Activision Blizzard, Inc. - Quarter Report: 2018 September (Form 10-Q)

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

FORM 10-Q

 

(Mark one)

 

x  QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 

For the Quarterly Period Ended September 30, 2018

 

OR

 

o  TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 

For the transition period from                      to

 

Commission File Number 1-15839

 

 

ACTIVISION BLIZZARD, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 

 

(310) 255-2000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant:  (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes x  No o

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes x  No o

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 

 

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.     o

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  Yes o No x

 

The number of shares of the registrant’s Common Stock outstanding at November 1, 2018 was 763,050,718.

 

 

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ACTIVISION BLIZZARD, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

 

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	Cautionary Statement	3
PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Financial Statements (Unaudited)
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and September 30, 2017	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and September 30, 2017	6
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and September 30, 2017	7
	Condensed Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the nine months ended September 30, 2018	8
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	9
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	41
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	71
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	73
PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION	73
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	73
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	74
Item 6.	Exhibits	74
EXHIBIT INDEX		75
SIGNATURE		76
CERTIFICATIONS

 

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CAUTIONARY STATEMENT

 

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains, or incorporates by reference, certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such statements consist of any statement other than a recitation of historical facts and include, but are not limited to: (1) projections of revenues, expenses, income or loss, earnings or loss per share, cash flow, or other financial items; (2) statements of our plans and objectives, including those related to releases of products or services; (3) statements of future financial or operating performance, including the impact of tax items thereon; and (4) statements of assumptions underlying such statements. Activision Blizzard, Inc. generally uses words such as “outlook,” “forecast,” “will,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “to be,” “plan,” “plans,” “believes,” “may,” “might,” “expects,” “intends,” “intends as,” “anticipates,” “estimate,” “future,” “positioned,” “potential,” “project,” “remain,” “scheduled,” “set to,” “subject to,” “upcoming” and other similar expressions to help identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are subject to business and economic risks, reflect management’s current expectations, estimates and projections about our business, and are inherently uncertain and difficult to predict.

 

The company cautions that a number of important factors could cause Activision Blizzard, Inc.’s actual future results and other future circumstances to differ materially from those expressed in any forward-looking statements. Such factors include, but are not limited to: sales levels of Activision Blizzard, Inc.’s titles, products, and services; concentration of revenue among a small number of titles; Activision Blizzard, Inc.’s ability to predict consumer preferences, including interest in specific genres and modes and preferences among platforms; the continued growth in the scope and complexity of our business, including the diversion of management time and attention to issues relating to the operations of our newly acquired or started businesses and the potential impact of our expansion into new businesses on our existing businesses; the amount of our debt and the limitations imposed by the covenants in the agreements governing our debt; counterparty risks relating to customers, licensees, licensors, and manufacturers; maintenance of relationships with key personnel, customers, financing providers, licensees, licensors, manufacturers, vendors, and third-party developers, including the ability to attract, retain, and motivate key personnel and developers that can create high-quality titles, products, and services; changing business models within the video game industry, including digital delivery of content and the increased prevalence of free-to-play games; product delays or defects; competition, including from other forms of entertainment; rapid changes in technology and industry standards; possible declines in software pricing; product returns and price protection; the identification of suitable future acquisition opportunities and potential challenges associated with geographic expansion; the seasonal and cyclical nature of the interactive entertainment market; the outcome of current or future tax disputes; litigation risks and associated costs; protection of proprietary rights; potential data breaches and other cybersecurity risks; shifts in consumer spending trends; capital market risks; the impact of applicable laws, rules, and regulations, including changes in those laws, rules, and regulations; domestic and international economic, financial, and political conditions and policies; tax rates and foreign exchange rates; the impact of the current macroeconomic environment; and the other factors identified in “Risk Factors” included in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

 

The forward-looking statements contained herein are based on information available to Activision Blizzard, Inc. as of the date of this filing and we assume no obligation to update any such forward-looking statements. Although these forward-looking statements are believed to be true when made, they may ultimately prove to be incorrect. These statements are not guarantees of our future performance and are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors, some of which are beyond our control and may cause actual results to differ materially from current expectations.

 

Activision Blizzard, Inc.’s names, abbreviations thereof, logos, and product and service designators are all either the registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names of Activision Blizzard, Inc. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. All dollar amounts referred to in, or contemplated by, this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q refer to United States (“U.S.”) dollars, unless otherwise explicitly stated to the contrary.

 

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PART I.  FINANCIAL INFORMATION

 

Item 1.  Financial Statements

 

ACTIVISION BLIZZARD, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Unaudited)

 

(Amounts in millions, except share data)

 

		At September 30, 2018			At December 31, 2017
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents		$	3,308		$	4,713
Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $119 and $279, at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively		641			918
Inventories, net		174			46
Software development		348			367
Other current assets		501			476
Total current assets		4,972			6,520
Software development		174			86
Property and equipment, net		281			294
Deferred income taxes, net		243			459
Other assets		454			440
Intangible assets, net		826			1,106
Goodwill		9,763			9,763
Total assets		$	16,713		$	18,668
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable		$	312		$	323
Deferred revenues		1,017			1,929
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		1,053			1,411
Total current liabilities		2,382			3,663
Long-term debt, net		2,670			4,390
Deferred income taxes, net		11			21
Other liabilities		991			1,132
Total liabilities		6,054			9,206
Commitments and contingencies (Note 16)
Shareholders’ equity:
Common stock, $0.000001 par value, 2,400,000,000 shares authorized, 1,191,665,508 and 1,186,181,666 shares issued at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively		—			—
Additional paid-in capital		10,928			10,747
Less: Treasury stock, at cost, 428,676,471 shares at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017		(5,563)			(5,563)
Retained earnings		5,907			4,916
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(613)			(638)
Total shareholders’ equity		10,659			9,462
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity		$	16,713		$	18,668

 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

 

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ACTIVISION BLIZZARD, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(Unaudited)

(Amounts in millions, except per share data)

 

		For the Three Months Ended September 30,								For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
		2018			2017					2018			2017
Net revenues
Product sales		$	263		$	384				$	1,447		$	1,373
Subscription, licensing, and other revenues		1,249			1,234					3,672			3,601
Total net revenues (Note 2)		1,512			1,618					5,119			4,974
Costs and expenses
Cost of revenues—product sales:
Product costs		127			149					416			422
Software royalties, amortization, and intellectual property licenses		20			37					214			200
Cost of revenues—subscription, licensing, and other revenues:
Game operations and distribution costs		257			249					777			717
Software royalties, amortization, and intellectual property licenses		109			117					278			359
Product development		263			273					776			750
Sales and marketing		263			345					741			899
General and administrative		208			191					623			539
Total costs and expenses		1,247			1,361					3,825			3,886
Operating income		265			257					1,294			1,088
Interest and other expense (income), net		13			37					67			109
Loss on extinguishment of debt		40			—					40			12
Income before income tax expense (benefit)		212			220					1,187			967
Income tax expense (benefit)		(48)			32					25			109
Net income		$	260		$		188			$	1,162		$	858
Earnings per common share
Basic		$	0.34		$			0.25		$	1.53		$	1.14
Diluted		$	0.34		$			0.25		$	1.51		$	1.12
Weighted-average number of shares outstanding
Basic		763			755					761			753
Diluted		771			766					771			764

 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

 

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ACTIVISION BLIZZARD, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(Unaudited)

(Amounts in millions)

 

		For the Three Months Ended September 30,						For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
		2018			2017			2018			2017
Net income		$	260		$	188		$	1,162		$	858
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Foreign currency translation adjustment		3			9			(7)			36
Unrealized gains (losses) on forward contracts designated as hedges, net of tax		(11)			(8)			25			(45)
Unrealized gains (losses) on investments, net of tax		—			(3)			4			(4)
Total other comprehensive income (loss)		$	(8)		$	(2)		$	22		$	(13)
Comprehensive income		$	252		$	186		$	1,184		$	845

 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

 

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ACTIVISION BLIZZARD, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited)

(Amounts in millions)

 

		For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
		2018			2017
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income		$	1,162		$	858
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Deferred income taxes		175			(138)
Depreciation and amortization		385			670
Amortization of capitalized software development costs and intellectual property licenses (1)		238			202
Loss on extinguishment of debt (Note 10)		40			12
Amortization of debt discount and financing costs		5			10
Share-based compensation expense (2)		164			118
Other		15			24
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net		290			(140)
Inventories		(127)			(50)
Software development and intellectual property licenses		(305)			(227)
Other assets		(15)			(70)
Deferred revenues		(710)			(320)
Accounts payable		(14)			78
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		(512)			28
Net cash provided by operating activities		791			1,055
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of available-for-sale investments		(59)			(80)
Capital expenditures		(97)			(86)
Other investing activities		(4)			3
Net cash used in investing activities		(160)			(163)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock to employees		91			150
Tax payment related to net share settlements on restricted stock units		(85)			(44)
Dividends paid		(259)			(226)
Proceeds from debt issuances, net of discounts		—			3,741
Repayment of long-term debt		(1,740)			(4,251)
Premium payment for early redemption of note (Note 10)		(25)			—
Other financing activities		(2)			(10)
Net cash used in financing activities		(2,020)			(640)
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		(15)			72
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash		(1,404)			324
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period		4,720			3,262
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period		$	3,316		$	3,586

 

(1)               Excludes deferral and amortization of share-based compensation expense.

(2)               Includes the net effects of capitalization, deferral, and amortization of share-based compensation expense.

 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

 

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ACTIVISION BLIZZARD, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018

(Unaudited)

(Amounts and shares in millions, except per share data)

 

		Common Stock					Treasury Stock					Additional Paid-In			Retained			Accumulated Other Comprehensive			Total Shareholders’
		Shares		Amount			Shares		Amount			Capital			Earnings			Income (Loss)			Equity
Balance at December 31, 2017		1,186		$	—		(429)		$	(5,563)		$	10,747		$	4,916		$	(638)		$	9,462
Cumulative impact from adoption of new revenue accounting standard (Note 3)		—		—			—		—			—			88			3			91
Components of comprehensive income:
Net income		—		—			—		—			—			1,162			—			1,162
Other comprehensive income (loss)		—		—			—		—			—			—			22			22
Issuance of common stock pursuant to employee stock options		5		—			—		—			93			—			—			93
Issuance of common stock pursuant to restricted stock units		2		—			—		—			—			—			—			—
Restricted stock surrendered for employees’ tax liability		(1)		—			—		—			(86)			—			—			(86)
Share-based compensation expense related to employee stock options and restricted stock units		—		—			—		—			174			—			—			174
Dividends ($0.34 per common share)		—		—			—		—			—			(259)			—			(259)
Balance at September 30, 2018		1,192		$	—		(429)		$	(5,563)		$	10,928		$	5,907		$	(613)		$	10,659

 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

 

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ACTIVISION BLIZZARD, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

 

1.             Description of Business and Basis of Consolidation and Presentation

 

Activision Blizzard, Inc. is a leading global developer and publisher of interactive entertainment content and services. We develop and distribute content and services on video game consoles, personal computers (“PC”), and mobile devices. We also operate esports events and leagues and create film and television content based on our intellectual property. The terms “Activision Blizzard,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” are used to refer collectively to Activision Blizzard, Inc. and its subsidiaries.

 

The Company was originally incorporated in California in 1979 and was reincorporated in Delaware in December 1992. In connection with the 2008 business combination by and among the Company (then known as Activision, Inc.), Vivendi S.A. (“Vivendi”), and Vivendi Games, Inc., then an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Vivendi, we were renamed Activision Blizzard, Inc.

 

The common stock of Activision Blizzard is traded on The Nasdaq Stock Market under the ticker symbol “ATVI.”

 

Our Segments

 

Based upon our organizational structure, we conduct our business through three reportable segments, as follows:

 

(i) Activision Publishing, Inc.

 

Activision Publishing, Inc. (“Activision”) is a leading global developer and publisher of interactive software products and entertainment content, particularly for the console platforms. Activision primarily delivers content through retail and digital channels, including full-game and in-game sales, as well as by licensing software to third-party or related-party companies that distribute Activision products. Activision develops, markets, and sells products based on our internally developed intellectual properties, as well as some licensed properties. We have also established a long-term alliance with Bungie to publish its game universe, Destiny.

 

Activision’s key product franchises include: Call of Duty®, a first-person shooter for the console and PC platforms; and Destiny, an online universe of first-person action gameplay (which we call a “shared-world shooter”) for the console and PC platforms.

 

(ii) Blizzard Entertainment, Inc.

 

Blizzard Entertainment, Inc. (“Blizzard”) is a leading global developer and publisher of interactive software products and entertainment content, particularly for the PC platform. Blizzard primarily delivers content through retail and digital channels, including subscriptions, full-game, and in-game sales, as well as by licensing software to third-party or related-party companies that distribute Blizzard products. Blizzard also maintains a proprietary online gaming service, Blizzard Battle.net®, which facilitates digital distribution of Blizzard content and selected Activision content, online social connectivity, and the creation of user-generated content. Blizzard also includes the activities of the Overwatch LeagueTM, the first major global professional esports league with city-based teams, and our Major League Gaming (“MLG”) business, which is responsible for various esports events and serves as a multi-platform network for Activision Blizzard esports content.

 

Blizzard’s key product franchises include: World of Warcraft®, a subscription-based massive multi-player online role-playing game for the PC platform; StarCraft®, a real-time strategy franchise for the PC platform; Diablo®, an action role-playing franchise for the PC and console platforms; Hearthstone®, an online collectible card franchise for the PC and mobile platforms; Heroes of the Storm®, a free-to-play team brawler for the PC platform; and Overwatch®, a team-based first-person shooter for the PC and console platforms.

 

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(iii) King Digital Entertainment

 

King Digital Entertainment (“King”) is a leading global developer and publisher of interactive entertainment content and services, particularly on mobile platforms, such as Google Inc.’s (“Google”) Android and Apple Inc.’s (“Apple”) iOS. King also distributes its content and services on the PC platform, primarily via Facebook. King’s games are free to play, however, players can acquire in-game items, either with virtual currency or directly using real currency.

 

King’s key product franchises, all of which are for the mobile and PC platforms, include: Candy Crush™, which features “match three” games; Farm Heroes™, which also features “match three” games; and Bubble Witch™, which features “bubble shooter” games.

 

Other

 

We also engage in other businesses that do not represent reportable segments, including:

 

·                  the Activision Blizzard Studios (“Studios”) business, which is devoted to creating original film and television content based on our library of globally recognized intellectual properties, and which, in September 2018, released the third season of the animated TV series Skylanders™ Academy on Netflix; and

 

·                  the Activision Blizzard Distribution (“Distribution”) business, which consists of operations in Europe that provide warehousing, logistics, and sales distribution services to third-party publishers of interactive entertainment software, our own publishing operations, and manufacturers of interactive entertainment hardware.

 

Basis of Consolidation and Presentation

 

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim reporting. Accordingly, certain notes or other information that are normally required by U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted if they substantially duplicate the disclosures contained in our annual audited consolidated financial statements. The year-end condensed consolidated balance sheet data was derived from audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP. Accordingly, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

 

The preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for the fair statement of our financial position and results of operations in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been included in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. Actual results could differ from these estimates and assumptions.

 

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts and operations of the Company. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Certain reclassifications have been made to prior year amounts to conform to the current period presentation.

 

The Company considers events or transactions that occur after the balance sheet date, but before the financial statements are issued, to provide additional evidence relative to certain estimates or to identify matters that require additional disclosures.

 

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Supplemental Cash Flow Information

 

For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the beginning and ending cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within our condensed consolidated statement of cash flows include restricted cash of $7 million and $8 million, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the beginning and ending cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within our condensed consolidated statement of cash flows included restricted cash of $17 million and $10 million, respectively.

 

2.             Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

 

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, there were no significant changes to our accounting policies, except for our adoption of a new revenue accounting standard as discussed below. Refer to Note 2 contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 for a summary of our other significant accounting policies.

 

Adoption of Accounting Standards Codification 606: Revenue from Contracts with Customers

 

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued new accounting guidance related to revenue recognition. The new standard replaces all current U.S. GAAP guidance on this topic, eliminating all industry-specific guidance and providing a unified model to determine when and how revenue is recognized. The core principle is that a company should recognize revenue upon the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. On January 1, 2018, we adopted the new accounting standard and related amendments (collectively, the “new revenue accounting standard”). As a result, we have updated our significant accounting policy disclosure for revenue recognition herein. Refer to Note 3 for the impact of adoption on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

 

Revenue Recognition

 

We generate revenue primarily through the sale of our interactive entertainment content and services, principally for console, PC, and mobile devices, as well as through the licensing of our intellectual property. Our products span various genres, including first-person shooter, action/adventure, role-playing, strategy, and “match three,” among others. We primarily offer the following products and services:

 

·                  full games, which typically provide access to main game content, primarily for console or PC;

 

·                  downloadable content, which provides players with additional in-game content to purchase following the purchase of a full game;

 

·                  microtransactions, which typically provide relatively small pieces of additional in-game content or enhancements to gameplay; and

 

·                  subscriptions to players in our World of Warcraft franchise, which provide continual access to the game content.

 

When control of the promised products and services is transferred to our customers, we recognize revenue in the amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for these products and services.

 

We determine revenue recognition by:

 

·                  identifying the contract, or contracts, with a customer;

 

·                  identifying the performance obligations in the contract;

 

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·                  determining the transaction price;

 

·                  allocating the transaction price to performance obligations in the contract; and

 

·                  recognizing revenue when, or as, we satisfy performance obligations by transferring the promised goods or services.

 

Certain products are sold to customers with a “street date” (which is the earliest date these products may be sold by retailers). For these products, we recognize revenues on the later of the street date and the date the product is sold to our customer. For digital full-game downloads sold to customers, we recognize revenue when it is available for download or is activated for gameplay. Revenues are recorded net of taxes assessed by governmental authorities that are imposed at the time of the specific revenue-producing transaction between us and our customer, such as sales and value-added taxes.

 

Payment terms and conditions vary by contract type, although terms generally include a requirement of payment immediately upon purchase or within 30 to 90 days. In instances where the timing of revenue recognition differs from the timing of invoicing, we do not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component when we expect, at contract inception, that the period between our transfer of a promised product or service to our customer and payment for that product or service will be one year or less.

 

Product Sales

 

Product sales consist of sales of our games, including physical products and digital full-game downloads. We recognize revenues from the sale of our products after both (1) control of the products has been transferred to our customers and (2) underlying performance obligations have been satisfied.

 

Revenues from product sales are recognized after deducting the estimated allowance for returns and price protection, which are accounted for as variable consideration when estimating the amount of revenue to recognize. Returns and price protection are estimated at contract inception and updated at the end of each reporting period as additional information becomes available.

 

Sales incentives and other consideration given by us to our customers, such as rebates and product placement fees, are considered adjustments of the transaction price of our products and are reflected as reductions to revenues. Sales incentives and other consideration that represent costs incurred by us for distinct goods or services received, such as the appearance of our products in a customer’s national circular ad, are recorded as “Sales and marketing” expense when the benefit from the sales incentive is separable from sales to the same customer and we can reasonably estimate the fair value of the good or service.

 

Products with Online Functionality

 

For our software products that include both offline functionality (i.e., do not require an Internet connection to access) and significant online functionality, such as titles for the Call of Duty franchise, we evaluate whether the license of our intellectual property and the online functionality are distinct and separable. This evaluation is performed for each software product or product add-on, including downloadable content. If we determine that our software products contain a license of intellectual property separate from the online functionality, we consider market conditions and other observable inputs to estimate the transaction price for the license, since we do not generally sell the software license on a standalone basis. These products may be sold in a bundle with other products and services, which often results in the recognition of additional performance obligations.

 

We recognize revenue for arrangements that include both a license of intellectual property and separate online functionality when control of the license transfers to our customers for the portion of the transaction price allocable to the license and ratably over the estimated service period for the portion of the transaction price allocable to the online functionality. Similarly, we defer a portion of the cost of revenues on these arrangements and recognize the costs as the related revenues are recognized. The cost of revenues that are deferred include product costs, distribution costs, and software royalties, amortization, and intellectual property licenses, and excludes intangible asset amortization.

 

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Online Hosted Software Arrangements

 

For our online hosted software arrangements, such as titles for the Destiny, Overwatch, World of Warcraft, and Candy Crush franchises, substantially all gameplay and functionality are obtained through our continuous hosting of the game content for the player. Similar to our software products with online functionality, these arrangements may include other products and services, which often results in the recognition of additional performance obligations. Revenues related to online hosted software arrangements are generally recognized ratably over the estimated service period.

 

Subscription Arrangements

 

Subscription revenue arrangements are mostly derived from World of Warcraft, which is playable through Blizzard’s servers and is generally sold on a subscription-only basis. Revenues associated with the sales of subscriptions are deferred until the subscription service is activated by the consumer and are then recognized ratably over the subscription period as the performance obligations are satisfied.

 

Revenues attributable to the purchase of World of Warcraft software by our customers, including expansion packs, are classified as “Product sales,” whereas revenues attributable to subscriptions and other in-game revenues are classified as “Subscription, licensing, and other revenues.”

 

Licensing Revenues

 

In certain countries, we utilize third-party licensees to distribute and host our games in accordance with license agreements, for which the licensees typically pay us a fixed minimum guarantee and sales-based royalties. These arrangements typically include multiple performance obligations, such as an upfront license of intellectual property and rights to specified or unspecified future updates. Our estimate of the selling price is comprised of several factors including, but not limited to, prior selling prices, prices charged separately by other third-party vendors for similar service offerings, and a cost-plus-margin approach.  Based on the allocated transaction price, we recognize revenue associated with the minimum guarantee when we transfer control of the upfront license of intellectual property and/or upon transfer of control of future specified updates and ratably over the contractual term in which we provide the customer with unspecified future updates. Royalty payments in excess of the minimum guarantee are generally recognized when the licensed product is sold by the licensee.

 

Other Revenues

 

Other revenues primarily include revenues from downloadable content (e.g., multi-player content packs), microtransactions, and licensing of intellectual property other than software to third-parties.

 

Microtransaction revenues are derived from the sale of virtual currencies and goods to our players to enhance their gameplay experience. Proceeds from these sales of virtual currencies and goods are initially recorded in deferred revenue. Proceeds from the sales of virtual currencies are recognized as revenues when a player uses the virtual goods purchased with a virtual currency. Proceeds from the sales of virtual goods directly are similarly recognized as revenues when a player uses the virtual goods. We categorize our virtual goods as either “consumable” or “durable”. Consumable virtual goods represent goods that can be consumed by a specific player action; accordingly, we recognize revenues from the sale of consumable virtual goods as the goods are consumed and our performance obligation is satisfied. Durable virtual goods represent goods that are accessible to the player over an extended period of time; accordingly, we recognize revenues from the sale of durable virtual goods ratably over the period of time the goods are available to the player and our performance obligation is satisfied, which is generally the estimated service period.

 

Revenues from the licensing of intellectual property other than software to third parties primarily include the licensing of our (1) brand, logo, or franchise to customers and (2) media content. Fixed fee payments from customers for the license of our brand or franchise are generally recognized over the license term. Fixed fee payments from customers for the license of our media content are generally recognized when control has transferred to the customer, which may be upfront or over time.

 

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Significant Judgment around Revenue Arrangements with Multiple Deliverables

 

Our contracts with customers often include promises to transfer multiple products and services. Determining whether products and services are considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately versus together may require significant judgment. Certain of our games, such as titles in the Call of Duty franchise, may contain a license of our intellectual property to play the game offline, but also depend on a significant level of integration and interdependency with the online functionality. In these cases, significant judgment is required to determine whether this license of our intellectual property should be considered distinct and accounted for separately, or not distinct and accounted for together with the online functionality provided and recognized over time. Generally, for titles in which the software license is functional without the online functionality and a significant component of gameplay is available offline, we believe we have separate performance obligations for the license of the intellectual property and the online functionality.

 

Significant judgment is also required to determine the standalone selling price for each distinct performance obligation and to determine whether there is a discount that needs to be allocated based on the relative standalone selling price of the various products and services. To estimate the standalone selling price we consider market data, including our pricing strategies for the product being evaluated and other similar products we may offer, competitor pricing to the extent data is available, and costs to determine whether the estimated selling price yields an appropriate profit margin.

 

Estimated Service Period

 

We consider a variety of data points when determining the estimated service period for players of our games, including the weighted average number of days between players’ first and last days played online, the average total hours played, the average number of days in which player activity stabilizes, and the weighted-average number of days between players’ first purchase date and last date played online. We also consider known online trends, the service periods of our previously released games, and, to the extent publicly available, the service periods of our competitors’ games that are similar in nature to ours. We believe this provides a reasonable depiction of the transfer of services to our customers, as it is the best representation of the time period during which our customers play our games. Determining the estimated service period is subjective and requires management’s judgment. Future usage patterns may differ from historical usage patterns, and therefore the estimated service period may change in the future. The estimated service periods for players of our current games are generally less than 12 months.

 

Principal Agent Considerations

 

We evaluate sales of our products and content via third-party digital storefronts, such as Microsoft Corporation’s (“Microsoft”) Xbox Games Store, Sony Interactive Entertainment Inc.’s (“Sony”) PSN, the Apple App Store, and the Google Play Store, to determine whether revenues should be reported gross or net of fees retained by the storefront. Key indicators that we evaluate in determining gross versus net treatment include, but are not limited to, the following:

 

·      which party is primarily responsible for fulfilling the promise to provide the specified good or service; and

 

·      which party has discretion in establishing the price for the specified good or service.

 

Based on our evaluation of the above indicators, we report revenues on a gross basis for sales arrangements via the Apple App Store and the Google Play Store, and we report revenues on a net basis (i.e., net of fees retained by the digital storefront) for sales arrangements via Microsoft’s Xbox Games Store and Sony’s PSN.

 

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Contract Balances

 

We generally record a receivable related to revenue when we have an unconditional right to invoice and receive payment, and record deferred revenue when cash payments are received or due in advance of our performance, even if amounts are refundable.

 

The allowance for doubtful accounts reflects our best estimate of probable losses inherent in our accounts receivable balance. In estimating the allowance for doubtful accounts, we analyze the age of current outstanding account balances, historical bad debts, customer concentrations, customer creditworthiness, current economic trends, and changes in our customers’ payment terms and their economic condition, as well as whether we can obtain sufficient credit insurance. Any significant changes in any of these criteria would affect management’s estimates in establishing our allowance for doubtful accounts.

 

Deferred revenue is comprised primarily of unearned revenue related to the sale of products with online functionality or online hosted arrangements. We typically invoice, and collect payment for, these sales at the beginning of the contract period and recognize revenue ratably over the estimated service period. Deferred revenue also includes payments for: product sales pending delivery or activation; subscription revenues; licensing revenues with fixed minimum guarantees; and other revenues for which we have been paid in advance and earn the revenue when we transfer control of the product or service.

 

Refer to Note 9 for further information, including changes in deferred revenue during the period.

 

Assets Recognized from Costs to Obtain a Contract with a Customer

 

We apply the practical expedient to expense costs, as incurred, to obtain a contract with a customer when the amortization period would have been one year or less for certain similar contracts in which commissions are paid to internal personnel or third parties. We believe application of the practical expedient has a limited effect on the amount and timing of cost recognition. Total capitalized costs to obtain a contract were immaterial as of September 30, 2018.

 

Allowances for Returns and Price Protection

 

We closely monitor and analyze the historical performance of our various titles, the performance of products released by other publishers, market conditions, and the anticipated timing of other releases to assess future demand of current and upcoming titles. Initial volumes shipped upon title launch and subsequent reorders are evaluated with the goal of ensuring that quantities are sufficient to meet the demand from the retail markets, but at the same time are controlled to prevent excess inventory in the channel. We benchmark units to be shipped to our customers using historical and industry data.

 

We may permit product returns from, or grant price protection to, our customers under certain conditions. In general, price protection refers to the circumstances in which we elect to decrease, on a short- or longer-term basis, the wholesale price of a product by a certain amount and, when granted and applicable, allow customers a credit against amounts owed by such customers to us with respect to open and/or future invoices. The conditions our customers must meet to be granted the right to return products or receive price protection credits include, among other things, compliance with applicable trading and payment terms and consistent return of inventory and delivery of sell-through reports to us. We may also consider other factors, including achievement of sell-through performance targets in certain instances, the facilitation of slow-moving inventory, and other market factors.

 

Significant management judgments and estimates with respect to potential future product returns and price protection related to current period product revenues must be made and used when establishing the allowance for returns and price protection in any accounting period. We estimate the amount of future returns and price protection for current period product revenues utilizing historical experience and information regarding inventory levels and the demand and acceptance of our products by the end consumer, and record revenue for the transferred products in the amount of consideration to which we expect to be entitled to. The following factors are used to estimate the amount of future returns and price protection for a particular title: historical performance of titles in similar genres; historical performance of the hardware platform; historical performance of the franchise; console hardware life cycle; sales force and retail customer feedback; industry pricing; future pricing assumptions; weeks of on-hand retail channel inventory; absolute quantity of on-hand retail channel inventory; our warehouse on-hand inventory levels; the title’s recent sell-through history (if available); marketing trade programs; and the performance of competing titles. The relative importance of these factors varies among titles depending upon, among other things, genre, platform, seasonality, and sales strategy.

 

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Based upon historical experience, we believe that our estimates are reasonable. However, actual returns and price protection could vary materially from our allowance estimates due to a number of reasons, including, among others: a lack of consumer acceptance of a title, the release in the same period of a similarly themed title by a competitor, or technological obsolescence due to the emergence of new hardware platforms. There may be material differences in the amount and timing of our revenues for any period if factors or market conditions change or if matters resolve in a manner that is inconsistent with management’s assumptions utilized in determining the allowances for returns and price protection.

 

Shipping and Handling

 

Shipping and handling costs consist primarily of packaging and transportation charges incurred to move finished goods to customers. We recognize all shipping and handling costs as an expense in “Cost of revenues-product costs,” including those incurred when control of the product has already transferred to the customer.

 

3.             Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

 

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

 

Revenue Recognition

 

As noted in Note 2 above, we adopted the new revenue accounting standard effective January 1, 2018, utilizing the modified retrospective method. Additionally, we elected to apply the new revenue accounting standard only to contracts not completed as of the adoption date. For contracts that were modified before the period of adoption, we elected to reflect the aggregate effect of all modifications when (1) identifying the satisfied and unsatisfied performance obligations, (2) determining the transaction price, and (3) allocating the transaction price to the satisfied and unsatisfied performance obligations. We recognized the cumulative effect of initially applying the new revenue accounting standard as an adjustment to the opening

 

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balance of retained earnings. The comparative information has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods. The cumulative effect adjustment recorded to our retained earnings was $88 million (see our condensed consolidated statements of changes in shareholders’ equity) and included the impact from the following adjustments to our condensed consolidated balance sheet at January 1, 2018 (amounts in millions):

 

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet:		Balance at December 31, 2017			Adjustments due to adoption of new revenue accounting standard			Balance at January 1, 2018
Assets
Accounts receivable, net		$	918		$	3		$	921
Software development		367			(20)			347
Other current assets		476			(35)			441
Deferred income taxes, net		459			(32)			427
Other assets		440			4			444
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
Deferred revenues		$	1,929		$	(194)		$	1,735
Other liabilities		1,132			23			1,155
Shareholders’ equity		9,462			91			9,553

 

The most significant impacts of the new revenue accounting standard for us are:

 

·                  The accounting for our sales of our games with significant online functionality for which we do not have vendor-specific objective evidence (“VSOE”) for unspecified future updates and ongoing online services provided. Under the prior accounting standards, VSOE for undelivered elements was required. This requirement was eliminated under the new revenue accounting standard. Accordingly, we are required to recognize as revenue a portion of the sales price upon delivery of this software, as compared to recognizing the entire sales price ratably over an estimated service period as previously required. This difference in accounting primarily impacts revenues from our Call of Duty franchise, where approximately 20% of the sales price is now recognized as revenue upon delivery of the games to our customers. The amount of revenue recognized upon delivery of games to our customers is analyzed on a title-by-title basis and may change in the future. For example, we expect the entire sales price from our Call of Duty: Black Ops 4 release to be recognized ratably over an estimated service period, as the gameplay has an increased focus towards the online competitive and cooperative game modes with no single-player campaign mode. Many of our other franchises, such as Destiny, Overwatch, World of Warcraft, and Candy Crush, are online hosted arrangements, and the accounting for our sales of these games under the new standard is relatively unchanged; and

 

·                  The accounting for certain of our software licensing arrangements. While the impact of the new revenue accounting standard may differ on a contract-by-contract basis (as the actual revenue recognition treatment required under the standard will depend on contract-specific terms), the new revenue accounting standard generally results in earlier revenue recognition for these arrangements.

 

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Adoption of the new revenue accounting standard impacted our condensed consolidated statement of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, and our condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2018 as follows (in millions, except per share data):

 

		For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations:		Under new revenue accounting standard			Under old revenue accounting standards			Increase (decrease) due to adoption of new revenue accounting standard
Net revenues
Product sales		$	263		$	269		$	(6)
Subscription, licensing, and other revenues		1,249			1,226			23
Total net revenues		1,512			1,495			17
Costs and expenses
Cost of revenues—product sales:
Product costs		127			126			1
Software royalties, amortization, and intellectual property licenses		20			24			(4)
Cost of revenues—subscription, licensing, and other revenues:
Game operations and distribution costs		257			257			—
Software royalties, amortization, and intellectual property licenses		109			109			—
Product development		263			263			—
Sales and marketing		263			263			—
General and administrative		208			208			—
Total costs and expenses		1,247			1,250			(3)
Operating income		265			245			20
Interest and other expense (income), net		13			13			—
Loss on extinguishment of debt		40			40			—
Income before income tax expense (benefit)		212			192			20
Income tax expense (benefit)		(48)			(57)			9
Net income		$	260		$	249		$	11
Earnings per common share
Basic		$	0.34		$	0.33		$	0.01
Diluted		$	0.34		$	0.32		$	0.02

 

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		For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations:		Under new revenue accounting standard			Under old revenue accounting standards			Increase (decrease) due to adoption of new revenue accounting standard
Net revenues
Product sales		$	1,447		$	1,593		$	(146)
Subscription, licensing, and other revenues		3,672			3,645			27
Total net revenues		5,119			5,238			(119)
Costs and expenses
Cost of revenues—product sales:
Product costs		416			438			(22)
Software royalties, amortization, and intellectual property licenses		214			232			(18)
Cost of revenues—subscription, licensing, and other revenues:
Game operations and distribution costs		777			777			—
Software royalties, amortization, and intellectual property licenses		278			278			—
Product development		776			776			—
Sales and marketing		741			740			1
General and administrative		623			623			—
Total costs and expenses		3,825			3,864			(39)
Operating income		1,294			1,374			(80)
Interest and other expense (income), net		67			67			—
Loss on extinguishment of debt		40			40			—
Income before income tax expense		1,187			1,267			(80)
Income tax expense		25			41			(16)
Net income		$	1,162		$	1,226		$	(64)
Earnings per common share
Basic		$	1.53		$	1.61		$	(0.08)
Diluted		$	1.51		$	1.59		$	(0.08)

 

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		At September 30, 2018
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet:		Under new revenue accounting standard			Under old revenue accounting standards			Increase (decrease) due to adoption of new revenue accounting standard
Assets
Accounts receivable, net		$	641		$	637		$	4
Software development		348			350			(2)
Other current assets		501			519			(18)
Deferred income taxes, net		243			262			(19)
Other assets		454			469			(15)
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
Deferred revenues		$	1,017		$	1,077		$	(60)
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		1,053			1,056			(3)
Other liabilities		991			1,005			(14)
Shareholders’ equity		10,659			10,632			27

 

Adoption of the new revenue accounting standard had no impact to net cash from or used in operating, investing, or financing activities in our condensed consolidated statement of cash flows.

 

Financial Instruments

 

In January 2016, the FASB issued new guidance related to the recognition and measurement of financial assets and financial liabilities. The new standard, among other things, generally requires companies to measure investments in other entities, except those accounted for under the equity method, at fair value and to recognize any changes in fair value in net income. The new standard also simplifies the impairment assessment of equity investments without readily determinable fair values. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and the guidance should be applied by means of a cumulative-effect adjustment to the balance sheet as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. The guidance related to equity investments without readily determinable fair values (including disclosure requirements) is applied prospectively to equity investments that exist as of the date of adoption. We adopted the new standard during the first quarter of 2018 and it did not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

 

Statement of Cash Flows-Restricted Cash

 

In November 2016, the FASB issued new guidance related to the classification of restricted cash in the statement of cash flows. The new standard requires that a statement of cash flows explain any change during the period in total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash. Therefore, restricted cash will be included with “Cash and cash equivalents” when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and should be applied retrospectively.

 

We adopted the new standard during the first quarter of 2018 and applied the standard retrospectively for all periods presented. The application of this new standard did not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017.

 

In our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ending December 31, 2018, there will be a significant impact to the consolidated statements of cash flows for 2016, as this period includes, as an investing activity, the $3.6 billion movement in restricted cash resulting from the transfer of cash into escrow at December 31, 2015 to facilitate the acquisition of King, and the subsequent release of that cash in 2016 to complete the acquisition. Under this new standard, the restricted cash balance will be included in the beginning and ending total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash balances and, hence, will not be included as an investing activity in the statement of cash flows.

 

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Derivatives and Hedging

 

In August 2017, the FASB issued new guidance related to the accounting for derivatives and hedging. The new guidance expands and refines hedge accounting for both financial and non-financial risk components, aligns the recognition and presentation of the effects of hedging instruments and hedged items in the financial statements, and includes certain targeted improvements to ease the application of current guidance related to the assessment of a hedge’s effectiveness. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. We adopted the standard during the first quarter of 2018. The adoption of the standard did not have a material impact to our condensed consolidated financial statements.

 

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

 

Leases

 

In February 2016, the FASB issued new guidance related to the accounting for leases. The new standard will replace all current U.S. GAAP guidance on this topic. The new standard, among other things, requires a lessee to classify a lease as either an operating or financing lease, and to recognize a lease liability and a right-of-use asset for its leases. Classification will be based on criteria that are largely similar to those applied in current lease accounting. The lease liability will be equal to the present value of lease payments. The asset will be based on the lease liability, subject to adjustment for initial direct costs, lease incentives received, and any prepaid lease payments. Operating leases will result in a straight-line expense pattern, while finance leases will result in a front-loaded expense pattern. The standard is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. When the new standard was initially issued, it was required to be adopted using a modified retrospective transition that required application of the new guidance at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented, subject to certain transition practical expedients available to provide relief in connection with the adoption. In July 2018, the FASB issued guidance to provide for an optional adoption method that allows companies to use the effective date of the new lease standard as the initial date of application on transition, and therefore does not require prior periods to be restated.

 

Although we continue to evaluate the impact of this new accounting guidance on our financial statements, we expect it to have a significant impact on our consolidated balance sheet as a result of establishing lease liabilities and right-of-use assets for our operating leases. As part of our evaluation process, we have established a project implementation team that is evaluating our lease portfolio and system solutions, as well as identifying required process and policy changes, which include consideration of internal controls. We have made progress in gathering the necessary data elements for our lease population, have selected a system provider, and system configuration and implementation is underway. We do not plan to early adopt this new standard but do expect to elect and apply the available transition practical expedients, including the optional adoption method discussed above.

 

Goodwill

 

In January 2017, the FASB issued new guidance that eliminates Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Instead, if an entity forgoes a Step 0 test, an entity will be required to perform its annual or interim goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit, as determined in Step 1 from the goodwill impairment test, with its carrying amount and recognize an impairment charge, if any, for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and should be applied prospectively. Early adoption is permitted. The effect of adoption should be reflected as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. We are evaluating the impact, if any, of adopting this new accounting guidance on our consolidated financial statements.

 

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Cloud Computing Arrangements

 

In August 2018, the FASB issued new guidance related to a customer’s accounting for implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement (i.e. hosting arrangement) that is a service contract. The new guidance requires customers to capitalize implementation costs for these arrangements by applying the same criteria that is utilized for existing internal-use software guidance. The capitalized costs are required to be amortized over the associated term of the arrangement, generally on a straight-line basis, with amortization of these costs presented in the same financial statement line item as other costs associated with the arrangement. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and can be applied retrospectively or prospectively. Early adoption is permitted. We are evaluating the impact, if any, of adopting this new accounting guidance on our financial statements.

 

4.                                      Inventories, Net

 

Inventories, net, consist of the following (amounts in millions):

 

		At September 30, 2018			At December 31, 2017
Finished goods		$	161		$	45
Purchased parts and components		13			1
Inventories, net		$	174		$	46

 

At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, inventory reserves were $23 million and $36 million, respectively.

 

5.                                      Software Development and Intellectual Property Licenses

 

The following table summarizes the components of our capitalized software development costs (amounts in millions):

 

		At September 30, 2018			At December 31, 2017
Internally-developed software costs		$	356		$	270
Payments made to third-party software developers		166			183
Total software development costs		$	522		$	453

 

As of both September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, capitalized intellectual property licenses were not material.

 

Amortization of capitalized software development costs and intellectual property licenses was as follows (amounts in millions):

 

		For the Three Months Ended September 30,						For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
		2018			2017			2018			2017
Amortization of capitalized software development costs and intellectual property licenses		$	33		$	34		$	242		$	206

 

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6.                                      Intangible Assets, Net

 

Intangible assets, net, consist of the following (amounts in millions):

 

		At September 30, 2018
		Estimated useful lives		Gross carrying amount			Accumulated amortization			Net carrying amount
Acquired definite-lived intangible assets:
Internally-developed franchises		3 - 11 years		$	1,154		$	(987)		$	167
Developed software		2 - 5 years		601			(413)			188
Customer base		2 years		617			(617)			—
Trade names		7 - 10 years		54			(21)			33
Other		1 - 15 years		19			(14)			5
Total definite-lived intangible assets				$	2,445		$	(2,052)		$	393
Acquired indefinite-lived intangible assets:
Activision trademark		Indefinite								386
Acquired trade names		Indefinite								47
Total indefinite-lived intangible assets										$	433
Total intangible assets, net										$	826

 

		At December 31, 2017
		Estimated useful lives		Gross carrying amount			Accumulated amortization			Net carrying amount
Acquired definite-lived intangible assets:
Internally-developed franchises		3 - 11 years		$	1,154		$	(869)		$	285
Developed software		2 - 5 years		601			(301)			300
Customer base		2 years		617			(573)			44
Trade names		7 - 10 years		54			(16)			38
Other		1 - 15 years		19			(13)			6
Total definite-lived intangible assets				$	2,445		$	(1,772)		$	673
Acquired indefinite-lived intangible assets:
Activision trademark		Indefinite								386
Acquired trade names		Indefinite								47
Total indefinite-lived intangible assets										$	433
Total intangible assets, net										$	1,106

 

Amortization expense of our intangible assets was $84 million and $280 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. Amortization expense of our intangible assets was $188 million and $573 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively.

 

At September 30, 2018, future amortization of definite-lived intangible assets is estimated as follows (amounts in millions):

 

2018 (remaining three months)		$	91
2019		210
2020		69
2021		11
2022		7
Thereafter		5
Total		$	393

 

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