Tronox Holdings plc - Annual Report: 2013 (Form 10-K)

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-K

(Mark One)

For the Year ended December 31, 2013

OR

For the transition period from                      to                     

1-35573

(Commission file number)

TRONOX LIMITED

(ACN 153 348 111)

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (203) 705-3800

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities
Act.     Yes  x    No  ¨

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the
Act.     Yes  ¨    No  x

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  x    No  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  x    No  ¨

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of Registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ¨    No  x

The aggregate market value of the ordinary shares held by non-affiliates of the Registrant as of June 28, 2013 was approximately $2,286,134,531.

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Section 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court.    Yes  x    No  ¨

As of January 31, 2014, the Registrant had 62,369,715 shares of Class A ordinary shares and 51,154,280 shares of Class B ordinary shares outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the Registrant’s proxy statement for its 2014 annual general meeting of shareholders are incorporated by reference in this Form 10-K in response to Part III Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14.

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TRONOX LIMITED

ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013

INDEX

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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

We have made statements under the captions “Business,” “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”, and in other sections of this Form 10-K that are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify these statements by forward-looking words such as “may,” “might,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “project,” “likely,” “can have” or “continue,” and the negative of these terms and other comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements, which are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions about us, may include projections of our future financial performance based on our growth strategies and anticipated trends in our business. These statements are only predictions based on our current expectations and projections about future events. There are important factors that could cause our actual results, level of activity, performance or achievements to differ materially from the results, level of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. In particular, you should consider the numerous risks and uncertainties outlined in “Risk Factors.”

These risks and uncertainties are not exhaustive. Other sections of this Form 10-K may include additional factors, which could adversely impact our business and financial performance. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for our management to predict all risks and uncertainties, nor can management assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.

Although we believe the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, level of activity, performance or achievements. Moreover, neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of any of these forward-looking statements. You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. We are under no duty to update any of these forward-looking statements after the date of this Form 10-K to conform our prior statements to actual results or revised expectations and we do not intend to do so.

We are committed to providing timely and accurate information to the investing public, consistent with our legal and regulatory obligations. To that end, we use our website to convey information about our businesses, including the anticipated release of quarterly financial results, quarterly financial and statistical and business-related information. Investors can link to the Tronox Limited website through http://www.tronox.com. Our website and the information contained therein or connected thereto shall not be deemed to be incorporated into this Form 10-K.

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PART I

For the purposes of this discussion, references to “we,” “us,” and, “our” refer to Tronox Limited, together with its consolidated subsidiaries (collectively referred to as “Tronox”), when discussing the business following the completion of the Transaction, and to Tronox Incorporated, together with its consolidated subsidiaries (collectively referred to as “Tronox Incorporated”), when discussing the business prior to the completion of the Transaction.

Item 1. Business

Tronox Limited, a public limited company registered under the laws of the State of Western Australia, Australia, and its subsidiaries is a global leader in the production and marketing of titanium bearing mineral sands and titanium dioxide pigment (“TiO₂”). Our world-class, high performance TiO₂ products are critical components of everyday applications such as paint and other coatings, plastics, paper and other applications. Our mineral sands business consists primarily of three product streams—titanium feedstock, zircon and pig iron. Titanium feedstock is primarily used to manufacture TiO₂. Zircon, a hard, glossy mineral, is used for the manufacture of ceramics, refractories, TV screen glass and a range of other industrial and chemical products. Pig iron is a metal material used in the steel and metal casting industries to create wrought iron, cast iron and steel.

On September 25, 2011, Tronox Incorporated entered into a definitive agreement (as amended, the “Transaction Agreement”) with Exxaro Resources Limited (“Exxaro”) and certain of its affiliated companies, to acquire 74% of Exxaro’s mineral sands operations, along with its 50% share of the Tiwest Joint Venture (the “Transaction”). On June 15, 2012, the date of the Transaction (the “Transaction Date”), Tronox Limited issued Class B ordinary shares to Exxaro and one of its subsidiaries in consideration for the mineral sands business, and the existing business of Tronox Incorporated was combined with the mineral sands business in an integrated series of transactions whereby Tronox Limited became the parent company.

Under the terms of the Shareholder’s Deed entered into upon completion of the Transaction, Exxaro agreed that for a three-year period after the completion of the Transaction (the “Standstill Period”), it would not engage in any transaction or other action that would result in its beneficial ownership of the voting shares of Tronox Limited exceeding 45% of the total issued shares of Tronox Limited. At December 31, 2013, Exxaro held approximately 44.4% of the voting securities of Tronox Limited. In addition, except under certain circumstances, Exxaro agreed not to sell, pledge or otherwise transfer any such voting shares during the Standstill Period. After the Standstill Period, Exxaro has agreed not to acquire any voting shares of Tronox Limited if, following such acquisition, Exxaro will have a voting interest in Tronox Limited of 50% or more unless Exxaro brings any proposal to make such an acquisition to the board of directors of Tronox Limited on a confidential basis. In the event an agreement regarding the proposal is not reached, Exxaro is permitted to make a takeover offer for all the shares of Tronox Limited not held by affiliates of Exxaro provided that binding acceptances are received from a majority of the shares not held by affiliates of Exxaro.

In connection with the Transaction, Exxaro retained a 26% ownership interest in our South African operations that are part of the mineral sands business in order to comply with the Black Economic Empowerment legislation of South Africa.

Principal Business Lines

We have two reportable operating segments, Mineral Sands and Pigment. Corporate and Other consists of our electrolytic manufacturing and marketing operations, as well as our corporate activities.

Mineral Sands

Our Mineral Sands segment includes the exploration, mining and beneficiation of mineral sands deposits, and is comprised of the following:

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Our mineral sands operations have a combined annual production capacity of 753,000 metric tons of titanium feedstock and 265,000 metric tons of zircon.

To ensure we are in the best position to meet future feedstock needs and take advantage of our vertical integration, we seek to secure future mine sites through our mineral sands exploration programs in Australia and South Africa. As part of our ore optimization strategy, we proactively manage new mining projects with an eye toward the future as existing mine resources are extracted. Our most notable project is the development of the Fairbreeze mine near our KZN Sands operations in South Africa. The Fairbreeze mine will serve as a replacement source of feedstock production for our Hillendale mine, which ceased mining operations in December 2013. Depending on the timing of regulatory approval and subsequent construction, the Fairbreeze mine could begin operations in the second half of 2015, and be fully operational in 2016. The Fairbreeze mine is estimated to have a life expectancy of approximately 15 years.

Minerals Sands Products

“Mineral sands” refers to concentrations of heavy minerals in an alluvial environment (sandy or sedimentary deposits near a sea, river or other water source).

Titanium Feedstock

Titanium occurs naturally in a number of minerals. Ilmenite, rutile, leucoxene, titanium slag and synthetic rutile are all used primarily as feedstock for the production of TiO₂. According to the latest data provided by TZ Minerals International Pty Ltd (“TZMI”), more than 90% of the world’s consumption of titanium feedstock is used for the production of TiO₂.

Titanium feedstock is considered to be a single product, although it can be segmented based on the level of titanium contained within the feedstock, with substantial overlap between each segment. Different grades of titanium feedstock have similar characteristics, and are generally suitable substitutes for one another. As such, TiO₂ producers generally source and supply a variety of feedstock grades, and often blend them into one feedstock. The lower amount of titanium used in the TiO₂ manufacturing process, the more feedstock required and waste material produced. Naturally occurring high-grade titanium minerals required for the production of TiO₂ are limited in supply. This limited supply has prompted the mineral sands industry to develop beneficiated products to increase the titanium content in the feedstock that can be used as substitutes for, or in conjunction with, naturally occurring titanium minerals. Two processes have been developed commercially: one for the production of titanium slag and the other for the production of synthetic rutile. Both processes use ilmenite as a raw material, and involve the removal of iron oxides and other non-titanium material.

Ilmenite — Ilmenite is the most abundant titanium mineral, with naturally occurring ilmenite having a titanium content ranging from approximately 35% to 65%, depending on its geological history. The weathering of ilmenite in its natural environment results in oxidation of the iron, which increases titanium content.

Rutile — Rutile is essentially composed of crystalline titanium and, in its pure state, would contain close to 100% titanium. Naturally occurring rutile, however, usually contains minor impurities and therefore, commercial concentrates of this mineral typically contain approximately 94% to 96% titanium.

Leucoxene — Leucoxene is a natural alteration of ilmenite with a titanium content ranging from approximately 65% to more than 90%. The weathering process is responsible for the alteration of ilmenite to leucoxene, which results in the removal of iron, leading to an upgrade in titanium content.

Titanium Slag — The production of titanium slag involves smelting ilmenite in an electric arc furnace under reducing conditions, normally with anthracite (coal) used as a reducing agent. The slag, containing the bulk of the titanium and impurities other than iron, is tapped off the top of the furnace while a high purity pig iron is recovered from the bottom of the furnace. The final quality of the slag is highly dependent on the quality of the original ilmenite and the ash composition of the anthracite used in the furnace. Titanium slag has a titanium content of approximately 85% to 87%.

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Synthetic Rutile — A number of processes have been developed for the beneficiation of ilmenite into products containing between approximately 90% and 95% titanium. These products are known as synthetic rutile or upgraded ilmenite. The processes employed vary in terms of the extent to which the ilmenite grain is reduced, and the precise nature of the reducing reaction and the conditions used in the subsequent removal of iron. All of the existing commercial processes are based on the reduction of ilmenite in a rotary kiln, followed by leaching under various conditions to remove the iron from the reduced ilmenite grains. Our synthetic rutile has a titanium content of approximately 90% to 93%.

Co-products

Zircon — Zircon is frequently, but not always, found in the mineral sands deposits containing ilmenite. It is extracted, alongside ilmenite and rutile, as part of the initial mineral sands beneficiation process. Zircon is a mineral which is primarily used as an additive in ceramic glazes to add hardness, which makes the ceramic glaze more water, chemical and abrasion resistant. It is also used for the production of zirconium and zirconium chemicals, in refractories, as a molding sand in foundries, and for TV screen glass, where it is noted for its structural stability at high temperatures and resistance to abrasive and corrosive conditions. Zircon typically represents a relatively low proportion of heavy mineral sands mining but has a relatively higher value compared to other heavy mineral products. Refractories containing zircon are expensive and are only used in demanding, high-wear and corrosive applications in the glass, steel and cement industries. Foundry applications use zircon when casting articles of high quality and value where accurate sizing is crucial, such as aerospace, automotive, medical, and other high-end applications.

High Purity Pig Iron — The process by which ilmenite is converted into titanium slag results in the production of high purity pig iron containing low levels of manganese. When pig iron is produced in this manner, the molten iron is tapped from the ilmenite furnace during the smelting process, alloyed by adding carbon and silicon and treated to reduce the sulfur content, and is then cast into ingots, or “pigs.” The pig iron produced as a co-product of titanium slag production is known as nodular pig iron, ductile pig iron, low manganese pig iron, or high purity pig iron.

Mining

The mining of mineral sands deposits is conducted either “wet,” by dredging or hydraulic water jets, or “dry,” using earth-moving equipment to excavate and transport the sands. Dredging, as used at the Cooljarloo mine, is generally the favored method of mining mineral sands, provided that the ground conditions are suitable and water is readily available. In situations involving hard ground, discontinuous ore bodies, small tonnage or very high grades, dry mining techniques are generally preferred.

Dredge Mining — Dredge mining, or wet mining, is best suited to ore reserves located below the water table. A floating dredge removes the ore from the bottom of an artificial pond through a large suction pipe. The bulk sand material is fed as slurry through a primary, or “wet,” concentrator that is typically towed behind the dredge unit. The dredge slowly advances across the pond and deposits clean sand tailings behind the pond for subsequent revegetation and rehabilitation. Because of the capital cost involved in the manufacturing and location, dredge mining is most suitable for large, long-lived deposits. The dredging operations at Cooljarloo use two large floating dredges in a purpose-built pond. The slurry is pumped to a floating concentrator, which recovers heavy minerals from the sand and clay.

Dry Mining — Dry mining is suitable where mineral deposits are shallow, contain hard bands of rock, or are in a series of unconnected ore bodies. Dry mining is performed at Namakwa Sands, which is located in an arid region on the west coast of South Africa. The ore is mined with front end loaders in a load and carry operation, dumping the mineral bearing sands onto a conveyor belt system that follows behind the mining face. The harder layers are mined using hydraulic excavators in a backhoe configuration or by trackdozer. Namakwa Sands does not use blasting in its operations. The mined material is transported by trucks to the mineral sizers where primary reduction takes place.

Hydraulic Mining — KZN Sands uses a unique hydraulic mining method for mineral sands due to the topography of the ore body and the ore characteristics. A jet of high-pressure water is aimed at a mining face, thereby cutting into and loosening the sand so that it collapses on the floor. The water acts as a carrier medium for the sand, due to the high fines content contained in the ore body. The slurry generated by the hydraulic monitors flows to a collection sump where oversize material is removed and the slurry is then pumped to the primary concentration plant.

Processing

Both wet and dry mining techniques utilize wet concentrator plants to produce a high grade of heavy mineral concentrate (typically approximately 90% to 98% heavy mineral content). Screened ore is first deslimed, a process by which slimes (mineral particles that are too fine to be economically extracted and other materials that remain after the valuable fraction of an ore has been separated from the uneconomic fraction) are separated from larger particles of minerals, and then washed through a series of spiral separators that use gravity to separate the heavy mineral sands from lighter materials, such as quartz. Residue from the concentration process is pumped back into either the open pits or slimes dams for rehabilitation and water recovery. Water used in the process is recycled into a clean water dam with any additional water requirements made up from pit dewatering or rainfall.

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Mineral Separation

The non-magnetic (zircon and rutile) and magnetic (ilmenite) concentrates are passed through a dry mill to separate out the minerals. Electrostatic and dry magnetic methods are used to further separate the ilmenite, rutile and zircon. Electrostatic separation relies on the difference in surface conductivity of the materials to be separated. Conductive minerals (such as ilmenite, rutile and leucoxene) behave differently from non-conductive minerals (such as zircon) when subjected to electrical forces. Magnetic separation is dependent on the iron content of a mineral. Magnetic minerals (such as ilmenite) will separate from non-magnetic minerals (such as rutile and leucoxene) when subjected to a magnetic field. A combination of gravity and magnetic separation is used to separate zircon from the non-magnetic portion of the heavy mineral concentrate. The heavy mineral concentrate at KZN Sands and Namakwa Sands is passed through wet high-intensity magnetic separation to produce a non-magnetic fraction and a magnetic fraction.

Smelting — Ilmenite at KZN Sands and Namakwa Sands is processed further through direct current arc furnaces to produce titanium slag with a titanium content of approximately 86%. The smelting process comprises the reduction of ilmenite to produce titanium slag and nodular pig iron. Ilmenite and as-received anthracite (dried to remove fine material before smelting) are fed in a tightly controlled ratio through a hollow electrode into an operating furnace where the endothermic reduction of ilmenite occurs. The resultant titanium slag has a lower density than the iron, and separation of the two liquid products occurs inside the furnace. The slag and iron are tapped periodically from separate sets of tapholes located around the circumference of the furnace. The tapholes for slag are on a higher elevation than those for iron. Slag is tapped into steel pots and cooled for several hours in the pots before the slag blocks are tipped out. The blocks are subsequently transported to the blockyard where they are cooled under water sprays for a number of days. They are then crushed, milled, and separated according to size fractions, as required by the customers. The tapped pig iron is re-carburized and de-sulfurized, and cast into pigs.

Synthetic Rutile Production — Higher grade ilmenite may also be upgraded into synthetic rutile. Synthetic rutile, or upgraded ilmenite, is a chemically modified form of ilmenite that has the majority of the ferrous, non-titanium components removed, and is also suitable for use in the production of titanium metal or TiO₂ using the chloride process. Ilmenite is converted to synthetic rutile in a two-stage pyrometallurgical and chemical process. The first stage involves heating ilmenite in a large rotary kiln. Coal is used as a heat source and, when burned in a limited air environment, it produces carbon monoxide, which promotes a reducing environment that converts the iron oxide contained in the ilmenite to metallic iron. The intermediate product, called reduced ilmenite, is a highly magnetic sand grain due to the presence of the metallic iron. The second stage involves the conversion of reduced ilmenite to synthetic rutile by removing the metallic iron from the reduced ilmenite grain. This conversion is achieved through aeration (oxidation), accelerated through the use of ammonium chloride as a catalyst, and acid leaching of the iron to dissolve it out of the reduced ilmenite. Activated carbon is also produced as a co-product of the synthetic rutile production process.

Raw Materials

Our smelters at KZN Sands and Namakwa Sands use anthracite as a reducing agent, which although available from a variety of suppliers, is metallurgically specific in certain conditions. Namakwa Sands imports high-quality anthracite for its smelter from Vietnam. Vietnam has a large anthracite resource; however, the Vietnamese government regulates both the price and sales volumes of anthracite. Both of the KZN Sands smelters use anthracite from two local suppliers. Low ash and sulfur content are the main quality considerations. Anthracite suppliers with similar cost and availability to the Vietnamese supplier are available in Russia and Ukraine, as well as locally to our South African operations. Alternatively, char may be used as a substitute reducing agent for anthracite.

Our KZN Sands operations currently use Sasol gas, which is available only from Sasol Limited. However, Sasol gas could be replaced with furnace off-gas produced by KZN Sands, if necessary. KZN Sands is currently in the process of increasing its use of furnace off-gas. Construction of a 13.6 megawatt co-generation plant at Namakwa Sands has been completed, and its commissioning is under way. Additionally, the plant, which consumes all furnace off-gas, produces electricity that is offset against current consumption sourced from Eskom, the state-owned electricity supplier.

Our synthetic rutile operation at Chandala uses coal as a reducing agent, which is available locally from two suppliers, both of which have extensive coal resources. The synthetic rutile process relies on the quality of coal from southwest Western Australia for the efficient production of quality synthetic rutile and activated carbon from the synthetic rutile kiln. Other types of coal could be used if both of the current coal suppliers were unavailable, but some temporary adverse impact on the production and cost of synthetic rutile at Chandala would be likely.

Sales and Marketing

We currently mine more titanium feedstock than we consume at our TiO₂ production facilities. As such, feedstock not used in the production of our TiO₂ is sold to third parties. The geographic market for titanium feedstock is global in scope, and TiO₂ producers regularly source and transport titanium feedstock from suppliers located around the world. During 2013, 73% of feedstock revenue was derived from intercompany sales, with the remaining attributable to third-party sales. During 2013, our ten largest third-party

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mineral sands customers represented approximately 13% of total net sales, with no single customer accounting for more than 10% of total net sales.

Although we use agents and distributors for some sales in the Asia-Pacific region, direct relationship marketing is the primary technique that we employ for the marketing of titanium feedstocks. Multi-year contracts are negotiated with periodic pricing for the pigment industry, while the contract period for other industries tends to be less than one year (either per shipment, quarterly, half year or one year). Pricing for titanium feedstocks is usually adjusted either on a quarterly or half-year basis. In some instances, we use traders or agents for the sale of titanium feedstocks.

A portion of the zircon produced at Namakwa Sands is supplied pursuant to long-term multi-year contracts with some of our larger European customers. The tonnage is subject to agreement on pricing, which we negotiate at quarterly intervals or on a shipment-by-shipment basis. For customers of KZN Sands, and for smaller customers of Namakwa Sands, we contract zircon tonnage and pricing on a quarterly basis. We seek to avoid the use of agents and traders for the sale of zircon, favoring long-term relationships directly with end users.

Seasonality

Because TiO₂ is widely used in paint and other coatings, titanium feedstocks are in higher demand prior to the painting season in the Northern Hemisphere (spring and summer), and pig iron is in lower demand during the European summer holidays, when many steel plants and foundries undergo maintenance. Zircon generally is a non-seasonal product, but is negatively impacted by the winter and Chinese New Year celebrations due to reduced zircon demand from China.

Competitive Conditions

There are a small number of large mining companies or groups that are involved in the production of titanium feedstock. According to TZMI data, we are the third-largest titanium feedstock producer with approximately 10% of global titanium feedstock production. Rio Tinto, through its ownership of Canadian-based Fer et Titane, its share in Richards Bay Minerals (“RBM”) in South Africa, and ownership of QMM Madagascar, is the largest producer of titanium feedstock in the world. Australian-based Iluka Resources Limited is the second largest manufacturer, with operations in Australia and the United States. A number of other manufacturers, such as Cristal Global (Saudi Arabia), E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company (United States), Kenmare Resources plc (Ireland), Kronos Worldwide Inc. (Europe), Pangang Titanium Industry Co Ltd (China), VV Mineral (India), Kerala Mines and Metals Limited (India), and Ostchem Holding AG (Eastern Europe) also supply titanium feedstock to the global market.

Pigment

Our Pigment segment primarily produces and markets TiO₂, and has production facilities at the following locations: Hamilton, Mississippi; Botlek, The Netherlands; and Kwinana, Western Australia, representing an aggregate of 465,000 metric tons of annual TiO₂ production capacity.

TiO₂ is a critical component of everyday consumer applications due to its brightness and superior ability to cover or mask other materials effectively and efficiently relative to alternative white pigments and extenders. TiO₂ is considered to be a quality of life product, and some research indicates that consumption generally increases as disposable income increases. At present, it is our belief that there is no effective mineral substitute for TiO₂ because no other white pigment has the physical properties for achieving comparable opacity and brightness, or can be incorporated as cost effectively.

TiO₂ is used in a wide range of products due to its ability to impart whiteness, brightness and opacity, and is designed, marketed and sold based on specific end-use applications. TiO₂ is used extensively in the manufacture of paint and other coatings, plastics and paper and in a wide range of other applications, including inks, fibers, rubber, food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. According to TZMI data, the paint and coatings sector is the largest consumer of pigment with 56% of total pigment consumption in 2012, while the plastics sector accounted for 24% and the remaining 20% was divided between paper, inks, fibers, and other.

TiO₂ Manufacturing Process

TiO₂ is produced using a combination of processes involving the manufacture of base pigment particles followed by surface treatment, drying and milling (collectively known as finishing). There are two commercial production processes in use by manufacturers: the chloride process and the sulphate process. All of our TiO₂ is produced using the chloride process. We are one of a limited number of TiO₂ producers in the world with chloride production technology. TiO₂ produced using the chloride process is preferred for some of the largest end-use applications.

The chloride process is a newer technology, and we believe it has several advantages over the sulphate process: it generates less waste, uses less energy, is less labor intensive and permits the direct recycle of chlorine, a major process chemical, back into the production process. In the chloride process, feedstock ores (slag, synthetic rutile, natural rutile or ilmenite ores) are reacted with

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chlorine (the chlorination step) and carbon to form titanium tetrachloride (“TiCl₄”) in a continuous fluid bed reactor. Purification of TiCl₄ to remove other chlorinated products is accomplished using a distillation process. The purified TiCl₄ is then oxidized in a vapor phase form to produce base pigment particles and chlorine gas. The latter is recycled back to the chlorination step for reuse. Base pigment is then typically slurried with water and dispersants prior to entering the finishing step. The chloride process currently accounts for substantially all of the industry-wide TiO₂ production capacity in North America, and approximately 49% of industry-wide capacity globally.

Commercial production of TiO₂ results in one of two different crystal forms, either rutile, which is manufactured using either the chloride process or the sulphate process, or anatase, which is only produced using the sulfate process. All of our global production capacity utilizes the chloride process to produce rutile TiO₂. Rutile TiO₂ is preferred over anatase TiO₂ for many of the largest end-use applications, such as coatings and plastics, because its higher refractive index imparts better hiding power at lower quantities than the anatase crystal form and it is more suitable for outdoor use because it is more durable. Although rutile TiO₂ can be produced using either the chloride process or the sulphate process, some customers prefer rutile produced using the chloride process because it typically has a bluer undertone and greater durability.

Raw Materials

Titanium Feedstock — The primary raw materials used to process TiO₂ are titanium feedstock, chlorine and coke. Beginning in the second quarter of 2013, 100% of our Pigment segment feedstock purchases have been from our Mineral Sands segment. For the year ended December 31, 2013, approximately 97% of our total ore purchases were from our Mineral Sands segment. Currently, we are the only TiO₂ manufacturer in the world to have 100% of our feedstock supply requirements under common ownership.

Chemicals — Other chemicals used in the production of TiO₂, such as chlorine, oxygen, nitrogen and coke, are purchased from various companies under long-term supply contracts. In the past we have been, and we expect that we will continue to be, successful in obtaining short-term and long-term extensions to these and other existing supply contracts prior to their expiration. We expect the raw materials purchased under these contracts, and contracts that we may enter into in the near term, to meet our requirements over the next several years.

Sales and Marketing

We supply and market TiO₂ under the brand name TRONOX^® to more than 1,100 customers in approximately 90 countries, including market leaders in each of the key end-use markets for TiO_2, and we have supplied each of our top ten customers with TiO₂ for more than 10 years. These top ten customers represented approximately 27% of our total TiO₂ sales in 2013, with no single customer accounting for more than 10% of total net sales. The tables below summarize our 2013 TiO₂ sales volume by geography and end-use market:

In addition to price and product quality, we compete on the basis of technical support and customer service. Our direct sales and technical service organizations execute our sales and marketing strategy, and work together to provide quality customer service. Our direct sales staff is trained in all of our products and applications. Due to the technical requirements of TiO₂ applications, our technical service organization and direct sales offices are supported by a regional customer service staff located in each of our major geographic markets.

We believe our TiO₂ operations, and specifically our plant in Hamilton, Mississippi, are among the lowest-cost producers of TiO₂ globally. This is of particular importance as it positions us to be competitive through all facets of the TiO₂ cycle. Moreover, our three TiO₂ production facilities are strategically positioned in key geographies. The Hamilton facility is the third-largest TiO₂ production facility in the world, and has the size and scale to service customers in North America and around the globe. Our Chandala processing plant, located in Australia, is well positioned to service the growing demand from Asia. Our Botlek facility, located in The Netherlands, services our European customers and certain specialized applications globally.

Our sales and marketing strategy focuses on effective customer management through the development of strong relationships. We develop customer relationships and manage customer contact through our sales team, technical service organization, research and development team, customer service team, plant operations personnel, supply chain specialists, and senior management visits. We believe that multiple points of customer contact facilitate efficient problem solving, supply chain support, formula optimization, and product co-development.

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Seasonality

The demand for TiO₂ during a given year is subject to seasonal fluctuations. Because TiO₂ is widely used in paint and other coatings, TiO₂ is in higher demand prior to the painting season in the Northern Hemisphere (spring and summer).

Competitive Conditions

According to the latest TZMI data, industry production capacity grew to 7.2 million metric tons in 2012 from 7.0 million metric tons in 2011. We compete in a global market that has multiple other vendors. The global market in which our TiO₂ business operates is competitive. Competition is based on a number of factors such as price, product quality, and service. We face competition not only from chloride process pigment producers, but from sulfate process pigment producers as well. Moreover, because transportation costs are minor relative to the cost of our product, there is also some competition between products produced in one region versus products produced in another region.

We face competition from major international producers, including E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Cristal Global, Huntsman Pigments, and Kronos Worldwide Inc., as well as regional competitors such as Sachtleben Chemie GmbH located in Germany, Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha located in Japan, and Sichuan Lomon Titanium Industry Co Ltd, Henan Billions Chemicals Co., Ltd., China National Bluestar (Group) Co., Ltd,., Shandong Jinhong Titanium Dioxide Chemicals and Pangang Titanium Co., Ltd. located in China. We estimate that, based on nameplate capacity, these seven companies accounted for approximately 56% of the global capacity. During 2013, we had global TiO₂ production capacity of 465,000 metric tons per year, which was approximately 6% of global pigment capacity. In addition to the major competitors discussed above, we compete with numerous smaller, regional producers, including producers in China that have expanded their sulphate production capacity during the previous five years.

Corporate and Other

Corporate and Other consists of our electrolytic manufacturing and marketing operations, as well as our corporate activities.

Electrolytic and Other Chemical Product Operations

Our electrolytic and other chemical products operations are primarily focused on advanced battery materials, specialty boron products and sodium chlorate.

Electrolytic manganese dioxide (“EMD”) — EMD is the active cathode material for alkaline batteries used in flashlights, electronic games, and medical and industrial devices. We believe that we are one of the largest producers of EMD for the global alkaline battery industry. EMD quality requirements for alkaline technology are much more demanding than for zinc carbon technology and, as a result, alkaline-grade EMD commands a higher price than zinc carbon-grade EMD. The United States primary battery market, predominantly based on alkaline-grade EMD, is the largest in the world followed by China and Japan according to the Freedonia Group. As such, we expect demand for alkaline-grade EMD to be sustained by the long-term growth of consumer electronics devices, partly offset by the trend toward smaller battery sizes and rechargeable batteries. The older zinc carbon technology remains in developing countries such as China and India. As the economies of China and India continue to mature, and the need for more efficient energy sources develops, we anticipate that the demand for alkaline-grade EMD will increase.

Boron — Specialty boron product end-use applications include semiconductors, pharmaceuticals, high-performance fibers, specialty ceramics and epoxies, as well as igniter formulations. According to publicly available industry reports, we are one of the leading suppliers of boron trichloride, along with JSC Aviabor, Sigma-Aldrich Corporation, and several Asian manufacturers. We anticipate demand for boron trichloride will remain positive driven primarily by the growth of the semiconductor industry. We believe we hold a similar leading position in the elemental boron market. We expect demand for elemental boron will continue to be largely flat following the trends in the defense and automotive industries in the United States.

Sodium Chlorate — Sodium chlorate is used by the pulp and paper industry in bleaching applications. The pulp and paper industry accounts for more than 95% of the market demand for sodium chlorate. Although there are other methods for bleaching pulp, we believe the chlorine dioxide process is preferred for environmental reasons. The primary raw material that we use to produce sodium chlorate is salt, which we purchase under both multi-year agreements and spot contracts. During 2013, we entered into an agreement with ERCO Worldwide, a Canadian-based global chemical company (“ERCO”), to supply up to 130,000 metric tons of sodium chlorate annually from our Hamilton, Mississippi facility. The initial term of the agreement extends to December 31, 2016, and may be automatically extended in one-year increments thereafter. As part of the agreement, ERCO acquired finished inventory, and assumed certain existing railcar leases and existing customer contracts. We have entered into a strategic long-term agreement with ERCO for the supply of chloral-alkali products to service a portion of our requirements at our Hamilton plant.

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Research and Development

We have research and development facilities that service our products, and focus on applied research and development testing of both new and existing processes. Our research and development facilities supporting our mineral sands business are located in South Africa, while the majority of scientists supporting our pigment and electrolytic research and development efforts are located in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

New process developments are focused on increased throughput, efficiency gains and general processing equipment-related improvements. Ongoing development of process technology contributes to cost reduction, enhanced production flexibility, increased capacity, and improved consistency of product quality. In 2013, our product development and commercialization efforts were focused on several TiO₂ products that deliver added value to customers across all end use segments by way of enhanced properties of the pigment.

Patents, Trademarks, Trade Secrets and Other Intellectual Property Rights

Proprietary protection of our intellectual property is important to our business. At December 31, 2013, we held 54 U.S. patents, 13 patent applications (including provisional patent grants), and approximately 209 patents in foreign counterparts, including both issued patents and pending patent applications. Our U.S. patents have expiration dates ranging from 2014 through 2032. Additionally, we have two trademark registrations in the U.S. and 42 trademark registrations in foreign counterparts.

We rely upon, and have taken steps to secure our unpatented proprietary technology, know-how and other trade secrets. The substantial majority of pigment business patents relate to our chloride products and production technology. Our proprietary chloride production technology is an important part of our overall technology position. However, much of the fundamental intellectual property associated with both chloride and sulfate pigment production is no longer subject to patent protection. At Namakwa Sands, we rely on intellectual property for our smelting technology, which was granted to us in perpetuity by Anglo American South Africa Limited for use on a worldwide basis, pursuant to a non-exclusive license.

We protect the trademarks that we use in connection with the products we manufacture and sell, and have developed goodwill in connection with our long-term use of our trademarks; however, there can be no assurance that the trademark registrations will provide meaningful protection against the use of similar trademarks by competitors, or that the value of our trademarks will not be diluted. We also use and rely upon unpatented proprietary knowledge, continuing technological innovation and other trade secrets to develop and maintain our competitive position. We conduct research activities and protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets through reasonable measures, including confidentiality agreements and security procedures. While certain patents held for our products and production processes are important to our long-term success, more important is the operational knowledge we possess.

Employees

At December 31, 2013, Tronox had approximately 3,400 employees worldwide, of which 700 are located in the United States, 700 in Australia, 1,700 in South Africa, and 300 in The Netherlands and other international locations. Our employees in the United States are not represented by a union or collective bargaining agreement. In South Africa, more than 70% of our workforce belongs to a union. In Australia, our employees are not currently represented by a union, but 50% are represented by a collective bargaining agreement. In The Netherlands, 60% of our employees are represented by a collective bargaining agreement and 30% are members of a union. We consider relations with our employees and labor organizations to be good.

Environmental, Health and Safety Authorizations

Mineral Sands

Our facilities and operations are subject to extensive general and industry-specific environmental, health and safety regulations in South Africa and Australia. These regulations include those relating to mine rehabilitation, liability provision, water management, the handling and disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous materials, and occupational health and safety. The various legislation and regulations are subject to a number of internal and external audits. Our mineral sands operations are in compliance, in all material respects, with existing health, safety and environmental legislation and regulations.

Fairbreeze Authorizations

In September 2012, the South African Department of Mineral Resources (the “DMR”) approved our amendment application to the Environmental Management Program for Fairbreeze. This approval allowed us to commence with selected early-phase construction activities while awaiting further authorizations. In September 2013, the South African Department of Water Affairs (the “DWA”) issued the Fairbreeze Mine a water-use license for an area covering the majority of the Fairbreeze ore bodies and fines dams. Construction activities on these areas commenced soon after receipt of this license. Subsequently, a local conservancy group lodged an appeal, which by law automatically suspended the water-use license. Tronox submitted a petition to the DWA in protest of the

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suspension, requesting that the suspension be lifted pending the outcome of the appeal. On February 5, 2014, the DWA approved our request to lift the suspension, and we intend to continue with planned construction activities pending the appeal. The appeal process makes provision for the appeal to be adjudicated by the Water Tribunal, which is a quasi-judicial body of government. However, the legal appointment term of the tribunal ended in 2012, and to date, this body has not been reconstituted and the appeal process has not been amended. In order to address the appeal, we have agreed with the DWA to participate in a mediation process to attempt to reach a resolution of this matter. During such mediation process, we will continue with planned construction.

Regulation of the Mining Industry in South Africa

There are numerous mining-related laws and regulatory authorizations that may impact the performance of our business. These include but are not limited to: the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Royalty Act, which imposes a royalty on refined and unrefined minerals payable to the South African government; the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development ACT (the “MPRDA”), which governs the acquisition, use and disposal of mineral rights; the South African Minerals Act, which requires each new mine to prepare an Environmental Management Program Report for approval by the DMR; the Revised Mining Charter, effective as of September 13, 2010, which requires that mining entities achieve a 26% historically disadvantaged persons ownership of mining assets by 2014; and, the Black Economic Empowerment legislation in South Africa.

Regulation of the Mining Industry in Australia

Mining operations in Western Australia are subject to a variety of environmental protection regulations including but not limited to: the Environmental Protection Act, the primary source of environmental regulation in Western Australia; and, the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth), which established the federal environment protection regime and prohibits the carrying out of a “controlled action” that may have a significant impact on a “matter of national environmental significance.”

Prescriptive legislation regulates health and safety at mining workplaces in Western Australia. The principal general occupational health and safety legislation and regulations are the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1984 (WA), the Occupational Health and Safety Regulations 1996 (WA) and the guidelines. The Mines Safety and Inspection Act 1994 (WA) and Mines Safety and Inspection Regulations 1995 (WA) and guidelines provide the relevant legislation for mining operations in Western Australia. The Dangerous Goods Act 2004 (WA) applies to the safe storage, handling and transport of dangerous goods.

Each Australian state and territory has its own legislation regulating the exploration for and mining of minerals. Our operations are principally regulated by the Western Australian Mining Act 1978 (WA) and the Mining Regulations 1981 (WA).

State Agreements

State Agreements are contracts between the State of Western Australia and the proponents of major resources projects, and are intended to foster resource development and related infrastructure investments. These agreements are approved and ratified by the Parliament of Western Australia. The State Agreement relevant to our Australian operations and our production of mineral sands is the agreement authorized by the Mineral Sands (Cooljarloo) Mining and Processing Agreement Act 1988 (WA). State Agreements may only be amended by mutual consent, which reduces the sovereign risk and increases the security of tenure, however Parliament may enact legislation that overrules or amends the particular State Agreement.

Pigment

Our pigment business is subject to extensive regulation by federal, state, local and foreign governments. Governmental authorities regulate the generation and treatment of waste and air emissions at our operations and facilities. At many of our operations, we also comply with worldwide, voluntary standards developed by the International Organization for Standardization (“ISO”), a nongovernmental organization that promotes the development of standards and serves as a bridging organization for quality and environmental standards, such as ISO 9002 for quality management and ISO 14001 for environmental management.

Chemical Registration

The European Union adopted a regulatory framework for chemicals in 2006 known as Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals (“REACH”). Manufacturers and importers of chemical substances must register information regarding the properties of their existing chemical substances with the European Chemicals Agency. The timeline for existing chemical substances to be registered is based on volume and toxicity. The first group of chemical substances was required to be registered in 2010, with additional registrations due in 2013 and 2018. We registered those products requiring registration by the 2010 and 2013 deadlines. The REACH regulations also require chemical substances which are newly imported or manufactured in the European Union to be registered before being placed on the market. We are now focused on the authorization phase of the REACH process, and are making efforts to address “Substances of Very High Concern” and evaluating potential business implications. As a chemical

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manufacturer with global operations, we are also actively monitoring and addressing analogous regulatory regimes being considered or implemented outside of the EU, for example, in Korea and Taiwan. We do not expect the costs of REACH compliance to be material to our operations at this time.

Greenhouse Gas Regulation

Globally, our operations are subject to regulations that seek to reduce emissions of “greenhouse gases” (“GHGs”). We currently report and manage GHG emissions as required by law for sites located in areas requiring such managing and reporting (European Union/Australia). While the United States has not adopted any federal climate change legislation, the EPA has introduced some GHG programs. For example, under the EPA’s GHG “Tailoring Rule,” expansions or new construction could be subject to the Clean Air Act’s Prevention of Significant Deterioration requirements. Some of our facilities are currently subject to GHG emissions monitoring and reporting. Changes or additional requirements due to GHG regulations could impact our capital and operating costs; however, it is not possible at the present time to estimate any financial impact to these U.S. operating sites. Also, some in the scientific community believe that increasing concentrations of GHGs in the atmosphere may result in climatic changes. Depending on the severity of climatic changes, our operations could be adversely affected.

Segment and Geographic Revenue Information

Financial information by segment and geographic region is set forth in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Note 25 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Available Information

Our public internet site is http://www.tronox.com. We make available, free of charge, on or through the investor relations section of our internet site, our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements and Forms 3, 4 and 5 filed on behalf of directors and executive officers, as well as any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).

We file current, annual and quarterly reports, proxy statements and other information required by the Exchange Act with the SEC. You may read and copy any document we file at the SEC’s public reference room located at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549, USA, or by calling +1-800-SEC-0330. Our SEC filings are also available to the public from the SEC’s internet site at http://www.sec.gov.

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Executive Officers of the Registrant

Set forth below is a description of the backgrounds of our executive officers. There are no family relationships between any of our officers, and there is no arrangement or understanding between any of them and any other person pursuant to which any such officer was selected as an officer.

Additional information related to our directors and nominees will be included under the caption “Election of Directors” in the 2014 Proxy Statement for our Annual Shareholders Meeting to be held on May 21, 2014 and is incorporated by reference herein. The information required by Items 405, 407(d)(4) and 407(d)(5) of Regulation S-K will be included under the captions “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” and “Audit Committee” in the 2014 Proxy Statement, and is incorporated by reference herein.

Thomas Casey

Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer

Mr. Casey has served as Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of Tronox Limited since June 15, 2012. Mr. Casey joined Tronox Incorporated as Chairman in February 2011 and was named as Chief Executive Officer of Tronox Incorporated effective in October 2011. Mr. Casey served as Chief Executive Officer of Integra Telecom, Inc. from February 2011 until October 2011 when Mr. Casey assumed the position of Chief Executive Officer of Tronox Incorporated. He has previously served as Chairman of the Board of Integra Telecom between December 2009 and February 2011, Chief Executive Officer and Director of Current Group LLC between September 2006 and February 2011, Chairman of the Board of Pacific Crossing Ltd., as Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Choice One Communications, Inc., and as Chief Executive Officer and Director of One Communication Corp and of Global Crossing Ltd. Mr. Casey was a managing director of Merrill Lynch & Co, and was a partner at Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP and at Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky and Popeo, P.C. He also had various positions in the United States Government, including in the Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice. Mr. Casey graduated with honors from Boston College and The George Washington University, National Law Center. These positions give Mr. Casey significant insight into, and understanding of, complex transactions and business operations, including with respect to the banking, legal, and operational aspects thereof. On April 11, 2005, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Global Crossing, Mr. Casey (who was at the relevant time the Chief Executive Officer of Global Crossing) and other members of Global Crossing’s management reached a settlement related to a U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission investigation regarding alleged violations of the reporting provisions of Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act (and regulations thereunder), with such parties agreeing not to cause any violations of such reporting provisions. In the settlement, no party admitted liability and no other violations of securities laws were alleged. The Tronox Limited board of directors was fully aware of the settlement order and its circumstances and, in naming Mr. Casey as Chief Executive Officer, expressed its confidence in his ability to serve as Chief Executive Officer.

Jean-François Turgeon

Executive Vice President

Mr. Turgeon has served as Executive Vice President since joining Tronox on January 1, 2014. Mr. Turgeon oversees the combined business operations of our Mineral Sands and Pigment & Electrolytic Divisions. Mr. Turgeon brings decades of experience in leadership positions in the global titanium dioxide business. He joined Tronox from the Rio Tinto Group, where he served for more than 24 years, most recently in London as managing director of its iron and titanium division. In that role, he had oversight over international TiO₂ operations in Canada, South Africa and Madagascar, and regional sales offices in the Americas, Europe, Africa and the Middle East, and Asia and the Pacific. Previously, Mr. Turgeon held several executive, mining operations, and chemical research engineering positions in Rio Tinto’s titanium dioxide business unit. Mr. Turgeon holds a Bachelor of Science degree in chemical engineering from Université Laval in Quebec City and a master’s degree in hydrometallurgy from McGill University in Montreal.

Trevor Arran

Senior Vice President and President, Mineral Sands Operations

Mr. Arran has served as our Senior Vice President and President, Mineral Sands Operations since June 15, 2012. Prior to joining Tronox Limited upon completion of the Transaction he served as the Executive General Manager of Exxaro’s mineral sands and base metals business since April 2009. Prior to that, he served as the Executive General Manager of Corporate Affairs and Strategy for Exxaro from November 2006 until March 2009. Mr. Arran has broad experience in the mining industry, supplemented by financial experience gained in equity markets, investment banking and new business. He holds a Bachelor of Science in Geology from the University of Durban—Westville and a Bachelor of Science with honors in Economic Geology from the University of Natal. Mr. Arran also completed the Advanced Management Programme at the University of Pretoria’s Gordon Institute of Business Science and the Business and Environment Programme at the University of Cambridge.

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Michael J. Foster

Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary

Mr. Foster has been our Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary since June 15, 2012 and the Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary of Tronox Incorporated since January 2008. Mr. Foster was an executive officer of Tronox Incorporated during its bankruptcy proceedings from which it emerged in 2011. Before that he served as Managing Counsel of Tronox Incorporated from 2006 to January 2008; Staff Attorney of Tronox Incorporated from 2005 to 2006 and Staff Attorney for Kerr-McGee Shared Services LLC from 2003 to 2005; Corporate Counsel for CMS Field Services from 2001 to 2003; and Counsel for Enogex, Inc. from 1998 to 2001. Mr. Foster’s experience also includes more than five years practicing law in the public and private sectors.

Katherine C. Harper

Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Ms. Harper has served as our Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since September 16, 2013. She leads our global finance group, including treasury, financial planning and analysis, controllership, risk management, compliance and audit, and investor relations. Ms. Harper has a depth of experience in the chemical engineering and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) sector. She joined Tronox after serving as the chief financial and business development officer of Rio Tinto’s diamonds and minerals group. She previously held finance and business transformation roles in Rio Tinto’s mining and alternative energy units. Earlier in her career she worked for 12 years in senior finance posts with the Gulbrandsen Group, a privately held chemical manufacturing company, and the General Chemical Corporation. She began her career as an accountant within the power systems group of the Westinghouse Electric Corporation.

John D. Romano

Senior Vice President and President, Pigment and Electrolytic Operations

Mr. Romano has been our Senior Vice President and President, Pigment and Electrolytic Operations since June 15, 2012. Prior to that, he was Executive Vice President of Tronox Incorporated since January 1, 2011 and Vice President, Sales and Marketing of Tronox Incorporated since January 2008. Mr. Romano was an executive officer of Tronox Incorporated during its bankruptcy proceeding from which it emerged in 2011. Before that he served as Vice President, Sales for Tronox Incorporated from 2005 to January 2008; Vice President, Global Pigment Sales for Tronox LLC from January 2005 to November 2005; Vice President, Global Pigment Marketing for Tronox LLC from 2002 to 2005 and Regional Marketing Manager for Tronox LLC from 1998 to 2002.

Willem Van Niekerk

Senior Vice President, Strategic Planning and Business Development

Dr. Van Niekerk has served as our Senior Vice President, Strategic Planning and Business Development since June 15, 2012. Prior to joining Tronox Limited upon completion of the Transaction, he served as the Executive General Manager of Corporate Services for Exxaro, which includes what is now our Mineral Sands business, since May 2009, where he was responsible for Exxaro’s technology, research and development, information management and supply chain management departments. Prior to that, he served as Manager of Growth for Exxaro’s mineral sands and base metals business and as General Manager for Marketing and Business Development for Exxaro’s mineral sands and base metals business. Dr. Van Niekerk co-managed the Tiwest Joint Venture from 2006 to 2008. Dr. Van Niekerk has a PhD in pyrometallurgy from the University of Pretoria, and he oversaw the design and development of the titanium smelting technology for the slag furnaces at KZN Sands.

Kevin V. Mahoney

Vice President and Controller

Mr. Mahoney has served as our Vice President and Controller since November 12, 2012. He has responsibility over financial reporting and plays a leading role in the analysis and presentation of key financial data. Prior to joining Tronox, Mr. Mahoney was Senior Vice President and Corporate Controller for specialty chemicals producer Chemtura Corporation. Prior to joining Chemtura Corporation in October 2006, he served for 18 years with American Express Company, where his most recent position was Senior Vice President, Corporate Reporting, responsible for financial reporting globally. He joined American Express in 1988 as Vice President of Financial Reporting and Analysis for travel-related services, was appointed Senior Vice President of Global Business Management and Analysis in 1995 and Controller, Western Hemisphere, in 2000. He previously was a senior manager with KPMG LLP. Kevin holds an MBA in financial management from Pace University.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

You should carefully consider the risk factors set forth below, as well as the other information contained in this Form 10-K, including our consolidated financial statements and related notes. This Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Any of the following risks could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or those we currently view to be immaterial may also materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Economic Factors

Market conditions, as well as global and regional economic downturns that adversely affect the demand for the end-use products that contain TiO₂ or our other products, could adversely affect the profitability of our operations and the prices at which we can sell our products, negatively impacting our financial results.

Our revenue and profitability is largely dependent on the TiO₂ industry either through direct sales of TiO₂ by our pigment business, or to TiO₂ producers by our mineral sands business sales. TiO₂ is a chemical used in many “quality of life” products for which demand historically has been linked to global, regional and local GDP and discretionary spending, which can be negatively impacted by regional and world events or economic conditions. Such events are likely to cause a decrease in demand for our products and, as a result, may have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

The future profitability of our operations, and cash flows generated by those operations, also will be affected by the available supply of our products in the market, such as TiO₂, feedstock, and zircon.

The markets for many of our products have seasonally affected sales patterns.

The demand for TiO₂ during a given year is subject to seasonal fluctuations. Because TiO₂ is widely used in paint and other coatings, titanium feedstock is in higher demand prior to the painting season in the Northern Hemisphere (spring and summer), and pig iron is in lower demand during the European summer holidays, when many steel plants and foundries undergo maintenance. Zircon generally is a non-seasonal product but is negatively impacted by the winter and Chinese New Year celebrations due to reduced zircon demand from China. We may be adversely affected by existing or future cyclical changes, and such conditions may be sustained or further aggravated by anticipated or unanticipated changes in regional weather conditions. For example, poor weather conditions in a region can lead to an abbreviated painting season, which can depress consumer sales of paint products that use TiO₂.

Our results of operations may be adversely affected by fluctuations in currency exchange rates.

The financial condition and results of operations of our operating entities outside the United States are reported in various foreign currencies, primarily South African Rand, Australian Dollars and Euros, and then converted into U.S. dollars at the applicable exchange rate for inclusion in the financial statements. As a result, any volatility of the U.S. dollar against these foreign currencies creates uncertainty for and may have a negative impact on reported sales and operating margin. We have made a U.S. dollar functional currency election for both Australian financial reporting and federal income tax purposes. On this basis, our Australian entities report their results of operations on a U.S. dollar basis. In addition, our operating entities often need to convert currencies they receive for their products into currencies in which they purchase raw materials or pay for services, which could result in a gain or loss depending on fluctuations in exchange rates.

In order to manage this risk, we have, from time to time, entered into forward contracts to buy and sell foreign currencies as “economic hedges” for these foreign currency transactions.

Our operations may be negatively impacted by inflation.

Our profits and financial condition could be adversely affected when cost inflation is not offset by devaluation in operating currencies or an increase in the price of our products. Our operations have been affected by inflation in the countries in which they have operated in recent years. Working costs and wages in South Africa and Australia have increased in recent years, resulting in significant cost pressures for the mining industry.

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As an emerging market, South Africa poses a challenging array of long-term political, economic, financial and operational risks.

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The labor and employment laws in many jurisdictions in which we operate are more onerous than those of the United States; and some of our labor force has substantial works’ council or trade union participation, which creates a risk of disruption from labor disputes and new laws affecting employment policies.

Labor costs constituted approximately 23% of our production costs in 2013. The majority of our employees are located outside the United States. In most of those countries, labor and employment laws are more onerous than in the United States and, in many cases, grant significant job protection to employees, including rights on termination of employment.

In South Africa, more than 70% of our workforce belongs to a union. In Australia, our employees are not currently represented by a union, but 50% are represented by a collective bargaining agreement. In The Netherlands, 60% of our employees are represented by a collective bargaining agreement and 30% are members of a union.

Our South African operations have entered into various agreements regulating wages and working conditions at our mines. There have been periods when various stakeholders have been unable to agree on dispute resolution processes, leading to threats of disruptive labor disputes, although only two strikes have ever occurred in the history of these operations. Due to the high level of employee union membership, our South African operations are at risk of production stoppages for indefinite periods due to strikes and other labor disputes. In the past five years, employees of KZN Sands went on strike once for a 22-day period, from August 23 to September 13, 2010, in a dispute over wages and employment conditions, which resulted in an average daily production loss of 20,000 metric tons and 1,398 metric tons of heavy mineral concentrate, but had no significant impact on the smelter or furnace operations. Although we believe that we have good labor relations with our South African employees, we may experience labor disputes in the future.

South African employment law, which is based on the minimum standard set by the International Labour Organization, sets out minimum terms and conditions of employment for employees. Although these may be improved by agreements between an employer and the trade unions, prescribed minimum terms and conditions form the benchmark for all employment contracts. Our South African operations are required to submit a report to the South African Department of Labour under South African employment law detailing the progress made towards achieving employment equity in the workplace. Failing to submit this report in a timely manner could result in substantial penalties. In addition, future legislative developments that affect South African employment policies may increase production costs or negatively impact relationships with employees and trade unions, which may have an adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

We are required to consult with, and seek the consent or advice of, various employee groups or works’ councils that represent our employees for any changes to our activities or employee benefits. This requirement could have a significant impact on our flexibility in managing costs and responding to market changes.

Business Factors

Fluctuations in costs of our raw materials or our access to supplies of our raw materials could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

In 2013, raw materials used in the production of TiO₂ constituted approximately 44% of our operating expenses. Fuel and energy linked to commodities, such as diesel, heavy fuel oil and coal, and other consumables, such as chlorine, illuminating paraffin, electrodes, and anthracite, consumed in our manufacturing and mining operations form an important part of our operating costs. We have no control over the costs of these consumables, many of which are linked to some degree to the price of oil and coal, and the costs of many of these raw materials may fluctuate widely for a variety of reasons, including changes in availability, major capacity additions or reductions, or significant facility operating problems. These fluctuations could negatively affect our operating margins and our profitability. As these costs rise, our operating expenses will increase and could adversely affect our business, especially if we are unable to pass price increases in raw materials through to our customers.

Shortages or price increases by our single source suppliers, such as the suppliers of chlorine to our Australian operations or high-quality anthracite to Namakwa Sands could decrease revenue or increase production costs, reducing the profitability of operations. Fluctuations in oil and coal prices impact our operating cost and capital expenditure estimates and, in the absence of other economic fluctuations, could result in significant changes in the total expenditure estimates for our operations or new expansion projects, and when taken into account with other production costs, such as wages, equipment and machinery costs, may render certain operations nonviable.

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Given the nature of our chemical, mining and smelting operations, we face a material risk of liability, delays and increased cash costs of production from environmental and industrial accidents and operational breakdowns.

Our business involves significant risks and hazards, including environmental hazards, industrial accidents, and breakdowns of equipment and machinery. Our business is exposed to hazards associated with chemical process manufacturing and the related storage, handling and transportation of raw materials, products and wastes, and our furnace operations that are subject to explosions, water ingress and refractory failure, and our open pit (also called open-cut) and dredge mining operations that are subject to flooding and accidents associated with rock transportation equipment and conveyor belts. Furthermore, during operational breakdowns, the relevant facility may not be fully operational within the anticipated timeframe, which could result in further business losses. The occurrence of any of these or other hazards could delay production, suspend operations, increase repair, maintenance or medical costs and, due to the integration of our facilities, could have an adverse effect on the productivity and profitability of a particular manufacturing facility or on our business as a whole. Over our operating history, we have incurred incidents of this nature.

There is also a risk that our key raw materials or our products may be found to have currently unrecognized toxicological or health-related impact on the environment or on our customers or employees. Such hazards may cause personal injury and loss of life, damage to property and contamination of the environment, which could lead to government fines or work stoppage injunctions and lawsuits by injured persons. If such actions are determined to be adverse to us, we may have inadequate insurance to cover such claims, or insufficient cash flow to pay for such claims. Such outcomes could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We are a holding company that is dependent on cash flows from our operating subsidiaries to fund our debt obligations, capital expenditures and ongoing operations.

All of our operations are conducted and all of our assets are owned by our operating companies, which are our subsidiaries. We intend to continue to conduct our operations at the operating companies and any future subsidiaries. Consequently, our cash flow and our ability to meet our obligations or make cash distributions depends upon the cash flow of our operating companies and any future subsidiaries, and the payment of funds by our operating companies and any future subsidiaries in the form of dividends or otherwise. The ability of our operating companies and any future subsidiaries to make any payments to us depends on their earnings, the terms of their indebtedness, including the terms of any credit facilities, and legal restrictions regarding the transfer of funds.

Our ability to service our debt and fund our planned capital expenditures and ongoing operations will depend on our ability to generate and increase cash flow, and our access to additional liquidity sources. Our ability to generate and increase cash flow is dependent on many factors, including:

Many of these factors are beyond our control. A general economic downturn can result in reduced spending by customers, which will impact our revenues and cash flows from operating activities. At reduced performance, if we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow or access additional liquidity sources, we may not be able to service and repay our existing debt, operate our business, respond to competitive challenges, or fund our other liquidity and capital needs.

Our industry and the end-use markets in which we compete are highly competitive. This competition may adversely affect our results of operations and operating cash flows.

Each of our markets is highly competitive. Competition in the pigment industry is based on a number of factors such as price, product quality, and service. We face significant competition from major international and smaller regional competitors. Our most significant competitors include major chemical and materials manufacturers and diversified companies, a number of which have substantially larger financial resources, greater personnel, and larger facilities than we do. We also compete with numerous smaller, regional producers, including producers in China, that have expanded their sulphate TiO₂ production capacity during the previous five years.

Zircon producers generally compete on the basis of price, quality, logistics, delivery, and payment terms and consistency of supply. Although we believe we have competitive quality, long-term relationships with customers and product range, our primary competitive disadvantage relative to our major competitors is our distance from our main consumers (i.e., Asia and Europe).

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Within the end-use markets in which we compete, competition between products is intense. We face substantial risk that certain events, such as new product development by competitors, changing customer needs, production advances for competing products, or price changes in raw materials, could cause our customers to switch to our competitors’ products. If we are unable to develop and produce or market our products to compete effectively against our competitors following such events, our results of operations and operating cash flows may suffer.

We may need additional capital in the future and may not be able to obtain it on favorable terms.

Our industry is capital intensive, and our success depends to a significant degree on our ability to develop and market innovative products and to update our facilities and process technology. We may require additional capital in the future to finance our growth and development, implement further marketing and sales activities, fund ongoing research and development activities and meet general working capital needs. Our capital requirements will depend on many factors, including acceptance of, and demand for our products, the extent to which we invest in new technology and research and development projects, and the status and timing of these developments, as well as general availability of capital from debt and/or equity markets. Additional financing may not be available when needed on terms favorable to us, or at all. Further, the terms of our debt may limit our ability to incur additional indebtedness or issue additional equity. If we are unable to obtain adequate funds on acceptable terms, we may be unable to develop or enhance our products, take advantage of future opportunities or respond to competitive pressures, which could harm our business.

The agreements and instruments governing our debt contain restrictions and limitations that could affect our ability to operate our business, as well as impact our liquidity.

As of December 31, 2013, our total principal amount of long-term debt was $2.4 billion (including $11 million of original issue discount in connection with the senior secured term loan (the “Term Loan”), which has a face value of $1.5 billion). Our credit facilities contain covenants that could adversely affect our ability to operate our business, our liquidity, and our results of operations. These covenants restrict, among other things, our and our subsidiaries’ ability to:

In addition, the terms of our credit facilities require us and our subsidiaries to maintain certain minimum performance levels relative to our debt. Certain of our facilities, excluding the Term Loan and Senior Notes, include requirements relating to the ratio of adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”) to indebtedness or certain fixed charges. The breach of any covenants or obligations in our credit facilities, not otherwise waived or amended, could result in a default under the applicable debt obligations (and cross-defaults to certain other debt obligations) and could trigger acceleration of those obligations, which in turn could trigger other cross defaults under other future agreements governing our long-term indebtedness. In addition, the secured lenders under the credit facilities could foreclose on their collateral, which includes equity interests in our subsidiaries, and exercise other rights of secured creditors. Any default under those credit facilities could adversely affect our growth, our financial condition, our results of operations and our ability to make payments on our credit facilities, and could force us to seek the protection of bankruptcy laws.

Exxaro may exert substantial influence over us as a shareholder.

At December 31, 2013, Exxaro held approximately 44.4% of the voting securities of Tronox Limited, and had three nominees serving as Directors on our nine-member board. Additionally, in the future, Exxaro may exchange its retained interest in the mineral sands business for additional Class B Shares.

Due to Exxaro’s significant ownership interest, it is entitled to certain rights under the Constitution and the Shareholder’s Deed of Tronox Limited. For example, the Constitution provides that, for as long as the Class B voting interest is at least 10% of the total voting interest in Tronox Limited, there must be nine directors on our board; of which the holders of Class A Shares will be entitled to vote separately to elect a certain number of directors to our board (which we refer to as Class A Directors), and the holders of Class B Shares will be entitled to vote separately to elect a certain number of directors to our board (which we refer to as Class B Directors). If the Class B voting interest is greater than or equal to 30%, our board will consist of six Class A Directors and three Class B Directors. If the Class B voting interest is greater than or equal to 20% but less than 30%, our board of directors will consist of seven Class A Directors and two Class B Directors. If the Class B voting interest is greater than or equal to 10% but less than 20%, our board will consist of eight Class A Directors and one Class B Director.

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The Constitution also provides that, subject to certain limitations, for as long as the Class B voting interest is at least 20%, a separate vote by holders of Class A Shares and Class B Shares is required to approve certain types of merger or similar transactions that will result in a change in control or a sale of all or substantially all of our assets or any reorganization or transaction that does not treat Class A and Class B Shares equally.

As a result of Exxaro’s significant ownership interest and its governance rights, Exxaro may be able to exert substantial influence over our management, operations and potential significant corporate transactions, including a change in control or the sale of all or substantially all of our assets. Exxaro’s influence may have an adverse effect on the trading price of our ordinary shares.

Our South African operations may lose the benefit of the Black Economic Empowerment (“BEE”) status under South African legislation, resulting in the need to implement a remedial solution or introduce a new minority shareholder, which could negatively impact our South African operations.

Exxaro retains a 26% direct ownership interest in each of Tronox KZN Sands (Pty) Ltd and Tronox Mineral Sands (Pty) Ltd in order for these two entities to comply with the requirements of the MPRDA and the South African Mining Charter ownership requirements under the BEE legislation. Exxaro has agreed to maintain its direct ownership for a period of the shorter of 10 years (unless it transfers the direct ownership interests to another qualified buyer under the BEE legislation) or the date on which the requirement to maintain a direct ownership stake in each of Tronox KZN Sands (Pty) Ltd and Tronox Mineral Sands (Pty) Ltd no longer applies, as determined by the DMR. If either Tronox KZN Sands (Pty) Ltd or Tronox Mineral Sands (Pty) Ltd ceases to qualify under the BEE legislation, Tronox Limited and Exxaro have agreed to jointly seek a remedial solution. If Tronox Limited and Exxaro cannot successfully implement a solution and the reason for this failure is due to anything other than a change in law, then we may dispose of Exxaro’s shares in the non-qualifying company to another BEE compliant, qualifying purchaser. During any period of any non-qualification, our South African operations may be in violation of their mining or prospecting rights, as well as the requirements of the MPRDA and the South African Mining Charter, which could result in a suspension or revocation of the non-qualifying company’s mining and prospecting rights and could expose us to operating restrictions, lost business opportunities and delays in receiving further regulatory approvals for our South African operations and expansion activities. In addition, if Exxaro’s direct ownership in Tronox KZN Sands (Pty) Ltd and Tronox Mineral Sands (Pty) Ltd is sold to another purchaser, we would be required to share ownership and control of our South African operations with a minority shareholder, which may impact our operational and financial flexibility and could impact profitability, expansion opportunities and our results of operations.

Estimations of our ore resources and reserve estimates are based on a number of assumptions, including mining and recovery factors, future cash costs of production and ore demand and pricing. As a result, ore resources and reserve quantities actually produced may differ from current estimates.

The mineral resource and reserve estimates are estimates of the quantity and ore grades in our mines based on the interpretation of geological data obtained from drill holes and other sampling techniques, as well as from feasibility studies. The accuracy of these estimates is dependent on the assumptions and judgments made in interpreting the geological data. The assessment of geographical characteristics, such as location, quantity, quality, continuity of geology and grade, is made with varying degrees of confidence in accordance with established guidelines and standards. We use various exploration techniques, including geophysical surveys and sampling through drilling and trenching, to investigate resources and implement applicable quality assurance and quality control criteria to ensure that data is representative. Our mineral reserves represent the amount of ore that we believe can be successfully mined and processed, and are estimated based on a number of factors, which have been stated in accordance with the South African Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves, effective July 2007 (the “SAMREC Code”) and Joint Ore Reserves Committee Code (2012) (the “JORC Code”).

There is significant uncertainty in any mineral reserve or mineral resource estimate. Factors that are beyond our control, such as the ability to secure mineral rights, the sufficiency of mineralization to support mining and beneficiation practices and the suitability of the market may significantly impact mineral resource and reserve estimates. The actual deposits encountered and the economic viability of mining a deposit may differ materially from our estimates. Since these mineral resources and reserves are estimates based on assumptions related to factors discussed above, we may revise these estimates in the future as we become aware of new developments. To maintain TiO₂ feedstock production beyond the expected lives of our existing mines or to increase production materially above projected levels, we will need to access additional reserves through exploration or discovery.

If we are unable to innovate and successfully introduce new products, or new technologies or processes reduce the demand for our products or the price at which we can sell products, our profitability could be adversely affected.

Our industries and the end-use markets into which we sell our products experience periodic technological change and product improvement. Our future growth will depend on our ability to gauge the direction of commercial and technological progress in key end-use markets and on our ability to fund and successfully develop, manufacture and market products in such changing end-use markets. We must continue to identify, develop and market innovative products or enhance existing products on a timely basis to maintain our profit margins and our competitive position. We may be unable to develop new products or technology, either alone or with third parties, or license intellectual property rights from third parties on a commercially competitive basis. If we fail to keep pace

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with the evolving technological innovations in our end-use markets on a competitive basis, our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

In addition, new technologies or processes have the potential to replace or provide lower-cost alternatives to our products, such as new processes that reduce TiO₂ in consumer products or the use of chloride slag in the production of TiO₂, which could result in TiO₂ producers using less chloride slag, or to reduce the need for TiO₂ in consumer products, which could depress the demand and pricing for TiO₂. We cannot predict whether technological innovations will, in the future, result in a lower demand for our products or affect the competitiveness of our business. We may be required to invest significant resources to adapt to changing technologies, markets and competitive environments.

Violations or noncompliance with the extensive environmental, health and safety laws and regulations to which we are subject or changes in laws or regulations governing our operations could result in unanticipated loss or liability.

Our operations and production facilities are subject to extensive environmental and health and safety laws and regulations at national, international and local levels in numerous jurisdictions relating to use of natural resources, pollution, protection of the environment, transporting and storing raw materials and finished products, and storing and disposing of hazardous wastes among other materials. The costs of compliance with the extensive environmental, health and safety laws and regulations or the inability to obtain, update or renew permits required for operation or expansion of our business could reduce our profitability or otherwise adversely affect our business. If we fail to comply with the conditions of our permits governing the production and management of regulated materials, mineral sands mining licenses or leases or the provisions of the applicable South African or Australian law, these permits, mining licenses or leases and mining rights could be canceled or suspended, and we could be prevented from obtaining new mining and prospecting rights, which could materially and adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. Additionally, we could incur substantial costs, including fines, damages, criminal or civil sanctions and remediation costs, or experience interruptions in our operations, for violations arising under these laws and regulations. In the event of a catastrophic incident involving any of the raw materials we use, or chemicals or mineral products we produce, we could incur material costs as a result of addressing the consequences of such event.

Changes to existing laws governing operations, especially changes in laws relating to transportation of mineral resources, the treatment of land and infrastructure, contaminated land, the remediation of mines, tax royalties, exchange control restrictions, environmental remediation, mineral rights, ownership of mining assets, or the rights to prospect and mine may have a material adverse effect on our future business operations and financial performance. There is risk that onerous conditions may be attached to authorizations in the form of mining rights, water-use licenses, miscellaneous licenses and environmental approvals, or that the grant of these approvals may be delayed or not granted.

Our current operations involve the production and management of regulated materials that are subject to various environmental laws and regulations and are dependent on obtaining and the periodic renewal of permits from various governmental agencies. The inability to obtain, update or renew permits related to the operation of our businesses, or the costs required in order to comply with permit standards, could have a material adverse effect on us.

We compete with other mining and chemical businesses for key human resources in the countries in which we operate, and our business will suffer if we are unable to hire highly skilled employees or if our key officers or employees discontinue employment with us.

We compete with other chemical and mining companies, and other companies generally, in the countries in which we operate to attract and retain key human resources at all levels with the appropriate technical skills and operating and managerial experience necessary to continue operating and expanding our businesses. These operations use modern techniques and equipment and accordingly require various types of skilled workers. The success of our business will be materially dependent upon the skills, experience and efforts of our key officers and skilled employees. The global shortage of key mining skills, including geologists, mining engineers, metallurgists, and skilled artisans, has been exacerbated by increased mining activity across the globe. Competition for skilled employees is particularly severe in Western Australia and at Namakwa Sands, which may cost us in terms of higher labor costs or reduced productivity. As a result, we may not be able to attract and retain skilled and experienced employees. Should we lose any of our key personnel or fail to attract and retain key qualified personnel or other skilled employees, our business may be harmed and our operational results and financial condition could be affected.

There may be difficulty in effecting service of legal process and enforcing judgments against us and our directors and management.

We are registered under the laws of Western Australia, Australia, and substantial portions of our assets are located outside of the United States. In addition, certain members of our board of directors, as well as certain officers named in this Form 10-K, reside outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for investors to effect service of process within the United States upon

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Tronox Limited or such other persons residing outside the United States, or to enforce judgments outside the United States obtained against such persons in U.S. courts in any action, including actions predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws. In addition, it may be difficult for investors to enforce rights predicated upon the U.S. federal securities laws in original actions brought in courts in jurisdictions located outside the United States.

Third parties may develop new intellectual property rights for processes and/or products that we would want to use, but would be unable to do so; or, third parties may claim that the products we make or the processes that we use infringe their intellectual property rights, which may cause us to pay unexpected litigation costs or damages or prevent us from making, using or selling products we make or require alteration of the processes we use.

Results of our operations may also be negatively impacted if a competitor develops or has the right to use intellectual property rights for new processes or products and we cannot obtain similar rights on favorable terms or are unable to independently develop non-infringing competitive alternatives.

Although there are currently no known pending or threatened proceedings or claims relating to alleged infringement, misappropriation or violation of the intellectual property rights of others, we may be subject to legal proceedings and claims in the future in which third parties allege that their patents or other intellectual property rights are infringed, misappropriated or otherwise violated by us or our products or processes. In the event that any such infringement, misappropriation or violation of the intellectual property rights of others is found, we may need to obtain licenses from those parties or substantially re-engineer our products or processes to avoid such infringement, misappropriation or violation. We might not be able to obtain the necessary licenses on acceptable terms or be able to re-engineer our products or processes successfully. Moreover, if we are found by a court of law to infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate the intellectual property rights of others, we could be required to pay substantial damages or be enjoined from making, using or selling the infringing products or technology. We also could be enjoined from making, using or selling the allegedly infringing products or technology pending the final outcome of the suit. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

If our intellectual property were compromised or copied by competitors, or if competitors were to develop similar intellectual property independently, our results of operations could be negatively affected.

Our success depends to a significant degree upon our ability to protect and preserve our intellectual property rights. Although we own and have applied for numerous patents and trademarks throughout the world, we may have to rely on judicial enforcement of our patents and other proprietary rights. Our patents and other intellectual property rights may be challenged, invalidated, circumvented, and rendered unenforceable or otherwise compromised. A failure to protect, defend or enforce our intellectual property could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We also rely upon unpatented proprietary technology, know-how and other trade secrets to maintain our competitive position. While we maintain policies to enter into confidentiality agreements with our employees and third parties to protect our proprietary expertise and other trade secrets, these agreements may not be enforceable or, even if legally enforceable, we may not have adequate remedies for breaches of such agreements. We also may not be able to readily detect breaches of such agreements. The failure of our patents or confidentiality agreements to protect our proprietary technology, know-how or trade secrets could result in significantly lower revenues, reduced profit margins or loss of market share.

In addition, we may be unable to determine when third parties are using our intellectual property rights without our authorization. We also have licensed certain of our intellectual property rights to third parties, and we cannot be certain that our licensees are using our intellectual property only as authorized by the applicable license agreement. The undetected or unremedied unauthorized use of our intellectual property rights or the legitimate development or acquisition of intellectual property related to our industry by third parties could reduce or eliminate any competitive advantage we have as a result of our intellectual property, adversely affecting our financial condition and results of operations. If we must take legal action to protect, defend or enforce our intellectual property rights, any suits or proceedings could result in significant costs and diversion of our resources and our management’s attention, and we may not prevail in any such suits or proceedings. A failure to protect, defend or enforce our intellectual property rights could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

If our intangible assets or other long-lived assets become impaired, we may be required to record a significant charge to earnings.

We have a significant amount of intangible assets and other long-lived assets on our consolidated balance sheets. Under generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”), we review our intangible assets and other long-lived assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. Factors that may be considered a change in circumstances, indicating that the carrying value of our intangible assets and other long-lived assets may not be recoverable, include, but are not limited to, a significant decline in share price and market capitalization, changes in the industries in which we operate, particularly the impact of a downturn in the global economy, as well as competition or other factors leading to

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reduction in expected long-term sales or profitability. We may be required to record a significant non-cash charge in our financial statements during the period in which any impairment of our intangible assets and other long-lived assets is determined, negatively impacting our results of operations.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we might be unable to report our financial results accurately or prevent fraud.

Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and prevent fraud. As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which requires us and our independent registered public accounting firm to annually evaluate and report on our internal control over financial reporting. Our efforts to maintain an effective system of internal controls may not be successful, and we may not be able to maintain adequate controls over our financial processes and reporting in the future. Even if we conclude, and our independent registered public accounting firm concurs, that our internal control over financial reporting provides reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect fraud or misstatements in the future. Failure to maintain proper and effective internal controls could harm our results of operations or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. If we or our independent registered public accounting firm discovers a material weakness in our internal controls in the future, the disclosure of that fact, even if quickly remedied, could reduce the market’s confidence in our financial statements.

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Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

There are no unresolved written comments that were received from the SEC staff.

Item 2. Properties

Below are our offices and facilities at December 31, 2013. We believe our properties are in good operating condition, and are well maintained. Pursuant to separate financing agreements, substantially all of our U.S. properties are pledged or encumbered to support or otherwise provide the security for our indebtedness.

Corporate and Other

At December 31, 2013, our corporate and other offices consisted of the following:

In addition, corporate and other includes two electrolytic manufacturing and distribution facilities located in Henderson, Nevada and Hamilton, Mississippi.

Mineral Sands

We lease 25,892 square feet located at 115 West Street, Sandton, South Africa for our Mineral Sands division management offices.

Our KwaZulu-Natal (“KZN”) Sands operations include the Hillendale mine (which ceased mining operations in December 2013), the Fairbreeze mine, a wet plant, and the central processing complex in Empangeni. The central processing complex includes a mineral separation plant and two smelters.

Our Namakwa Sands operations include the Namakwa Sands mine, a primary concentration plant (which produces a mineral concentrate), a secondary concentration plant (which yields a magnetic and non-magnetic stream), a separation plant (where the minerals in the streams are separated to produce zircon, rutile and ilmenite), and two smelters (where the ilmenite is processed into furnaces to produce titanium dioxide slag and pig iron).

Our Western Australia operations consist of the Cooljarloo Sands mine and the Chandala complex. The Chandala complex includes a dry mill (which separates the minerals), a synthetic rutile plant (which upgrades ilmenite into high quality synthetic rutile), and a residual management plant.

Pigment

We own 110,781 square feet at 3301 NW 150^th Street, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, which is used for our Pigment segment management offices and research and development, and is shared with certain corporate services.

Our pigment facilities consist of the physical assets necessary and appropriate to produce, distribute and supply our TiO₂, and consist mainly of manufacturing and distribution facilities. The following table summarizes our TiO₂ production facilities and production capacity (in gross metric tons per year), by location:

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Mineral Sands Licenses and Leases

In 2013, we mined valuable heavy minerals (“VHM”), including ilmenite, rutile, leucoxene, and zircon, at three separate locations; Namakwa Sands and KZN Sands (where our Hillendale mining operations ceased in December 2013) in South Africa, and Cooljarloo in Western Australia. Our three mining operations and their integrated mineral processing facilities have two principal commercial product lines: titanium feedstocks and zircon. Our titanium feedstocks include titanium oxide minerals such as ilmenite, natural rutile, and leucoxene, as well as two upgraded titanium products titanium, slag and synthetic rutile. Zircon is a zirconium silicate mineral with a diverse construction and industrial applications. The individual titanium minerals and zircon each have distinct commercial markets, and may be sold as mineral concentrates, slag or synthetic rutile; however, more than 90% of titanium raw materials are consumed in the production of titanium dioxide.

A diagram of our heavy mineral sand mining and processing—TiO₂ pigment value chain is as follows:

We market our titanium feedstocks to external customers; however a significant portion of our production is consumed internally. Most of the ilmenite mined at Namakwa Sands and KZN Sands is the feedstock for titanium slag production in South Africa, and ilmenite from Western Australia is internally consumed as synthetic rutile feed at our Chandala complex. The synthetic rutile product from our Chandala complex is either consumed at our TiO₂ pigment plant in Kwinana or sold externally.

We comply with SEC Industry Guide 7, which requires us to control sufficient mineral title to have access rights for exploration, development and extraction of the minerals at the time that the determination of reserves is made. Any information that materially affects the risks associated with mineral exploitation is publicly disclosed.

Our exploration and mining activities in South Africa and Australia are governed by the legal and regulatory framework of the respective national, state, or provincial authorities. Mining applications in both countries are subject to multiple levels of review, including extensive public comment, before mineral title is granted, and are subject to environmental approvals.

Mineral Tenure—South Africa

Our South African mining rights secure our legal rights to exploit the heavy mineral reserves at Namakwa, Hillendale (mining operations ceased in December 2013), and Fairbreeze, and to explore for heavy minerals (“HM”) elsewhere in South Africa. Mineral exploration and development in South Africa is regulated by the Minerals and Petroleum Resources Development Act No. 28 (the “MPRDA”), which was implemented in May 2004. The MPRDA is regulated through the Department of Mineral Resources (the “DMR”), and establishes the State of South Africa as the custodian of all mineral resources, and effectively transfers privately owned mineral rights to the state. Owners and grantees of mineral rights were required to apply to the DMR for New Order Mining Rights over the previously held mineral tenements. All of our old order mining rights have been successfully converted to New Order Mining Rights, in accordance with the MPRDA.

Other South African statutes establishing government authority over mining-related activities include: the National Environmental Management Act #107 (NEMA), the National Water Act #36 (NWA), the Mine Health and Safety Act, and the Mining Titles Registration Amendment. In addition to the DMR, other relevant regulatory bodies include the South African Department of Environmental Affairs at the National level and provincial-level authorities, such as the Western Cape Department of Environmental Affairs, and Development Planning and the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Environmental Affairs. Access and use authorizations for

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mining and mining-related activities in South Africa may be independent of surface rights, and land-use rentals and access rights agreements may be required in some cases.

The existing mining rights at Namakwa Sands and KZN Sands were ceded in 2008 by Anglo Operations Ltd, a unit of Anglo American plc, to Exxaro Resources Ltd. (“Exxaro”). Subsequent to the Transaction (see Item 1. Business), the Namakwa mining rights are legally owned by Tronox Mineral Sands (Pty) Ltd, a subsidiary of Tronox Limited. Under the Black Economic Empowerment legislation, our ownership of Tronox Mineral Sands is limited to 74%, with Exxaro owning the remaining 26%.

Old order mining rights that have been converted to new order mining rights at Namakwa cover over 13,000 hectares, including the Rietfontein, Hartebeeste Kom, Graauwduinen, Houtkraal, Goeraap and other mining rights. Several other mining and/or prospecting rights, land-use authorizations and appropriate permits are granted at various other locations in South Africa. Renewal of mining rights is permissible for terms of up to 30 years, subject to compliance with the MPRDA.

Heavy mineral production at the now-depleted Hillendale mine will be replaced by production from the Fairbreeze mine, where we control over 4,000 hectares of new mining rights. New order mining rights executed in September 2009 are valid through 2039 for the Fairbreeze C Extension deposit and through 2035 for the Fairbreeze A, B, C, and D deposits. The Hillendale mining rights are valid through 2035; however, following the exhaustion of Hillendale reserves, applications for closure certification will be filed.

In September 2013, the South African Department of Water Affairs (the “DWA”) issued an Integrated Water Use License for an area covering the Fairbreeze mining operations. Construction activities on these areas commenced soon after receipt of this license. Subsequently, the Mtunzini Conservancy (the “Conservancy”) lodged an appeal against the DWA, alleging textual and interpretative irregularities with the license conditions. In response, the appeals lodgment automatically suspended the license and, as a result, all construction activities were suspended. On February 5 2014, the DWA approved our request to lift the suspension and we intend to continue with planned early works construction activities pending the appeal. The appeal process makes provision for the appeal to be adjudicated by the Water Tribunal, which is a quasi-judicial body of government; however the legal appointment term of the tribunal ended in 2012 and to date, this body has not been reconstituted and the appeal process has not been amended. In order to address the appeal in the meantime, Tronox, with the DWA and the Conservancy have agreed to participate in a mediation process.

Mineral Tenure—Australia

Western Australia mineral tenure is administered by the Western Australia Department of Mines and Petroleum under the Mining Act 1978, which contains provisions for a variety of tenement categories that include prospecting, exploration, retention, and mining. Our Cooljarloo mining operations are authorized by State Agreement MSA 268, covering 9,745 hectares, ratified by the Western Australia Parliament, the Mineral Sands (Cooljarloo) Mining and Processing Agreement Act of 1988. State Agreements specify the rights, obligations, terms and conditions for the development of major resources projects, and establish a framework for ongoing relations and cooperation between the state and the proponent of the project.

Twenty mining leases, covering 17,890 hectares over the Dongara deposits have been granted to us by the State of Western Australia, and are pending approvals from federal agencies. Six of the mining licenses overlie reserves declared in the tables below, based on a positive definitive feasibility study (“DFS”).

Three mining leases cover 2,056 hectares at the Jurien deposit, where historic HM mining was conducted by others as recently as 1994. No reserves are reported for the Jurien deposit, which is under a comprehensive re-evaluation following completion of a 5,080-meter drilling program in 2013. We have active exploration projects on six of eleven exploration licenses in proximity to the Cooljarloo mine; however, there is no assurance that any of the exploration projects will generate new reserves or be developed for mining.

Reporting of Ore Reserves and Mineral Resources

The HM reserve estimates reported below are compiled from Mineral Resource and Ore Reserve Statements (“RR Statements”) prepared annually by mineral resource professionals in South Africa and Australia to reflect the estimated mineral resources and reserves as of December 1, 2013.

Our mineral reserve estimates are guided by the mineral resource reporting standards of the South African Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves, 2007 version, as amended 2009 (“SAMREC”), and the Joint Ore Reserves Committee of The Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (2012) (“JORC”). SAMREC and JORC are two standards within an international family of mineral resource codes designed to ensure data validity, standardize methodologies for estimating the size and grades of mineral deposits, guide classifications of mineral resources and reserves, and enhance the transparency of mineral resource disclosures. Our annual Mineral Resources and Reserves Statements are generated and authorized by experienced Tronox resource professionals who integrate inputs from a wide range of disciplines, and are routinely audited by external consultants.

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Individuals responsible for our estimates of ore reserves are certified by the organizations that administer their respective codes and are subject to censure if they are found to be in violation of the reporting guidelines.

As discussed above, U.S. registrants are required to report ore reserves under SEC Industry Guide 7 standards. SEC Industry Guide 7 differs from the SAMREC and JORC codes, but the methodologies for determination of mineral reserves, or “ore reserves,” are essentially equivalent to the methodologies endorsed under the SAMREC and JORC codes. Therefore, the Proven and Probable HM reserves stated in the table below are unmodified from the Proved and Probable HM reserves declared in the Mineral Resources and Reserves Statements submitted by our South African and Australian mines. Under SEC Industry Guide 7, SAMREC and JORC, Proven (or “Proved”) reserves are the highest category of ore reserve estimates, whereby the quantity and quality have been computed from detailed sampling, while Probable reserves provide lower geologic assurance.

The estimated reserves reported by Tronox are in situ, or in-place, bodies of economically and legally extractable mineralized material as of December 31, 2013. Block modeling software and techniques differ by mining operation, but the basic approach includes validation of digitized drilling data, statistical interpolations of spatial data to create “wireframe” representations of mineral deposit geometry and dimensions, followed by resource modeling that divides the deposit into a myriad of individual cells and sub-cells for further evaluation. Most of our mineral sands operations utilize multiple software programs for resource and mine modeling that have been adapted to the particular geologic, mineralization and mining characteristics of their ore deposits. A defined set of realistically assumed “modifying factors” are required under both SAMREC and JORC for the conversion of mineral resources to ore reserves, including mining dilution, mining and metallurgical recovery, economic, marketing, legal, environmental, infrastructure, social, and governmental factors. These modifying factors are equally applicable to classifications of ore reserves under SEC Industry Guide 7, which defines an ore reserve as “that part of a mineral deposit which can be economically and legally extracted or produced at the time of the reserve determination.”

The reported reserves are included in a base case scenario for their exploitation, termed a life-of-mine plan (“LoMP”). A LoMP is maintained for each of our three active mining operations and routinely reviewed by professionals from a range of disciplines to ensure their validity, and the mining plans are linked to the Tronox internal mining-ilmenite beneficiation-TiO₂ pigment manufacturing and marketing value chain. The LoMP are used for long-term, strategic planning and are influenced by logical mine design and economic parameters. Therefore, the LoMP include both our disclosed ore reserves as well as some portion of high-quality mineralization that has not been converted to reserves. Mine modeling imposes practical excavation boundaries for the mining methods employed, and the modified volumes and grades are applied during the conversion of resources to reserves. Extraction boundaries and production schedule scenarios are derived from models for which realistic assumptions and estimates have been applied and interpreted by our mining staffs to have reasonable prospects for economic extraction. The modifying factors and other parameters are fluid, and there is no assurance of future economic viability, or that the material in our LoMP will ever be mined. Once the mineralized material is placed into the LoMP, the tonnages envisaged to be mined (“run-of-mine”) may include dilution from a relatively small volume of poorly mineralized material, if its inclusion is necessary or practical to satisfy mine engineering parameters. Our dilution factors are negligible for dry mines but approximately 5% for dredge mining, which has lower unit costs but is less selective. Dilution factors are independent from overburden or internal waste removal and handling, costs for which, if applicable, are factored into the economic block models. Our “nominal” cut-off grades are included in the notations in the reserves table below, in the interest of transparency and to satisfy resource and reserves reporting requirements. The cut-off-grades disclosed may not, however, reflect the actual ore extraction boundaries at the time of exploitation.

Our reserve estimates and each LoMP are underpinned by 3-D resource block models that incorporate geospatial data such as heavy mineral grades and distributions, geological domains, and geostatistical validation. The resource models are integrated with economic modeling that involves mine scheduling, engineering parameters, removal of overburden (if present), tailings management, internal transportation, environmental management, and rehabilitation. The economic modeling determines extraction boundaries based on positive future cash flows from commercial minerals (zircon, rutile, leucoxene, non-integrated ilmenite) and upgraded ilmenite products (Ti-slag, synthetic rutile, pig iron), net of mining and processing costs. Marketing assumptions allow for our internal consumption of TiO₂ feedstocks, and future sales prices for mineral products. Mining cost assumptions are based on operating expenses for comparable extraction methods at our operating mines and heavy mineral processing experience at our three mine support products facilities and costs for conversion of ilmenite to slag and pig iron in South Africa and to synthetic rutile in Western Australia.

Commercial sales of our mineral concentrates and processed mineral products are sold under long-term and short-term private contracts, the terms of which are confidential. The TiO₂ industry is an oligopolistic market, and a public disclosure of contractual unit prices could be detrimental to our relationships with our customers. We do not believe that historic sales prices are reliable indicators for future prices, and we apply forward-looking sales price assumptions based on our long-term contract prices, internal market intelligence, and forecasts by independent industry research consultancies such as TZ Minerals International Pty Ltd (“TZMI”).

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Mineral Reserves

At December 31, 2013, our total HM reserves were approximately 1.14 billion metric tons (“MT”) of ore containing an in-place estimate of approximately 69 million MT contained heavy minerals. Based on average total HM assemblage data, the in-place reserves contain approximately 31 million MT of ilmenite, approximately 5 million MT of combined rutile and leucoxene, and approximately 6 million MT of zircon, for a total VHM content of approximately 42 million MT.

Reported reserve estimates in the table below are in-place portions of inventories of mineralized material that have been previously classified as Measured Resources or Indicated Resources under the SAMREC or JORC codes. Valuable heavy minerals are reported as in situ, unadjusted for mining and processing recovery factors.

Reported reserve estimates in the table below are in-place portions of inventories of mineralized material that have been previously classified as Measured Resources or Indicated Resources under the SAMREC or JORC codes. Valuable heavy minerals in the table below (ilmenite, rutile, leucoxene and zircon) are reflected as percentages of total HM, and are reported as in situ, unadjusted for mining and processing recovery factors. Minor quantities of heavy mineral byproducts other than titanium minerals or zircon are intermittently sold but are immaterial to the reserves and future revenues.

Recoveries of in-place VHM are never 100%, but we strive to make every reasonable effort to optimize the efficiencies of our mineral separation processes. Mining recoveries are generally very high, approaching 100%. Recovery factors of valuable heavy

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minerals vary according to the characteristics of ore, heavy mineral assemblages and amenability of the individual valuable heavy minerals to physical separation techniques, and their cumulative metallurgical recoveries, from primary concentration through the respective mineral separation plants range from below 65% to above 92%.

Cut-off grades are not strictly applied to reserve estimates, as economic determinations are made from detailed block modeling. Approximate, nominal cut-off grades are: KZN Sands -1.5% ilmenite; Namakwa—0.2% zircon; Cooljarloo—1.3% THM; and Dongara — up to 2% THM. Cutoff grades vary locally according to VHM assemblage, overburden or other waste removal and many other parameters.

The following table compares the HM reserves at December 31, 2013, 2012, and 2011. Reserves formerly owned by Exxaro prior to the Transaction are included at 100%.

Our three mining operations maintain active HM exploration programs, emphasizing the identification of new reserves to extend the lives or improve the output of our currently active mines. Mineralized material is identified at all three areas and classified under the respective mineral resource reporting standards of SAMREC or JORC as “inferred,” “indicated,” or “measured” resources. There is no assurance, however, that any of these resources will ever be exploited, and disclosure of any non-reserves material is not included in this filing.

HM and upgraded TiO₂ feedstock production during 2013 (in thousands of MT) was as follows:

Heavy Mineral Deposit Geology and Mining Operations

Deposits of heavy mineral sands are concentrations of abrasion-resistant sand of high density (conventionally above 2.9 gm/cm³) that are commercial sources of titanium, zirconium, rare earths, chromium, garnet, magnetite, niobium-tantalum, thorium, tungsten, and gemstones. Heavy mineral sand deposits containing commercial quantities and concentrations of titanium oxide minerals, ilmenite, rutile, and zircon are a distinct class of ore deposit, inclusive of all ore deposits currently mined or contemplated for mining.

Our mineral sands mining operations are situated on three coastal plains: the Western Coastal Plain of South Africa bordering the Atlantic Ocean (Namakwa Sands); the narrow Eastern Coastal Plain bordering the Indian Ocean (KZN Sands); and the Indian Ocean of Western Australia. Our heavy mineral deposits reflect the accessory mineralogy of their respective bedrock provenances: Namaqualand Metamorphic Complex (Namakwa Sands); Natal Metamorphic Complex and Kaapvaal Craton (KZN Sands); and Yilgarn Craton (Western Australia).

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Namakwa Sands, Western Cape, South Africa

Tronox Namakwa Sands extracts HM from two open-cut mines on the semi-arid Atlantic coastal plain (Namaqualand Coastal Plain) near Brand se Baai, 92 kilometers northwest of Vredendal and approximately 380 kilometers north of Cape Town in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. The integrated mine-mineral separation-smelting operation originally commissioned by Anglo American in 1993-1994 was acquired by Exxaro Resources Ltd in 2007 and is now 74% owned by Tronox. Past mining plus current reserves total approximately 1 billion MT of ore, with over 30 years remaining in the life-of-mine plan.

The Namakwa West mine involves stripping of near-surface Red Aeolian Sand (“RAS”) ore, followed by dry mining of the deeper, internally-variable “Orange Feldspathic Sand.” The Namakwa East mine is a relatively shallow strip mine exclusively in the RAS ore. Current mine production combined from the West and East mines exceeds 20 million MT per annum with the West mining rate about twice that of the East mine.

The Namakwa HM reserves are hosted by paleo-dune sands and underlying, younger strandline HM placers. The general dimensions of the overall Namakwa deposit are approximately 15 kilometers in a northeasterly direction, with a width of up to four kilometers and variable thicknesses of mineralization. The bulk of the Namakwa HM reserves are hosted by a compound paleo-dune complex composed of unconsolidated sand that was re-worked from a massive amount of sediment eroded primarily from the granulite gneiss of the Namaqualand Metamorphic Complex, which bounds the southern margin of the Kaapvaal Craton. “Granulite” refers to extreme temperatures and pressures during metamorphism, resulting in extensive recrystallization of the original rock chemistry that at Namakwa results in a diverse assemblage of HM. The HM and their host sediments were repetitively weathered out of the source rocks, transported by fluvial systems to the coast, then concentrated along marine strandlines that favored northwest-facing J-shaped bays. A minor portion of the Namakwa deposit consists of ancient shoreline heavy mineral placers, but the bulk of the deposit accumulated in a large, heavy mineral-enriched aeolian dune complex.

The bulk of the ore mined at Namakwa Sands is from a thick accumulation of orange-yellow terrestrial facies sand known as the “Orange Feldspathic Sand” (“OFS”), in a 14 x 4 kilometer zone elongate in a northeast direction from the modern Atlantic Coast. The OFS is arbitrarily subdivided into two economic domains separated by the bitumen road that separates the West and East ore bodies. The heavy mineral assemblage in the OFS is diverse and variable, with a significant percentage of non-VHM at a deposit-wide VHM: THM average of about 51:49. Total HM grades tend to be higher toward the base of the OFS, but the mineralized section matures upward with a higher VHM to THM ratio.

Ore is determined by overall VHM grades and high ratios of zircon, and the OFS is divided in the Namakwa resource model into three sub-units based on zircon grades and continuity. Mining conditions in the OFS are adversely affected by discontinuous layers of interstitial cement from silica, calcium and/or magnesium, or “duripan.” The duripan layers, including a single, relatively continuous layer termed “Dorbank,” are interpreted as paleosols or interstitial precipitates at various depths from alkali-saturated ground water, facilitated by microbial activity.

The RAS overlies the OFS, to which it is subordinate in volume, but is significantly mineralized. The RAS forms a sheet-like layer of aeolian sand over an approximate area of 17,000 hectares (42,000 acres), interpreted as a complex of multiple strand line deposits and a backshore dune field. It is characterized by relatively high heavy mineral grades, but with wide VHM:THM variations.

The RAS is currently the only ore unit mined in the East mine, but the LoMP involves a transition from RAS mining to OFS mining in the East mine. The combined thickness of RAS and OFS mineralization reaches up to 40 meters.

Additional heavy mineral concentrations in modern strandlines and foredunes are termed Recent Emergent Terraces (“RET”). Mineralized RET and OFS within 300-500 meters of high-tide are excluded from the Namakwa HM reserves, as they currently fall within an environmental exclusion zone.

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Composition of VHM at Namakwa is heterogeneous and complex, and the diversity of both VHM and non-VHM is a challenge to efficient mineral separation. The non-valuable HM fraction is dominated by garnet and pyroxene, with accessory kyanite, monazite, magnetite, hematite, chromite, corundum, cassiterite, hornblende, marcasite, Ce-florencite, baddeyellite, rhodonite, tourmaline, staurolite, spinel, and titanite. Namakwa ilmenite exhibits a range of titanium to iron ratios that reflect the original variability in titanium-iron oxide HM derived from the basement source rocks.

KZN Sands, KwaZulu-Natal Province, Republic of South Africa

KZN Sands operations include the now-depleted Hillendale mine and the future Fairbreeze mine, currently under construction, 20 kilometers and 45 kilometers, respectively, southwest of Richards Bay, KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. HMC from the future Fairbreeze mine will be trucked approximately 40 kilometers to the Empangeni mineral processing facility, which consists of a mineral separation plant for concentration of ilmenite, rutile and zircon, and a dual electric-arc furnace smelter for production of titanium slag and pig iron from ilmenite.

Hydraulic mining techniques employed successfully at the Hillendale mine will be used at Fairbreeze to disaggregate the ore via high-pressure hydraulic mining into a sump from which the ore slurry is pumped to a nearby land-based primary wet plant for heavy mineral concentration. HMC is de-watered by hydrocyclones prior to transport to Empangeni, where dry magnetic, electrostatic and wet gravity separation techniques will be used to produce zircon and high-TiO₂ mineral concentrates, at full annual capacities of approximately 60,000 MT zircon, 30,000 MT rutile plus leucoxene, and 600,000 MT ilmenite smelter feed.

Like elsewhere on the eastern coast of South Africa, crude ilmenite concentrate from KZN Sands contains discrete grains of chromite inherited from volcanic rocks of the Karoo system. The chromite is removed from the ilmenite process stream by roasting and magnetic separation, and the ilmenite is then fed to two 36MW DC-electric arc furnaces at the Empangeni smelter. The Empangeni furnaces, commissioned in 2003-2004 by Ticor SA, a predecessor company to Exxaro Resources, are of a novel design in the titanium industry. The capacity of the Empangeni smelter at full output is approximately 220,000 MT slag and 120,000 MT low-manganese pig iron (LMPI).

The paleo-dunes that host KZN Sands’ mineral reserves are part of a Pliocene-Pleistocene-Holocene “dune corridor” developed along the Natal coastline. Local modifications from tectonic uplift, repetitive sediment deposition and erosion cycles, and eustatic sea levels have shaped the modern coastline.

The Fairbreeze heavy mineral sand deposits are hosted by a NNE-trending compound strandline/paleo-dune complex approximately two kilometers inland from the modern coastline, extending southward for about 10 kilometers from the town of Mtunzini. The deposit is hosted by fine-grained sand and silt of the Pliocene Berea Red Sands, which acquired a distinctive red coloration from oxidation and degradation of iron-bearing minerals.

Dissection of the Fairbreeze dune topography by local rivers and streams has led to division of the deposit into five discrete bodies, mapped as Fairbreeze A, B, C, C-Extension and D. The Fairbreeze heavy mineral grades average above 5% THM, of which VHM is above 60%. Fairbreeze grades are somewhat more heterogeneous than at Hillendale.

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Ilmenite in the heavy mineral sand deposits of the Richards Bay region of KwaZulu-Natal is believed to have been derived from basement source rocks of the Kaapvaal Craton, the Natal Metamorphic Province and the Karoo volcanic rocks of Mozambique and South Africa. Rutile and zircon are primarily liberated from the Natal Metamorphic Province. Titanium-iron oxide minerals, including ilmenite of variable chemical composition, magnetite, and hematite occur in basement rocks and younger sedimentary sequences, suggesting a complicated history of erosion, transport and selective sorting.

KZN Sands Fairbreeze Heavy Mineral Sand Deposit and Infrastructure

Northern Operations, Tronox Western Australia

The Cooljarloo mine, which commenced mining in 1989, is approximately 17 kilometers north of Cataby and approximately 170 kilometers north of Perth, Western Australia. HM concentrates from Cooljarloo are transported by truck to a metallurgical complex at Chandala. The combined mining-mineral processing at Cooljarloo and Chandala are the “Northern Operations” component of an integrated mine-to-pigment supply chain that includes our TiO₂ pigment plant at Kwinana, an industrial port city south of Perth. Synthetic rutile is the primary feedstock to the Kwinana pigment plant. Excess high-grade TiO₂ feedstock can be stockpiled at Kwinana or exported, either to other Tronox pigment manufacturing facilities or to external customers. Zircon and titanium concentrates are exported from bulk terminals at Kwinana, Bunbury, or other ports in Western Australia.

Both dredge and dry mining methods are used to extract more than 20 million MT of ore per year from a mining lease covering over 9,700 hectares. Approximately 15 million MT of heavy mineral concentrates have been produced from the Cooljarloo mine, which is expected to be decommissioned around 2025-2030. The dredge, or “south” mine consists of two floating dredges of approximate capacities of 1800 and 350 MT per hour, respectively, that are connected to a common floating “wet plant,” from which gravity-separated heavy mineral concentrates (HMC) are pumped to a stockpile for truck transport to Chandala. Overburden from the dredge mine is mined by a contractor and stockpiled for use in our rehabilitation program. Cooljarloo “North” is a dry mine from which mining scrapers excavate and transport ore to a land-based primary concentration plant to produce HMC.

A site-wide expansion was implemented in 2012 to offset decreasing ore grades at Cooljarloo, where combined ore mining capacity is now approximately 3500 MT per hour. A strategic goal for Tronox Western Australia is to sustain HMC production and ilmenite feed to the Chandala SR plant beyond 2020. An exploration program has been active for several years in the vicinity of the Cooljarloo mine to identify either higher-grade, dry mineable deposits or larger, dredgeable deposits. A dry mining definitive feasibility study has been completed at the Dongara project, approximately 150 kilometers north of the Cooljarloo mining complex. The approximately 3.3 million MT of in situ heavy mineral reserves at Dongara are included in five separate Quaternary-age strandline HM deposits elongated in a north-northwesterly direction. Tronox intends to systematically develop Dongara as Cooljarloo ore is progressively depleted from 2015 onward.

The Chandala mineral separation plant has a capacity of approximately 750,000 MT per year HMC feed. The single kiln SR facility at the Chandala metallurgical complex has a current capacity of 225,000 MT per year SR, and an expansion to approximately 282,000 MT per year is under review. Cooljarloo HMC feed is of exceptional quality, with more than 75% VHM on average, and an ilmenite averaging over 60% TiO₂ and other characteristics that make it an ideal feedstock to the Becher-SR process employed at

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Chandala. Natural rutile, two grades of leucoxene, and two grades of zircon are produced at Chandala are transported to Bunbury or other Western Australia ports for export.

Our current annual product range in Western Australia includes: over 400,000 MT of ilmenite; 35,000 MT of rutile; 20,000 MT of leucoxene; 55,000 MT of zircon; 10,000 MT of staurolite; 225,000 MT of synthetic rutile; 18,000 MT of activated carbon (a by-product of synthetic rutile production); and, 135,000 MT of TiO₂ pigment.

The Cooljarloo heavy mineral district is located on the northern Swan Coastal Plain 160-200 kilometers north of Perth. The district includes the Cooljarloo HMS mine, the Jurien HM property and several active exploration projects operated by Tronox and others to the north, south, and west of the current Cooljarloo mine. The Perth Basin is a deep trough nearly 1,000 kilometers long that averages about 65 kilometers in width, filled with sedimentary rocks. The total thickness of the Phanerozoic succession may exceed 15,000 meters. The eastern margin of the Perth Basin is bounded over most of its length by the Darling Fault, which represents the eastern edge of a rift zone that facilitated the separation of India from Australia during the break-up of Gondwana, the pre-historic super-continent. The fault separates the Yilgarn Block on the east from the Perth Basin on the west, where nearly continuous sedimentation from the Jurassic Period onward filled the rift. The Swan Coastal Plain in the Cooljarloo area is a narrow strip about 25 kilometers between the modern coastline and the Gingin Scarp, a regional escarpment in the North Perth Basin.

The general locations for the Cooljarloo and Dongara deposits are shown below:

The Gingin Scarp, like the Darling and Whicher Scarps in the South Perth Basin, was a major control for deposition of heavy mineral-rich near-shore, wave-cut terraces during transgressive, interglacial peaks in the Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene era. The Cooljarloo deposit spans a 3 to 4 kilometers swath of about 15 northwest-trending, sub-parallel heavy mineral strands over a distance of about 40 kilometers. The HM deposits were concentrated in near-shore and shoreline deposits.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Refer to Notes 18 and 27 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market for our Class A ordinary shares and Holders of Record

Our Class A ordinary shares (“Class A Shares”) began trading on the New York Stock Exchange on June 18, 2012 under the symbol “TROX.” There is no public trading market for our Class B ordinary shares (“Class B Shares”), which are held by Exxaro. On June 26, 2012, the Board of Directors of Tronox Limited (the “Board”) approved a 5-to-1 share split for holders of our Class A Shares and Class B Shares at the close of business on July 20, 2012, by issuance of four additional shares for each share of the same class by way of bonus issue. All dividends and share prices have been adjusted to reflect the 5-to-1 share split.

The following table sets forth, for the fiscal quarters indicated, the high and low sales prices per share of our Class A Shares, and the dividends declared, from June 18, 2012 through December 31, 2013.

As of January 31, 2014, there were approximately 495 holders of record of Tronox Limited’s Class A Shares. This does not include the shareholders that hold shares in “street-name” through banks or broker-dealers.

Tronox Incorporated

In connection with the Transaction, Tronox Incorporated shareholders received one Class A Share of Tronox Limited and $12.50 in cash for each share of Tronox Incorporated common stock.

The following table sets forth, for the fiscal quarters indicated, the high and low sales prices per share of Tronox Incorporated’s Class A common shares, and the dividends declared, prior to the Transaction on June 15, 2012. All share prices have been adjusted to reflect the 5-to-1 share split, effective July 26, 2012.

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Item 6. Selected Financial Data

The following table sets forth selected historical financial data for the periods indicated. The statement of operations data and supplemental information for the year ended December 31, 2013 reflect the consolidated operating results of Tronox Limited. The statement of operations data and supplemental information for the year ended December 31, 2012 reflect the consolidated operating results of Tronox Incorporated prior to June 15, 2012, and, from June 15, 2012 through December 31, 2012, reflect the consolidated operating results of Tronox Limited. The statement of operations data and the supplemental information for the eleven months ended December 31, 2011, one month ended January 31, 2011, and years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009 reflect the consolidated operating results of Tronox Incorporated. The balance sheet data at December 31, 2013 and 2012 relate to Tronox Limited, and at December 31, 2011, 2010, and 2009 relate to Tronox Incorporated. This information should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements (including the notes thereto) and our “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the information contained in Tronox Limited’s audited Consolidated Financial Statements for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, eleven months ended December 31, 2011, and one month ended January 31, 2011, and the related notes thereto. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, and actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements as a result of numerous factors. See “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Executive Overview

We are a global leader in the production and marketing of titanium bearing mineral sands and titanium dioxide pigment (“TiO₂”). We are the third largest global producer and marketer of TiO₂ manufactured via chloride technology, as well as the third largest global producer of titanium feedstock and a leader in global zircon production. We have operations in North America, Europe, South Africa, and the Asia-Pacific region. We operate three TiO₂ facilities at the following locations: Hamilton, Mississippi; Botlek, The Netherlands; and Kwinana, Western Australia, representing approximately 465,000 metric tons of annual TiO₂ production capacity. Additionally, we operate three separate mining operations: KwaZulu-Natal (“KZN”) Sands located in South Africa, Namakwa Sands located in South Africa and Cooljarloo Sands located in Western Australia, which have a combined annual production capacity of approximately 753,000 metric tons of titanium feedstock and approximately 265,000 metric tons of zircon.

We have two reportable operating segments, Mineral Sands and Pigment. Corporate and Other is comprised of our electrolytic manufacturing and marketing operations, as well as our corporate activities.

The Mineral Sands segment includes the exploration, mining, and beneficiation of mineral sands deposits. These operations produce titanium feedstock, including chloride slag, slag fines, and rutile, as well as zircon and pig iron. Titanium feedstock is used primarily to manufacture TiO₂. Zircon is a mineral which is primarily used as an opacifier in ceramic glazes for tiles, plates, dishes, and industrial products. Pig iron is a metal material used in the steel and metal casting industries to create wrought iron, cast iron, and steel.

The Pigment segment primarily produces and markets TiO_2, which is used in a wide range of products due to its ability to impart whiteness, brightness, and opacity. TiO₂ is used extensively in the manufacture of paint and other coatings, plastics and paper, and in a wide range of other applications, including inks, fibers, rubber, food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Moreover, it is a critical component of everyday consumer applications due to its superior ability to cover or mask other materials effectively and efficiently relative to alternative white pigments and extenders. We believe that, at present, TiO₂ has no effective substitute because no other white pigment has the physical properties for achieving comparable opacity and brightness or can be incorporated in a cost-effective manner.

Acquisition of Mineral Sands Business

Because we believed that becoming vertically integrated would benefit us by assuring our access to critical supply, retaining our cash and margin, and enabling general operating flexibility, we acquired a global producer of mineral sands with production facilities and sales and marketing presence strategically positioned throughout the world. Specifically, we acquired 74% of Exxaro Resources Ltd.’s (“Exxaro”) South African mineral sands operations, including its Namakwa and KZN Sands mines, separation and slag furnaces, along with its 50% share of the Tiwest Joint Venture in Western Australia (together the “mineral sands business”) (the “Transaction”). On June 15, 2012, the date of the Transaction (the “Transaction Date”), the existing business of Tronox Incorporated was combined with the mineral sands business under Tronox Limited. As of the Transaction Date, we own 100% of the operations formerly operated by the Tiwest Joint Venture.

Emergence from Chapter 11

In connection with its emergence from bankruptcy, Tronox Incorporated applied fresh-start accounting under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 852, Reorganizations (“ASC 852”) as of January 31, 2011. Accordingly, the financial information of Tronox Incorporated set forth in this Form 10-K, unless otherwise expressly set forth or as the context otherwise indicates, reflects the consolidated results of operations and financial condition on a fresh-start basis for the period beginning February 1, 2011 (“Successor”), and on a historical basis for the period through January 31, 2011 (“Predecessor”).

Recent Developments

Dividends Declared — On February 25, 2014, the Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.25 per share to holders of our Class A ordinary shares (“Class A Shares”) and Class B ordinary shares (“Class B Shares”) at the close of business on March 10, 2014, totaling $29 million, which will be paid on March 24, 2014. During 2013, we paid dividends of $115 million. See Note 19 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Liquidation of Non-operating Subsidiaries — During 2013, we completed the liquidation of two non-operating subsidiaries: Tronox (Luxembourg) Holdings S.a.r.l., and Tronox Luxembourg S.a.r.l. As such, we recognized a net noncash gain from the realization of cumulative translation adjustments of $24 million, which was recorded in “Other income (expense)” on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. See Note 5 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Term Loan — On March 19, 2013, we entered into an Amended and Restated Credit and Guaranty Agreement (the “Amended and Restated Credit Agreement”). Pursuant to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, we obtained a $1.5 billion senior secured term loan (the “Term Loan”), which matures on March 19, 2020. See Note 15 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Extinguishment of Debt — On February 28, 2013, we repaid the outstanding principal balance of $149 million, plus interest, related to the $150 million Senior Secured Delayed Draw Term Loan (the “Senior Secured Delayed Draw Term Loan”). See Note 15 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Business Environment

The following discussion includes trends and factors that may affect future operating results.

The price of pigment in all regions globally has shown considerable volatility over the last several years with annual global average pricing moving up more than 50% between 2010 and 2012 and down as much as 21% in 2013. We believe this price volatility was caused largely by excessive inventory levels that were built up at various points in the supply chain, which were initially at our customers, then at ourselves and other pigment producers and finally at feedstock suppliers. Essentially no new production was introduced in the chloride pigment market in 2012 or 2013, and little new sulphate pigment was added to the market outside China in the same period. Sales volumes at the end of 2013 appeared to be back to normal levels. We expect prices to continue to be affected by surplus inventories at pigment suppliers, which we believe are almost back to normal levels, and the high-grade feedstock providers, which we believe will trend back towards normal levels through 2014.

Our integration plan is on track to deliver the material cost advantages it gives us. The vertical integration of titanium feedstock and TiO₂ production provides us with a secure and cost competitive supply of high grade titanium feedstock over the long term. Our ability to supply all of the feedstock that our pigment operations require enables us to balance our consumption and sales in ways that we believe our competitors cannot. Beginning in the second quarter of 2013, all Pigment segment feedstock purchases were from the Mineral Sands segment. As a result, during 2013, we canceled , at our option and without penalty, contracts with two external ore suppliers. For the year ended December 31, 2013, approximately 97% of our total ore purchases were from our Mineral Sands segment.

We operate in highly competitive markets, and face competition not only from chloride process pigment producers, but also sulphate process pigment producers. Moreover, because transportation costs are minor relative to the cost of our product, there is also some competition between products produced in one region versus products produced in another region.

The demand for TiO₂ during a given year is subject to seasonal fluctuations. Because TiO₂ is widely used in paint and other coatings, titanium feedstock is in higher demand prior to the painting season in the Northern Hemisphere (spring and summer), and pig iron is in lower demand during the European summer holidays, when many steel plants and foundries undergo maintenance. Zircon generally is a non-seasonal product but is negatively impacted by the winter and Chinese New Year celebrations due to reduced zircon demand from China.

The financial condition and results of operations of our operating entities in The Netherlands and South Africa are reported in foreign currencies and then converted into U.S. dollars at the applicable exchange rates for inclusion in our consolidated financial statements. As a result, any volatility of the U.S. dollar against these foreign currencies creates uncertainty and may have a positive or negative impact on operating results and balance sheet. Foreign currency effects appear in our financial statements in a few ways. First, through translation, the impact is embedded in each line item of the financial statements, with the offsetting impact in cumulative translation adjustments in “Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Secondly, the remeasurement of non-functional currency monetary assets and liabilities are reported in “Other income (expense)” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. During 2013, the U.S. dollar strengthened approximately 19% and 15% against the South African Rand and the Australian dollar, respectively, while weakening slightly against the Euro.

We are uniquely tax-advantaged by the following factors:

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These tax-advantaged factors are not currently recognized as assets on our balance sheet, but create opportunities for our operations to benefit for years to come.

Going forward, we will continue to review strategic opportunities both in the U.S. and in foreign jurisdictions. We believe we bring a strong set of attributes to the table in either an acquisition or a business combination. As such, we will continue to seek opportunities to realize those value creating attributes, whether it is in a single transaction with a large party, or a series of transactions to expand our portfolio.

Consolidated Results of Operations

Year Ended December 31, 2013 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2012

Net sales for 2013 increased 5% from 2012 primarily due to the impact of the acquired businesses of $273 million and higher volumes of $294 million, partially offset by lower selling prices and mix of $480 million. Substantially higher volumes were achieved in both our Mineral Sands business and our Pigment business, while selling prices were decidedly lower in both businesses. During 2013, the effect of changes in foreign currency positively impacted net sales by $3 million.

Cost of goods sold increased 10% compared to prior year which principally reflects the impact of the acquired business of $191 million and higher volumes in both the pigment and mineral sands businesses of $206 million, partially offset by $184 million due to favorable year-over-year impact of noncash amortization of inventory step-up and unfavorable ore sales contracts liability, favorable currency translation of $34 million and other lower costs of $15 million.

During 2013, our gross profit decreased to 10% of net sales as compared to 14% of net sales in 2012. The decrease was principally due to lower selling prices offset partially by lower ore and production costs and by a favorable change in mix. During 2013 and 2012, net noncash depreciation, depletion and amortization of $159 million and $75 million, respectively, as a result of purchase accounting impacted the gross profit by 8% and 4%, respectively.

Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased 22% in 2013 compared to 2012. The net decrease during 2013 compared to 2012 is primarily due to one-time costs incurred in connection with the acquisition of the Mineral Sands business in 2012 of $94 million, which were comprised of transfer taxes of $37 million, share-based compensation expense of $21 million, and other transaction costs and severance of $36 million. This decrease was offset by increases of $36 million in employee costs, professional services, and spending related to corporate initiatives during 2013. Also during 2013, the acquired business contributed an incremental $6 million to our total selling, general and administrative costs, compared to the same period in 2012.

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The increase in interest and debt expense is primarily attributable to interest expense on the $900 million aggregate principal amount of 6.375% senior notes due 2020 (the “Notes”) and the Term Loan, as detailed below:

The change in other income (expense) is primarily attributable to a gain on foreign currency exchange rates of $39 million in 2013 compared to a loss of $8 million in 2012 due to a strengthening U.S. dollar as compared to the South African Rand and Australian dollar, as well as a net noncash gain of $24 million related to the realization of cumulative translation adjustments on the liquidation of two non-operating subsidiaries and increased interest income of $6 million, partially offset by a $4 million loss on the early extinguishment of debt.

The negative effective tax rate for 2013 differs from the Australian statutory rate of 30% primarily due to withholding tax accruals, valuation allowances in various jurisdictions, and income in foreign jurisdictions taxed at rates different than 30%. The negative effective tax rate for 2012 differs from the Australian statutory tax rate of 30% as a result of the release of a valuation allowance in a foreign jurisdiction and as a consequence of re-domiciling certain subsidiaries in Australia. Additionally, 2012 was impacted by continued valuation allowances in the United States and income in foreign jurisdictions taxed at rates lower than 30%, and the gain on bargain purchase which was recorded net of the financial tax impact and is not subject to income tax in any jurisdiction.

Operations Review of Segment Revenue and Profit

Net Sales

Mineral Sands segment

Net sales during 2013 increased 45% compared to the same periods in 2012 primarily due to the acquired business which contributed an incremental $461 million during 2013 versus 2012. Volumes also increased by $177 million. These factors were offset by lower selling prices of $291 million. Minerals Sands selling prices declined across most product lines, especially zircon and titanium feedstock (which includes a portion sold to our pigments business). Minerals sales volumes were higher most notably for zircon and slag fines to external customers. Additionally, during 2013, we experienced increased shipments of titanium feedstock to our pigments business, as we achieve full internal sourcing. During 2013, the effect of changes in foreign currency negatively impacted mineral sands net sales by $4 million.

Pigment segment

Pigment segment net sales decreased 6% during 2013 as compared to 2012 primarily due to a decrease in selling prices and mix of $304 million, offset by higher volumes of $220 million. The volume impact reflects increased shipments to the Asia-Pacific, European and North American regions. Lower prices in the pigment business primarily resulted from softening market demand in late 2011 and early 2012, which accelerated in the latter half of 2012 and into early 2013. Pricing remained relatively constant throughout 2013. During 2013, the effect of changes in foreign currency translation positively impacted pigment net sales by $7 million.

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Corporate and Other

Corporate and Other includes our electrolytic and other chemical products business. Net sales remained flat during 2013 as compared to 2012, as increased sales of electrolytic manganese dioxide (“EMD”) were essentially offset by lower sales of other product lines within this business.

Eliminations

Eliminations include the impact of transactions between our segments, principally sales from our Mineral Sands business to our Pigment business. The elimination in 2013 was significantly higher than 2012 principally due to incremental sales of $188 million from the acquired Mineral Sands business. Lower selling prices for synthetic rutile and titanium slag were essentially offset by higher volumes of the same products.

Income (Loss) from Operations

Mineral Sands segment

During 2013, income from operations increased 53% compared to 2012. The acquired businesses contributed an incremental $123 million to segment income from operations during 2013. The remaining decrease of $41 million during 2013 was primarily attributable to a $291 million decrease in selling prices offset by lower costs of $107 million, higher volumes of $95 million, and favorable currency translation of $48 million. Cost of goods sold includes a net credit of $32 million in 2013 related to purchase accounting adjustments for inventory step-up and unfavorable contract amortization compared to a net noncash charge $137 million in 2012.

Pigment segment

During 2013, income from operations decreased over 100% compared to 2012, which was primarily driven by lower selling prices and mix of $303 million, offset partially by lower ore and production costs.

Corporate and Other

During 2013, Corporate and Other improved by $69 million compared to prior year. The improvement is attributable to one-time costs associated with the acquisition of the Mineral Sands business of $94 million in 2012, which are offset by increases in professional services and spending related to corporate initiatives and to a slightly higher loss from operations of the electrolytic and other chemical products business during 2013.

Eliminations

The net impact from operations in Eliminations reflects the change of the profit in inventory sold from our Mineral Sands business that is still held in inventory by our Pigment business at the end of the period. The benefit in 2013 versus 2012 principally reflects the lower margins of our Mineral Sands products which reflect lower selling prices.

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Year Ended December 31, 2012 Compared to the Combined Twelve Month Period Ended December 31, 2011

All references to 2011 refer to the combined twelve month period ended December 31, 2011, which includes the Successor period and the Predecessor period, unless otherwise indicated.

Net sales for 2012 increased 11% from 2011. During 2012 and 2011, 68% and 86%, respectively, of our net sales were generated from our Pigment business_. The increase in net sales for 2012 reflects the impact of the acquired businesses, higher selling prices in all of our businesses, partially offset by lower sales volumes. The acquired businesses contributed $524 million to consolidated net sales during 2012. Higher prices resulted from a strong market in early-to-mid 2011 and the carryover of price increases from 2011. As market demand softened in late 2011 and early 2012, we began to experience price erosion which accelerated in the latter half of 2012. During 2012, sales volumes declined in both the Mineral Sands and Pigment businesses due to simultaneous market weakness in China, Europe, and North America. Foreign currency exchange rates negatively impacted net sales by $25 million during 2012 as compared to 2011.

Cost of goods sold increased 32% compared to prior year which reflects the inclusion of the acquired business, higher Pigment costs, primarily for raw materials and chemical products, as well as higher per unit costs due to lower capacity utilization during 2012, partially offset by a decrease in sales volumes. Cost of goods sold for 2012 includes $152 million of net non-cash amortization of inventory step-up and unfavorable ore sales contracts liability as a result of our purchase price allocation. During 2012, we reduced Pigment production volumes in response to decreased sales volumes. Unfavorable exchange rate changes increased cost of sales by $52 million in 2012 as compared to 2011.

Our gross profit decreased to 14% of net sales as compared to 28% of net sales in 2011. Noncash amortization of $152 million as a result of purchase accounting impacted the 2012 gross profit by 8%, with the remainder primarily due to higher costs and lower sales volumes, partially offset by higher selling prices.

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased 52% in 2012 compared to 2011. During 2012, the acquired business accounted for approximately $20 million of our total selling, general and administrative costs. The remaining increase is primarily attributable to one-time costs incurred in connection with the acquisition of the Mineral Sands business of $94 million, comprised of transfer taxes of $37 million and other transaction costs and severance of $36 million, as well as share-based compensation awards of $21 million.

The increase in interest and debt expense is primarily attributable to interest expense on the Notes, the asset based lending facilities and the Term Facility, as well as an increase in the amortization of deferred debt issuance costs. Interest expense related to the Notes was $21 million during 2012. Interest expense related to the Term Facility was $29 million during 2012 versus $30 million in 2011. Amortization of deferred debt issuance costs and discount on debt increased $9 million during 2012 due to refinancing of the Wells Revolver. In connection with obtaining the Term Facility, we incurred debt issuance costs of $17 million, of which $5 million was paid in 2011 and $12 million was paid in 2012. We also incurred $17 million of issuance costs in connection with the Notes.

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The acquisition of the Mineral Sands business resulted in a one-time gain on bargain purchase of $1,055 million, which was based on the estimated fair value of the assets and liabilities assumed.

We recognized reorganization income of $613 million during 2011 relating to a $659 million gain recognized due to implementation of fresh-start accounting and the discharge of debt and satisfaction of claims, partially offset by $46 million of reorganization expenses including legal and professional fees, claims adjustments and other fees related to a $185 million rights offering and debt financing.

The negative effective tax rate for 2012 differs from the Australian statutory tax rate of 30% as a result of the release of a valuation allowance in a foreign jurisdiction and as a consequence of re-domiciling certain subsidiaries in Australia. Because the Australian tax laws provide for a resetting of the tax basis of the business assets to market value, we recorded a tax benefit related to this market value basis adjustment. The overall tax benefit from this basis adjustment was partially offset by a valuation allowance established for the portion of the tax benefit which we believe will not be realized. Because this basis change did not pertain to an entity acquired in the Transaction, this net tax benefit was recorded through tax expense and did not impact our gain on bargain purchase. Additionally, 2012 was impacted by continued valuation allowances in the United States and income in foreign jurisdictions taxed at rates lower than 30%, and the gain on bargain purchase which was recorded net of the financial tax impact and is not subject to income tax in any jurisdiction.

The effective tax rates for the eleven-month period ended December 31, 2011 differs from the U.S. statutory rate of 35% primarily due to valuation allowances in the United States and income in foreign jurisdictions taxed at rates lower than 35%. In the one month ended January 31, 2011, the effective tax rate for the period differs from the U.S. statutory rate of 35% primarily due to fresh-start adjustments, which were recorded net of tax. Additionally, the one-month period effective tax rate was impacted by valuation allowances in multiple jurisdictions and income in foreign jurisdictions taxed at rates lower than 35%.

Operations Review of Segment Revenue and Profit

Net Sales

Mineral Sands segment

Net sales during 2012 increased more than 100% compared to the same periods in 2011 due to the acquired business which, on a segment basis, contributed $489 million in revenue for the period since the acquisition. The remaining increase was primarily comprised of a $125 million increase in sales prices, offset by a $22 million decrease in sales volumes. Mineral Sands sales prices, primarily rutile used in the production of TiO₂, increased as a result of strong global demand during the period when forward pricing was negotiated. Synthetic rutile price per metric ton increased more than 149% during 2012 as compared to 2011, while the natural rutile price per metric ton increased approximately 176% during 2012, as compared to 2011. Mineral Sands volumes decreased during 2012 due to slowing global demand for TiO₂ in 2012. Rutile volumes decreased approximately 45% during 2012, while the zircon volumes decreased approximately 30% during 2012.

Pigment segment

Pigment segment net sales decreased 12% during 2012, as compared to 2011. The decrease is primarily due to a $295 million in lower sales volumes, partially offset by a $152 million increase in selling prices. Changes in foreign currency rates negatively impacted net sales by $25 million.

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Corporate and Other

Corporate and Other includes our Electrolytic business. Electrolytic net sales were essentially flat from year to year with higher selling prices for sodium chlorate offsetting lower volumes of the same product. The overall decrease from 2011 to 2012 is related to the transfer of the sulfuric acid business to an environmental trust upon emergence from bankruptcy.

Eliminations

Eliminations include the impact of transactions between our segments, principally sales from our Mineral Sands business to our Pigment business. The elimination in 2012 was significantly higher than 2011 principally due to incremental sales resulting from the acquired Mineral Sands business and to a lesser extent, higher selling prices.

Income from Operations

Mineral Sands segment

During 2012, income from operations increased more than 100% compared to 2011. The increase is attributable to the acquired business which contributed $8 million to segment income from operations during 2012. The remaining net increase of $104 million during 2012 is primarily attributable to the $125 million increase in selling prices, as discussed above. Cost of goods sold in the Mineral Sands segment in 2012 includes $136 million related to noncash amortization of inventory step-up and unfavorable ore sales contracts liability as a result of our purchase price allocation.

Pigment segment

During 2012, income from operations decreased 83% compared to 2011, which was primarily driven by higher costs, specifically for feedstock ores and other chemicals of $352 million, and lower sales volumes of $86 million, partially offset by the higher pricing of $152 million discussed above. Pigment segment cost of goods sold during 2012 includes $16 million of noncash inventory step-up amortization due to our purchase price allocation.

Corporate and Other

The decrease is primarily attributable to higher selling general and administrative costs of $58 million and a litigation/arbitration settlement of $10 million in 2011. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased primarily due to one-time costs incurred in connection with the acquisition of the Mineral Sands business of $94 million, comprised of transfer taxes of $37 million and other transaction costs and severance of $36 million, as well as share-based compensation awards of $21 million.

Eliminations

The net impact from operations in Eliminations reflects the change of the profit in inventory sold from our Mineral Sands business that are still held in inventory by our Pigment business at the end of the period. The charge in 2012 principally reflects the increase in volumes due to the acquired Mineral Sands business, and to a lesser extent, higher margins of our Mineral Sands products which are primarily attributable to higher selling prices versus 2011.

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Non-U.S. GAAP Financial Measures

EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA, which are used by management to measure performance, are not presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). Management believes that EBITDA is useful to investors, as it is commonly used in the industry as a means of evaluating operating performance. We do not intend for these non-U.S GAAP financial measures to be a substitute for any U.S. GAAP financial information. Readers of these statements should use these non-U.S. GAAP financial measures only in conjunction with the comparable U.S. GAAP financial measures. Because other companies may calculate EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA differently than we do, EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA, as presented herein, may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies.

Management believes these non-U.S. GAAP financial measures:

The following table reconciles net income to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for the periods presented: