incur any impairment losses during any of the periods presented.

Leases

The Company accounts for leases in accordance with ASU No. 2016-02 “Leases” (Topic 842) and all subsequent ASUs that modified Topic 842. A lease is defined as a contract, or part of a contract, that conveys the right to control the use of identified property, plant or equipment for a period of time in exchange for consideration. The Company determines if a contract contains a lease at inception. For contracts where the Company is the lessee, operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and operating lease liability on the Company’s balance sheet. The Company currently does not have any finance leases.

Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. ROU assets also include any initial direct costs incurred and any lease payments made at or before the lease commencement date, less lease incentives received. The Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the lease liabilities as the Company’s leases generally do not provide an implicit rate. Lease terms may include options to extend or terminate when the Company is reasonably certain that the option will be exercised. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The Company also has lease arrangements with lease and non-lease components. The Company elected the practical expedient not to separate non-lease components from lease components for the Company’s operating leases. Additionally, the Company applies the short-term lease measurement and recognition exemption in which right of use assets and lease liabilities are not recognized for leases less than twelve months.

As disclosed in Note 7, on March 1, 2021, the Company entered into an office lease agreement (the “Lease”) with Globe Building Company (the “Landlord”), under which the Company is leasing executive office space and manufacturing facilities of approximately 43,100 square feet of rentable space located at 710 N. Tucker Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri (the “Premises”) that serves as the Company’s new principal executive and administrative offices and manufacturing facility. Lease payments commenced on January 1, 2022 and the lease has a term of ten years, with two renewal options of five years each. The minimum annual rent under the terms of the Lease ranges from approximately $0.8 million in 2022 to $1.0 million in 2031.

The Company gained access to the Premises in the third quarter 2021 to begin constructing leasehold improvements. In accordance with ASC 842, the Company recorded a ROU asset and lease liability. The initial recognition of the ROU asset and lease liability was $5.9 million. In the fourth quarter of 2021, the Company received an occupancy permit and relocated its operations to the new leased space.

Cost of Contracts

Costs of systems revenue include direct product costs, installation labor and other costs, estimated warranty costs, and initial training and product maintenance costs. These costs are recorded at the time of sale. Costs of disposable revenue include direct product costs and estimated warranty costs and are recorded at the time of sale. Cost of revenue from services and license fees are recorded when incurred. Cost of sublease revenue is recorded on a straight-line basis.

Stock-based Compensation

Stock compensation expense, which is a non-cash charge, results from stock option, non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, and restricted share grants made to employees, directors, and third-party consultants at the fair value of the grants. For time-based awards, the fair value of options and stock appreciation rights granted was determined using the Black-Scholes valuation method which gives consideration to the estimated value of the underlying stock at the date of grant, the exercise price of the option, the expected dividend yield and volatility of the underlying stock, the expected life of the option and the corresponding risk-free interest rate. The fair value of the grants of restricted shares and units was determined based on the closing price of our stock on the date of grant. Stock compensation expense for options, stock appreciation rights and for time-based restricted share grants and units is amortized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the underlying issue, generally over four years except for grants to directors which are generally earned over a period of six months. Stock compensation expense for performance-based restricted shares, if any, is amortized on a straight-line basis over the anticipated vesting period and is subject to adjustment based on the actual achievement of objectives. Compensation expense is recognized only for those options expected to vest, net of actual forfeitures. Estimates of the expected life of options have been based on the average of the vesting and expiration periods, which is the simplified method under general accounting principles for share-based payments. Estimates of volatility utilized in calculating stock-based compensation have been prepared based on historical data. Actual experience to date has been consistent with these estimates.

For market-based awards, stock-based compensation expense is recognized over the minimum service period regardless of whether or not the market target is probable of being achieved. The fair value of such awards is estimated on the grant date using Monte Carlo simulations.

The amount of compensation expense to be recorded in future periods may increase if we make additional grants of options, stock appreciation rights or restricted shares. The amount of expense to be recorded in future periods may decrease if the requisite service periods are not completed.

Valuation of Inventory

We value our inventory at the lower of the actual cost of our inventory, as determined using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method, or its current net realizable value. We periodically review our physical inventory for excess, obsolete, and potentially impaired items and reserve accordingly. Our reserve estimate for excess and obsolete is based on expected future use. Excess manufacturing overhead costs attributable to idle facility expenses or abnormally low production volumes are excluded from inventory and recorded as an expense in the period incurred.

Income Taxes

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using the enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be realized. We have established a valuation allowance against the entire amount of our deferred tax assets net of liabilities because we are not able to conclude, due to our history of operating losses, that it is more likely than not that we will be able to realize any portion of the deferred tax assets.

In assessing whether and to what extent deferred tax assets are realizable, we consider whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. We consider projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. Based upon the level of historical taxable losses, limitations imposed by Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code and projections for future losses over periods which the deferred tax assets are deductible, we determined that a 100% valuation allowance of deferred tax assets net of liabilities was appropriate.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the Years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

Revenue. Revenue decreased from $35.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, to $28.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease of approximately 20%. Revenue from sales of systems decreased from $11.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, to $6.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease of approximately 39%, driven by decreased system sales volumes in the current year period. Revenue from sales of disposable interventional devices, service and accessories decreased to $21.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $22.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, a decrease of approximately 7%, driven by timing of service contract revenue, lower procedure volumes, and the strengthening of the U.S. dollar during the current year period. Sublease revenue was $1.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The sublease ended December 31, 2021.

Cost of Revenue. Cost of revenue decreased from $11.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, to $9.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease of approximately 18%. As a percentage of our total revenue, overall gross margin remained consistent at 66% for the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. Cost of revenue for systems sold decreased from $7.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 to $5.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to decreased system sales volumes in the current year period. Gross margin for systems decreased from $3.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 to $1.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Cost of revenue for disposables, service, and accessories increased to $3.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 from $3.3 million for year ended December 31, 2021, driven by higher expenses incurred under service contracts in the current year period. Gross margin for disposables, service and accessories was 82% for the current year period compared to 86% for the year ended December 31, 2021. Cost of sublease revenue was $1.0 million the year ended December 31, 2021. The sublease ended December 31, 2021.

Research and Development Expense. Research and development expense increased from $10.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, to $10.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of approximately 4%. This increase was primarily due to higher project spending and measured hiring in the current year period.

Sales and Marketing Expense. Sales and marketing expense increased from $11.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 to $12.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of approximately 3%. This increase was primarily due to higher travel expenses in the current year period.

General and Administrative Expense. General and administrative expenses include finance, information systems, legal, and general management expenses. General and administrative expenses increased from $14.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 to $14.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of approximately 3%. This increase was primarily driven by higher stock-based compensation expense for the previously announced CEO Performance Award partially offset by lower professional service fees in the current year period.

Interest Income (Expense). Net interest income was $0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, and net interest expense was less than $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase for the year ended December 31, 2022 was driven by interest earned from investments.

Income Taxes

Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon future earnings, the timing and amount of which are uncertain. Accordingly, net deferred tax assets have been fully offset by valuation allowances as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 to reflect these uncertainties. As of December 31, 2022, we had gross federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $121.7 million. We may not be able to utilize all of these loss carryforwards prior to their expiration. The federal net operating loss carryforwards reflect accumulated book losses reduced for the 2013 IRC Section 382 ownership change limitation of $236.4 million and approximately $159.2 million of book/tax differences and expiration of unused carryforwards. The federal net operating loss carryforwards generated prior to the 2018 tax year will expire between 2030 and 2037. The federal net operating losses generated in 2018 and thereafter will be carried forward indefinitely as a result of changes in the tax law following the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. As of December 31, 2022, we had gross state net operating loss carryforward of approximately $32.8 million which will expire at various dates between 2023 and 2042 if not utilized.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity refers to the liquid financial assets available to fund our business operations and pay for near-term obligations. These liquid financial assets consist of cash, cash equivalents, and investments.

As of December 31, 2022, our accumulated deficit was $517.0 million with cash and cash equivalents of $9.9 million, inclusive of restricted cash, and $19.8 million in short-term investments. Since inception, we have financed our operations primarily through cash generated by operations and proceeds from our debt and stock offerings.

Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2022, and 2021, the Company did not have any debt.

Paycheck Protection Program

The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”) was enacted on March 27, 2020 in the United States. Among the provisions contained in the CARES Act was the creation of the Paycheck Protection Program that provides for Small Business Administration (“SBA”) Section 7(a) loans for qualified small businesses. In general, the loan could be forgiven as long as the funds were used for payroll related expenses as well as rent and utilities paid during the twenty-four-week period from the date of the loan and as long as certain headcount and salary/wage levels were maintained. On April 10, 2020, the Company was informed by its lender, Midwest BankCentre (the “Bank”), that the Bank received approval from the SBA to fund the Company’s request for a loan under the SBA’s Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP Loan”). Per the terms of the PPP Loan, the Company received total proceeds of approximately $2.2 million from the Bank on April 20, 2020. In accordance with the loan forgiveness requirements of the CARES Act, the Company used the full proceeds from the PPP Loan primarily for payroll costs, rent and utilities. In March 2021, the Company applied for loan forgiveness and in June 2021 full loan forgiveness was granted by the SBA. The Company recognized a net gain from debt extinguishment of approximately $2.2 million.

Liquidity

The following table summarizes our cash flow by operating, investing and financing activities for years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

Net cash used in operating activities. We used approximately $8.4 million and $2.9 million of cash in operating activities during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The increase in cash used in operating activities was driven by the increased operating loss and use of working capital in the current year period.

Net cash used in investing activities. Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022, consisted primarily of purchases of investments of $19.7 million and $2.4 million paid for equipment, design and construction costs associated with our new facility. We used less than $1.4 million of cash in investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2021 for the purchase of equipment, design and construction costs associated with our new facility.

Net cash provided by financing activities. We generated approximately $0.2 million and $0.5 million of cash for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The cash generated in both periods was driven by the exercise of stock options and our employee stock purchase program.

At December 31, 2022, we had working capital of approximately $29.0 million, compared to a working capital of approximately $38.1 million at December 31, 2021. The decrease in working capital was primarily driven by the net loss incurred during the year ended December 31, 2022.

Our principal source of liquidity is cash provided by operations and by the issuance of common stock through the exercise of stock options and our employee stock purchase program as well as cash received from past equity raises. The Company believes the cash, cash equivalents, and investments on hand as of December 31, 2022, will be sufficient to meet its obligations as they become due in the ordinary course of business for at least 12 months following the date of the financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as well as for periods beyond that 12-month period. Our cash requirements depend on numerous factors, including success of clinical adoption within the installed base of robotic magnetic systems, new placements of capital systems, the resources we devote to developing and supporting our products, and other factors. We expect to continue to fund our operations with cash resources primarily generated from the proceeds of our past equity raises and from our working capital. In the future, we may finance cash needs through the sale of other equity securities or non-core assets, strategic collaboration agreements, debt financings or through distribution rights.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not currently have, nor have we ever had, any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, which would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes. In addition, we do not engage in trading activities involving non-exchange traded contracts. As a result, we are not materially exposed to any financing, liquidity, market or credit risk that could have arisen if we had engaged in these relationships.

Financial Statements

Index To Financial Statements

All other schedules have been omitted because they are not applicable, or the required information is shown in the Financial Statements or the Notes thereto.

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Stereotaxis, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of Stereotaxis, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related statements of operations, convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes and the financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a) (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Systems Revenue Recognition

STEREOTAXIS, INC.

BALANCE SHEETS

See accompanying notes.

STEREOTAXIS, INC.

STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

See accompanying notes.

STEREOTAXIS, INC

STATEMENTS OF CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED STOCK AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Year Ended December 31, 2021

Year Ended December 31, 2022

See accompanying notes.

STEREOTAXIS, INC.

STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

See accompanying notes.

STEREOTAXIS, INC.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Notes to Financial Statements

In this report, “Stereotaxis”, the “Company”, “Registrant”, “we”, “us”, and “our” refer to Stereotaxis, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries. Genesis RMN^®, Niobe^®, Navigant^®, Odyssey^®, Odyssey Cinema^™, Vdrive^®, Vdrive Duo^™, V-CAS^™, V-Loop^™, V-Sono^™, QuikCAS^™ and Cardiodrive^® are trademarks of Stereotaxis, Inc. All other trademarks that appear in this report are the property of their respective owners.

1. Description of Business

Stereotaxis designs, manufactures and markets robotic systems, instruments and information systems for the interventional laboratory. Our proprietary robotic technology, Robotic Magnetic Navigation, fundamentally transforms endovascular interventions using precise computer-controlled magnetic fields to directly control the tip of flexible interventional catheters or devices. Direct control of the tip of an interventional device, in contrast to all manual hand-held devices that are controlled from their handle, can improve the precision, stability, reach and safety of these devices during procedures.

Our primary clinical focus has been electrophysiology, specifically cardiac ablation procedures for the treatment of arrhythmias. Cardiac ablation has become a well-accepted therapy for arrhythmias and a multi-billion-dollar medical device market with expectations for substantial long-term growth. We have shared our aspiration and a product strategy to expand the clinical focus of our technology to several additional endovascular indications including coronary, neuro, and peripheral interventions.

There is substantial real-world evidence and clinical literature for Robotic Magnetic Navigation in electrophysiology. Hundreds of electrophysiologists at over one hundred hospitals globally have treated over 100,000 arrhythmia patients with our robotic technology. Clinical use of our technology has been documented in over 400 clinical publications. Robotic Magnetic Navigation is designed to enable physicians to complete more complex interventional procedures with greater success and safety by providing image-guided delivery of catheters through the blood vessels and chambers of the heart to treatment sites. This is achieved using externally applied computer-controlled magnetic fields that govern the motion of the working tip of the catheter, resulting in improved navigation. The more flexible atraumatic design of catheters driven using magnetic fields may reduce the risk of patient harm and other adverse events. Performing the procedure from a control cockpit enables physicians to complete procedures in a safe location protected from x-ray exposure, with greater ergonomics, and improved efficiency. We believe these benefits can be applicable in other endovascular indications where navigation through complex vasculature is often challenging or unsuccessful and generates significant x-ray exposure.

Our primary products include the Genesis RMN System, the Odyssey Solution, and other related devices. We also offer to our customers the Stereotaxis Imaging Model S x-ray System and other accessory devices.

The Genesis RMN System is designed to enable physicians to complete more complex interventional procedures by providing image-guided delivery of catheters through the blood vessels and chambers of the heart to treatment sites. This is achieved using externally applied magnetic fields that govern the motion of the working tip of the catheter, resulting in improved navigation, efficient procedures, and reduced x-ray exposure.

The Odyssey Solution consolidates lab information onto one large integrated display, enabling physicians to view and control all the key information in the operating room. This is designed to improve lab layout and procedure efficiency. The system also features a remote viewing and recording capability called Odyssey Cinema, which is an innovative solution that delivers synchronized content for optimized workflow, advanced care, and improved productivity. This tool includes an archiving capability that allows clinicians to store and replay entire procedures or segments of procedures. This information can be accessed from locations throughout the hospital local area network and over the global Odyssey Network providing physicians with a tool for clinical collaboration, remote consultation, and training.

The Stereotaxis Imaging Model S provides an integrated complete solution for a robotic interventional operating room. It is a single-plane, full-power x-ray system and includes the c-arm, powered table, motorized boom, and large high-definition monitors. Stereotaxis Imaging Model S incorporates modern fluoroscopy technology to support high quality imaging while minimizing radiation exposure for patients and physicians. The combination of RMN Systems with Stereotaxis Imaging Model S is designed to reduce the cost of acquisition, the ongoing cost of ownership, and the complexity of installation of a robotic electrophysiology practice.

We promote our full suite of products in a typical hospital implementation, subject to regulatory approvals or clearances. This implementation requires a hospital to agree to an upfront capital payment and recurring payments. The upfront capital payment typically includes equipment and installation charges. The recurring payments typically include disposable costs for each procedure, equipment service costs beyond warranty period, and ongoing software updates. In hospitals where our full suite of products has not been implemented, equipment upgrade or expansion can be implemented upon purchasing of the necessary upgrade or expansion.

We have received regulatory clearances and registration necessary for us to market the Genesis RMN System in the U.S. and Europe, and we are in the process of obtaining necessary registrations for extending our markets in other countries. Our prior generation robotic magnetic navigation system, the Niobe System, and the Odyssey Solution, Cardiodrive, and various disposable interventional devices have received regulatory clearance in the U.S., Europe, Canada, China, Japan and various other countries. We have received the regulatory clearance, licensing and/or CE Mark approvals that allow us to market the Vdrive and Vdrive Duo Systems with the V-CAS, V-Loop and V-Sono devices in the U.S., Canada and Europe. The Stereotaxis Imaging Model S x-ray System is CE marked and cleared by the FDA.

We have strategic relationships with technology leaders and innovators in the global interventional market. Through these strategic relationships we provide compatibility between our robotic magnetic navigation system and digital imaging and 3D catheter location sensing technology, as well as disposable interventional devices. The maintenance of these strategic relationships, or the establishment of equivalent alternatives, is critical to our commercialization efforts. There are no guarantees that any existing strategic relationships will continue, and efforts are ongoing to ensure the availability of integrated systems and devices and/or equivalent alternatives. We cannot provide assurance as to the timeline of the ongoing availability of such compatible systems or our ability to obtain equivalent alternatives on competitive terms or at all.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”).

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, money market instruments, and other highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash primarily consists of cash that the Company is obligated to maintain in accordance with contractual obligations.

Investments

Our investments may include, at any time, a diversified portfolio of cash equivalents and short- and long-term investments in a variety of high-quality securities, including money market funds, U.S. treasury and U.S. government agency securities, corporate notes and bonds, commercial paper, non-U.S. government agency securities, and municipal notes. As of December 31, 2022, the Company’s short-term investments consisted of U.S. treasury securities and fixed maturity, marketable debt securities with original maturities at the time of purchase of one year or less, but greater than 90 days. These investments are classified as held to maturity. Securities classified as held to maturity are securities that the Company has the ability and intent to hold to maturity or redemption and are carried at amortized cost.

Amortized cost of U.S. treasury securities and marketable debt securities are based on the Company’s purchase price adjusted for accrual of discount, or amortization of premium, and recognition of impairment charges, if any. The amortized cost of securities the Company purchases at a discount or premium will equal the face or par value at maturity or the call date, if applicable. Interest is reported as income when earned and is adjusted for amortization or accretion of any premium or discount. There were no impairments for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Fair Value Measurements

Financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, investments, accounts receivable, and accounts payable.

The Company measures certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value on a recurring basis. General accounting principles for fair value measurement establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities (“Level 1”) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (“Level 3”). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below:

As of December 31, 2022, financial assets that are classified as Level 2 include money market funds, U.S. treasury securities and corporate debt securities. As of December 31, 2021, financial assets that are classified as Level 2 include money market funds. The Company reviews trading activity and pricing for these investments as of the measurement date. When sufficient quoted pricing for identical securities is not available, the Company uses market pricing and other observable market inputs for similar securities. These inputs either represent quoted prices for similar assets in active markets or have been derived from observable market data. This approach results in the Level 2 classification of these securities within the fair value hierarchy.

Compensating Cash Arrangement

In July 2020, the Company entered into a letter of credit to support a commitment of less than $0.3 million. As a condition of the letter of credit, the Company was required to maintain a $0.3 million compensating balance until the expiration of the letter of credit. The letter of credit expired in the fourth quarter of 2021.

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts

Accounts receivable primarily include amounts due from hospitals and distributors for acquisition of magnetic systems, associated disposable device sales and service contracts. Credit is granted on a limited basis, with balances due generally within 30 days of billing. The provision for bad debts is based upon management’s assessment of historical and expected net collections considering business and economic conditions and other collection indicators.

Inventory

The Company values its inventory at the lower of cost, as determined using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method, or net realizable value. The Company periodically reviews its physical inventory and provides a reserve upon identification of potential excess or obsolete items. Excess manufacturing overhead costs attributable to idle facility expenses or abnormally low production volumes are excluded from inventory and recorded as an expense in the period incurred.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment consist primarily of leasehold improvements, construction in process, computer, office, research and demonstration equipment, and equipment held for lease and are stated at cost. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives or life of the base lease term, ranging from three to ten years.

Long-Lived Assets

If facts and circumstances suggest that a long-lived asset may be impaired, the carrying value is reviewed. If this review indicates that the carrying value of the asset will not be recovered, as determined based on projected undiscounted cash flows related to the asset over its remaining life, the carrying value of the asset is reduced to its estimated fair value, which in most cases is estimated based upon Level 3 inputs.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets consist of purchased technology and intellectual property rights valued at cost on the acquisition date and amortized over their estimated useful lives of 10-15 years. If facts and circumstances suggest that an intangible asset may be impaired, the carrying value is reviewed. If this review indicates that the carrying value of the asset will not be recovered, as determined based on projected undiscounted cash flows related to the asset over its remaining life, the carrying value of the asset is reduced to its estimated fair value, which in most cases is estimated based upon Level 3 inputs.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of income and loss during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Revenue and Costs of Revenue

Revenue Recognition

The Company accounts for revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606 (“ASC 606”), Revenue from Contracts with Customers.

We generate revenue from initial capital sales of systems as well as recurring revenue from the sale of our proprietary disposable devices, from royalties paid to the Company on the sale of various devices as provided by co-development and co-placement arrangements, and from revenue including ongoing software updates and service contracts.

We account for a contract with a customer when there is a legally enforceable contract between the Company and the customer, the rights of the parties are identified, the contract has commercial substance, and collectability of the contract consideration is probable. We record our revenue based on consideration specified in the contract with each customer, net of any taxes collected from customers that are remitted to government authorities.

For contracts containing multiple products and services the Company accounts for individual products and services as separate performance obligations if they are distinct, which is if a product or service is separately identifiable from other items in the bundled package, and if a customer can benefit from it on its own or with other resources that are readily available to the customer. The Company recognizes revenues as the performance obligations are satisfied by transferring control of the product or service to a customer.

For arrangements with multiple performance obligations, revenue is allocated to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price. Standalone selling prices are based on observable prices at which the Company separately sells the products or services. If a standalone selling price is not directly observable, then the Company estimates the standalone selling price considering market conditions and entity-specific factors including, but not limited to, features and functionality of the products and services and market conditions. The Company regularly reviews standalone selling prices and updates these estimates if necessary.

Our revenue recognition policy affects the following revenue streams in our business as follows:

Schedule of Revenue Disaggregated by Type

Transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations relates to amounts allocated to products and services for which the revenue has not yet been recognized. A significant portion of this amount relates to the Company’s systems contracts and obligations that will be recognized as revenue in future periods. These obligations are generally satisfied within two years after contract inception but may occasionally extend longer. Transaction price representing revenue to be earned on remaining performance obligations on system contracts was approximately $14.8 million as of December 31, 2022. Performance obligations arising from contracts for disposables and service are generally expected to be satisfied within one year after entering into the contract.

The following information summarizes the Company’s contract assets and liabilities (in thousands):

 Summary of Contract Assets and Liabilities 

The Company invoices its customers based on the billing schedules in its sales arrangements. Contract assets primarily represent the difference between the revenue that was earned but not billed on service contracts and revenue from system contracts that was recognized based on the relative selling price of the related performance obligations and the contractual billing terms in the arrangements. Customer deposits primarily relate to future system sales but can also include deposits on disposable sales. Deferred revenue is primarily related to service contracts, for which the service fees are billed up-front, generally quarterly or annually, and for amounts billed in advance for system contracts for which some performance obligations remain outstanding. For service contracts, the associated deferred revenue is generally recognized ratably over the service period. For system contracts, the associated deferred revenue is recognized when the remaining performance obligations are satisfied. The Company did not have any impairment losses on its contract assets for the periods presented.

Revenue recognized for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, that was included in the deferred revenue balance at the beginning of each reporting period was $5.9 million and $5.1 million, respectively.

The Company has determined that sales incentive programs for the Company’s sales team meet the requirements to be capitalized as the Company expects to generate future economic benefits from the related revenue generating contracts after the initial capital sales transaction. The costs capitalized as contract acquisition costs included in prepaid expenses and other assets in the Company’s balance sheets were $0.2 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. The Company did not incur any impairment losses during any of the periods presented.

Costs of systems revenue include direct product costs, installation labor and other costs, estimated warranty costs, and initial training and product maintenance costs. These costs are recorded at the time of sale. Costs of disposable revenue include direct product costs and estimated warranty costs and are recorded at the time of sale. Cost of revenue from services and license fees are recorded when incurred.

Leasing Arrangements

A lease is defined as a contract, or part of a contract, that conveys the right to control the use of identified property, plant or equipment for a period of time in exchange for consideration. The Company accounts for leases in accordance with Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02 “Leases” (Topic 842) and all subsequent ASUs that modified Topic 842 (“ASC 842”). The Company determines if an arrangement contains a lease at inception.

The Company leases its facilities under operating leases. In accordance with ASC 842, operating lease agreements are recognized on the balance sheet as a right-of-use (“ROU”) asset and a corresponding lease liability. These leases generally do not have significant rent escalation holidays, concessions, leasehold improvement incentives, or other build-out clauses. Further, the leases do not contain contingent rent provisions. Many of our leases include both lease (i.e., fixed payments including rent, taxes, and insurance costs) and non-lease components (i.e., common-area or other maintenance costs) which are accounted for as a single lease component as we have elected the practical expedient to group lease and non-lease components for all leases. A portion of our prior principal executive office was subleased to a third party through 2021. The sublease did not have significant rent escalation holidays, concessions, leasehold improvement incentives, or other build-out clauses. In addition, the sublease did not contain contingent rent provisions nor were there options to extend or terminate the sublease. The sublease ended December 31, 2021.

The Company’s lease agreements often include one or more options to renew at the Company’s discretion. If at lease inception, the Company considers the exercising of a renewal option to be reasonably certain, the Company will include the extended term in the calculation of the ROU asset and lease liability. The Company elected not to include short-term leases (i.e., leases with initial terms of twelve months or less) on the balance sheet.

The calculated amounts of the ROU assets and lease liabilities are impacted by the length of the lease term and the discount rate used to calculate the present value of the minimum lease payments. ASC 842 requires the use of the discount rate implicit in the lease whenever this rate is readily determinable. As this rate is rarely determinable, the Company utilizes its incremental borrowing rate at lease inception.

Research and Development Costs

Internal research and development costs are expensed in the period incurred. Amounts receivable from strategic relationships under research reimbursement agreements are recorded as a contra-research and development expense in the period reimbursable costs are incurred. There were no material receivables as of December 31, 2022 or 2021 under these types of agreements. Advance receipts or other unearned reimbursements are included in accrued liabilities on the accompanying balance sheet until earned.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for its grants of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted shares, and restricted stock units and for its employee stock purchase plan in accordance with the provisions of general accounting principles for share-based payments. These accounting principles require the determination of the fair value of the stock-based compensation at the grant date and the recognition of the related expense over the period in which the stock-based compensation vests.

For time-based awards, the Company utilizes the Black-Scholes valuation model to determine the fair value of stock options and stock appreciation rights at the date of grant. The weighted average assumptions and fair value for options granted during the year ended December 31, 2022, were 1) expected dividend rate of 0%; 2) expected volatility of 80% based on the Company’s historical volatility; 3) risk-free interest rate based on the Treasury yield on the date of grant; and 4) expected term of 6.25 years. The resulting compensation expense is recognized over the requisite service period, which is generally four years. Restricted shares and units granted to employees are valued at the fair market value at the date of grant. The Company amortizes the fair market value to expense over the service period. If the shares are subject to performance objectives, the resulting compensation expense is amortized over the anticipated vesting period and is subject to adjustment based on the actual achievement of objectives.

For market-based awards, stock-based compensation expense is recognized over the minimum service period regardless of whether or not the market target is probable of being achieved. The fair value of such awards is estimated on the grant date using Monte Carlo simulations.

Shares purchased by employees under the 2022 Employee Stock Purchase Plan are considered to be non-compensatory.

Net Loss per Common Share

Basic earnings (loss) per common share is computed by dividing the net earnings (loss) for the period by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. In periods where there is net income, we apply the two-class method to calculate basic and diluted net income (loss) per share of common stock, as our convertible preferred stock is a participating security. The two-class method is an earnings allocation formula that treats a participating security as having rights to earnings that otherwise would have been available to common stockholders. In periods where there is a net loss, the two-class method of computing earnings per share does not apply as our convertible preferred stock does not contractually participate in our losses. We compute diluted net income (loss) per common share using net income (loss) as the “control number” in determining whether potential common shares are dilutive, after giving consideration to all potentially dilutive common shares, including stock options, unvested restricted stock units outstanding during the period and potential issuance of stock upon the conversion of our convertible preferred stock issued and outstanding during the period, except where the effect of such securities would be antidilutive.

The Company did not include any portion of unearned restricted shares, outstanding options, stock appreciation rights, or convertible preferred stock in the calculation of diluted loss per common share because all such securities are anti-dilutive for all periods presented. The application of the two-class method of computing earnings per share under general accounting principles for participating securities is not applicable during these periods because those securities do not contractually participate in its losses.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company had 3,208,065 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding options and stock appreciation rights at a weighted average exercise price of $4.21 per share, 47,364,216 shares of our common stock issuable upon conversion of our Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, 5,610,121 shares of our common stock issuable upon conversion of our Series B Convertible Preferred Stock and 1,208,739 shares of unvested restricted share units. The Company had no unearned restricted shares outstanding for the period ended December 31, 2022.

Income Taxes

In accordance with general accounting principles for income taxes, a deferred income tax asset or liability is determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities as measured by the enacted tax rates that will be in effect when these differences reverse. The Company provides a valuation allowance against net deferred income tax assets unless, based upon available evidence, it is more likely than not the deferred income tax assets will be realized.

Product Warranty Provisions

The Company’s standard policy is to warrant all systems against defects in material or workmanship for one year following installation. The Company’s estimate of costs to service the warranty obligations is based on historical experience and current product performance trends. A regular review of warranty obligations is performed to determine the adequacy of the reserve and adjustments are made to the estimated warranty liability (included in other accrued liabilities) as appropriate.

Patent Costs

Costs related to filing and pursuing patent applications are expensed as incurred, as recoverability of such expenditures is uncertain.

Concentrations of Risk

The majority of the Company’s cash, cash equivalents and investments are deposited with one major financial institution in the U.S. Deposits in this institution exceed the amount of government provided insurance on such deposits.

No single customer accounted for more than 10% of total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Revenue from customers in China accounted for $3.7 million, or 10%, of total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2021. No other single country, other than the U.S., accounted for more than 10% of total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326), Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments” and also issued subsequent amendments to the initial guidance under ASU 2018-19, ASU 2019-04 and ASU 2019-05. The standard modifies the measurement approach for credit losses on financial instruments, including trade receivables, from an incurred loss method to a current expected credit loss method, otherwise known as “CECL.” The standard requires the measurement of expected credit losses to be based on relevant information, including historical experience, current conditions and a forecast that is supportable. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years; early adoption is permitted. The standard must be adopted by applying a cumulative adjustment to retained earnings. The Company anticipates adopting the standard in the first quarter of 2023, although it does not expect a significant impact to the Company’s financial results.

3. Financial Instruments

The following table summarizes the Company’s cash and held to maturity securities’ amortized cost, gross unrealized gains, gross unrealized losses, and fair value by significant investment category reported as cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and investments as of December 31, 2022, and 2021:

Schedule of Cash and Held to Maturity Securities