Altair Engineering Inc. - Quarter Report: 2023 September (Form 10-Q)

10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q


☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023


☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 001-38263

ALTAIR ENGINEERING INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Delaware		38-2591828
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1820 East Big Beaver Road, Troy, Michigan		48083
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

(248) 614-2400

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A Common Stock $0.0001 par value per share	ALTR	The NASDAQ Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to section 13(a) of the Exchange Act ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

On October 16, 2023, there were 54,627,196 shares of the registrant’s Class A common stock outstanding and 27,034,574 shares of the registrant’s Class B common stock outstanding.

ALTAIR ENGINEERING INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

FORM 10-Q

FOR THE QUARTER ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

INDEX


				Page

PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION

	Item 1.	Financial Statements – Unaudited		3

		a)	Consolidated Balance Sheets	3

		b)	Consolidated Statements of Operations	4

		c)	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss	5

		d)	Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity	6

		e)	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	8

		f)	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	9

	Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations		20

	Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk		35

	Item 4.	Controls and Procedures		35

PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION

	Item 1.	Legal Proceedings		36

	Item 1A.	Risk Factors		36

	Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds		37

	Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities		37

	Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures		37

	Item 5.	Other Information		37

	Item 6.	Exhibits		38

SIGNATURES				39

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

ALTAIR ENGINEERING INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS


	September 30, 2023			December 31, 2022
(In thousands)	(Unaudited)
ASSETS
CURRENT ASSETS:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	431,188		$	316,146
Accounts receivable, net		121,855			170,279
Income tax receivable		12,402			11,259
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		26,561			29,142
Total current assets		592,006			526,826
Property and equipment, net		38,167			37,517
Operating lease right of use assets		32,132			33,601
Goodwill		452,822			449,048
Other intangible assets, net		86,491			107,609
Deferred tax assets		8,046			9,727
Other long-term assets		42,327			40,410
TOTAL ASSETS	$	1,251,991		$	1,204,738
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
CURRENT LIABILITIES:
Accounts payable	$	5,159		$	10,434
Accrued compensation and benefits		39,468			42,456
Current portion of operating lease liabilities		9,209			10,396
Other accrued expenses and current liabilities		50,917			56,371
Deferred revenue		110,843			113,081
Current portion of convertible senior notes, net		81,319			—
Total current liabilities		296,915			232,738
Convertible senior notes, net		225,635			305,604
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion		23,373			24,065
Deferred revenue, non-current		28,090			31,379
Other long-term liabilities		43,860			41,216
TOTAL LIABILITIES		617,873			635,002
Commitments and contingencies
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY:
Preferred stock ($0.0001 par value), authorized 45,000 shares, none issued and outstanding		—			—
Common stock ($0.0001 par value)
Class A common stock, authorized 513,797 shares, issued and outstanding 54,351 and 52,277 shares as of September 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively		5			5
Class B common stock, authorized 41,203 shares, issued and outstanding 27,045 and 27,745 shares as of September 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively		3			3
Additional paid-in capital		816,551			721,307
Accumulated deficit		(150,178	)		(121,577	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(32,263	)		(30,002	)
TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY		634,118			569,736
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	$	1,251,991		$	1,204,738

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

ALTAIR ENGINEERING INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(Unaudited)


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands, except per share data)	2023			2022			2023			2022
Revenue
License	$	79,825		$	67,245		$	279,972		$	256,102
Maintenance and other services		39,252			36,520			114,069			105,453
Total software		119,077			103,765			394,041			361,555
Software related services		6,517			6,706			20,281			23,143
Total software and related services		125,594			110,471			414,322			384,698
Client engineering services		7,126			7,355			22,936			22,414
Other		1,283			1,525			3,940			4,676
Total revenue		134,003			119,351			441,198			411,788
Cost of revenue
License		3,083			2,579			11,888			11,386
Maintenance and other services		13,689			13,025			41,754			38,628
Total software		16,772			15,604			53,642			50,014
Software related services		5,251			5,240			16,175			16,739
Total software and related services		22,023			20,844			69,817			66,753
Client engineering services		5,930			5,835			19,321			18,390
Other		1,133			1,230			3,480			3,892
Total cost of revenue		29,086			27,909			92,618			89,035
Gross profit		104,917			91,442			348,580			322,753
Operating expenses:
Research and development		51,598			53,092			160,126			150,608
Sales and marketing		44,069			41,352			132,543			120,345
General and administrative		17,218			18,258			53,791			54,054
Amortization of intangible assets		7,704			6,571			23,143			18,682
Other operating (income) expense, net		(4,408	)		(2,835	)		1,324			(9,383	)
Total operating expenses		116,181			116,438			370,927			334,306
Operating loss		(11,264	)		(24,996	)		(22,347	)		(11,553	)
Interest expense		1,529			1,566			4,583			2,851
Other (income) expense, net		(1,890	)		2,107			(9,698	)		26,082
Loss before income taxes		(10,903	)		(28,669	)		(17,232	)		(40,486	)
Income tax (benefit) expense		(6,541	)		4,579			11,369			15,008
Net loss	$	(4,362	)	$	(33,248	)	$	(28,601	)	$	(55,494	)
Loss per share:
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted	$	(0.05	)	$	(0.42	)	$	(0.36	)	$	(0.70	)
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Weighted average number of shares used in computing net loss per share, basic and diluted		80,431			79,207			80,204			79,205

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

ALTAIR ENGINEERING INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(Unaudited)


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2023			2022			2023			2022
Net loss	$	(4,362	)	$	(33,248	)	$	(28,601	)	$	(55,494	)
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax:
Foreign currency translation (net of tax effect of $0 for all periods)		(8,107	)		(17,817	)		(2,215	)		(37,929	)
Retirement related benefit plans (net of tax effect of $0, $0, $(79) and $7, respectively)		5			24			(46	)		306
Total other comprehensive loss		(8,102	)		(17,793	)		(2,261	)		(37,623	)
Comprehensive loss	$	(12,464	)	$	(51,041	)	$	(30,862	)	$	(93,117	)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

ALTAIR ENGINEERING INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(Unaudited)



																	Accumulated
	Common stock										Additional						other			Total
	Class A					Class B					paid-in			Accumulated			comprehensive			stockholders’
(in thousands)	Shares			Amount		Shares			Amount		capital			deficit			loss			equity
Balance as of December 31, 2022		52,277		$	5		27,745		$	3	$	721,307		$	(121,577	)	$	(30,002	)	$	569,736
Net loss		—			—		—			—		—			(1,959	)		—			(1,959	)
Issuance of common stock for acquisitions		34			—		—			—		—			—			—			—
Repurchase and retirement of common stock		(91	)		—		—			—		(4,256	)		—			—			(4,256	)
Issuance of common stock for employee stock purchase program		92			—		—			—		3,648			—			—			3,648
Exercise of stock options		265			—		—			—		10,324			—			—			10,324
Vesting of restricted stock		336			—		—			—		—			—			—			—
Conversion of Class B to Class A common stock		240			—		(240	)		—		—			—			—			—
Stock-based compensation		—			—		—			—		22,161			—			—			22,161
Foreign currency translation, net of tax		—			—		—			—		—			—			7,232			7,232
Retirement related benefit plans, net of tax		—			—		—			—		—			—			19			19
Balance as of March 31, 2023		53,153			5		27,505			3		753,184			(123,536	)		(22,751	)		606,905
Net loss		—			—		—			—		—			(22,280	)		—			(22,280	)
Exercise of stock options		382			—		—			—		13,264			—			—			13,264
Vesting of restricted stock		86			—		—			—		—			—			—			—
Conversion of Class B to Class A common stock		330			—		(330	)		—		—			—			—			—
Stock-based compensation		—			—		—			—		23,736			—			—			23,736
Foreign currency translation, net of tax		—			—		—			—		—			—			(1,340	)		(1,340	)
Retirement related benefit plans, net of tax		—			—		—			—		—			—			(70	)		(70	)
Balance as of June 30, 2023		53,951			5		27,175			3		790,184			(145,816	)		(24,161	)		620,215
Net loss		—			—		—			—		—			(4,362	)		—			(4,362	)
Issuance of common stock for acquisitions		53			—		—			—		—			—			—			—
Issuance of common stock for employee stock purchase program		91			—		—			—		3,903			—			—			3,903
Exercise of stock options		79			—		—			—		1,938			—			—			1,938
Vesting of restricted stock		47			—		—			—		—			—			—			—
Conversion of Class B to Class A common stock		130			—		(130	)		—		—			—			—			—
Stock-based compensation		—			—		—			—		20,526			—			—			20,526
Foreign currency translation, net of tax		—			—		—			—		—			—			(8,107	)		(8,107	)
Retirement related benefit plans, net of tax		—			—		—			—		—			—			5			5
Balance as of September 30, 2023		54,351		$	5		27,045		$	3	$	816,551		$	(150,178	)	$	(32,263	)	$	634,118

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

ALTAIR ENGINEERING INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(Unaudited)



																Accumulated
	Common stock									Additional						other			Total
	Class A					Class B				paid-in			Accumulated			comprehensive			stockholders’
(in thousands)	Shares			Amount		Shares		Amount		capital			deficit			loss			equity
Balance as of December 31, 2021		51,524		$	5		27,745	$	3	$	724,226		$	(102,087	)	$	(8,950	)	$	613,197
Cumulative effect of an accounting change		—			—		—		—		(50,009	)		23,939			—			(26,070	)
Net income		—			—		—		—		—			11,528			—			11,528
Issuance of common stock for employee stock purchase program		77			—		—		—		4,187			—			—			4,187
Exercise of stock options		86			—		—		—		238			—			—			238
Vesting of restricted stock		324			—		—		—		—			—			—			—
Stock-based compensation		—			—		—		—		19,403			—			—			19,403
Foreign currency translation, net of tax		—			—		—		—		—			—			(4,163	)		(4,163	)
Retirement related benefit plans, net of tax		—			—		—		—		—			—			105			105
Balance as of March 31, 2022		52,011			5		27,745		3		698,045			(66,620	)		(13,008	)		618,425
Net loss		—			—		—		—		—			(33,774	)		—			(33,774	)
Settlement of convertible senior notes		—			—		—		—		(29,756	)		—			—			(29,756	)
Repurchase and retirement of common stock		(85	)		—		—		—		(4,387	)		—			—			(4,387	)
Reclassification of mezzanine equity to permanent equity		—			—		—		—		784			—			—			784
Exercise of stock options		222			—		—		—		1,452			—			—			1,452
Vesting of restricted stock		43			—		—		—		—			—			—			—
Stock-based compensation		—			—		—		—		21,200			—			—			21,200
Foreign currency translation, net of tax		—			—		—		—		—			—			(15,949	)		(15,949	)
Retirement related benefit plans, net of tax		—			—		—		—		—			—			177			177
Balance as of June 30, 2022		52,191			5		27,745		3		687,338			(100,394	)		(28,780	)		558,172
Net loss		—			—		—		—		—			(33,248	)		—			(33,248	)
Issuance of common stock for employee stock purchase program		108			—		—		—		4,536			—			—			4,536
Exercise of stock options		56			—		—		—		1,152			—			—			1,152
Vesting of restricted stock		22			—		—		—		—			—			—			—
Stock-based compensation		—			—		—		—		22,710			—			—			22,710
Foreign currency translation, net of tax		—			—		—		—		—			—			(17,817	)		(17,817	)
Retirement related benefit plans, net of tax		—			—		—		—		—			—			24			24
Balance as of September 30, 2022		52,377		$	5		27,745	$	3	$	715,736		$	(133,642	)	$	(46,573	)	$	535,529

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

ALTAIR ENGINEERING INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited)


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands)	2023			2022
OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net loss	$	(28,601	)	$	(55,494	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		29,271			24,092
Stock-based compensation expense		66,423			62,524
Amortization of debt issuance costs		1,399			1,330
Deferred income taxes		2,178			4
Loss (gain) on mark-to-market adjustment of contingent consideration		4,494			(7,482	)
Expense on repurchase of convertible senior notes		—			16,621
Other, net		(14	)		336
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net		47,226			13,859
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		959			1,906
Other long-term assets		(1,491	)		3,134
Accounts payable		(5,494	)		(270	)
Accrued compensation and benefits		(2,726	)		(3,639	)
Other accrued expenses and current liabilities		(4,526	)		(48,698	)
Deferred revenue		(3,442	)		18,311
Net cash provided by operating activities		105,656			26,534
INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Capital expenditures		(7,882	)		(6,721	)
Payments for acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired		(3,235	)		(134,130	)
Other investing activities, net		(2,452	)		(10,322	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(13,569	)		(151,173	)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from the exercise of common stock options		25,526			2,840
Payments for repurchase and retirement of common stock		(6,255	)		(4,387	)
Proceeds from employee stock purchase plan contributions		5,772			6,549
Proceeds from issuance of convertible senior notes, net of discounts and commissions		—			224,265
Repurchase of convertible senior notes		—			(192,422	)
Payments of debt issuance costs		—			(1,523	)
Other financing activities		(73	)		(170	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		24,970			35,152
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(2,599	)		(12,142	)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		114,458			(101,629	)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of year		316,958			414,012
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	431,416		$	312,383
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow:
Interest paid	$	2,124		$	296
Income taxes paid	$	9,021		$	6,818
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities:
Property and equipment in accounts payable and other current liabilities	$	909		$	707
Deferred payment obligations for acquisitions and investments	$	3,567		$	1,350

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

ALTAIR ENGINEERING INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

Organization and description of business

Altair Engineering Inc. (“Altair” or the “Company”) is incorporated in the state of Delaware. The Company is a global leader in computational science and artificial intelligence enabling organizations across broad industry segments to drive smarter decisions in an increasingly connected world. Altair delivers software and cloud solutions in the areas of simulation, high-performance computing (“HPC”), data analytics, and artificial intelligence (“AI”). Altair’s products and services leverage computational science to drive innovation and intelligent decisions for a more connected, safe, and sustainable future. The Company is headquartered in Troy, Michigan.

Basis of presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) regarding interim financial information. Accordingly, the accompanying statements do not include all the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements (and notes thereto) for the year ended December 31, 2022, included in the most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC.

Change in Classification of Indirect Costs

Beginning in the first quarter of 2023, the Company refined its classification of certain indirect costs to reflect the way management is now reviewing the information in decision making and to improve comparability with peers. These indirect costs include certain IT, facilities, and depreciation expenses that were previously reported primarily in General and administrative expense. These indirect costs have now been reclassified to Research and development, Sales and marketing, and General and administrative expenses based on global headcount. Management believes this refined methodology better reflects the nature of the costs and financial performance of the Company.

As a result, the Company’s consolidated statements of operations have been recast for prior periods presented to reflect the effects of the changes to Research and development, Sales and marketing, and General and administrative expense. There was no net impact to total operating expenses, income from operations, net income or net income per share for any periods presented. The consolidated balance sheets, consolidated statements of comprehensive income, consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity, and the consolidated statements of cash flows were not affected by changes in the presentation of these costs.

The following table summarizes the changes made to the consolidated statement of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30, 2022						Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
	Previously Reported			Recast			Previously Reported			Recast
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	48,781		$	53,092		$	138,352		$	150,608
Sales and marketing		39,244			41,352			114,042			120,345
General and administrative		24,677			18,258			72,613			54,054
Amortization of intangible assets		6,571			6,571			18,682			18,682
Other operating income, net		(2,835	)		(2,835	)		(9,383	)		(9,383	)
Total operating expenses	$	116,438		$	116,438		$	334,306		$	334,306

Use of estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its significant estimates including the stand alone selling price, or SSP, for each distinct performance obligation included in customer contracts with multiple performance obligations, valuation of acquired intangible assets in business combinations, the incremental borrowing rate used in the valuation of lease liabilities, the determination of the period of benefit for capitalized costs to obtain a contract, fair value of convertible senior notes, provision for credit loss, tax valuation allowances, liabilities for uncertain tax provisions, impairment of goodwill and intangible assets, useful lives of intangible assets, and stock-based compensation. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Significant accounting policies

There have been no material changes to our significant accounting policies as of and for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the significant accounting policies described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Recent accounting guidance

Accounting standards not yet adopted

Reference Rate Reform – In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04. Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) - Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. This ASU provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying U.S. GAAP to contract modifications and hedging relationships, subject to meeting certain criteria, that reference LIBOR or another rate that is expected to be discontinued. In October 2022, the FASB Board voted to amend the sunset date of ASU 2020-04 to December 31, 2024. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this new guidance on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures and does not expect this guidance to have a material effect on its consolidated financial statements.

Revenue from contracts with customers

Disaggregation of revenue

The Company disaggregates its software revenue by type of performance obligation and timing of revenue recognition as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Term licenses and other	$	70,450	$	58,441	$	252,540	$	224,971
Perpetual licenses		9,375		8,804		27,432		31,131
Maintenance		37,430		34,271		109,072		100,643
Professional software services		1,822		2,249		4,997		4,810
Software related services		6,517		6,706		20,281		23,143
Client engineering services		7,126		7,355		22,936		22,414
Other		1,283		1,525		3,940		4,676
Total revenue	$	134,003	$	119,351	$	441,198	$	411,788

The Company derived approximately 13.5% and 13.7% of its total revenue through indirect sales channels for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Costs to obtain a contract

As of September 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively, capitalized costs to obtain a contract were $4.5 million and $3.9 million recorded in Prepaid and other current assets and $0.1 million and $0.4 million recorded in Other long-term assets in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Sales commissions were $2.4 million and $6.5 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, and $2.1 million and $6.3 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022. Sales commissions were included in Sales and marketing expense in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations.

Contract assets

As of September 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively, contract assets were $6.3 million and $6.3 million included in Accounts receivable, and $3.1 million and $2.3 million included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

Deferred revenue

Approximately $104.7 million of revenue recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was included in deferred revenue at the beginning of the year.

Revenue allocated to remaining performance obligations represents contracted revenue that has not yet been recognized, which includes deferred revenue and amounts that will be invoiced and recognized as revenue in future periods. Contracted revenue not yet recognized was $207.9 million and $149.9 million as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Of the amount recorded as of September 30, 2023, the Company expects to recognize approximately 69% over the next 12 months and the remainder thereafter.

Supplementary Information

Acquisitions

2023 Acquisitions

During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company completed a business acquisition that was accounted for as a business combination under the acquisition method. The operating results of this acquisition have been included in the consolidated financial statements since the date of acquisition. The Company’s transaction costs related to the acquisition were not material. As of September 30, 2023, $5.4 million of the consideration for the acquisition was reported in goodwill in the consolidated balance sheet as preliminary pending fair value allocation. All goodwill is recorded in the Software segment. The Company expects to finalize the purchase accounting as soon as practicable, but not later than one year from the acquisition date. The acquisition was not material to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Prior Years Acquisitions

The Company finalized the valuation of the acquisition of RapidMiner as of September 30, 2023. As a result, the valuation of all 2022 acquisitions have been finalized as of September 30, 2023. There were no significant changes to the preliminary fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, as previously reported.

The Company recognized a $3.5 million gain and a $4.5 million loss, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, and a $2.2 million gain and $7.5 million gain, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, from a mark-to-market adjustment of contingent consideration associated with the World Programming acquisition. The mark-to-market adjustments were included in Other operating expense (income), net in the consolidated statements of operations.

The Company’s contingent consideration balance was $16.5 million as of September 30, 2023 related to the World Programming acquisition, which the Company settled in October 2023 with 257,382 shares of its Class A common stock in accordance with the acquisition agreement.

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original or remaining maturities of 90 days or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents are recorded at cost, which approximates fair value. Restricted cash is included in other long-term assets on the consolidated balance sheets. The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported in the consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the amounts reported in the consolidated statement of cash flows (in thousands):


	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Cash and cash equivalents	$	431,188	$	316,146
Restricted cash included in other long-term assets		228		812
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	431,416	$	316,958

Restricted cash represents amounts required for the payment of potential health insurance claims and term deposits for bank guarantees.

Property and equipment, net

Property and equipment consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Land	$	8,361	$	7,994
Building and improvements		17,444		16,995
Computer equipment and software		44,337		45,340
Furniture, equipment and other		11,790		13,335
Leasehold improvements		7,510		8,766
Right-of-use assets under finance leases		1,920		2,122
Total property and equipment		91,362		94,552
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization		53,195		57,035
Property and equipment, net	$	38,167	$	37,517

Depreciation expense, including amortization of right-of-use assets under finance leases, was $2.1 million and $6.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, and $1.7 million and $5.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively.

Other liabilities

The following table provides the details of other accrued expenses and current liabilities (in thousands):


	September 30,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Obligations for acquisition of businesses and technology	$	19,799	$	13,136
Income taxes payable		6,059		11,524
Accrued VAT		4,371		8,402
Accrued professional fees		2,876		3,637
Employee stock purchase plan obligations		2,194		3,969
Accrued royalties		1,849		2,593
Non-income tax liabilities		1,654		2,465
Billings in excess of cost		1,647		1,874
Defined contribution plan liabilities		1,475		1,393
Accrued interest		1,242		184
Other current liabilities		7,751		7,194
Total	$	50,917	$	56,371

The following table provides details of other long-term liabilities (in thousands):


	September 30,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Deferred tax liabilities	$	17,712	$	16,775
Pension and other post retirement liabilities		13,515		12,273
Other long-term liabilities		12,633		12,168
Total	$	43,860	$	41,216

Other (income) expense, net

Other (income) expense, net consists of the following (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022			2023			2022
Interest income	$	(4,823	)	$	(1,708	)	$	(11,692	)	$	(2,008	)
Foreign exchange loss		2,933			3,815			1,994			11,469
Expense on repurchase of convertible senior notes		—			—			—			16,621
Other (income) expense, net	$	(1,890	)	$	2,107		$	(9,698	)	$	26,082

Goodwill and other intangible assets

Goodwill

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill, which is attributable to the Software reportable segment, were as follows (in thousands):


Balance as of December 31, 2022	$	449,048
Acquisitions		5,365
Foreign currency translation and other		(1,591	)
Balance as of September 30, 2023	$	452,822

Other intangible assets

A summary of other intangible assets is shown below (in thousands):


	September 30, 2023
	Weighted average amortization period	Gross carrying amount		Accumulated amortization		Net carrying amount
Definite-lived intangible assets:
Developed technology	4-6 years	$	137,113	$	83,389	$	53,724
Customer relationships	7-10 years		56,964		35,422		21,542
Other intangibles	4-10 years		1,443		489		954
Total definite-lived intangible assets			195,520		119,300		76,220
Indefinite-lived intangible assets:
Trade names			10,271				10,271
Total other intangible assets		$	205,791	$	119,300	$	86,491


	December 31, 2022
	Weighted average amortization period	Gross carrying amount		Accumulated amortization		Net carrying amount
Definite-lived intangible assets:
Developed technology	4-6 years	$	135,703	$	67,665	$	68,038
Customer relationships	7-10 years		57,143		29,148		27,995
Other intangibles	4-10 years		1,448		298		1,150
Total definite-lived intangible assets			194,294		97,111		97,183
Indefinite-lived intangible assets:
Trade names			10,426				10,426
Total other intangible assets		$	204,720	$	97,111	$	107,609

Amortization expense related to intangible assets was $7.7 million and $23.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, and $6.6 million and $18.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively.

Debt

Convertible senior notes

2027 Notes

In June 2022, the Company issued $230.0 million aggregate principal amount of 1.750% convertible senior notes due in 2027 (the "2027 Notes"), which includes the initial purchaser’s exercise in full of its option to purchase an additional $30.0 million principal amount of the 2027 Notes, in a private offering. The net proceeds from the issuance of the 2027 Notes was $224.3 million after deducting discounts, commissions and estimated issuance costs. The 2027 Notes bear interest at a rate of 1.750% per year, payable semi-annually in arrears on June 15 and December 15 of each year, which commenced on December 15, 2022. The 2027 Notes mature on June 15, 2027, unless, earlier repurchased or redeemed by the Company or converted pursuant to their terms. The 2027 Notes have an initial conversion rate of 13.9505 shares of the Company's Class A common stock per $1,000 principal amount of 2027 Notes, which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $71.68 per share of its Class A common stock. Refer to the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022, for details of the issuance of the 2027 Notes.

The Company may settle the 2027 Notes in cash, shares of Class A common stock or a combination of cash and shares of the Class A common stock, at the Company’s election, in the manner and subject to the terms and conditions provided in the Indenture.

During the period ended September 30, 2023, the conditions allowing holders of the 2027 Notes to convert were not met. Therefore, the 2027 Notes remained classified as long-term debt on the consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2023.

2024 Notes

In June 2019, the Company issued $230.0 million aggregate principal amount of 0.25% convertible senior notes due in 2024 (the "2024 Notes" and together with the 2027 Notes, the “Convertible Notes”), which includes the underwriters’ exercise in full of their option to purchase an additional $30.0 million principal amount of the 2024 Notes, in a public offering. The net proceeds from the issuance of the 2024 Notes were $221.9 million after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated issuance costs. The 2024 Notes bear interest at a rate of 0.25% per year, payable semi-annually in arrears on June 1 and December 1 of each year. The 2024 Notes mature on June 1, 2024, unless, earlier repurchased or redeemed by the Company or converted pursuant to their terms. The 2024 Notes have an initial conversion rate of 21.5049 shares of the Company's Class A common stock per $1,000 principal amount of 2024 Notes, which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $46.50 per share of its Class A common stock. Refer to the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022, for details of the issuance of the 2024 Notes.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, using proceeds from the issuance of the 2027 Notes, the Company entered into separate privately negotiated transactions with certain holders of the 2024 Notes to repurchase and retire $148.2 million aggregate principal amount of the 2024 Notes for an aggregate amount of $192.4 million of cash including accrued and unpaid interest.

As of September 30, 2023, $81.8 million principal amount of the 2024 Notes remained outstanding. The Company may settle the 2024 Notes in cash, shares of Class A common stock or a combination of cash and shares of the Class A common stock, at the Company’s election, in the manner and subject to the terms and conditions provided in the indenture for the 2024 Notes.

For at least twenty trading days during the last thirty consecutive trading days in the quarter ended September 30, 2023, the last reported sale price of the Company’s Class A common stock was greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price of the 2024 Notes. As a result, the 2024 Notes were convertible at the option of the holders and were classified as current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2023.

The net carrying value of the liability component of the 2027 and 2024 Notes was as follows (in thousands):


	September 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
	2027 Notes		2024 Notes		2027 Notes		2024 Notes
Principal	$	230,000	$	81,754	$	230,000	$	81,754
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs		4,365		435		5,247		903
Net carrying amount	$	225,635	$	81,319	$	224,753	$	80,851

The interest expense recognized related to the 2027 and 2024 Notes was as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Contractual interest expense	$	1,061	$	1,057	$	3,182	$	1,395
Amortization of debt issuance costs and discount		453		481		1,352		1,299
Total	$	1,514	$	1,538	$	4,534	$	2,694

As of September 30, 2023, the “if converted value” of the 2027 Notes did not exceed the principal amount, and the “if converted value” of the 2024 Notes exceeded the principal amount by $28.2 million.

Credit agreement

Revolving credit facility

The Company has a $200.0 million credit facility with a maturity date of December 31, 2025 (“2019 Amended Credit Agreement”).

As of September 30, 2023, there were no outstanding borrowings under the 2019 Amended Credit Agreement, there was $200.0 million available for future borrowing, and the Company was in compliance with all the financial covenants. The 2019 Amended Credit Agreement is available for general corporate purposes, including working capital, capital expenditures, and permitted acquisitions.

For additional information about the 2019 Amended Credit Agreement, refer to the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022, included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Fair value measurements

The accounting guidance for fair value, among other things, defines fair value, establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosure for each major asset and liability category measured at fair value on either a recurring or nonrecurring basis. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the reporting date. The framework for measuring fair value consists of a three-level valuation hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value based upon whether such inputs are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect market assumptions made by the reporting entity. The three-level hierarchy for the inputs to valuation techniques is briefly summarized as follows:

Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities at the measurement date;

Level 2 – Observable inputs, other than the quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly; and

Level 3 – Unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data, which require the reporting entity to develop its own assumptions.

An asset’s or liability’s fair value measurement level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Valuation techniques used need to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs.

The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, net and accounts payable approximate fair value due to their short maturities. Interest on the Company’s line of credit is at a variable rate, and as such the debt obligation outstanding approximates fair value.

The carrying value of the Company’s Convertible Notes are at face value less unamortized issuance costs. The estimated fair values of the Convertible Notes, which the Company has classified as Level 2 financial instruments, were determined based on quoted bid prices of the Convertible Notes on the last trading day of each reporting period. As of September 30, 2023, the estimated fair value of the 2027 Notes and 2024 Notes was $244.4 million and $111.1 million, respectively, and is presented for required disclosure purposes only. For further information on the Convertible Notes, see Note 6. – Debt.

Stock-based compensation

2017 stock-based compensation plan

In 2017, the Company’s board of directors adopted the 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (“2017 Plan”), which was approved by the Company’s stockholders. The 2017 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options to the Company’s employees and any parent and subsidiary corporations’ employees, and for the grant of nonstatutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance units, performance shares, other cash-based awards and other stock-based awards to the Company’s employees, directors and consultants and the Company’s parent, subsidiary, and affiliate corporations’ employees and consultants. The 2017 Plan has 16,999,318 authorized shares of the Company’s Class A common stock reserved for issuance. As of September 30, 2023, the Company had 2,622,668 shares of its common stock available for future issuances under the 2017 Plan.

The following table summarizes the restricted stock units, or RSUs, awarded under the 2017 Plan for the period:


	Number of RSUs
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022		1,230,774
Granted		398,771
Vested		(468,759	)
Forfeited		(21,765	)
Outstanding as of September 30, 2023		1,139,021

The weighted average grant date fair value of the RSUs was $65.25 and the RSUs generally vest in four equal annual installments. Total compensation cost related to nonvested awards not yet recognized as of September 30, 2023, totaled $71.3 million, and is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.3 years.

The following table summarizes the stock option activity under the 2017 Plan for the period:


	Number of options			Weighted average exercise price per share		Weighted average remaining contractual term (years)		Aggregate intrinsic value (in millions)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022		7,491,491		$	50.39		8.5	$	11.5
Granted		1,017,785		$	65.19
Exercised		(566,170	)	$	44.44
Forfeited		(98,959	)	$	56.53
Outstanding as of September 30, 2023		7,844,147		$	52.67		8.1	$	91.5
Exercisable as of September 30, 2023		2,775,427		$	47.37		7.0	$	45.0

The total intrinsic value of the 2017 Plan stock options exercised during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was $14.3 million.

2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The Company has an Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) which allows eligible employees to purchase shares of common stock through payroll deductions and is intended to qualify under Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code. The maximum number of shares available for issuance under the ESPP is 3,200,000 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock. As of September 30, 2023, the Company had 2,831,824 shares of its common stock available for future issuances under the ESPP.

The purchase price for each share of common stock purchased under the ESPP will be 85% of the lower of (a) the fair market value per share on the first day of the applicable offering period or (b) the fair market value per share on the applicable purchase date.

The Company issued 183,136 shares of common stock under the ESPP during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, $2.2 million and $4.0 million had been withheld on behalf of employees for future purchases under the ESPP due to the timing of payroll deductions and was reported in current liabilities. Stock-based compensation expense related to the ESPP was $0.6 million and $1.8 million of for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, and $0.7 million and $2.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively.

Stock-based compensation expense

Stock-based compensation expense was recorded as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Cost of revenue – software	$	2,468	$	2,332	$	7,792	$	6,265
Research and development		7,824		10,243		26,510		26,580
Sales and marketing		6,933		7,806		22,105		22,505
General and administrative		3,301		2,329		10,016		7,174
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	20,526	$	22,710	$	66,423	$	62,524

Net loss per share

Basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period, excluding dilutive securities, stock options, RSUs, and ESPP shares. Diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is based upon the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period and potentially dilutive common shares, including the effect of dilutive securities, stock options, RSUs and ESPP shares under the treasury stock method.

The Company applies the if-converted method for convertible instruments when calculating diluted earnings per share. Under the if-converted method, shares related to convertible senior notes, to the extent dilutive, are assumed to be converted into common stock at the beginning of the period.

The following table sets forth the computation of the numerators and denominators used in the basic and diluted net loss per share amounts (in thousands, except per share data):


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022			2023			2022
Numerator:
Net loss	$	(4,362	)	$	(33,248	)	$	(28,601	)	$	(55,494	)
Interest expense related to Convertible Notes, net of tax		—			—			—			—
Numerator for diluted loss per share	$	(4,362	)	$	(33,248	)	$	(28,601	)	$	(55,494	)
Denominator:
Denominator for basic loss per share— weighted average shares		80,431			79,207			80,204			79,205
Effect of dilutive securities, stock options, RSUs and ESPP shares		—			—			—			—
Denominator for dilutive loss per share		80,431			79,207			80,204			79,205
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted	$	(0.05	)	$	(0.42	)	$	(0.36	)	$	(0.70	)

Anti-dilutive shares excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share were as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Stock options and ESPP shares		3,158		3,926		2,895		2,549
Convertible shares		4,967		4,967		4,967		4,954
Total shares excluded from calculation		8,125		8,893		7,862		7,503

10.

Income taxes

The Company’s income tax expense and effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, were as follows (in thousands, except percentages):


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022			2023			2022
Income tax (benefit) expense	$	(6,541	)	$	4,579		$	11,369		$	15,008
Effective tax rate		60	%		(16	%)		(66	%)		(37	%)

The tax rate is affected by the Company being a U.S. resident taxpayer, the tax rates in the U.S. and other jurisdictions in which the Company operates, the relative amount of income earned by jurisdiction and the relative amount of losses or income for which no benefit or expense is recognized due to a valuation allowance. The change in the effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to September 30, 2022, was primarily attributable to the effects of tax elections made by the Company during the quarter. The Company's effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 also includes net discrete expense of $7.2 million and $4.3 million, respectively, primarily related to changes in tax laws, withholding taxes on royalties, changes in reserves, changes in accruals for unremitted earnings and other adjustments.

11.

Accumulated other comprehensive loss

The components of accumulated other comprehensive loss were as follows (in thousands):


	Foreign currency translation			Retirement related benefit plans			Total
Balance as of December 31, 2022	$	(30,484	)	$	482		$	(30,002	)
Other comprehensive income before reclassification		(2,215	)		33			(2,182	)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income	—				—			—
Tax effects		—			(79	)		(79	)
Other comprehensive income		(2,215	)		(46	)		(2,261	)
Balance as of September 30, 2023	$	(32,699	)	$	436		$	(32,263	)

12.

Commitments and contingencies

World Programming

The Company acquired World Programming Limited and a related company (collectively, “World Programming”) in December 2021.

In 2018, SAS Institute, Inc. (“SAS”) filed litigation in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas (the “Texas Court”) asserting that World Programming infringed SAS copyrights and patents. SAS voluntarily dismissed with prejudice its patent claims, and the Texas Court entered judgment in favor of World Programming on the copyright claims. SAS appealed the Texas Court judgment to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (the “Court of Appeals”). Oral arguments were held before the Court of Appeal on January 13, 2022. On April 6, 2023, the Court of Appeals issued its decision in favor of World Programming by affirming the Texas Court’s dismissal of SAS’s copyright claims. On September 3, 2023, the Company was notified that SAS elected not to file its petition for a writ of certiorari within the period in which SAS was eligible to file such petition. With such period having expired, the judgment of the Texas Court in favor of World Programming is now final and closed.

Other legal proceedings

From time to time, the Company may be subject to legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business. The Company has received, and may in the future continue to receive, claims from third parties asserting, among other things, infringement of their intellectual property rights. Future litigation may be necessary to defend the Company, its partners, and its customers by determining the scope, enforceability, and validity of third-party proprietary rights, or to establish and enforce the Company’s proprietary rights.

Effects of proceedings

The results of any current or future litigation cannot be predicted with certainty and regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on the Company because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.

13.

Segment information

The Company defines its operating segments as components of its business where separate financial information is available and used by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) in deciding how to allocate resources to its segments and in assessing performance. The Company’s CODM is its Chief Executive Officer.

The Company has identified two reportable segments for financial reporting purposes: Software and Client Engineering Services. The primary measure of segment operating performance is Adjusted EBITDA, which is defined as net income (loss) adjusted for income tax expense (benefit), interest expense, interest income and other, depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation expense, restructuring charges, asset impairment charges and other special items as determined by management. Adjusted EBITDA includes an allocation of corporate headquarters costs.

The following tables are in thousands:



Three months ended September 30, 2023	Software		CES		All other			Total
Revenue	$	125,594	$	7,126	$	1,283		$	134,003
Adjusted EBITDA	$	15,312	$	502	$	(360	)	$	15,454


Three months ended September 30, 2022	Software		CES		All other			Total
Revenue	$	110,471	$	7,355	$	1,525		$	119,351
Adjusted EBITDA	$	6,368	$	856	$	(395	)	$	6,829



Nine months ended September 30, 2023	Software		CES		All other			Total
Revenue	$	414,322	$	22,936	$	3,940		$	441,198
Adjusted EBITDA	$	75,791	$	1,544	$	(1,770	)	$	75,565


Nine months ended September 30, 2022	Software		CES		All other			Total
Revenue	$	384,698	$	22,414	$	4,676		$	411,788
Adjusted EBITDA	$	69,083	$	2,060	$	(1,284	)	$	69,859


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022			2023			2022
Reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to U.S. GAAP loss before income taxes:
Adjusted EBITDA	$	15,454		$	6,829		$	75,565		$	69,859
Stock-based compensation expense		(20,526	)		(22,710	)		(66,423	)		(62,524	)
Interest expense		(1,529	)		(1,566	)		(4,583	)		(2,851	)
Depreciation and amortization		(9,783	)		(8,273	)		(29,271	)		(24,092	)
Special adjustments, interest income and other (1)		5,481			(2,949	)		7,480			(20,878	)
Loss before income taxes	$	(10,903	)	$	(28,669	)	$	(17,232	)	$	(40,486	)

(1)

The three months ended September 30, 2023, includes $4.8 million of interest income, a $3.5 million gain from the mark-to-market adjustment of contingent consideration associated with the World Programming acquisition, and $2.8 million of currency losses on acquisition-related intercompany loans. The three months ended September 30, 2022, includes $6.8 million currency losses on acquisition-related intercompany loans, a $2.2 million gain from the mark-to-market adjustment of contingent consideration associated with the World Programming acquisition, and $1.7 million of interest income. The nine months ended September 30, 2023, includes $11.7 million of interest income, a $4.5 million loss from the mark-to-market adjustment of contingent consideration associated with the World Programming acquisition, and $0.3 million of currency gains on acquisition-related intercompany loans. The nine months ended September 30, 2022, includes $16.6 million expense on repurchase of convertible senior notes, $13.7 million of currency losses on acquisition-related intercompany loans, a $7.5 million gain from the mark-to-market adjustment of contingent consideration associated with the World Programming acquisition, and $2.0 million of interest income.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this quarterly report and with our audited consolidated financial statements (and notes thereto) for the year ended December 31, 2022, included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed below.

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This quarterly report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 under Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Forward-looking statements include statements with respect to our beliefs, plans, objectives, goals, expectations, anticipations, assumptions, estimates, intentions, and future performance, and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors, which may be beyond our control, and which may cause our actual results, performance, or achievements to be materially different from future results, performance, or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. All statements other than statements of historical fact are statements that could be forward-looking statements. You can identify these forward-looking statements through our use of words such as “may,” “can,” “anticipate,” “assume,” “should,” “indicate,” “would,” “believe,” “contemplate,” “expect,” “seek,” “estimate,” “continue,” “plan,” “point to,” “project,” “predict,” “could,” “intend,” “target,” “potential,” and other similar words and expressions of the future.

There are a number of important factors that could cause the actual results to differ materially from those expressed in any forward-looking statement made by us. These factors include, but are not limited to:

•

our ability and the time it takes to acquire new customers;

•

reduced spending on product design and development activities by our customers;

•

our ability to successfully renew our outstanding software licenses;

•

our ability to maintain or protect our intellectual property;

•

our ability to retain key executive members;

•

our ability to internally develop new software products, inventions and intellectual property;

•

our ability to successfully integrate and realize the benefits of our past or future strategic acquisitions or investments;

•

demand for our software by customers other than simulation engineering specialists and in additional industry verticals;

•

acceptance of our enhanced business model by customers and investors;

•

our susceptibility to factors affecting the automotive, aerospace and banking, financial services, and insurance industries where we derive a substantial portion of our revenues;

•

the accuracy of our estimates regarding expenses and capital requirements;

•

our susceptibility to foreign currency risks that arise because of our substantial international operations;

•

the significant quarterly fluctuations of our results; and

•

the uncertain effect of cyberattacks, data security incidents, COVID-19 or other future pandemics or events on our business, operating results, and financial condition, including disruption to our customers, our employees, the global economy, and financial markets.

The foregoing does not represent an exhaustive list of matters that may be covered by the forward-looking statements contained herein or risk factors that we are faced with that may cause our actual results to differ from those anticipated in our forward-looking statements. For additional risks which could adversely impact our business and financial performance please see “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was filed with the SEC on February 24, 2023, and other information appearing elsewhere in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, this report on Form 10-Q and our other filings with the SEC.

All forward-looking statements are expressly qualified in their entirety by this cautionary notice. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this report or the date of the document incorporated by reference into this report. We have no obligation, and expressly disclaim any obligation, to update, revise or correct any of the forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. We have expressed our expectations, beliefs, and projections in good faith, and we believe they have a reasonable basis. However, we cannot assure you that our expectations, beliefs, or projections will result or be achieved or accomplished.

Overview

We are a global leader in computational science and artificial intelligence enabling organizations across broad industry segments to drive smarter decisions in an increasingly connected world. We deliver software and cloud solutions in the areas of simulation, high-performance computing (“HPC”), data analytics, and artificial intelligence (“AI”). Our products and services leverage computational science to drive innovation and intelligent decisions for a more connected, safe, and sustainable future.

Factors Affecting our Performance

We believe that our future success will depend on many factors, including those described below. While these areas present significant opportunity, they also present risks that we must manage to achieve successful results. If we are unable to address these challenges, our business, operating results and prospects could be harmed. Please see “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Seasonality and quarterly results

Our billings have historically been highest in the first and fourth quarters of any calendar year and may vary in future quarters. The timing of recording billings and the corresponding effect on our cash flows may vary due to the seasonality of the purchasing and payment patterns of our customers. In addition, the timing of the recognition of revenue, the amount and timing of operating expenses, including employee compensation, sales and marketing activities, and capital expenditures, may vary from quarter-to-quarter which may cause our reported results to fluctuate significantly. In addition, we may choose to grow our business for the long-term rather than to optimize for profitability or cash flows for a particular shorter-term period. This seasonality or the occurrence of any of the factors above may cause our results of operations to vary and our financial statements may not fully reflect the underlying performance of our business.

Integration of recent acquisitions

We believe that our recent acquisitions result in certain benefits, including expanding our portfolio of software and products and enabling us to better serve our customers’ requests for data analytics and simulation technology. However, to realize some of these anticipated benefits, the acquired businesses must be successfully integrated. The success of these acquisitions will depend in part on our ability to realize these anticipated benefits. We may fail to realize the anticipated benefits of these acquisitions for a variety of reasons.

Foreign currency fluctuations

Because of our substantial international operations, we are exposed to foreign currency risks that arise from our normal business operations, including in connection with our transactions that are denominated in foreign currencies, including the Euro, British Pound Sterling, Indian Rupee, Japanese Yen, and Chinese Yuan. To identify changes in our underlying business without regard to the impact of currency fluctuations, we evaluate certain of our operating results both on an as reported basis, as well as on a constant currency basis. For the remainder of our current fiscal year, we anticipate that our revenues and profit may be impacted by changes in foreign currency rates.

Business Segments

We have identified two reportable segments: Software and Client Engineering Services:

•

Software —Our Software segment includes software and software related services. The software component of this segment includes our portfolio of software products including our solvers and optimization technology products, high-performance computing software applications and hardware products, modeling and visualization tools, data analytics and analysis products, IoT platform and analytics tools, as well as support and the complementary software products we offer through our Altair Partner Alliance, or APA. The APA includes technologies ranging from computational fluid dynamics and fatigue, to manufacturing process simulation and cost estimation. The software component of this segment includes consulting, training, and implementation services. The software related services component of this segment includes technical services focused on product design and development expertise and analysis from the component level up to complete product engineering at any stage of the lifecycle.

•

Client Engineering Services —Our client engineering services, or CES, segment provides client engineering services to support our customers with long-term, ongoing expertise. We operate our CES business by hiring engineers and data scientists for placement at a customer site for specific customer-directed assignments. We employ and pay them only for the duration of the placement.

Our other businesses which do not meet the criteria to be separate reportable segments are combined and reported as “Other” which represents innovative services and products, including toggled, our LED lighting business. toggled is focused on developing and selling next-generation solid state lighting technology along with communication and control protocols based on our intellectual property for the direct replacement of fluorescent light tubes with LED lamps. Other businesses combined within Other include potential services and product concepts that are still in development stages.

For additional information about our reportable segments and other businesses, see Note 13 in the Notes to consolidated financial statements in Item 1, Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Results of operations

Comparison of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022

The following table sets forth the results of operations and the period-over-period percentage change in certain financial data for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Increase / (decrease)			Nine Months Ended September 30,						Increase / (decrease)
(in thousands)	2023			2022			%			2023			2022			%
Revenue:
Software	$	119,077		$	103,765			15	%	$	394,041		$	361,555			9	%
Software related services		6,517			6,706			(3	%)		20,281			23,143			(12	%)
Total software and related services		125,594			110,471			14	%		414,322			384,698			8	%
Client engineering services		7,126			7,355			(3	%)		22,936			22,414			2	%
Other		1,283			1,525			(16	%)		3,940			4,676			(16	%)
Total revenue		134,003			119,351			12	%		441,198			411,788			7	%
Cost of revenue:
Software		16,772			15,604			7	%		53,642			50,014			7	%
Software related services		5,251			5,240			0	%		16,175			16,739			(3	%)
Total software and related services		22,023			20,844			6	%		69,817			66,753			5	%
Client engineering services		5,930			5,835			2	%		19,321			18,390			5	%
Other		1,133			1,230			(8	%)		3,480			3,892			(11	%)
Total cost of revenue		29,086			27,909			4	%		92,618			89,035			4	%
Gross profit		104,917			91,442			15	%		348,580			322,753			8	%
Operating expenses:
Research and development		51,598			53,092			(3	%)		160,126			150,608			6	%
Sales and marketing		44,069			41,352			7	%		132,543			120,345			10	%
General and administrative		17,218			18,258			(6	%)		53,791			54,054			(0	%)
Amortization of intangible assets		7,704			6,571			17	%		23,143			18,682			24	%
Other operating (income) expense, net		(4,408	)		(2,835	)		55	%		1,324			(9,383	)	NM
Total operating expenses		116,181			116,438			(0	%)		370,927			334,306			11	%
Operating loss		(11,264	)		(24,996	)		(55	%)		(22,347	)		(11,553	)		93	%
Interest expense		1,529			1,566			(2	%)		4,583			2,851			61	%
Other (income) expense, net		(1,890	)		2,107		NM				(9,698	)		26,082		NM
Loss before income taxes		(10,903	)		(28,669	)		(62	%)		(17,232	)		(40,486	)		(57	%)
Income tax (benefit) expense		(6,541	)		4,579		NM				11,369			15,008			(24	%)
Net loss	$	(4,362	)	$	(33,248	)		(87	%)	$	(28,601	)	$	(55,494	)		(48	%)
Other financial information:
Billings(1)	$	124,389		$	122,939			1	%	$	435,671		$	419,698			4	%
Adjusted EBITDA(2)	$	15,454		$	6,829			126	%	$	75,565		$	69,859			8	%
Net cash provided by operating activities										$	105,656		$	26,534		NM
Free cash flow(3)										$	97,774		$	19,813		NM

NM Not meaningful.

(1)

Billings consists of our total revenue plus the change in our deferred revenue, excluding deferred revenue from acquisitions. For more information about Billings and our other non-GAAP financial measures and reconciliations of our non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable financial measures calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP, see “Non-GAAP financial measures” contained herein.

(2)

We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) adjusted for income tax expense (benefit), interest expense, interest income and other, depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation expense, restructuring charges, asset impairment charges and other special items as determined by management. For more information about Adjusted EBITDA and our other non-GAAP financial measures and reconciliations of our non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP, see “Non-GAAP financial measures” contained herein.

(3)

We define Free Cash Flow as net cash provided by operating activities less capital expenditures. For a reconciliation of Free Cash Flow, see “Non-GAAP financial measures” contained herein.

Change in Classification of Indirect Costs

As indicated in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, beginning in the first quarter of 2023, we refined the classification of certain indirect costs to reflect the way we are now reviewing the information in decision making and to improve comparability with peers. These indirect costs include certain IT, facilities, and depreciation expenses that were previously reported primarily in General and administrative expense. These indirect costs have now been reclassified to Research and development, Sales and marketing, and General and administrative expenses based on global headcount. We believe this refined methodology better reflects the nature of the costs and financial performance of the Company.

As a result, the consolidated statements of operations have been recast for prior periods presented to reflect the effects of the changes to Research and development, Sales and marketing, and General and administrative expense. There was no net impact to total operating expenses, income from operations, net income or net income per share for any periods presented. The consolidated balance sheets, consolidated statements of comprehensive income, consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity, and the consolidated statements of cash flows were not affected by changes in the presentation of these costs.

Three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022

Revenue

Software


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Period-to-period change
(in thousands)	2023			2022			$		%
Software revenue	$	119,077		$	103,765		$	15,312		15	%
As a percent of software segment revenue		95	%		94	%
As a percent of consolidated revenue		89	%		87	%

Software revenue increased 15%, or 15% in constant currency, for the three months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was driven by growth in software license revenue primarily by strong retention and expansions within existing accounts, particularly in aerospace, defense, technology and automotive verticals.

Software related services


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Period-to-period change
(in thousands)	2023			2022			$			%
Software related services revenue	$	6,517		$	6,706		$	(189	)		(3	%)
As a percent of software segment revenue		5	%		6	%
As a percent of consolidated revenue		5	%		6	%

Software related services revenue decreased 3% for the three months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. This decrease was the result of lower customer demand for these services.

Client engineering services


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Period-to-period change
(in thousands)	2023			2022			$			%
Client engineering services revenue	$	7,126		$	7,355		$	(229	)		(3	%)
As a percent of consolidated revenue		5	%		6	%

CES revenue decreased 3% for the three months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. This decrease was the result of lower customer demand for CES services, but has stabilized in the current year compared to the year-over-year declines in the prior year.

Other


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Period-to-period change
(in thousands)	2023			2022			$			%
Other revenue	$	1,283		$	1,525		$	(242	)		(16	%)
As a percent of consolidated revenue		1	%		1	%

The 16% decrease in other revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022, was due to reduced sales by toggled, our LED lighting business.

Cost of revenue

Software


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Period-to-period change
(in thousands)	2023			2022			$		%
Cost of software revenue	$	16,772		$	15,604		$	1,168		7	%
As a percent of software revenue		14	%		15	%
As a percent of consolidated revenue		13	%		13	%

Cost of software revenue increased $1.2 million, or 7%, for the three months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. Employee compensation and related expense increased $0.9 million and royalty expense increased $0.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in hardware costs of $0.4 million.

Software related services


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Period-to-period change
(in thousands)	2023			2022			$		%
Cost of software related services revenue	$	5,251		$	5,240		$	11		0	%
As a percent of software related services revenue		81	%		78	%
As a percent of consolidated revenue		4	%		4	%

Cost of software related services revenue remained consistent for the three months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022.

Client engineering services


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Period-to-period change
(in thousands)	2023			2022			$		%
Cost of client engineering services revenue	$	5,930		$	5,835		$	95		2	%
As a percent of client engineering services revenue		83	%		79	%
As a percent of consolidated revenue		4	%		5	%

Cost of CES revenue remained consistent for the three months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022.

Other


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Period-to-period change
(in thousands)	2023			2022			$			%
Cost of other revenue	$	1,133		$	1,230		$	(97	)		(8	%)
As a percent of other revenue		88	%		81	%
As a percent of consolidated revenue		1	%		1	%

Cost of other revenue declined for the three months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022, due to lower volume sales.

Gross profit


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Period-to-period change
(in thousands)	2023			2022			$		%
Gross profit	$	104,917		$	91,442		$	13,475		15	%
As a percent of consolidated revenue		78	%		77	%

Gross profit increased by $13.5 million, or 15%, for the three months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. This increase in gross profit was primarily attributable to the increase in software revenue.

Operating expenses

Operating expenses, as discussed below, support all the products and services that we provide to our customers and, as a result, they are reported and discussed in the aggregate.

Research and development


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Period-to-period change
(in thousands)	2023			2022			$			%
Research and development	$	51,598		$	53,092		$	(1,494	)		(3	%)
As a percent of consolidated revenue		39	%		44	%

Research and development expenses decreased by $1.5 million, or 3%, for the three months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. Stock-based compensation expense decreased $2.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, which was partially offset by an increase in employee compensation and related expense of $0.6 million, primarily due to annual merit increases and increased headcount as a result of acquisitions, and an increase in software maintenance and other IT related expenses of $0.3 million.

Sales and marketing


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Period-to-period change
(in thousands)	2023			2022			$		%
Sales and marketing	$	44,069		$	41,352		$	2,717		7	%
As a percent of consolidated revenue		33	%		35	%

Sales and marketing expenses increased by $2.7 million, or 7%, for the three months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. Employee compensation and related expense increased $4.0 million, primarily due to annual merit increases and increased headcount, and travel costs increased $0.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. These increases were partially offset by decreases in stock-based compensation, non-employee sales commissions, and cloud hosting and software maintenance expense of $0.9 million, $0.4 million and $0.2 million, respectively.

General and administrative


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Period-to-period change
(in thousands)	2023			2022			$			%
General and administrative	$	17,218		$	18,258		$	(1,040	)		(6	%)
As a percent of consolidated revenue		13	%		15	%

General and administrative expenses decreased by $1.0 million, or 6%, for the three months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. Professional fees decreased $1.8 million and travel costs decreased $0.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. These decreases were partially offset by increases in stock-based compensation and non-income tax of $1.0 million and $0.4 million, respectively.

Amortization of intangible assets


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Period-to-period change
(in thousands)	2023			2022			$		%
Amortization of intangible assets	$	7,704		$	6,571		$	1,133		17	%
As a percent of consolidated revenue		6	%		6	%

Amortization of intangible assets increased by $1.1 million, or 17%, for the three months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. Amortization of intangible assets increased primarily as a result of recent acquisitions.

Other operating income, net


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Period-to-period change
(in thousands)	2023			2022			$		%
Other operating income, net	$	(4,408	)	$	(2,835	)	$	1,573		55	%
As a percent of consolidated revenue		(3	%)		(2	%)

Other operating income, net increased $1.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. We recognized a $3.5 million gain on the mark-to-market adjustment of contingent consideration associated with the World Programming acquisition for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to a $2.2 million gain in the prior year quarter.

Interest expense


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Period-to-period change
(in thousands)	2023			2022			$			%
Interest expense	$	1,529		$	1,566		$	(37	)		(2	%)
As a percent of consolidated revenue		1	%		1	%

Interest expense remained consistent for the three months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022.

Other (income) expense, net


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Period-to-period change
(in thousands)	2023			2022			$		%
Other (income) expense, net	$	(1,890	)	$	2,107		$	3,997	NM
As a percent of consolidated revenue		(1	%)		2	%

Other (income) expense, net was $1.9 million of income for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $2.1 million of expense for the three months ended September 30, 2022. Interest income increased $3.1 million and foreign currency losses decreased $0.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022.

Income tax expense


	Three Months Ended September 30,					Period-to-period change
(in thousands)	2023			2022		$			%
Income tax (benefit) expense	$	(6,541	)	$	4,579	$	(11,120	)	NM

The effective tax rate was 60% and -16% for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The tax rate is affected by our status as a U.S. resident taxpayer, the tax rates in the U.S. and other jurisdictions in which we operate, the relative amount of income earned by jurisdiction and the relative amount of losses or income for which no benefit or expense is recognized due to a valuation allowance. The change in the effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to September 30, 2022, was primarily attributable to the effects of tax elections we made during the quarter. Our effective tax rates for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, also include net discrete benefit of $4.4 million and net discrete expense of $0.9 million, respectively, primarily related to changes in tax laws, withholding taxes on royalties, changes in reserves, changes in accruals for unremitted earnings and other adjustments.

Net loss


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Period-to-period change
(in thousands)	2023			2022			$			%
Net loss	$	(4,362	)	$	(33,248	)	$	(28,886	)		(87	%)

Net loss decreased by 28.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively. The decrease in net loss for the three months ended September 30, 2023, was largely attributable to the increase in software revenue and interest income and decrease in income tax expense, as described above.

Nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022

Revenue

Software


	Nine Months Ended September 30,						Period-to-period change
(in thousands)	2023			2022			$		%
Software revenue	$	394,041		$	361,555		$	32,486		9	%
As a percent of software segment revenue		95	%		94	%
As a percent of consolidated revenue		89	%		88	%

Software revenue increased 9%, or 11% in constant currency, for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was driven by growth in software license revenue primarily by strong retention and expansions within existing accounts, particularly in aerospace, defense, technology and automotive verticals.

Software related services


	Nine Months Ended September 30,						Period-to-period change
(in thousands)	2023			2022			$			%
Software related services revenue	$	20,281		$	23,143		$	(2,862	)		(12	%)
As a percent of software segment revenue		5	%		6	%
As a percent of consolidated revenue		5	%		6	%

Software related services revenue decreased 12% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. This decrease was the result of lower customer demand for these services.

Client engineering services


	Nine Months Ended September 30,						Period-to-period change
(in thousands)	2023			2022			$		%
Client engineering services revenue	$	22,936		$	22,414		$	522		2	%
As a percent of consolidated revenue		5	%		5	%

CES revenue increased 2% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Customer demand for CES has stabilized in the current year compared to the year-over-year declines in the prior year.

Other


	Nine Months Ended September 30,						Period-to-period change
(in thousands)	2023			2022			$			%
Other revenue	$	3,940		$	4,676		$	(736	)		(16	%)
As a percent of consolidated revenue		1	%		1	%

The 16% decrease in other revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022, was due to reduced sales by toggled, our LED lighting business.

Cost of revenue

Software


	Nine Months Ended September 30,						Period-to-period change
(in thousands)	2023			2022			$		%
Cost of software revenue	$	53,642		$	50,014		$	3,628		7	%
As a percent of software revenue		14	%		14	%
As a percent of consolidated revenue		12	%		12	%

Cost of software revenue increased $3.6 million, or 7%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Stock-based compensation expense increased $1.5 million, employee compensation and related expense increased $1.2 million, royalty expense increased $0.6 million, travel costs increased $0.5 million, and third-party sales commissions increased $0.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in hardware costs of $0.6 million.

Software related services


	Nine Months Ended September 30,						Period-to-period change
(in thousands)	2023			2022			$			%
Cost of software related services revenue	$	16,175		$	16,739		$	(564	)		(3	%)
As a percent of software related services revenue		80	%		72	%
As a percent of consolidated revenue		4	%		4	%

Cost of software related services revenue decreased $0.6 million, or 3%, for nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The decrease was due to a decrease in employee-related expense, partially offset by an increase in project-related costs.

Client engineering services


	Nine Months Ended September 30,						Period-to-period change
(in thousands)	2023			2022			$		%
Cost of client engineering services revenue	$	19,321		$	18,390		$	931		5	%
As a percent of client engineering services revenue		84	%		82	%
As a percent of consolidated revenue		4	%		4	%

Cost of CES revenue increased $0.9 million, or 5%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022, consistent with the increase in CES revenue.

Other


	Nine Months Ended September 30,						Period-to-period change
(in thousands)	2023			2022			$			%
Cost of other revenue	$	3,480		$	3,892		$	(412	)		(11	%)
As a percent of other revenue		88	%		83	%
As a percent of consolidated revenue		1	%		1	%

Cost of other revenue decreased 11% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022, due to lower volume sales.

Gross profit


	Nine Months Ended September 30,						Period-to-period change
(in thousands)	2023			2022			$		%
Gross profit	$	348,580		$	322,753		$	25,827		8	%
As a percent of consolidated revenue		79	%		78	%

Gross profit increased by $25.8 million, or 8%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. This increase in gross profit was primarily attributable to the increase in software revenue.

Operating expenses

Operating expenses, as discussed below, support all the products and services that we provide to our customers and, as a result, they are reported and discussed in the aggregate.

Research and development


	Nine Months Ended September 30,						Period-to-period change
(in thousands)	2023			2022			$		%
Research and development	$	160,126		$	150,608		$	9,518		6	%
As a percent of consolidated revenue		36	%		37	%

Research and development expenses increased by $9.5 million, or 6%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Employee compensation and related expense increased $7.3 million, primarily due to annual merit increases and increased headcount as a result of acquisitions, software maintenance and other IT related expense increased $1.7 million, depreciation expense increased $0.5 million, and travel costs increased $0.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in consulting fees of $0.3 million.

Sales and marketing


	Nine Months Ended September 30,						Period-to-period change
(in thousands)	2023			2022			$		%
Sales and marketing	$	132,543		$	120,345		$	12,198		10	%
As a percent of consolidated revenue		30	%		29	%

Sales and marketing expenses increased by $12.2 million, or 10%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Employee compensation and related expense increased $10.7 million, primarily due to annual merit increases and increased headcount, travel costs increased $1.2 million, facilities costs and depreciation expense increased $0.5 million and advertising and trade show related expenses increased $0.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in non-employee sales commissions and stock-based compensation expense of $0.5 million and $0.4 million, respectively.

General and administrative


	Nine Months Ended September 30,						Period-to-period change
(in thousands)	2023			2022			$			%
General and administrative	$	53,791		$	54,054		$	(263	)		(0	%)
As a percent of consolidated revenue		12	%		13	%

General and administrative expenses decreased by $0.3 million, or less than 1%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Professional fees decreased $3.2 million, employee compensation and related expense decreased $0.8 million, and travel costs decreased $0.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. These decreases were partially offset by increases in stock-based compensation expense, non-income tax expense, charitable contributions, and software maintenance and other IT related expenses of $2.8 million, $0.7 million, $0.5 million, and $0.3 million, respectively.

Amortization of intangible assets


	Nine Months Ended September 30,						Period-to-period change
(in thousands)	2023			2022			$		%
Amortization of intangible assets	$	23,143		$	18,682		$	4,461		24	%
As a percent of consolidated revenue		5	%		5	%

Amortization of intangible assets increased by $4.5 million, or 24%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Amortization of intangible assets increased as a result of recent acquisitions.

Other operating expense (income), net


	Nine Months Ended September 30,						Period-to-period change
(in thousands)	2023			2022			$		%
Other operating expense (income), net	$	1,324		$	(9,383	)	$	10,707	NM
As a percent of consolidated revenue		0	%		(2	%)

Other operating expense (income), net increased $10.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. We recognized a $4.5 million loss on the mark-to-market adjustment of contingent consideration associated with the World Programming acquisition for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to a $7.5 million gain for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. This loss was partially offset by a $1.2 million increase in grant income for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Interest expense


	Nine Months Ended September 30,						Period-to-period change
(in thousands)	2023			2022			$		%
Interest expense	$	4,583		$	2,851		$	1,732		61	%
As a percent of consolidated revenue		1	%		1	%

Interest expense increased $1.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Interest expense increased as a result of the interest costs on the 2027 Notes which were issued in June 2022.

Other (income) expense, net


	Nine Months Ended September 30,						Period-to-period change
(in thousands)	2023			2022			$		%
Other (income) expense, net	$	(9,698	)	$	26,082		$	35,780	NM
As a percent of consolidated revenue		(2	%)		6	%

Other (income) expense, net was $9.7 million of income for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $26.1 million of expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Other (income) expense, net for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, includes $11.7 million of interest income and $2.0 million in net foreign currency losses. Other (income) expense, net for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, includes $16.6 million expense on the repurchase of a portion of our 2024 Notes, $11.4 million in net foreign currency losses and $2.0 million of interest income.

Income tax expense


	Nine Months Ended September 30,				Period-to-period change
(in thousands)	2023		2022		$			%
Income tax expense	$	11,369	$	15,008	$	(3,639	)		(24	%)

The effective tax rate was -66% and -37% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The tax rate is affected by our status as a U.S. resident taxpayer, the tax rates in the U.S. and other jurisdictions in which we operate, the relative amount of income earned by jurisdiction and the relative amount of losses or income for which no benefit or expense is recognized due to a valuation allowance. Our effective tax rates for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, also include net discrete expense of $7.2 million and $4.3 million, respectively, primarily related to changes in tax laws, withholding taxes on royalties, changes in reserves, changes in accruals for unremitted earnings and other adjustments.

Net loss


	Nine Months Ended September 30,						Period-to-period change
(in thousands)	2023			2022			$			%
Net loss	$	(28,601	)	$	(55,494	)	$	(26,893	)		(48	%)

Net loss was $28.6 million and $55.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The net loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was largely attributable to the increase in operating expenses and a loss on the mark-to-market adjustment of contingent consideration, partially offset by the increase in software revenue and interest income, and decreases in foreign exchange losses and income tax expense as described above. The net loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 included expense recognized on the repurchase of a portion of our 2024 Notes, foreign currency losses and a gain on the mark-to-market adjustment of contingent consideration.

Non-GAAP financial measures

We monitor the following key non-GAAP (United States generally accepted accounting principles) financial and operating metrics to help us evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, formulate business plans and make strategic decisions. In analyzing and planning for our business, we supplement our use of GAAP financial measures with non-GAAP financial measures, including Billings as a liquidity measure, Adjusted EBITDA as a performance measure and Free Cash Flow as a liquidity measure.


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Other financial data:
Billings	$	124,389	$	122,939	$	435,671	$	419,698
Adjusted EBITDA	$	15,454	$	6,829	$	75,565	$	69,859
Free Cash Flow					$	97,774	$	19,813

Billings. Billings consists of our total revenue plus the change in our deferred revenue, excluding deferred revenue from acquisitions during the period. Given that we generally bill our customers at the time of sale, but typically recognize a portion of the related revenue ratably over time, management believes that Billings is a meaningful way to measure and monitor our ability to provide our business with the working capital generated by upfront payments from our customers.

Adjusted EBITDA. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) adjusted for income tax expense (benefit), interest expense, interest income and other, depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation expense, restructuring charges, asset impairment charges and other special items as determined by management. Our management team believes that Adjusted EBITDA is a meaningful measure of performance as it is commonly utilized by management and the investment community to analyze operating performance in our industry.

Free Cash Flow. Free Cash Flow is a non-GAAP measure that we calculate as cash flow provided by operating activities less capital expenditures. Management believes that Free Cash Flow is useful in analyzing our ability to service and repay debt, when applicable, and return value directly to stockholders.

These non-GAAP financial measures reflect an additional way of viewing aspects of our business that, when viewed with our GAAP results and the accompanying reconciliations to corresponding GAAP financial measures included in the tables below, may provide a more complete understanding of factors and trends affecting our business. These non-GAAP financial measures should not be relied upon to the exclusion of GAAP financial measures and are by definition an incomplete understanding of the Company and must be considered in conjunction with GAAP measures.

We believe that the non-GAAP measures disclosed herein are only useful as an additional tool to help management and investors make informed decisions about our financial and operating performance and liquidity. By definition, non-GAAP measures do not give a full understanding of the Company. To be truly valuable, they must be used in conjunction with the comparable GAAP measures. In addition, non-GAAP financial measures are not standardized. It may not be possible to compare these financial measures with other companies’ non-GAAP financial measures having the same or similar names. We strongly encourage investors to review our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto in their entirety and not to rely on any single financial measure.

Reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures

The following tables provides reconciliations of revenue to Billings, net loss to Adjusted EBITDA, and net cash provided by operating activities to Free Cash Flow:

Billings


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2023			2022			2023			2022
Revenue	$	134,003		$	119,351		$	441,198		$	411,788
Ending deferred revenue		138,933			116,540			138,933			116,540
Beginning deferred revenue		(148,547	)		(112,926	)		(144,460	)		(106,032	)
Deferred revenue acquired		—			(26	)		—			(2,598	)
Billings	$	124,389		$	122,939		$	435,671		$	419,698

Adjusted EBITDA


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2023			2022			2023			2022
Net loss	$	(4,362	)	$	(33,248	)	$	(28,601	)	$	(55,494	)
Income tax (benefit) expense		(6,541	)		4,579			11,369			15,008
Stock-based compensation expense		20,526			22,710			66,423			62,524
Interest expense		1,529			1,566			4,583			2,851
Depreciation and amortization		9,783			8,273			29,271			24,092
Special adjustments, interest income and other (1)		(5,481	)		2,949			(7,480	)		20,878
Adjusted EBITDA	$	15,454		$	6,829		$	75,565		$	69,859

(1)

Free Cash Flow


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2023			2022
Net cash provided by operating activities (1)	$	105,656		$	26,534
Capital expenditures		(7,882	)		(6,721	)
Free cash flow (1)	$	97,774		$	19,813

(1)

The nine months ended September 30, 2022, includes $65.9 million payment for a damages judgment assumed as part of an acquisition in December 2021.

Recurring software license rate

A key factor to our success is our recurring software license rate which we measure through Billings, primarily derived from annual renewals of our existing subscription customer agreements. Recurring revenue streams allow us to create more consistent, predictable cash flows and drive greater long-term customer value. We believe the recurring software license rate is a key factor to our success and we monitor this measure to ensure our go-to-market strategy is driving long-term success of our business.

We calculate our recurring software license rate for a particular period by dividing (i) the sum of software term-based license Billings, software license maintenance Billings, and 20% of software perpetual license Billings which we believe approximates maintenance as an element of the arrangement by (ii) the total software license Billings including all term-based subscriptions, maintenance, and perpetual license billings from all customers for that period. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, our recurring software license rate was 94% and 93%, respectively. The recurring software license rate may vary from period to period.

Liquidity and capital resources

As of September 30, 2023, our principal sources of liquidity were $431.2 million in cash and cash equivalents and $200.0 million availability on our credit facility. We have outstanding debt in the form of our 2027 and 2024 convertible notes (“Convertible Notes”) with a $311.8 million principal amount as of September 30, 2023.

During the period ended September 30, 2023, the conditions allowing holders of the 2027 Notes to convert were not met. Therefore, the 2027 Notes were classified as long-term debt on the consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2023.

We have the ability to settle the Convertible Notes in cash, shares of our common stock, or a combination of cash and shares of our common stock at our own election.

On May 31, 2023, our Board approved an increased authorization under our existing stock repurchase program from $50.0 million to $75.0 million of our common stock. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, under our stock repurchase program, we repurchased and retired 91,273 shares of our Class A Common Stock at an average price of $46.63 per share for a total cost of approximately $4.3 million. As of September 30, 2023, approximately $49.1 million remained available for repurchase under the program.

We continue to evaluate possible acquisitions and other strategic transactions designed to expand our business. As a result, our expected uses of cash could change, our cash position could be reduced, or we may incur additional debt obligations to the extent we complete additional acquisitions or strategic transactions.

Our existing cash and cash equivalents may fluctuate during fiscal 2023 due to changes in our planned cash expenditures, including changes in incremental costs such as direct costs and integration costs related to acquisitions. Cash from operations could also be affected by various risks and uncertainties. It is possible that certain customers may unilaterally decide to extend payments on accounts receivable, however our customer base is comprised primarily of larger organizations with typically strong liquidity and capital resources.

We believe that our existing cash balances, together with funds generated from operations and amounts available under our credit facility, will be sufficient to finance our operations and meet our foreseeable cash requirements for the next twelve months. We also believe that our financial resources, along with managing discretionary expenses, will allow us to manage our business operations for the foreseeable future and withstand economic uncertainty, which could include reductions in revenue and delays in payments from customers and partners. We will continue to evaluate our financial position as developments evolve.

Revolving credit facility

We have a $200.0 million credit facility with a maturity date of December 31, 2025 (“2019 Amended Credit Agreement”). As of September 30, 2023, there were no outstanding borrowings under the 2019 Amended Credit Agreement and there was $200.0 million available for future borrowing. The 2019 Amended Credit Agreement is available for general corporate purposes, including working capital, capital expenditures and permitted acquisitions. As of September 30, 2023, we were in compliance with the financial covenants.

For additional information about the 2019 Amended Credit Agreement, refer to our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022, included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 24, 2023.

Cash flows

As of September 30, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents of $431.2 million available for working capital purposes, acquisitions, and capital expenditures; $324.5 million of this amount was held in the United States and $100.5 million was held in the APAC and EMEA regions with the remainder held in Canada, Mexico, and South America.

Other than statutory limitations, there are no significant restrictions on the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other distributions to Altair. Based on our current liquidity needs and repatriation strategies, we expect that we can manage our global liquidity needs without material adverse tax implications.

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated:


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2023			2022
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	105,656		$	26,534
Net cash used in investing activities		(13,569	)		(151,173	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		24,970			35,152
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(2,599	)		(12,142	)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	114,458		$	(101,629	)

Net cash provided by operating activities

Net cash provided by operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was $105.7 million, which reflects an increase of $79.1 million compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. This increase was the result of a $65.9 million payment in the prior year on an existing legal judgment against World Programming, and an improvement in our operating results for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Net cash used in investing activities

Net cash used in investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was $13.6 million, which reflects a decrease of $137.6 million compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we paid $96.5 million for the acquisition of RapidMiner, and an additional $42.2 million related to other business acquisitions and investments.

Net cash provided by financing activities

Net cash provided by financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was $25.0 million, which reflects a decrease of $10.2 million compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we received proceeds of $25.5 million from the exercise of common stock options and made payments of $6.3 million for the repurchase of our Class A common stock. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we received aggregate proceeds of $224.3 million from the issuance of our 2027 Notes, net of certain discounts and commissions, partially offset by $192.4 million proceeds used for the repurchase of a portion of our 2024 Notes, and made payments of $4.4 million for the repurchase of our Class A common stock.

Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash

There were adverse effects of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $2.6 million and $12.1 million, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022.

Commitments

There were no material changes in our commitments as disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Recently issued accounting pronouncements

See Note 2 in the Notes to consolidated financial statements in Item 1, Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a full description of the recent accounting pronouncements and our expectation of their impact, if any, on our results of operations and financial condition.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We are exposed to certain global market risks, including foreign currency exchange risk and interest rate risk associated with our revolving credit facility.

Foreign Currency Risk

As a result of our substantial international operations, we are exposed to foreign currency risks that arise from our normal business operations, including in connection with our transactions that are denominated in foreign currencies. In addition, we translate sales and financial results denominated in foreign currencies into United States dollars for purposes of our consolidated financial statements. As a result, appreciation of the United States dollar against these foreign currencies generally will have a negative impact on our reported revenue and operating income while depreciation of the United States dollar against these foreign currencies will generally have a positive effect on reported revenue and operating income.

As of September 30, 2023, we do not have any foreign currency hedging contracts. Based on our current international operations, we do not plan on engaging in hedging activities in the near future.

Market Risk and Market Interest Risk

In June 2022, we issued $230.0 million aggregate principal amount of 1.750% convertible senior notes due in 2027. In June 2019, we issued $230.0 million aggregate principal amount of 0.250% convertible senior notes due 2024 of which $81.8 million aggregate principal amount remains outstanding as of September 30, 2023. The 2027 Notes and 2024 Notes have fixed annual interest rates at 1.750% and 0.250%, respectively, and, therefore, we do not have economic interest rate exposure on our Convertible Notes. However, the value of the Convertible Notes is exposed to interest rate risk. Generally, the fair market value of our fixed interest rate Convertible Notes will increase as interest rates fall and decrease as interest rates rise. In addition, the fair values of the Convertible Notes are affected by our stock price. The fair value of the Convertible Notes will generally increase as our Class A common stock price increases in value and will generally decrease as our Class A common stock price declines in value. We carry the Convertible Notes at face value less unamortized issuance costs on our balance sheet, and we present the fair value for required disclosure purposes only.

As of September 30, 2023, we had cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $431.4 million, consisting primarily of bank deposits and money market funds. As of September 30, 2023, we had no outstanding borrowings under our 2019 Amended Credit Agreement. Such interest-bearing instruments carry a degree of interest rate risk; however, historical fluctuations of interest expense have not been significant.

Interest rate risk relates to the gain/increase or loss/decrease we could incur on our debt balances and interest expense associated with changes in interest rates. Changes in interest rates would impact the amount of interest income we realize on our invested cash balances. It is our policy not to enter into derivative instruments for speculative purposes, and therefore, we hold no derivative instruments for trading purposes.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in periodic reports filed with the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we have evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rule 13(a)-15(e) under the Exchange Act as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2023.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2023, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

World Programming

We acquired World Programming Limited and a related company (collectively, “World Programming”) in December 2021.

Other legal proceedings

From time to time, we may be subject to other legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business. We have received, and may in the future continue to receive, claims from third parties asserting, among other things, infringement of their intellectual property rights. Future litigation may be necessary to defend ourselves, our partners and our customers by determining the scope, enforceability and validity of third-party proprietary rights, or to establish and enforce our proprietary rights. The results of any current or future litigation cannot be predicted with certainty and regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes to the risk factors disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report on 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

On July 18, 2023, in connection with our asset purchase agreement with XLDyn, LLC, (“XLDyn”) we agreed to issue to the stockholders of XLDyn, an aggregate of 2,992 shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share, with 997 shares issuable on each of October 18, 2023 and January 18, 2024, and 998 shares issuable on April 18, 2024, subject to potential reduction in certain circumstances. All shares are subject to customary securities law restrictions on transferability. All shares were issued without registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act. XLDyn existing stockholders provided customary representations for a private placement of securities and agreed to customary restrictions on transferability.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

Not applicable.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

Insider Trading Arrangements and Policies

During the quarter ended September 30, 2023, none of the Company’s directors or officers adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as those terms are defined in Regulation S-K, Item 408, that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c).

Item 6. Exhibits


No.		Description

10.1*		Executive Severance Agreement, dated as of July 25, 2023, by and between Ravi Kunju and the Company

31.1*		Certification of the Chief Executive Officer of Altair Engineering Inc. pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/Rule 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended

31.2*		Certification of the Chief Financial Officer of Altair Engineering Inc. pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/Rule 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended

32.1**		Certification of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of Altair Engineering Inc. pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

101.INS*		Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.

101.SCH*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

104		Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibits 101).

* Filed herewith.

** The certifications furnished in Exhibit 32.1 hereto are deemed to accompany this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and will not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, except to the extent that the registrant specifically incorporates it by reference.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


	ALTAIR ENGINEERING INC.

Date: November 2, 2023	By:	/s/ James R. Scapa
		James R. Scapa
		Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)


Date: November 2, 2023
	By:	/s/ Matthew Brown
		Matthew Brown
		Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)