Coupa Software Inc - Annual Report: 2017 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended January 31, 2017

OR

For the transition period from                          to                                

Commission File Number 001-37901

COUPA SOFTWARE INCORPORATED

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (650) 931-3200

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. YES ☐ NO ☒

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. YES ☐ NO ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES ☒ NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit and post such files). YES ☒ NO ☐

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of Registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definition of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). YES ☐ NO ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant, based on the closing price of the shares of common stock on The Nasdaq Stock Market on January 31, 2017, was $638.3 million. The Registrant has elected to use January 31, 2017 as the calculation date, which was the last trading date of the Registrant’s most recently completed fiscal year, because on July 31, 2016 (the last business day of the Registrant’s second fiscal quarter), the Registrant was a privately-held company. Shares of common stock held by each executive officer, director, and their affiliated holders have been excluded in that such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes.

The number of shares of Registrant’s common stock outstanding as of March 31, 2017 was 50,495,239.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the Registrant’s Proxy Statement relating to the 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, scheduled to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the Registrant’s fiscal year ended January 31, 2017, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

COUPA SOFTWARE INCORPORATED

Form 10-K for the Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2017

Table of Contents

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NOTE ABOUT FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements.  All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this report, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, customer lifetime value, strategy and plans, market size and opportunity, competitive position, industry environment, potential growth opportunities product capabilities and our expectations for future operations, are forward-looking statements. The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “design,” “intend,” “expect,” “could,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “seek,” “should,” “would” or the negative version of these words and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements.  We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, strategy, short- and long-term business operations and objectives, and financial needs. The forward-looking statements are contained principally in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Result of Operations” and “Risk Factors.”

These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including those described in “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events and circumstances discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Although we believe that the expectations  reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee that the future results, levels of activity, performance or events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur. Moreover, except as required by law, neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of the forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K to conform these statements to actual results or to changes in our expectations.

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PART I

Item 1. Business.

Overview

We are a leading provider of spend management solutions, with a unified, cloud-based platform that connects more than 530 organizations with more than 2 million suppliers globally. Our platform provides greater visibility into and control over how companies spend money. Using our platform, businesses are able to achieve real, measurable value and savings that drive their profitability.

Our cloud-based platform has been designed for the modern global workforce that is mobile and expects real-time results, flexibility and agility from software solutions. We empower employees to acquire the goods and services they need to do their jobs by applying a distinctive user-centric approach that provides a mobile-enabled consumer Internet-like experience, drives widespread adoption of our platform and, therefore, significantly increases spend under management. We refer to the process companies use to purchase goods and services as spend management and to the money that they manage with this process as spend under management. Increased user adoption and spend under management drive better visibility and control of a company’s spend, resulting in greater savings and increased compliance.

Economic conditions, intense competition and the global regulatory environment are forcing businesses to find new ways to drive operational efficiencies, track processes, reduce costs, fund business growth and enhance profitability and cash flow. Therefore, managing spend has increasingly become a major strategic business imperative to help businesses achieve cost savings. Indirect spend, which refers to goods and services that support a company’s operations as opposed to direct spend that flows into the products a company manufactures, is particularly difficult to manage due to inefficient employee spending behavior and disparate systems that obstruct spend visibility.

We offer a unified, cloud-based spend management platform that is tightly integrated and delivers a broad range of capabilities that would otherwise require the purchase and use of multiple disparate point applications. The core of our platform consists of procurement, invoicing and expense management modules that form our transactional engine and capture a company’s spend. In addition, our platform offers supporting modules, including sourcing, analytics, contract management, supplier management, inventory management and storefront, that help companies further manage their spend. Moreover, through our Coupa Open Business Network, suppliers of all sizes can easily interact with buyers electronically, thus significantly reducing paper, improving operating efficiencies and reducing costs.

We have a strong results-driven and customer success-focused culture. Our focus is on delivering quantifiable business value to our customers by helping them maximize spend under management to achieve real, measurable value and savings. With a rapid time to deployment, typically ranging from a few weeks to several months, and an easy to use interface that shields users from complexity, our customers can achieve widespread user adoption quickly and generate savings within a short timeframe, thus benefitting from a rapid return on investment.

We benefit from powerful network effects. As more businesses subscribe to our platform, the collective spend under management on our platform grows. Greater aggregate spend under management on our platform attracts more suppliers, which in turn attracts more businesses that want to take advantage of the goods and services available through our platform, thereby creating powerful network effects. In addition, as more businesses and employees use our platform, the amount of spend under management continues to increase. This leads to more value and savings for customers and improves our ability to attract more businesses. The resulting increase in sales enables us to further invest in our platform and to improve our functionality and user interface to continue to attract more businesses and suppliers to our platform, which enhances the network effects that benefit all parties.

We have developed a rich partner ecosystem of systems integrators, implementation partners, resellers and technology partners. We work closely with several global systems integrators, including KPMG, Deloitte, Accenture, IBM, PwC and Wipro, that help us scale our business, extend our global reach and drive increased market penetration. We expect the number of our partner-led implementations to continue to increase over time, as well as sales referrals from our partners.

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We have achieved rapid growth in customer adoption, cumulative spend under management and transactions conducted through our platform. We have more than 1.5 million licensed users who have driven an expansion in spend under management over time. These licensed users represent the employees among our base of more than 530 total customers who are authorized to use our solutions. Our cumulative spend under management is highlighted below:

Cumulative spend under management does not directly correlate to our revenue or results of operations because we do not charge our customers based on actual usage of our platform.  However, we believe that cumulative spend under management illustrates the adoption, scale and value of our platform, which we believe enhances our ability to maintain existing customers and attract new customers.

For our fiscal years ended January 31, 2017 and 2016, our revenues were $133.8 million and $83.7 million, respectively, and our net losses were $37.6 million and $46.2 million, respectively, as we focused on growing our business.

Coupa’s Unified Cloud-Based Spend Management Platform

We offer a unified, cloud-based spend management platform that can significantly improve savings for businesses. The core of our platform consists of procurement, invoicing and expense management modules that form our transactional engine and capture a company’s spend under management. In addition, our platform offers supporting modules, including sourcing, analytics, contract management, supplier management, inventory management and storefront, that help companies further manage their spend.

Our platform provides businesses with real-time visibility into spending that is occurring company-wide and enables businesses to drive adoption of the platform and capture, analyze and control this spend, achieve real measurable value and savings and directly improve their profitability:

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Our Platform’s Capabilities

Our unified, cloud-based spend management platform includes the following capabilities:

Coupa’s Transactional Engine

The core of our platform is our transactional engine, which is comprised of the following modules:

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Supporting Modules

Our platform offers the following supporting modules that help companies further manage their spend:

Sourcing.  Our sourcing module enables customers to find the best suppliers for the goods or services they need to run their businesses. Customers easily create sourcing events containing the specifics of their business needs and invite suppliers to participate. Suppliers are able to review and bid effortlessly and without any fees to participate. Collaboration capabilities enable employees to review bids and provide feedback that is automatically compiled and scored.

Inventory.  Our inventory module enables customers to manage spending by effectively managing physical goods and virtual licenses. Employees searching for goods see inventory on hand balances in the search results, which eliminates redundant spending. Embedded dashboards facilitate the move of inventory from warehouse to warehouse and predict item shortages so inventory managers can easily manage goods and licenses. The application automates fulfillment and keeps inventory in sync through regular cycle counts, discrepancy reports, and asset tags.

Contracts.  Our contracts module enables customers to operationalize contracts and make them easily available for purchasing by employees across the organization. Contract compliance increases savings as employees make purchases using negotiated rates. Real-time contract enforcement and spend visibility is provided through embedded dashboards at both the contract and summary level. Full text search capabilities and automatic alerts remind employees to review contracts prior to expiration or auto-renewal dates.

Supplier Management.  Our supplier management module enables customers to collect supplier information required to manage and pay their suppliers. Customers can quickly create unlimited data collection web forms using a drag and drop interface. Web forms may be tailored for country specific rules or supplier types. To make data collection easy, web forms are embedded as part of the natural business processes for procurement and invoicing. Real-time dashboards and reports show supplier data freshness and upcoming expirations.

Analytics.  Our analytics module provides managers a large set of built-in reports and dashboards that allow users to see spending activity, find bottlenecks in workflows, analyze granular data by commodity, supplier, location and cost center, and drill-down into the spend transactions. We have created more than one hundred out-of-the-box reports covering some of the most important business metrics, such as unified spend for purchase orders, invoices or expense reports, spend trends over time, spend by commodity, supplier and contract; however, users can also create new metrics, reports and dashboards with our intuitive user interface, as well as include external data like corporate and travel expenses or integrate with third-party systems, to get a holistic view of their spend patterns.

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Storefront.  Our storefront module enables customers with a third-party procurement system to use our consumerized catalog search experience so employees can easily and quickly find the goods and services they need to do their jobs. Our storefront module works with third party procurement systems that support open catalog interface or cXML for catalog integration

Coupa Open Business Network

Our Coupa Open Business Network instantly connects businesses and suppliers providing businesses with a platform that is accessible to suppliers of all sizes—even those typically ignored by fee-based closed networks—to drive success. Suppliers have a variety of options to connect with businesses including:

By using our Coupa Open Business Network, companies can become compliant with government mandates, increase profitability and reduce costs by driving electronic transactions from purchase order through e-invoice and payment visibility. Our Coupa Open Business Network user interface is easy to navigate and requires little to no training for suppliers to instantly manage transactions. Businesses are able to interact with thousands of suppliers already using our Supplier Portal, onboard new suppliers in minutes, integrate directly or simply use our smart e-mail tools. Businesses can also use the Coupa Open Business Network to layer on top of their existing technology, including third-party systems such as Oracle iProcurement, SAP SRM and others. Suppliers of all sizes benefit, as they are able to join the networked economy without changing their technology or spending money on transaction fees. 

Key Benefits to Businesses

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Key Benefits to Employees

Key Benefits to Suppliers

Our Competitive Strengths

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Growth Strategy

Key elements of our strategy include:

Sales and Marketing

We sell our software applications through our direct sales organization and our partner program, Coupa Partner Connect. Our direct sales team is global and comprised of inside sales and field sales personnel who are organized by geography, account size and application type.

We generate customer leads, accelerate sales opportunities and build brand awareness through our marketing programs, including such programs with our strategic relationships. For example, we have joint marketing programs and sponsorship agreements with KPMG, Accenture and Wipro.

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Our principal marketing programs include:

Partnerships and Strategic Relationships

As a core part of our strategy, we have developed an ecosystem of partners to extend our sales capabilities and coverage, to broaden and complement our application offerings and to provide a broad array of services that lie outside of our primary areas of focus.

Our partnerships increase our ability to grow and scale quickly and efficiently and allow us to maintain greater focus on executing against our strategy.

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Technology Infrastructure and Operations

The technologies used to build our platform and modules are native cloud and designed to scale to millions of users. We utilize a modern technology stack to take advantage of advancements in web-design, open source technologies, scalability and security. We have implemented industry-standard security practices to help us protect our servers and our customers’ critical information.

We have partnered with AWS to provide the hardware and infrastructure to support our spend management platform. With this partnership, we are able to easily scale the service during peak load periods, allowing us to continuously add users and customers without significant downtime or lead-time to procure new capacity. We also have the ability to offer our solutions globally across different physical locations, with hosting currently available in the U.S., Singapore, Ireland, Germany and Australia.

Research and Development

Our ability to compete depends in large part on our continuous commitment to research and development and our ability to rapidly introduce new applications, technologies, features and functionality. Our research and development organization is responsible for the design, development, testing and certification of our applications. We focus our efforts on developing new applications and core technologies and further enhancing the usability, functionality, reliability, performance and flexibility of existing applications.

Competition

We believe the overall market for spend management software is highly competitive, marked by rapid consolidation, fragmented and rapidly evolving due to technological innovations. We have been recognized, however, as a technology and market leader.

Our competitors fall into the following categories:

We believe the principal competitive factors in our market include the following:

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We believe that we compare favorably on the basis of these factors. However, many of our competitors have greater financial, technical and other resources, greater name recognition and larger sales and marketing budgets; therefore, we may not compare favorably with respect to some or all of the factors above.

Intellectual Property

We rely on a combination of trade secrets, patents, copyrights and trademarks, as well as contractual protections, to establish and protect our intellectual property rights. While we have obtained or applied for patent protection for some of our intellectual property, we do not believe that we are materially dependent on any one or more of our patents. We require our employees, consultants and other third parties to enter into confidentiality and proprietary rights agreements and control access to software, documentation and other proprietary information.

We pursue the registration of domain names, trademarks and service marks in the United States and in various jurisdictions outside the United States. We also actively seek patent protection covering inventions originating from our company.

We control access to and use of our proprietary technology and other confidential information through the use of internal and external controls, including contractual protections with employees, contractors, customers, and partners, and our software is protected by U.S. and international intellectual property laws. Our policy is to require employees and independent contractors to sign agreements assigning to us any inventions, trade secrets, works of authorship, developments and other processes generated by them on our behalf and agreeing to protect our confidential information. In addition, we generally enter into confidentiality agreements with our vendors and customers. We also control and monitor access to, and distribution of our software, documentation and other proprietary information.

Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary technology and our intellectual property rights, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy or obtain and use our technology to develop applications with the same functionality as our applications. Policing unauthorized use of our technology and intellectual property rights is difficult. In addition, we intend to expand our international operations, and effective protection of our technology and intellectual property rights may not be available to us in every country in which our software or services are available.

We and others in our industry have been, and we expect that we will continue to be, subject to third-party infringement claims as the number of competitors grows and the functionality of applications in different industry segments overlaps. Moreover, many of our competitors and other industry participants have been issued patents and/or have filed patent applications, and have asserted claims and related litigation regarding patent and other intellectual property rights. From time to time, third parties, including certain of these companies, have asserted patent, copyright, trademark, trade secret and other intellectual property rights within the industry. Any of these third parties might make a claim of infringement against us at any time.

Our Customers

As of January 31, 2017, our more than 530 customers are doing business in more than 100 countries and our platform was offered in more than 20 languages. We define a customer as a separate and distinct buying entity, such as a company, an educational or government institution, or a distinct business unit of a large corporation that has an active contract with us or our partner to access our platform.  Our customers include leading businesses in a diverse set of industries, including healthcare and pharmaceuticals, retail, financial services, manufacturing, and technology, amongst others.

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Employees

As of January 31, 2017, we had 652 full-time employees globally, of which 425 work in the U.S. and 227 work internationally. None of our U.S. employees are represented by a labor union or are the subject of a collective bargaining agreement. We have not experienced any work stoppages, and we consider our relations with our employees to be good.

Corporate Information

We were incorporated in February 2006 in Delaware. Our principal executive offices are located at 1855 S. Grant Street, San Mateo, CA 94402, and our telephone number is (650) 931-3200. Our website address is www.coupa.com. The information on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not part of this report. We have included our website address as an inactive textual reference only.

The public may also read and copy any materials that we file with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549.  The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330.  The SEC also maintains an Internet website that contains reports and other information regarding issuers, such as Coupa, that file electronically with the SEC.  The SEC’s Internet website is located at http://www.sec.gov.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

A description of the risks and uncertainties associated with our business is set forth below. You should carefully consider the risks described below, as well as the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”. The occurrence of any of the events or developments described below could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. In such an event, the market price of our common stock could decline. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business operations.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We have a limited operating history, which makes it difficult to predict our future operating results.

We were incorporated in 2006 and introduced our first software module shortly thereafter and over time have invested in building our integrated platform. As a result of our limited operating history, our ability to forecast our future operating results is limited and subject to a number of uncertainties, including our ability to plan for and model future growth. We have encountered and will encounter risks and uncertainties frequently experienced by growing companies in rapidly changing industries, such as the risks and uncertainties described herein. If our assumptions regarding these risks and uncertainties (which we use to plan our business) are incorrect or change, or if we do not address these risks successfully, our operating and financial results could differ materially from our expectations and our business could suffer.

Any success that we may experience in the future will depend, in large part, on our ability to manage the risks discussed herein and to, among other things:

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If we are unable to attract new customers, the growth of our revenues will be adversely affected.

To increase our revenues, we must add new customers, increase the number of users at existing customers and sell additional modules to current customers. As our industry matures or if competitors introduce lower cost and/or differentiated products or services that are perceived to compete with ours, our ability to sell based on factors such as pricing, technology and functionality could be impaired. As a result, we may be unable to attract new customers at rates or on terms that would be favorable or comparable to prior periods, which could have an adverse effect on the growth of our revenues.

Because our platform is sold to large enterprises with complex operating environments, we encounter long and unpredictable sales cycles, which could adversely affect our operating results in a given period.

Our ability to increase revenues and achieve profitability depends, in large part, on widespread acceptance of our platform by large enterprises. As we target our sales efforts at these customers, we face greater costs, longer sales cycles and less predictability in completing some of our sales. As a result of the variability and length of the sales cycle, we have only a limited ability to forecast the timing of sales. A delay in or failure to complete sales could harm our business and financial results, and could cause our financial results to vary significantly from period to period. Our sales cycle varies widely, reflecting differences in potential customers’ decision-making processes, procurement requirements and budget cycles, and is subject to significant risks over which we have little or no control, including:

In the large enterprise market, the customer’s decision to use our platform may be an enterprise-wide decision; therefore, these types of sales require us to provide greater levels of education regarding the use and benefits of our platform, which causes us to expend substantial time, effort and money educating them as to the value of our platform. In addition, because we are a relatively new company with a limited operating history, our target customers may prefer to purchase software that is critical to their business from one of our larger, more established competitors. Our typical sales cycle can range from three to nine months, and we expect that this lengthy sales cycle may continue or increase. Longer sales cycles could cause our operating and financial results to suffer in a given period.

The markets in which we participate are intensely competitive, and if we do not compete effectively, our operating results could be adversely affected.

The market for spend management software is highly competitive, with relatively low barriers to entry for some software or service organizations. Our competitors include Oracle Corporation (Oracle) and SAP AG (SAP), well-established providers of spend management software, that have long-standing relationships with many customers. Some customers may be hesitant to adopt cloud-based software such as ours and prefer to purchase from legacy software vendors. Oracle and SAP are larger and have greater name recognition, much longer operating histories, larger marketing budgets and significantly greater resources than we do. These vendors, as well as other

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competitors, may offer spend management software on a standalone basis at a low price or bundled as part of a larger product sale. In order to take advantage of customer demand for cloud-based software, legacy vendors are expanding their cloud-based software through acquisitions and organic development. For example, SAP acquired Ariba, Inc. and Concur Technologies, Inc. Legacy vendors may also seek to partner with other leading cloud providers. We also face competition from custom-built software vendors and from vendors of specific applications, some of which offer cloud-based solutions. We may also face competition from a variety of vendors of cloud-based and on-premise software products that address only a portion of our platform. In addition, other companies that provide cloud-based software in different target markets may develop software or acquire companies that operate in our target markets, and some potential customers may elect to develop their own internal software. With the introduction of new technologies and market entrants, we expect this competition to intensify in the future.

Many of our competitors are able to devote greater resources to the development, promotion and sale of their products and services. Furthermore, our current or potential competitors may be acquired by third parties with greater available resources and the ability to initiate or withstand substantial price competition. In addition, many of our competitors have established marketing relationships, access to larger customer bases and major distribution agreements with consultants, system integrators and resellers. Our competitors may also establish cooperative relationships among themselves or with third parties that may further enhance their product offerings or resources. If our platform does not become more accepted relative to our competitors’, or if our competitors are successful in bringing their products or services to market earlier than ours, or if their products or services are more technologically capable than ours, then our revenues could be adversely affected. In addition, some of our competitors may offer their products and services at a lower price. If we are unable to achieve our target pricing levels, our operating results will be negatively affected. Pricing pressures and increased competition could result in reduced sales, reduced margins, losses or a failure to maintain or improve our competitive market position, any of which could adversely affect our business.

Our business depends substantially on our customers renewing their subscriptions and purchasing additional subscriptions from us. Any decline in our customer renewals would harm our future operating results.

In order for us to maintain or improve our operating results, it is important that our customers renew their subscriptions when the initial contract term expires and add additional authorized users and additional spend management modules to their subscriptions. Our customers have no obligation to renew their subscriptions, and we cannot assure you that our customers will renew subscriptions with a similar contract period or with the same or a greater number of authorized users and modules. Some of our customers have elected not to renew their agreements with us, and we may not be able to accurately predict renewal rates.

Our renewal rates may decline or fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, including our customers’ satisfaction with our subscription service, our professional services, our customer support, our prices and contract length, the prices of competing solutions, mergers and acquisitions affecting our customer base, the effects of global economic conditions or reductions in our customers’ spending levels. Our future success also depends in part on our ability to add additional authorized users and modules to the subscriptions of our current customers. If our customers do not renew their subscriptions, renew on less favorable terms or fail to add more authorized users or additional spend management modules, our revenues may decline, and we may not realize improved operating results from our customer base.

If our security measures are breached or unauthorized access to customer data is otherwise obtained, our platform may be perceived as not being secure, customers may reduce the use of or stop using our platform and we may incur significant liabilities.

Our platform involves the storage and transmission of our customers’ sensitive proprietary information, including their spending and other related data. As a result, unauthorized access or security breaches could result in the loss of information, litigation, indemnity obligations and other liability. While we have security measures in place that are designed to protect customer information and prevent data loss and other security breaches, if these measures are breached as a result of third-party action, employee error, malfeasance or otherwise, and someone obtains unauthorized access to our customers’ data, we could face loss of business, regulatory investigations or orders, our reputation could be severely damaged, we could be required to expend significant capital and other resources to alleviate the problem, as well as incur significant costs and liabilities, including due to litigation,

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indemnity obligations, damages for contract breach, penalties for violation of applicable laws or regulations, and costs for remediation and other incentives offered to customers or other business partners in an effort to maintain business relationships after a breach.

We cannot assure you that any limitations of liability provisions in our contracts would be enforceable or adequate or would otherwise protect us from any liabilities or damages with respect to any particular claim relating to a security lapse or breach. We also cannot be sure that our existing insurance coverage will continue to be available on acceptable terms or will be available in sufficient amounts to cover one or more large claims related to a security breach, or that the insurer will not deny coverage as to any future claim. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceed available insurance coverage, or the occurrence of changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements, could have a material adverse effect on our business, including our financial condition, operating results, and reputation.

Cyber-attacks and other malicious Internet-based activities continue to increase generally. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or sabotage systems change frequently and generally are not identified until they are launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. In addition, third parties may attempt to fraudulently induce employees or users to disclose information to gain access to our data or our customers’ data. While it did not involve any customer data, we have previously suffered the loss of certain employee information related to an employee error. If any of these events occur, our or our customers’ information could be accessed or disclosed improperly. Any or all of these issues could negatively affect our ability to attract new customers, cause existing customers to elect to not renew their subscriptions, result in reputational damage or subject us to third-party lawsuits, regulatory fines or other action or liability, which could adversely affect our operating results.

If we fail to develop widespread brand awareness cost-effectively, our business may suffer.

We believe that developing and maintaining widespread awareness of our brand in a cost-effective manner is critical to achieving widespread acceptance of our platform and attracting new customers. For example, widespread awareness of our brand is critical to ensuring that we are invited to participate in requests for proposals from prospective customers. Our success in this area will depend on a wide range of factors, some of which are beyond our control, including the following:

Brand promotion activities may not generate customer awareness or increase revenues, and, even if they do, any increase in revenues may not offset the expenses we incur in building our brand. If we fail to successfully promote and maintain our brand, or incur substantial expenses, we may fail to attract or retain customers necessary to realize a sufficient return on our brand-building efforts or to achieve the widespread brand awareness that is critical for broad customer adoption of our platform.

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Furthermore, negative publicity (whether or not justified) relating to events or activities attributed to us, our employees, our partners or others associated with any of these parties, may tarnish our reputation and reduce the value of our brand. Damage to our reputation and loss of brand equity could reduce demand for our platform and have an adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. Moreover, any attempts to rebuild our reputation and restore the value of our brands may be costly and time consuming, and such efforts may not ultimately be successful.

We have experienced rapid growth and expect our growth to continue and if we fail to manage our growth effectively, we may be unable to execute our business plan, maintain high levels of service or adequately address competitive challenges.

We have experienced a rapid growth in our business, headcount and operations since inception. We have also significantly increased the size of our customer base. We anticipate that we will continue to expand our operations and headcount, including internationally. This growth has placed, and future growth will place, a significant strain on our management, administrative, operational and financial infrastructure. Our success will depend in part on our ability to manage this growth effectively. To manage the expected growth of our operations and personnel, we will need to continue to improve our operational, financial and management controls and our reporting systems and procedures. Failure to effectively manage growth could result in difficulty or delays in deploying customers, declines in quality or customer satisfaction, increases in costs, difficulties in introducing new features and/or other operational difficulties, any of which could adversely affect our business performance and results of operations.

We have a history of cumulative losses, and we do not expect to be profitable for the foreseeable future.

We have incurred significant losses in each period since our inception in 2006. We incurred net losses of $37.6 million, $46.2 million and $27.3 million in the fiscal years ended January 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.  We had an accumulated deficit of $160.5 million and $122.9 million at January 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Our losses and accumulated deficit reflect the substantial investments we made to acquire new customers and develop our platform. We expect our operating expenses to increase in the future due to anticipated increases in sales and marketing expenses, research and development expenses, operations costs and general and administrative costs, and, therefore, we expect our losses to continue for the foreseeable future. Furthermore, to the extent we are successful in increasing our customer base, we will also incur increased losses because costs associated with acquiring customers are generally incurred up front, while subscription revenues are generally recognized ratably over the terms of the agreements (typically three years, although some customers commit for shorter periods). You should not consider our recent growth in revenues as indicative of our future performance. Accordingly, we cannot assure you that we will achieve profitability in the future, or that, if we do become profitable, we will sustain profitability.

We do not have a long history with our subscription or pricing models and changes could adversely affect our operating results.

We have limited experience with respect to determining the optimal prices and contract length for our platform. As the markets for our software subscriptions grow, as new competitors introduce new products or services that compete with ours or as we enter into new international markets, we may be unable to attract new customers at the same price or based on the same pricing model as we have used historically. For example, customers may demand pricing models that include price adjustments that are correlated to the savings they realize using our products and services. While this is not and has not been our pricing model, we have discussed it with some customers in the past and may choose to implement it in the future. Moreover, regardless of pricing model used, large customers, which are the focus of our sales efforts, may demand higher price discounts than in the past. As a result, in the future we may be required to reduce our prices, offer shorter contract durations or offer alternative pricing models, which could adversely affect our revenues, gross margin, profitability, financial position and cash flow.

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Because we recognize subscription revenues over the term of the contract, fluctuations in new sales will not be immediately reflected in our operating results and may be difficult to discern.

We generally recognize subscription revenues from customers ratably over the terms of their contracts, which are typically three years, although some customers commit for shorter periods. As a result, most of the subscription revenues we report on each quarter are derived from the recognition of deferred revenue relating to subscriptions entered into during previous quarters. Consequently, a decline in new or renewed subscriptions in any single quarter would likely have only a small impact on our revenues for that quarter. However, such a decline would negatively affect our revenues in future quarters. Accordingly, the effect of significant downturns in sales and market acceptance of our platform, and potential changes in our pricing policies or rate of renewals, may not be fully apparent from our reported results of operations until future periods.

We may be unable to adjust our cost structure to reflect the changes in revenues. In addition, a significant majority of our costs are expensed as incurred, while subscription revenues are recognized over the life of the customer agreement. As a result, increased growth in the number of our customers could result in our recognition of more costs than revenues in the earlier periods of the terms of our agreements. Our subscription model also makes it difficult for us to rapidly increase our revenues through additional sales in any period, as revenues from new customers must be recognized over the applicable subscription term.

Professional services revenues are recognized as the services are performed or upon the completion of the project, depending on the type of professional services arrangement involved. Professional services engagements typically span from a few weeks to several months, which makes it somewhat difficult to predict the timing of revenue recognition for such services and the corresponding effects on our results of operations. Professional services revenues have and may continue to fluctuate significantly from period to period. In addition, because professional services expenses are recognized as the services are performed or upon completion of the project, professional services and total margins can significantly fluctuate from period to period.

Our quarterly results may fluctuate significantly and may not fully reflect the underlying performance of our business.

Our quarterly results of operations, as well as our key metrics discussed elsewhere in this annual report, including the levels of our revenues, gross margin, cash flow and deferred revenue, may vary significantly in the future and period-to-period comparisons of our operating results and key metrics may not be meaningful. Accordingly, the results of any one quarter should not be relied upon as an indication of future performance. Our quarterly financial results and metrics may fluctuate as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control, as a result they may not fully reflect the underlying performance of our business. These quarterly fluctuations may negatively affect the value of our common stock. Factors that may cause these fluctuations include, without limitation:

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The profitability of our customer relationships may fluctuate.

Our business model focuses on maximizing the lifetime value of our customer relationships and we need to make significant investments in order to add new customers to grow our customer base. The profitability of a customer relationship in any particular period depends in part on how long the customer has been a subscriber on our platform. In general, the upfront costs associated with new customers are higher in the first year than the aggregate revenues we recognize from those new customers in the first year.

We review the lifetime value and associated acquisition costs of our customers, as discussed further in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”. The lifetime value of our customers and customer acquisition costs has and will continue to fluctuate from one period to another depending upon the amount of our net new subscription revenues (which depends on the number of new customers in a period, upsells of additional modules to existing customers and changes in subscription fees charged to existing customers), gross margins (which depends on investments in and other changes to our cost of customer support and allocated overhead), sales and marketing expenses and renewal rates (which depend on our ability to maintain or grow subscription fees from customers). These amounts have fluctuated from quarter to quarter and will continue to fluctuate in the future. We may not experience lifetime value to customer acquisition cost ratios in future years or periods similar to those we have achieved to date. Other companies may calculate lifetime value and customer acquisition costs differently than our chosen method and, therefore, may not be directly comparable.

We depend on our senior management team and the loss of our chief executive officer or one or more key employees or an inability to attract and retain highly skilled employees could adversely affect our business.

Our success depends largely upon the continued services of our key executive officers. In particular, our chief executive officer, Robert Bernshteyn, is critical to our vision, strategic direction, culture and overall business success. We also rely on our leadership team in the areas of research and development, marketing, sales, services and general and administrative functions, and on mission-critical individual contributors in research and development. From time to time, there may be changes in our executive management team resulting from the hiring or departure of executives, which could disrupt our business. We do not maintain key-man insurance for Mr. Bernshteyn or any other member of our senior management team. We do not have employment agreements with our executive officers or other key personnel that require them to continue to work for us for any specified period and, therefore, they could terminate their employment with us at any time. The loss of one or more of our executive officers or key employees could have a serious adverse effect on our business.

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To execute our growth plan, we must attract and retain highly qualified personnel. Competition for these personnel is intense, especially for engineers with high levels of experience in designing and developing software for Internet-related services. We have, from time to time, experienced, and we expect to continue to experience, difficulty in hiring and retaining employees with appropriate qualifications. Many of the companies with which we compete for experienced personnel have greater resources than we have. If we hire employees from competitors or other companies, their former employers may attempt to assert that these employees or our company have breached their legal obligations, resulting in a diversion of our time and resources. In addition, job candidates and existing employees in the San Francisco Bay Area often consider the value of the stock awards they receive in connection with their employment. If the perceived value of our stock declines, it may adversely affect our ability to recruit and retain highly skilled employees. If we fail to attract new personnel or fail to retain and motivate our current personnel, our business and future growth prospects could be adversely affected.

If we are not able to provide successful and timely enhancements, new features and modifications for our platform and modules, we may lose existing customers or fail to attract new customers and our revenues and financial performance may suffer.

If we are unable to provide enhancements and new features for our existing modules or new modules that achieve market acceptance or to integrate technology, products and services that we acquire into our platform, our business could be adversely affected. The success of enhancements, new features and modules depends on several factors, including the timely completion, introduction and market acceptance of the enhancements or new features or modules. Failure in this regard may significantly impair the growth of our revenues. We have experienced, and may in the future experience, delays in the planned release dates of enhancements to our platform, and we have discovered, and may in the future discover, errors in new releases after their introduction. Either situation could result in adverse publicity, loss of sales, delay in market acceptance of our platform or customer claims, including, among other things, warranty claims against us, any of which could cause us to lose existing customers or affect our ability to attract new customers.

We rely heavily on Amazon Web Services to deliver our platform and modules to our customers, and any disruption in service from Amazon Web Services or material change to our arrangement with Amazon Web Services could adversely affect our business.

We rely heavily upon Amazon Web Services (AWS) to operate certain aspects of our platform and any disruption of or interference with our use of AWS could impair our ability to deliver our platform and modules to our customers, resulting in customer dissatisfaction, damage to our reputation, loss of customers and harm to our business. We have architected our software and computer systems to use data processing, storage capabilities and other services provided by AWS. Currently, our cloud service infrastructure is run on AWS. Given this, we cannot easily switch our AWS operations to another cloud provider, so any disruption of or interference with our use of AWS would adversely affect our operations and potentially our business.

AWS provides us with computing and storage capacity pursuant to an agreement that continues until terminated by either party. AWS may terminate the agreement without cause by providing 30 days’ prior written notice and may terminate the agreement for cause with 30 days’ prior written notice, including any material default or breach of the agreement by us that we do not cure within the 30 day period. Additionally, AWS has the right to terminate the agreement immediately with notice to us in certain scenarios such as if AWS believes providing the services could create a substantial economic or technical burden or material security risk for AWS, or in order to comply with the law or requests of governmental entities. The agreement requires AWS to provide us their standard computing and storage capacity and related support in exchange for timely payment by us. If any of our arrangements with AWS were terminated, we could experience interruptions in our software as well as delays and additional expenses in arranging new facilities and services.

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We utilize third-party data center hosting facilities operated by AWS, located in various facilities around the world. Our operations depend, in part, on AWS’s abilities to protect these facilities against damage or interruption due to a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, human or software errors, natural disasters, power or telecommunications failures, criminal acts, capacity constraints and similar events. For instance, in February 2017, AWS suffered a significant outage in the United States that had a widespread impact on the ability of certain of our customers to fully use our modules for a small period of time.  Despite precautions taken at these data centers, the occurrence of spikes in usage volume, a natural disaster, an act of terrorism, vandalism or sabotage, a decision to close a facility without adequate notice or other unanticipated problems at a facility could result in lengthy interruptions in the availability of our platform. Even with current and planned disaster recovery arrangements, our business could be harmed. Also, in the event of damage or interruption, our insurance policies may not adequately compensate us for any losses that we may incur. These factors in turn could further reduce our revenues, subject us to liability and cause us to issue credits or cause customers to fail to renew their subscriptions, any of which could harm our business.

Failure to adequately expand our direct sales force will impede our growth.

We will need to continue to expand and optimize our sales infrastructure in order to grow our customer base and our business. We plan to continue to expand our direct sales force, both domestically and internationally. Identifying and recruiting qualified personnel and training them in the use of our software requires significant time, expense and attention. It often takes six months or longer before our sales representatives are fully-trained and productive. Our business may be adversely affected if our efforts to expand and train our direct sales force do not generate a corresponding increase in revenues. In particular, if we are unable to hire, develop and retain talented sales personnel or if new direct sales personnel are unable to achieve desired productivity levels in a reasonable period of time, we may not be able to realize the expected benefits of this investment or increase our revenues.

Acquisitions could be difficult to identify, pose integration challenges, divert the attention of management, disrupt our business, dilute stockholder value, and adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

We have in the past acquired and may in the future seek to acquire or invest in businesses, products or technologies that we believe could complement or expand our platform, enhance our technical capabilities or otherwise offer growth opportunities. For example, in December 2016, we acquired substantially all of the assets of Spend360 International Limited (“Spend360”), a data analytics solution company. Acquisitions may also disrupt our business, divert our resources and require significant management attention that would otherwise be available for development of our existing business. 

In addition, we have limited experience in acquiring other businesses and we may not be able to integrate the acquired personnel, operations and technologies successfully, or effectively manage the combined business following the acquisition. We also may not achieve the anticipated benefits from the acquired business due to a number of factors, including:

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In addition, a significant portion of the purchase price of companies we acquire may be allocated to acquired goodwill and other intangible assets, which must be assessed for impairment at least annually. In the future, if our acquisitions do not yield expected returns, we may be required to take charges to our operating results based on this impairment assessment process, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

Acquisitions could also result in dilutive issuances of equity securities or the incurrence of debt, which could adversely affect our operating results. In addition, if an acquired business fails to meet our expectations, our operating results, business and financial position may suffer.

Privacy concerns and laws or other domestic or foreign regulations may reduce the effectiveness of our platform and adversely affect our business.

Our customers can use our platform to collect, use and store certain types of personal or identifying information regarding their employees and suppliers. Federal, state and foreign government bodies and agencies have adopted, are considering adopting or may adopt laws and regulations regarding the collection, use, storage and disclosure of personal information obtained from consumers and individuals, such as compliance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, or HIPAA, and the recently created EU-U.S. Privacy Shield. The costs of compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, such laws and regulations that are applicable to the businesses of our customers may limit the use and adoption of our platform and reduce overall demand or lead to significant fines, penalties or liabilities for any noncompliance with such privacy laws. Furthermore, privacy concerns may cause our customers’ employees to resist providing the personal data necessary to allow our customers to use our platform effectively. Even the perception of privacy concerns, whether or not valid, may inhibit market adoption of our platform in certain industries.

All of these domestic and international legislative and regulatory initiatives may adversely affect our customers’ ability to process, handle, store, use and transmit demographic and personal information from their employees, customers and suppliers, which could reduce demand for our platform. The European Union, or EU, and many countries in Europe have stringent privacy laws and regulations, which may affect our ability to operate cost effectively in certain European countries. In particular, the EU has adopted the General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, which is scheduled to go into effect in early 2018 and contains numerous requirements and changes, including more robust obligations on data processors and heavier documentation requirements for data protection compliance programs by companies. Complying with the GDPR may cause us to incur substantial operational costs or require us to change our business practices. Despite our efforts to bring practices into compliance before the effective date of the GDPR, we may not be successful either due to internal or external factors such as resource allocation limitations or a lack of vendor cooperation. Non-compliance could result in proceedings against us by governmental entities or others. We may also experience difficulty retaining or obtaining new European or multi-national customers due to the compliance cost, potential risk exposure, and uncertainty for these entities. We may find it necessary to establish systems to maintain personal data originating from the EU in the European Economic Area, which may involve substantial expense and distraction from other aspects of our business. In the meantime, there could be uncertainty as to how to comply with EU privacy law.

The loss of one or more of our key customers could negatively affect our ability to market our platform.

We rely on our reputation and recommendations from key customers in order to promote subscriptions to our platform. The loss of any of our key customers could have a significant impact on our revenues, reputation and our ability to obtain new customers. In addition, acquisitions of our customers could lead to cancellation of our contracts with those customers or by the acquiring companies, thereby reducing the number of our existing and potential customers.

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Our business could be adversely affected if our customers are not satisfied with the implementation services provided by us or our partners.

Our business depends on our ability to satisfy our customers, both with respect to our platform and modules and the professional services that are performed to help our customers use features and functions that address their business needs. Professional services may be performed by our own staff, by a third-party partner or by a combination of the two. Our strategy is to work with partners to increase the breadth of capability and depth of capacity for delivery of these services to our customers, and we expect the number of our partner-led implementations to continue to increase over time. If a customer is not satisfied with the quality of work performed by us or a partner or with the type of professional services or modules delivered, we may incur additional costs to in addressing the situation, the profitability of that work might be impaired and the customer’s dissatisfaction with our services could damage our ability to expand the number of modules subscribed to by that customer. In addition, negative publicity related to our customer relationships, regardless of its accuracy, may further damage our business by affecting our ability to compete for new business with current and prospective customers.

We typically provide service level commitments under our customer contracts. If we fail to meet these contractual commitments, we could be obligated to provide credits or refunds for prepaid amounts related to unused subscription services or face contract terminations, which could adversely affect our revenues.

Our customer agreements typically provide service level commitments on a monthly basis. If we are unable to meet the stated service level commitments or suffer extended periods of unavailability for our platform, we may be contractually obligated to provide these customers with service credits, typically 10% of the customer’s subscription fees for the month in which the service level was not met, and we could face contract terminations, in which case we would be subject to refunds for prepaid amounts related to unused subscription services. Our revenues could be significantly affected if we suffer unexcused downtime under our agreements with our customers. Any extended service outages could adversely affect our reputation, revenues and operating results.

If we fail to integrate our platform with a variety of third-party technologies, our platform may become less marketable and less competitive or obsolete and our operating results may be harmed.

Our platform must integrate with a variety of third-party technologies, and we need to continuously modify and enhance our platform to adapt to changes in cloud-enabled hardware, software, networking, browser and database technologies. Any failure of our platform to operate effectively with future technologies could reduce the demand for our platform, resulting in customer dissatisfaction and harm to our business. If we are unable to respond to these changes in a cost-effective manner, our platform may become less marketable and less competitive or obsolete and our operating results may be negatively affected. In addition, an increasing number of individuals within the enterprise are utilizing mobile devices to access the Internet and corporate resources and to conduct business. If we cannot continue to effectively make our platform available on these mobile devices and offer the information, services and functionality required by enterprises that widely use mobile devices, we may experience difficulty attracting and retaining customers.

Any failure to offer high-quality technical support services may adversely affect our relationships with our customers and our financial results.

Once our modules are implemented, our customers depend on our support organization to resolve technical issues relating to our modules. We may be unable to respond quickly enough to accommodate short-term increases in customer demand for support services. We also may be unable to modify the format of our support services to compete with changes in support services provided by our competitors. Increased customer demand for these services, without corresponding revenues, could increase costs and adversely affect our operating results. In addition, our sales process is highly dependent on our platform and business reputation and on positive recommendations from our existing customers. Any failure to maintain high-quality technical support, or a market perception that we do not maintain high-quality support, could adversely affect our reputation, our ability to sell subscriptions to our modules to existing and prospective customers and our business, operating results and financial position.

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Sales to customers outside the United States or with international operations expose us to risks inherent in international sales.

A key element of our growth strategy is to expand our international operations and develop a worldwide customer base. The combined revenues from non-U.S. regions, as determined based on the billing address of our customers, constituted 32%, 28% and 25% of our total revenues for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Operating in international markets requires significant resources and management attention and will subject us to regulatory, economic and political risks that are different from those in the United States. Because of our limited experience with international operations, our international expansion efforts may not be successful in creating additional demand for our platform outside of the United States or in effectively selling subscriptions to our platform in all of the international markets we enter. In addition, we will face risks in doing business internationally that could adversely affect our business, including:

As we continue to expand our business globally, our success will depend, in large part, on our ability to anticipate and effectively manage these and other risks associated with our international sales and operations. Our failure to manage any of these risks successfully, or to comply with these laws and regulations, could harm our operations, reduce our sales and harm our business, operating results and financial condition. For example, in certain foreign countries, particularly those with developing economies, certain business practices that are prohibited by laws and regulations applicable to us, such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, may be more commonplace. Although we have policies and procedures designed to ensure compliance with these laws and regulations, our employees, contractors and agents, as well as channel partners involved in our international sales, may take actions in violation of our policies. Any such violation could have an adverse effect on our business and reputation.

Some of our business partners also have international operations and are subject to the risks described above. Even if we are able to successfully manage the risks of international operations, our business may be adversely affected if our business partners are not able to successfully manage these risks.

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If we are unable to implement and maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting in the future, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our common stock may be negatively affected.

As a public company, we are required to maintain internal controls over financial reporting and to report any material weaknesses in such internal controls. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the Sarbanes-Oxley Act) requires that we evaluate and determine the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting and, beginning with our second annual report, provide a management report on the internal controls over financial reporting, which must be attested to by our independent registered public accounting firm to the extent we are no longer an “emerging growth company,” as defined by The Jumpstart Our Businesses Act of 2012 (the JOBS Act). If we have a material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting, we may not detect errors on a timely basis and our financial statements may be materially misstated. We are in the process of designing and implementing the internal controls over financial reporting required to comply with this obligation, which process will be time consuming, costly and complicated. We may not be able to complete our evaluation, testing, and any required remediation in a timely fashion.

If we identify material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting, if we are unable to comply with the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner, if we are unable to assert that our internal controls over financial reporting are effective or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our common stock could be negatively affected, and we could become subject to investigations by the SEC, stock exchange or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources to address.

We may face exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

As our international operations expand, our exposure to the effects of fluctuations in currency exchange rates grows because our international contracts are sometimes denominated in local currencies, in particular with respect to the Euro, British Pound Sterling and Australian Dollar. Over time, an increasing portion of our international contracts may be denominated in local currencies. Therefore, as exchange rates vary, revenue, cost of revenue, operating expenses and other operating results, when re-measured, may differ materially from expectations. We do not currently engage in currency hedging activities to limit the risk of exchange rate fluctuations. However, in the future, we may use derivative instruments, such as foreign currency forward and option contracts, to hedge certain exposures to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. The use of such hedging activities may not offset any or more than a portion of the adverse financial effects of unfavorable movements in foreign exchange rates over the limited time the hedges are in place. Additionally, the use of hedging instruments may introduce additional risks if we are unable to structure effective hedges with such instruments. Moreover, we anticipate growing our business further outside of the United States, and the effects of movements in currency exchange rates will increase as our transaction volume outside of the United States increases.

If we cannot continue to expand the use of our platform beyond our initial focus on our procurement and invoicing modules, our ability to grow our business may be harmed and the growth rate of our revenues may decline.

To date, most of our sales have involved our procurement and invoicing modules, which are the most mature modules on our platform. Any factor adversely affecting sales of these modules, including software release cycles, market acceptance, product competition, performance and reliability, reputation, price competition and economic and market conditions, could adversely affect our business and operating results. Furthermore, our ability to grow our business depends in part on our ability to compete in the market for the other modules on our platform, including expense reporting, sourcing, inventory, contracts, analytics, supplier management and storefront.  Our efforts to market these other modules is relatively new, and it is uncertain whether these other modules will ever result in significant revenues for us. Further, the introduction of new modules beyond these markets may not be successful.

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Large customers often demand more configuration and integration services, or customized features and functions that we do not offer, which could adversely affect our business and operating results.

Large customers may demand more configuration and integration services, which increase our upfront investment in sales and deployment efforts, with no guarantee that these customers will increase the scope of their subscription. As a result of these factors, we must devote a significant amount of sales support and professional services resources to individual customers, increasing the cost and time required to complete sales. Additionally, our platform does not currently permit customers to modify our code. If prospective customers require customized features or functions that we do not offer and that would be difficult for them to deploy themselves, then the market for our platform will be more limited and our business could suffer.

If our platform fails to perform properly, our reputation could be adversely affected, our market share could decline and we could be subject to liability claims.

Our platform is inherently complex and may contain material defects or errors. Any defects in functionality or that cause interruptions in the availability of our platform could result in:

The costs incurred in correcting any material defects or errors might be substantial and could adversely affect our operating results.

Because of the large amount of data that we collect and manage, it is possible that hardware failures or errors in our systems could result in data loss or corruption or cause the information that we collect to be incomplete or contain inaccuracies that our customers regard as significant. Furthermore, the availability or performance of our platform could be adversely affected by a number of factors, including customers’ inability to access the Internet, failure of our network or software systems, security breaches or variability in user traffic for our platform. We may be required to issue credits or refunds for prepaid amounts related to unused services or otherwise be liable to our customers for damages they incur resulting from certain of these events. For example, our customers access our modules through their Internet service providers. If a service provider fails to provide sufficient capacity to support our modules or otherwise experiences service outages, such failure could interrupt our customers’ access to our modules and adversely affect their perception of our modules’ reliability. In addition to potential liability, if we experience interruptions in the availability of our platform, our reputation could be adversely affected and we could lose customers.

Our errors and omissions insurance may be inadequate or may not be available in the future on acceptable terms, or at all. In addition, our policy may not cover all claims made against us and defending a suit, regardless of its merit, could be costly and divert management’s attention.

If we fail to manage our technical operations infrastructure, our existing customers may experience service outages and our new customers may experience delays in the implementation of our platform.

We have experienced significant growth in the number of users, transactions and data that our operations infrastructure supports. We seek to maintain sufficient excess capacity in our operations infrastructure to meet the needs of all of our customers, as well as to facilitate the rapid provision of new customer implementations and the expansion of existing customer implementations. In addition, we need to properly manage our technological operations infrastructure in order to support version control, changes in hardware and software parameters and the evolution of our platform. However, the provision of new hosting infrastructure requires significant lead time. We have experienced, and may in the future experience, website disruptions, outages and other performance problems.

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These problems may be caused by a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, human or software errors, viruses, security attacks, fraud, spikes in customer usage and denial of service issues. In some instances, we may not be able to identify the cause or causes of these performance problems within an acceptable period of time. If we do not accurately predict our infrastructure requirements, our customers may experience service outages that may subject us to financial penalties, financial liabilities and customer losses. If our operations infrastructure fails to keep pace with increased sales, customers may experience delays as we seek to obtain additional capacity, which could adversely affect our revenue as well as our reputation.

We have incurred and will continue to incur significantly increased costs and devote substantial management time as a result of operating as a public company.

As a public company, we have incurred and will continue to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. For example, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and are required to comply with the applicable requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, as well as rules and regulations subsequently implemented by the SEC and the Nasdaq Global Select Market, including the establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and changes in corporate governance practices. Compliance with these requirements has increased our legal and financial compliance costs and made some activities more time consuming and costly. In addition, our management and other personnel need to divert attention from operational and other business matters to devote substantial time to these public company requirements. In particular, we are incurring significant expenses and devoting substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which will increase when we are no longer an emerging growth company, as defined by the JOBS Act. We have hired and may need to continue to hire additional accounting and financial staff with appropriate public company experience and technical accounting knowledge and maintain an internal audit function. We cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs we may incur as a result of becoming a public company or the timing of such costs.

Our growth depends in part on the success of our strategic relationships with third parties.

We have established strategic relationships with a number of other companies. In order to grow our business, we anticipate that we will continue to establish and maintain relationships with third parties, such as implementation partners, system integrator partners and technology providers. Identifying partners, and negotiating and documenting relationships with them, requires significant time and resources. Our competitors may be effective in providing incentives to third parties to favor their products or services or to prevent or reduce subscriptions to our services. In addition, acquisitions of our partners by our competitors could result in a decrease in the number of our current and potential customers, as our partners may no longer facilitate the adoption of our platform by potential customers.

If we are unsuccessful in establishing or maintaining our relationships with third parties, our ability to compete in the marketplace or to grow our revenues could be impaired and our operating results could suffer. Even if we are successful in our strategic relationships, we cannot assure you that these relationships will result in increased customer usage of our platform or increased revenues.

Weakened global economic conditions may harm our industry, business and results of operations.

Our overall performance depends in part on worldwide economic conditions. Global financial developments and downturns seemingly unrelated to us or the enterprise software industry may harm us. The United States and other key international economies have been affected by falling demand for a variety of goods and services, restricted credit, poor liquidity, reduced corporate profitability, volatility in credit, equity and foreign exchange markets, bankruptcies, and overall uncertainty with respect to the economy. In particular, the economies of countries in Europe have been experiencing weakness associated with high sovereign debt levels, weakness in the banking sector and uncertainty over the future of the Euro zone, including instability surrounding “Brexit,” the United Kingdom’s decision to exit the European Union. We have operations, as well as current and potential new customers, throughout most of Europe. If economic conditions in Europe and other key markets for our platform continue to remain uncertain or deteriorate further, many customers may delay or reduce their information technology spending.

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The growth of our revenues and potential profitability of our business depends on demand for platform and modules generally, and spend management specifically. In addition, our revenues are dependent on the number of users of our modules. Historically, during economic downturns there have been reductions in spending on enterprise software as well as pressure for extended billing terms or pricing discounts, which would limit our ability to grow our business and negatively affect our operating results. These conditions affect the rate of enterprise software spending and could adversely affect our customers’ ability or willingness to subscribe to our platform, delay prospective customers’ purchasing decisions, reduce the value or duration of their subscriptions or affect renewal rates, all of which could harm our operating results.

Any failure to protect our intellectual property rights could impair our ability to protect our proprietary technology and our brand.

Our success and ability to compete depend in part upon our intellectual property. We primarily rely on copyright, patent, trade secret and trademark laws, trade secret protection and confidentiality or contractual agreements with our employees, customers, partners and others to protect our intellectual property rights. However, the steps we take to protect our intellectual property rights may be inadequate.

In order to protect our intellectual property rights, we may be required to expend significant resources to monitor and protect such rights. Litigation brought to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights could be costly, time-consuming and distracting to management and could result in the impairment or loss of portions of our intellectual property. Furthermore, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights may be met with defenses, counterclaims and countersuits attacking the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights. Our failure to secure, protect and enforce our intellectual property rights could seriously adversely affect our brand and our business.

We may be sued by third parties for alleged infringement of their proprietary rights.

There has been considerable activity in our industry to develop and enforce intellectual property rights. Our success depends upon our not infringing upon the intellectual property rights of others. Our competitors, as well as a number of other entities and individuals, may own or claim to own intellectual property relating to our industry. In the past third parties have claimed and in the future third parties may claim that we are infringing upon their intellectual property rights, and we may be found to be infringing upon such rights. For example, between March 2012 and August 2014 and between May 2014 and September 2015, we and Ariba, Inc. were involved in patent and trade secret litigation cases, each of which eventually resulted in a settlement agreement that requires us to maintain certain ongoing compliance measures that if challenged, could be costly, time-consuming and divert the attention of our management and key personnel from our business operations.

In the future, others may claim that our platform and underlying technology infringe or violate their intellectual property rights, and we may be found to be infringing upon such rights. We may be unaware of the intellectual property rights that others may claim cover some or all of our technology or services. Any claims or litigation could cause us to incur significant expenses and, if successfully asserted against us, could require that we pay substantial damages or ongoing royalty payments, prevent us from offering our services or require that we comply with other unfavorable terms. We may also be obligated to indemnify our customers and business partners or to pay substantial settlement costs, including royalty payments, in connection with any such claim or litigation and to obtain licenses, modify our platform or refund fees, which could be costly. Even if we were to prevail in such a dispute, any litigation regarding our intellectual property could be costly and time-consuming and divert the attention of our management and key personnel from our business operations.

Our platform utilizes open source software, and any failure to comply with the terms of one or more of these open source licenses could negatively affect our business.

Our platform utilizes software governed by open source licenses, including for example the MIT License and the Apache License. The terms of various open source licenses have not been interpreted by United States courts, and there is a risk that such licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to market our platform. By the terms of certain open source licenses, if we combine our proprietary software with open source software in a certain manner, we could be required to release the source code

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of our proprietary software and make it available under open source licenses. In the event that portions of our proprietary software are determined to be subject to an open source license, we could be required to publicly release the affected portions of our source code, or to re-engineer all or a portion of our technologies or otherwise be limited in the licensing of our technologies, each of which could reduce or eliminate the value of our technologies and services. In addition to risks related to license requirements, the use of open source software can lead to greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or controls on the origin of the software. Many of the risks associated with the use of open source software cannot be eliminated and could negatively affect our business.

We employ third-party licensed software for use in or with our platform, and the inability to maintain these licenses or errors in the software we license could result in increased costs, or reduced service levels, which could adversely affect our business.

Our platform incorporates certain third-party software obtained under licenses from other companies. We anticipate that we will continue to rely on such third-party software and development tools from third parties in the future. Although we believe that there are commercially reasonable alternatives to the third-party software we currently license, this may not always be the case, or it may be difficult or costly to replace. In addition, integration of the software used in our platform with new third-party software may require significant work and require substantial investment of our time and resources. Also, to the extent that our platform depends upon the successful operation of third-party software in conjunction with our software, any undetected errors or defects in this third-party software could prevent the deployment or impair the functionality of our platform, delay new module introductions, result in a failure of our modules and injure our reputation. Our use of additional or alternative third-party software would require us to enter into license agreements with third parties.

If we cannot maintain our company culture as we grow, we could lose the innovation, teamwork, passion and focus on execution that we believe contribute to our success and our business may be harmed.

We believe that a critical component of our success has been our company culture, which is based on our core values of ensuring customer success, focusing on results and striving for excellence. We have invested substantial time and resources in building our team within this company culture. As we grow and develop the infrastructure of a public company, we may find it difficult to maintain these important aspects of our company culture. If we fail to preserve our culture, our ability to retain and recruit personnel and to effectively focus on and pursue our corporate objectives could be compromised, potentially harming our business.

We may not be able to secure additional financing on favorable terms, or at all, to meet our future capital needs.

We have funded our operations since inception primarily through equity financings and prepayments by customers. We do not know when or if our operations will generate sufficient cash to fund our ongoing operations. In the future, we may require additional capital to respond to business opportunities, challenges, acquisitions, a decline in the level of customer prepayments or unforeseen circumstances and may determine to engage in equity or debt financings or enter into credit facilities for other reasons, and we may not be able to timely secure additional debt or equity financing on favorable terms, or at all. Any debt financing obtained by us in the future could involve restrictive covenants relating to our capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions. If we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity, convertible debt securities or other securities convertible into equity, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution in their percentage ownership of our company, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us when we require it, our ability to continue to grow or support our business and to respond to business challenges could be significantly limited.

Our customers may fail to pay us in accordance with the terms of their agreements, necessitating action by us to compel payment.

We typically enter into multiple year, non-cancelable arrangements with our customers. If customers fail to pay us under the terms of our agreements, we may be adversely affected both from the inability to collect amounts

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due and the cost of enforcing the terms of our contracts, including litigation. The risk of such negative effects increases with the term length of our customer arrangements. Furthermore, some of our customers may seek bankruptcy protection or other similar relief and fail to pay amounts due to us, or pay those amounts more slowly, either of which could adversely affect our operating results, financial position and cash flow.

Contractual disputes with our customers could be costly, time-consuming and harm our reputation.

Our business is contract intensive and we are party to contracts with our customers all over the world. Our contracts can contain a variety of terms, including service levels, security obligations, indemnification and regulatory requirements. Contract terms may not always be standardized across our customers and can be subject to differing interpretations, which could result in disputes with our customers from time to time. If our customers notify us of a contract breach or otherwise dispute our contract, the resolution of such disputes in a manner adverse to our interests could negatively affect our operating results.

Pursuant to agreements with certain of our customers, we have placed, and in the future may be required to place in escrow the source code of some of our modules. Under these escrow arrangements, the source code pertaining to the modules may, in specified circumstances, be made available to our customers. This factor may increase the likelihood of misappropriation or other misuse of our modules.

Our business is subject to the risks of earthquakes, fire, floods and other natural catastrophic events, and to interruption by man-made problems such as power disruptions, computer viruses, data security breaches or terrorism.

Our corporate headquarters are located in the San Francisco Bay Area, a region known for seismic activity. A significant natural disaster, such as an earthquake, fire or flood, occurring at our headquarters, at one of our other facilities or where a business partner is located could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Further, if a natural disaster or man-made problem were to affect Internet service providers, this could adversely affect the ability of our customers to use our products and platform. Although we maintain incident management and disaster response plans, in the event of a major disruption caused by a natural disaster or man-made problem, we may be unable to continue our operations and may endure system interruptions, reputational harm, delays in our development activities, lengthy interruptions in service, breaches of data security and loss of critical data, any of which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We are an emerging growth company and we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are an emerging growth company. Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards and therefore we will be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies.”

For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we will continue take advantage, or intend to take advantage of, certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies including, but not limited to, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we will rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.

We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (i) the end of the fiscal year in which the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of July 31, (ii) the end of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenues of $1 billion or more during such fiscal year, (iii) the

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date on which we issue more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt in a three-year period or (iv) the end of the fiscal year that is five years from the date of our final prospectus filed with the SEC on October 5, 2016.

We may not be able to utilize a significant portion of our net operating loss or research tax credit carryforwards, which could adversely affect our potential profitability.

We have federal and state net operating loss carryforwards due to prior period losses, which if not utilized will begin to expire in 2026 and 2029 for federal and state purposes, respectively. These net operating loss carryforwards could expire unused and be unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities, which could adversely affect our potential profitability.

In addition, under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), our ability to utilize net operating loss carryforwards or other tax attributes, such as research tax credits, in any taxable year may be limited if we experience an “ownership change.” Such an “ownership change” generally occurs if one or more stockholders or groups of stockholders who own at least 5% of our stock increase their ownership by more than 50 percentage points over their lowest ownership percentage within a rolling three-year period. Similar rules may apply under state tax laws. As of our initial public offering we have not had an ownership change that has triggered any material limitation on the use of our tax attributes for purposes of Section 382 of the Code. Future changes in our stock ownership, however, could cause an “ownership change.” It is possible that an ownership change, or any future ownership change, could have a material effect on the use of our net operating loss carryforwards or other tax attributes, which could adversely affect our potential profitability.

Changes in laws and regulations related to the Internet could increase the costs of our services and adversely affect our business.

Federal, state or foreign government bodies or agencies have in the past adopted, and may in the future adopt, laws or regulations affecting the use of the Internet as a commercial medium. Changes in these laws or regulations could require changes in our business in order to comply with these changes. In particular, the application of federal, state, local and international tax laws to services provided electronically is evolving. New income, sales, use or other tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations or ordinances could be enacted at any time (possibly with retroactive effect) and could be applied solely or disproportionately to services provided over the Internet. These enactments could adversely affect our sales activity due to the inherent cost increase the taxes would represent and ultimately result in a negative impact on our operating results and cash flows.

In addition, existing tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations or ordinances could be interpreted, changed, modified or applied adversely to us (possibly with retroactive effect), which could require us or our customers to pay additional tax amounts, as well as fines or penalties and interest for past amounts. If we are unsuccessful in collecting such taxes from our customers, we could be held liable for such costs, thereby adversely affecting our operating results and cash flows.

Our reported financial results may be adversely affected by changes in accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.

Generally accepted accounting principles in the United States are subject to interpretation by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), the SEC and various bodies formed to promulgate and interpret appropriate accounting principles. A change in these principles or interpretations could have a significant effect on our reported financial results for periods prior and subsequent to such change. For example, recent new standards issued by the FASB that could materially impact our financial statements include revenue from contracts with customers, certain improvements to employee share-based payment accounting and accounting for leases. We may adopt one or more of these standards retrospectively to prior periods and the adoption may result in an adverse change to previously reported results. Additionally, the adoption of these standards may potentially require enhancements or changes in our systems and will require significant time and cost on behalf of our financial management. The prescribed periods of adoption of these standards and other pending changes in accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, are further discussed in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Recent Accounting Pronouncements.”

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Our estimates of market opportunity and forecasts of market growth may prove to be inaccurate, and even if the market in which we compete achieves the forecasted growth, our business could fail to grow at similar rates.

Market opportunity estimates and growth forecasts are subject to significant uncertainty and are based on assumptions and estimates that may not prove to be accurate. Our estimates and forecasts relating to the size and expected growth of our market may prove to be inaccurate. Even if the market in which we compete meets our size estimates and forecasted growth, our business could fail to grow at similar rates.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

Our stock price has been subject to fluctuations, and will likely continue to be subject to fluctuations and decline, due to factors beyond our control and you may lose all or part of your investment.

The market price of our common stock is subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. Since shares of our common stock were sold in our initial public offering in October 2016 at a price of $18.00 per share, the reported high and low sales prices of our common stock has ranged from $22.50 to $41.61 through March 31, 2017.  The market price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control, including:

In addition, the stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many technology companies. Stock prices of many technology companies have fluctuated in a manner unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. In the past, stockholders have filed securities class action litigation following periods of market volatility. If we were to become involved in securities litigation, it could subject us to substantial costs, divert resources and the attention of management from our business and adversely affect our business.

Substantial blocks of our total outstanding shares may be sold into the market in the very near future when our “lock-up” or “market standoff” periods end. If there are substantial sales of shares of our common stock, the price of our common stock could decline.

The price of our common stock could decline if there are substantial sales of our common stock, particularly sales by our directors, executive officers, and significant stockholders, when a large number of shares of our common stock become available for sale beginning on April 4, 2017. We had a total of 50,251,541 shares of our common stock outstanding as of January 31, 2017. All of the shares of common stock sold in our initial public offering are freely tradeable in the United States, except for any shares purchased by our “affiliates” as defined in

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Rule 144 under the Securities Act of 1933. Substantially all of the shares of common stock outstanding prior to our initial public offering are currently restricted from resale as a result of market standoff and “lock-up” agreements that have been entered into with Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC in connection with our initial public offering.  These shares will become available to be sold beginning on April 4, 2017. Shares held by directors, executive officers and other affiliates will be subject to volume limitations under Rule 144 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and various vesting agreements.

Certain of our stockholders have rights, subject to some conditions, to require us to file registration statements covering their shares to include their shares in registration statements that we may file for ourselves or our stockholders, subject to market standoff and lockup agreements. The market price of the shares of our common stock could decline as a result of the sale of a substantial number of our shares of common stock in the public market or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares intend to sell their shares.

In addition, we have filed a registration statement to register shares reserved for future issuance under our equity compensation plans. Subject to the satisfaction of applicable exercise periods and expiration of the market standoff agreements and lock-up agreements referred to above, the shares issued upon exercise of outstanding stock options or settlement of outstanding restricted stock units will be available for immediate resale in the United States in the open market.

If securities or industry analysts do not continue to publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If industry analysts cease coverage of us, the trading price for our common stock will be negatively affected. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our common stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our common stock price will likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our common stock could decrease, which might cause our common stock price and trading volume to decline.

In addition, independent industry analysts, such as Gartner and Forrester, often provide reviews of our products and platform capabilities, as well as those of our competitors, and perception of our offerings in the marketplace may be significantly influenced by these reviews. We have no control over what these industry analysts report, and because industry analysts may influence current and potential customers, our brand could be harmed if they do not provide a positive review of our products and platform capabilities or view us as a market leader.

We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future.

We have never declared nor paid cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings to finance the operation and expansion of our business, and we do not expect to declare or pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. Consequently, stockholders must rely on sales of their common stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on their investment.

The concentration of our stock ownership will likely limit your ability to influence corporate matters, including the ability to influence the outcome of director elections and other matters requiring stockholder approval.

Based upon shares outstanding as of January 31, 2017, our executive officers, directors and the holders of more than 5% of our outstanding common stock, in the aggregate, own approximately 60% of our common stock, assuming no exercise of outstanding options. As a result, these stockholders, acting together, will have significant influence over all matters that require approval by our stockholders, including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions. Corporate actions might be taken even if other stockholders oppose them. This concentration of ownership might also have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control of our company that other stockholders may view as beneficial.

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Delaware law and provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation (“Restated Certificate”) and amended and restated bylaws (“Bylaws”) could make a merger, tender offer or proxy contest difficult, thereby depressing the trading price of our common stock.

Our status as a Delaware corporation and the anti-takeover provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control by prohibiting us from engaging in a business combination with an interested stockholder for a period of three years after the person becomes an interested stockholder, even if a change of control would be beneficial to our existing stockholders. In addition, our Restated Certificate and Restated Bylaws contain provisions that may make the acquisition of our company more difficult, including the following:

In addition, as a Delaware corporation, we are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law. These provisions may prohibit large stockholders, in particular those owning 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock, from merging or combining with us for a certain period of time.

A Delaware corporation may opt out of this provision by express provision in its original certificate of incorporation or by amendment to its certificate of incorporation or bylaws approved by its stockholders. However, we have not opted out of this provision.

These and other provisions in our Restated Certificate, Restated Bylaws and in Delaware law could make it more difficult for stockholders or potential acquirers to obtain control of our board of directors or initiate actions that are opposed by our then-current board of directors, including to delay or impede a merger, tender offer, or proxy contest involving our company. The existence of these provisions could negatively affect the price of our common stock and limit opportunities for you to realize value in a corporate transaction.

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Our Restated Certificate provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.

Our Restated Certificate provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, any action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty, any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to the Delaware General Corporation Law, our Restated Certificate or our Restated Bylaws or any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine. This choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees and may discourage these types of lawsuits. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we might incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

None.

Item 2. Properties.

We lease approximately 48,000 square feet of space for our corporate headquarters in San Mateo, California pursuant to a master lease that expires in April 2019 and a sublease which is currently being negotiated into a direct lease.

We have additional domestic offices in Chicago, New York and San Diego. We also have international offices in Australia, Canada, Germany, France, Italy, Mexico, the Netherlands, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. We also lease offices for our support operations in Reno, Nevada; Dublin, Ireland; and Pune, India. We may further expand our facilities capacity as our employee base grows. We believe that we will be able to obtain additional space on commercially reasonable terms.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

From time to time we may become involved in legal proceedings or be subject to claims arising in the ordinary course of business. As our growth continues, we may become party to an increasing number of litigation matters and claims. Although the results of litigation and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, we currently believe that the final outcome of these ordinary course matters will not have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition or cash flows. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Market Information for Common Stock

Our common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “COUP” since October 6, 2016.  Prior to that date, there was no public trading market for our common stock.

The following table sets forth for the indicated periods the high and low sales prices of our common stock as reported by the Nasdaq Global Select Market.

Holders

As of January 31, 2017 there were 351 registered stockholders of record of our common stock and we believe a substantially greater number of beneficial owners who hold shares through brokers, banks or other nominees.

Dividends

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock, and we do not currently intend to pay any cash dividends on our capital stock in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to support operations and to finance the growth and development of our business. Any future determination to pay dividends will be made at the discretion of our board of directors subject to applicable laws and will depend upon, among other factors, our results of operations, financial condition, contractual restrictions and capital requirements. Our future ability to pay cash dividends on our capital stock may also be limited by the terms of any future debt or preferred securities or future credit facility.

Use of Proceeds

In October 2016, we closed our initial public offering, in which we sold 8,510,000 shares of common stock at a price to the public of $18.00 per share, including shares sold in connection with the exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares. The offer and sale of all of the shares in the IPO were registered under the Securities Act pursuant to a registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-211634), which was declared effective by the SEC on October 5, 2016.

The remainder of the information required by this item regarding the use of our IPO proceeds has been omitted pursuant to SEC rules because such information has not changed since our last periodic report was filed.

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities

On December 30, 2016, we issued 150,545 shares of our common stock in connection with the acquisition of substantially all the assets of Spend360 International Limited. This transaction was exempt from registration under the Securities Act pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and Regulation S.

On November 1, 2016, we issued and sold an aggregate of 36,971 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $1.35 per share for a total of $50,000 upon the exercise of warrants to purchase shares of our common stock. The shares of common stock were issued pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act.

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Performance Graph

The following shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or incorporated by reference into any of our other filings under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

The graph below compares the cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock with the cumulative total return on the Nasdaq Composite Index and the Nasdaq Computer Index. The graph assumes $100 was invested at the market close on October 6, 2016, which was our initial trading day, in our common stock. Data for the Nasdaq Composite Index and the Nasdaq Computer Index assume reinvestment of dividends. Our offering price of our common stock in our IPO, which had a closing stock price of $33.28 on October 6, 2016, was $18.00 per share.

The comparisons in the graph below are based upon historical data and are not indicative of, nor intended to forecast, future performance of our common stock.

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Item 6. Selected Financial Data.

The following selected consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the consolidated financial statements and related notes included within this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The consolidated statements of operations data for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, and the consolidated balance sheet data as of January 31, 2017 and 2016 are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The consolidated balance sheet data as of January 31, 2015 are derived from audited consolidated financial statements which are not included in this Form 10-K. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of our future results. The selected consolidated financial data in this section are not intended to replace our consolidated financial statements and the related notes, and are qualified in their entirety by the consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Non‑GAAP Financial Measures

In addition to our results determined in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, we believe the following non‑GAAP measures are useful in evaluating our operating performance. We regularly review the measures set forth below as we evaluate our business.

We define non‑GAAP operating loss as operating loss before stock‑based compensation, litigation‑related costs and amortization of acquired intangible assets. We define non‑GAAP net loss as net loss and comprehensive loss before stock‑based compensation, litigation‑related costs and amortization of acquired intangible assets and related tax effects.

We believe non‑GAAP operating loss and non-GAAP net loss provide investors and other users of our financial information consistency and comparability with our past financial performance and facilitate period to period comparisons of operations. We believe non‑GAAP operating loss and non-GAAP net loss are useful in evaluating our operating performance compared to that of other companies in our industry, as these metrics generally eliminate the effects of certain items that may vary for different companies for reasons unrelated to overall operating performance.

We use non‑GAAP operating loss and non-GAAP net loss in conjunction with traditional GAAP measures as part of our overall assessment of our performance, including the preparation of our annual operating budget and

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quarterly forecasts, to evaluate the effectiveness of our business strategies and to communicate with our board of directors concerning our financial performance. Our definitions may differ from the definitions used by other companies and therefore comparability may be limited. In addition, other companies may not publish these or similar metrics. Thus, our non‑GAAP operating loss and non-GAAP net loss should be considered in addition to, not as substitutes for, or in isolation from, measures prepared in accordance with GAAP.

We compensate for these limitations by providing investors and other users of our financial information a reconciliation of non‑GAAP operating loss to loss from operations and non-GAAP net loss to net loss and comprehensive loss, the related GAAP financial measures. We encourage investors and others to review our financial information in its entirety, not to rely on any single financial measure and to view non‑GAAP operating loss and non-GAAP net loss in conjunction with loss from operations and net loss and comprehensive loss. The following tables provide a reconciliation of loss from operations to non‑GAAP operating loss and from net loss and comprehensive loss to non-GAAP net loss:

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.  As discussed in the section titled “Note About Forward-Looking Statements,” the following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, as well as assumptions that, if they never materialize or prove incorrect, could cause our results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements.  Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below, those discussed in “Note About Forward-Looking Statements” and those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” under Part I, Item 1A  in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Overview

We are a leading provider of a spend management solutions, with a unified, cloud-based platform that connects our customers with more than 2 million suppliers globally.

Our platform provides greater visibility into and control over how companies spend money. Using our platform, businesses are able to achieve real, measurable value and savings that drive their profitability; we call this “Value as a Service.” We refer to the process companies use to purchase goods and services as spend management and to the money that they manage with this process as spend under management.  We offer a unified, cloud-based spend management platform that is tightly integrated and delivers a broad range of capabilities that would otherwise require the purchase and use of multiple disparate point applications. The core of our platform consists of procurement, invoicing and expense management modules that form our transactional engine and capture a company’s spend. In addition, our platform offers supporting modules, including sourcing, analytics, contract management, supplier management, inventory management and storefront, that help companies further manage their spend. Moreover, through our Coupa Open Business Network, suppliers of all sizes can easily interact with buyers electronically, thus significantly reducing paper, improving operating efficiencies and reducing costs.

We offer access to our platform under a Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) business model. At the time of initial deployment, our customers often make a set of common functions available to the majority of their employees, as well as incremental modules for regular employees and procurement specialists, which we refer to as power users. Therefore, we are typically able to capture most of the expected annual recurring revenue opportunity at the inception of our customer relationships, rather than targeting specific power users at the outset of the customer relationship with the intention of expanding and getting more annual recurring revenue at later stages of the customer relationship. Customers can rapidly implement our platform, with implementation periods typically ranging from a few weeks to several months. Customers also benefit from software updates that typically require little downtime.

We market and sell our solutions to a broad range of enterprises worldwide. We have a diverse, multi-national customer base spanning various sizes and industries and no significant customer concentration. No customer accounted for more than 10% of our total revenues for the years ended January 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

We market our platform primarily through a direct sales force and also benefit from leads driven by our partner ecosystem. Our initial contract terms are typically three years, although some customers commit for longer or shorter periods. Substantially all of our customers pay annually, one year in advance. We provide a scaled pricing model based on the number of users per module—as the number of users increases, the subscription price per user decreases. Our subscription fee includes access to our service, technical support and management of the hosting infrastructure. We generally recognize revenues from our subscription fees ratably over the contractual term of the arrangement. We do not charge suppliers who are on our platform to transact with our customers. We believe this approach helps attract more suppliers to our platform and increases the value of our platform to customers. The number of suppliers on our platform has grown to more than 2 million.

We have continued to make significant expenditures and investments for long-term growth, including investment in our platform and infrastructure to deliver new functionality and modules to meet the evolving needs of our customers and to take advantage of our market opportunity. We intend to continue to increase our investment in

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sales and marketing, as we further expand our sales teams, increase our marketing activities, and grow our international operations. Internationally, we currently offer our platform in Europe, the Middle East and Africa (EMEA), Latin America (LATAM) and Asia-Pacific (APAC). The combined revenues from non-U.S. regions, as determined based on the billing address of our customers, constituted 32%, 28% and 25%, respectively, of our total revenues for the years ended January 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015. We believe there is further opportunity to increase our international revenues in absolute dollars and as a percentage of our total revenues. As a result, we are increasingly investing in our international operations and we intend to expand our footprint in international markets.

Operating in international markets requires significant resources and management attention and will subject us to regulatory, economic and political risks that are different from those in the United States. Because of our limited experience with international operations, our international expansion efforts may not be successful in creating additional demand for our platform outside of the United States or in effectively selling subscriptions to our platform in any or all of the international markets we enter.

In October 2016, we completed our initial public offering, or IPO, in which we issued and sold 8,510,000 shares of common stock inclusive of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares that was exercised in full. We received aggregate proceeds of $142.5 million from the IPO, net of underwriters’ discounts and commissions, before deducting offering costs of approximately $5.3 million. Upon the closing of the IPO, all shares of our outstanding preferred stock automatically converted into 34,610,979 shares of common stock. 

In December 2016, we completed the acquisition of substantially all of the assets of Spend360. Spend360 is an analytics solution that uses deep machine learning and artificial intelligence to structure and cleanse data in a format that is usable to finance and procurement professionals. The price for the acquisition was $10.1 million, paid in cash of $7.8 million and through the issuance of 94,241 shares of our common stock for an aggregate fair value of $2.3 million. We accounted for the transaction using the acquisition method, which requires, among other things, that the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination be recognized at their respective estimated fair values as of the acquisition date.

Our Business Model

Our business model focuses on maximizing the lifetime value of a customer relationship, and we continue to make significant investments in order to grow our customer base. Due to our subscription model, we recognize subscription revenues ratably over the term of the subscription period. As a result, the profitability of a customer to our business in any particular period depends in part upon how long a customer has been a subscriber on our platform. In general, the associated upfront costs with respect to new customers are higher in the first year than the aggregate revenues we recognize from those new customers in the first year. We believe that, over time, as our customer base grows and a relatively higher percentage of our subscription revenues are attributable to renewals versus new customers or upsells to existing customers, associated sales and marketing expenses and other allocated upfront costs as a percentage of revenues will decrease, subject to investments we plan to make in our business. Over the lifetime of the customer relationship, we also incur sales and marketing costs to manage the account, renew or upsell the customer to more modules and more users. However, these costs are significantly less than the costs initially incurred to acquire the customer. We calculate the lifetime value of our customers and associated customer acquisition costs for a particular year by comparing (i) gross profit from net new subscription revenues for the year multiplied by the inverse of the estimated subscription renewal rate to (ii) total sales and marketing expense incurred in the preceding year. On this basis, we estimate that for each of fiscal 2017, 2016 and 2015, the calculated lifetime value of our customers has exceeded six times the associated cost of acquiring them.

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Key Metrics

We review the following key metrics to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, formulate business plans and make strategic decisions:

Cumulative Spend Under Management

Cumulative spend under management represents the aggregate amount of money that has been transacted through our platform for all of our customers collectively since we launched our platform. We calculate this metric by aggregating the actual transaction data, such as invoices or purchase orders, from customers on our platform. While we do not believe this metric is directly correlated to our financial results, we believe the adoption of our platform, as evidenced by growth in cumulative spend under management, drives additional value to our customers, which will enhance our ability to acquire new customers, to increase renewals and to increase upsells due to an increase in the number of authorized users and modules per customer.

Backlog and Deferred Revenue

Backlog represents future non-cancellable amounts to be invoiced under our agreements. We generally sign multiple-year subscription contracts and invoice an initial annual amount at contract signing followed by subsequent annual invoices. At any point in the contract term, there can be amounts that we have not yet been contractually able to invoice. Until such time as these amounts are invoiced, they are not recorded in revenues, deferred revenue, accounts receivable or elsewhere in our consolidated financial statements, and are considered by us to be backlog. We expect backlog to fluctuate up or down from period to period for several reasons, including the timing and duration of customer contracts, varying billing cycles and the timing and duration of customer renewals. We reasonably expect approximately half of our backlog as of January 31, 2017, will be invoiced during the fiscal year ended January 31, 2018, primarily due to the fact that our contracts are typically three years in length.

In addition, our deferred revenue consists of amounts that have been invoiced but that have not yet been recognized as revenues as of the end of a reporting period. We generally sign multiple year subscription contracts for our platform and invoice an initial amount at contract signing followed by subsequent annual invoices. The majority of our deferred revenue balance consists of subscription revenues that are recognized ratably over the contractual period. Together, the sum of deferred revenue and backlog represents the total billed and unbilled contract value yet to be recognized in revenues and provides visibility into future revenue streams. Greater than 70% of the revenues recognized during each of the fiscal years ended January 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 were comprised of (1) the short-term deferred revenue balance at the beginning of the year, plus (2) the backlog at the beginning of the year that was recognized during that year, plus (3) renewals that occurred during the year for customers in existence at the beginning of the year.

Total Customers

We define a customer as a separate and distinct buying entity, such as a company, an educational or government institution, or a distinct business unit of a large corporation that has an active contract with us or our partner to access our services. We believe the number of total customers is a key indicator of our market penetration, growth and future revenues. Our ability to attract new customers is primarily affected by the effectiveness of our marketing programs and our direct sales force. Accordingly, we have aggressively invested in and intend to continue to invest in our direct sales force. In addition, we are continuing to pursue additional partnerships with global systems integrators and other strategic partners.

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Components of Results of Operations

Revenues

We offer subscriptions to our cloud-based spend management platform, including procurement, invoicing and expense management. We derive our revenues primarily from subscription fees and professional services fees.  Subscription revenues consist primarily of fees to provide our customers access to our cloud-based platform, which includes routine customer support at no additional cost. Professional services fees include deployment services, optimization services, and training. Subscription revenues are a function of the number of customers, the number of users at each customer, the number of modules subscribed to by each customer, the price of our modules, and renewal rates.

Subscription revenues accounted for approximately 88%, 90% and 85%, respectively, of our revenues for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015. Subscription fees are recognized ratably as revenues over the contract term beginning on the date the application is made available to the customer. Our new business subscriptions typically have a term of three years, although some of our customers opt for a shorter or longer period. We generally invoice our customers in annual installments at the beginning of each year in the subscription period. Amounts that have been invoiced are initially recorded as deferred revenue and are recognized ratably over the subscription period. Amounts that have not been invoiced are not reflected in our consolidated financial statements.

Professional services revenues consist primarily of fees associated with the implementation and configuration of our subscription service. Professional services are generally sold on a fixed-fee or time-and-materials basis. Revenue for time-and-material arrangements is recognized as the services are performed. For fixed‑fee and other types of arrangements entered into prior to the fourth quarter of the fiscal year ending January 31, 2017, professional services revenue was generally deferred and recognized upon the completion of the project under the completed performance method of accounting. During the fourth quarter of the fiscal year ending January 31, 2017, we developed the ability to accurately estimate professional services costs on a project basis. As such, revenue for fixed‑fee and other types of arrangements entered into after the third quarter of the fiscal year ending January 31, 2017 is recognized as services are performed under the proportional performance method of accounting.

Our professional services engagements typically span from a few weeks to several months, which, when accounted for under the completed performance method, makes it somewhat difficult to predict the timing of revenue recognition for such services. The terms of our typical professional services arrangements provide that our customers pay us within 30 days of invoice. Fixed-fee services arrangements are generally invoiced in advance. We have made significant investments in our professional services business that are designed to ensure customer success and adoption of our platform. We are continuing to invest in expanding our professional services partner ecosystem to further support our customers. As the professional services practices of our partner firms continue to develop, we expect them to increasingly contract directly with our subscription customers and we incentivize our sales force to further this objective.

Cost of Revenues

Subscription Services

Cost of subscription services consists primarily of expenses related to hosting our service and providing customer support. Significant expenses are comprised of data center capacity costs; personnel and related costs directly associated with our cloud infrastructure and customer support, including salaries, benefits, bonuses and stock-based compensation; allocated overhead; and amortization of developed technology.

Professional Services and Other Cost of Revenues

Cost of professional services and other cost of revenues consist primarily of personnel and related costs directly associated with our professional services and training departments, including salaries, benefits, bonuses and stock-based compensation; the costs of contracted third-party vendors; and allocated overhead. These costs are generally expensed in the period incurred; therefore, the costs associated with our professional services revenues may not align with the period in which the corresponding professional services revenues are recognized because we

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use the completed performance method of accounting for professional services revenues under fixed-fee arrangements for professional services entered prior to the fourth quarter of the fiscal year ending January 31, 2017.

During the fourth quarter of the fiscal year ending January 31, 2017, we developed the ability to accurately estimate professional services costs on a project basis. As such, revenue for fixed‑fee and other types of arrangements entered into after the third quarter of the fiscal year ending January 31, 2017 is recognized as services are performed under the proportional performance method of accounting. However, our results for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2017, do not reflect a material impact from this change, since the proportional performance method of accounting has been only applied prospectively to arrangements entered into during the fourth quarter of the fiscal year ending January 31, 2017.

Professional services associated with the implementation and configuration of our subscription platform are performed directly by our services team, as well as by contracted third-party vendors. In cases in which third party vendors invoice Coupa for services performed for our customers, those fees are accrued over the requisite service period.

Operating Expenses

Research and Development

Research and development expenses consist primarily of personnel costs of our development team, including salaries, benefits, bonuses, stock-based compensation expense and allocated overhead costs. Our cycle of frequent updates has facilitated rapid innovation and the introduction of new modules throughout our history. We have aggressively invested, and intend to continue to invest, in developing technology to support our growth. We capitalize certain software development costs that are attributable to developing new modules and features and adding incremental functionality to our platform, and we amortize such costs as costs of subscription revenues over the estimated life of the new application or incremental functionality, which is two years.

Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel and related costs directly associated with our sales and marketing staff, including salaries, benefits, bonuses, commissions and stock-based compensation. Commissions earned by our sales force that can be associated directly with a noncancellable subscription contract are deferred and amortized over the same period that revenues are to be recognized for the related noncancellable contract. Other sales and marketing costs include promotional events to promote our brand, including our INSPIRE conferences, advertising and allocated overhead.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses consist of personnel costs and related expenses for executive, finance, legal, human resources, recruiting, and employee-related information technology and administrative personnel, including salaries, benefits, bonuses and stock-based compensation expense; professional fees for external legal, accounting, recruiting and other consulting services; allocated overhead costs; and legal settlements.

Other Expense, Net

Other expense, net consists primarily of the change in the fair value of our preferred stock warrants, effect of exchange rates on our foreign currency-denominated asset and liability balances, and interest income earned on our cash and cash equivalents. All translation adjustments are recorded as foreign currency gains (losses) in the consolidated statements of operations. To date, we have had minimal interest income.

Provision for Income Taxes

Provision for income taxes consists primarily of income taxes related to foreign and state jurisdictions in which we conduct business. We maintain a full valuation allowance on our U.S. and international deferred tax assets as we have concluded that it is not more likely than not that the deferred assets will be utilized.

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Results of Operations

The following tables set forth selected consolidated statements of operations data and such data as a percentage of total revenues for each of the periods indicated:

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Fiscal Years Ended January 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

Revenues

Total revenues were $133.8 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2017 compared to $83.7 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2016, an increase of $50.1 million, or 60%. Subscription services revenues were $117.8 million, or 88% of total revenues, for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2017, compared to $75.7 million, or 90% of total revenues, for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2016. This increase was primarily due to the acquisition of new customers, an increase in average subscription revenue per customer and add-on subscription revenue from the sale of new users or modules to existing customers. Professional services revenues were $16.0 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2017 compared to $8.0 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2016. This increase of $8.0 million, or 100%, was primarily due to an increase in the number of completed new-customer implementation projects. During the fourth quarter of the fiscal year ending January 31, 2017, we developed the ability to accurately estimate professional services costs on a project basis. As such, revenue for fixed‑fee and other types of arrangements entered into after the third quarter of the fiscal year ending January 31, 2017 is recognized as services are performed under the proportional performance method of accounting. This change did not have a material impact on the revenues recognized during the fiscal year ended January 31, 2017 since it only has been applied prospectively to arrangements entered into during the fourth quarter of the fiscal year ending January 31, 2017.

Total revenues were $83.7 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2016, compared to $50.8 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2015, an increase of $32.9 million, or 65%. Subscription services revenues were $75.7 million, or 90% of total revenues, for the fiscal ended January 31, 2016, compared to $43.1 million, or 85% of total revenues, for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2016. The increase in subscription revenues was due primarily to the addition of new customers as compared to the prior year, as the number of customers increased from 312 as of January 31, 2015, to 414 as of January 31, 2016, representing a 33% increase. Also, we experienced increased adoption of our solutions by larger sized corporations during the fiscal year ended January 31, 2016, which drove an increase in average selling prices for the period. Increased add-on subscription revenue for current customers during the fiscal year ended January 31, 2016 also contributed to the year-over-year result. Professional services revenues were $8.0 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2016 compared to $7.8 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2015. This represents an increase of $0.2 million, or 3%, in professional services revenues, but also represents a decline in professional services revenues as a percentage of total revenues from 15% to 10%. During the year ended January 31, 2015, we recognized $2.1 million in professional services revenues from the completion of one specific customer contract that had been deferred from prior periods. The remainder of the decline was driven by changes in the timing of project completion for various projects for which revenue is recognized under the completed performance method of accounting.

Cost of Revenues

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Cost of subscription services was $25.1 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2017, compared to $16.8 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2016, an increase of $8.3 million, or 49%. The increase in cost of subscription services was primarily due to an increase of $3.1 million in employee compensation costs related to higher headcount, an increase of $2.2 million in hosting fees to accommodate customer growth, an increase of $1.7 million in amortization of capitalized software development costs and intangible assets, and an increase of $1.3 million related to allocated facilities and other costs driven by our overall growth.

Cost of professional services was $21.2 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2017, compared to $15.1 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2016, an increase of $6.1 million, or 40%. The increase in cost of professional services was primarily due to an increase of $3.3 million in employee compensation costs related to higher headcount, an increase of $1.8 million for work performed by subcontractors for engagements where we had contracted directly with the customer to perform the professional services, and an increase of $1.0 million related to travel expenses and allocated facilities costs driven by our overall growth.

Costs of subscription services were $16.8 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2016, compared to $8.8 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2015, an increase of $8.0 million, or 91%. The increase in costs of subscription services was primarily due to an increase of $3.1 million in employee compensation costs related to higher headcount including an increase of $0.1 million attributable to stock-based compensation expense, an increase of $1.7 million in hosting fees due to customer growth, an increase of $1.2 million in amortization of capitalized software development costs and intangible assets, and an increase of $1.3 million related to allocated facilities and outside services costs driven by our overall growth.

Costs of professional services were $15.1 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2016, compared to $9.9 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2015, an increase of $5.2 million, or 52%. The increase in costs of professional services was primarily due to an increase of $4.5 million in employee compensation costs related to higher headcount including an increase of $0.9 million attributable to stock-based compensation expense, offset by a reduction of $0.5 million for work performed by subcontractors for engagements where we had contracted directly with the customer to perform the professional services. Most of our costs of professional services are recorded as period costs, and thus the costs may be reflected in our financial results sooner than the associated revenues.

Gross Profit

Gross profit was $87.5 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2017, compared to $51.8 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2016, an increase of $35.7 million, or 69%. The increase in gross profit is the result of the increase in our subscription services revenues due primarily to the addition of new customers in the fiscal year. This was offset by negative professional services gross margins primarily because, through October 31, 2016, revenues from fixed-fee professional services agreements were generally deferred and recognized upon completion of the project under the completed performance method of accounting, while the related costs were recognized as incurred. Gross margin percentage was 65% for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2017, compared to 62% for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2016.

Gross profit was $51.8 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2016, compared to $32.1 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2015, an increase of $19.7 million, or 61%. The increase in gross profit is the result of the increase in our subscription services revenues due primarily to the addition of new customers in the fiscal year. This was offset by negative professional services gross margins as our revenues related to fixed-fee contracts are generally deferred and recognized upon completion of the project under the completed performance method of accounting, while the related costs are recognized as they are incurred. Gross margin percentage was 62% for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2016, compared to 63% for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2015.

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Operating Expenses

Research and Development

Research and development expenses were $30.3 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2017, compared to $22.8 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2016, an increase of $7.5 million, or 33%. The increase was primarily due to an increase of $7.1 million in compensation costs related to higher headcount, and an increase of $1.6 million related to allocated facilities, travel and other costs driven by our overall growth. The increase in research and development costs has been partially offset by an increase in capitalized software development costs of $1.2 million.  We expect research and development expenses will continue to increase in absolute dollars in fiscal 2018 as we continue to invest in research and development activities.

Research and development expenses were $22.8 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2016, compared to $11.9 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2015, an increase of $10.9 million, or 92%. The increase was primarily due to an increase of $8.4 million in compensation costs related to higher headcount including an increase of $0.9 million attributable to stock-based compensation expense, an increase of $1.8 million related to consultants necessary to meet development needs, and an increase of $1.3 million related to allocated facilities and travel costs driven by our overall growth. The increase in research and development costs has been partially offset by an increase in capitalized software development costs of $1.0 million.

Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing expenses were $68.6 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2017, compared to $54.7 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2016, an increase of $13.9 million, or 25%. The increase was primarily due to an increase of $10.8 million in compensation costs related to higher headcount, an increase of $0.7 million in marketing and event costs, an increase of $1.1 million in costs due to additional travel expenses and an increase of $2.3 million related to allocated facilities costs and other costs driven by our overall growth.  This was offset by a decrease of $1.2 million in outsourced advertising, marketing, consulting and professional services.  We expect sales and marketing expenses will continue to increase in absolute dollars in fiscal 2018 as we continue to expand our operations.

Sales and marketing expenses were $54.7 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2016, compared to $33.7 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2015, an increase of $21.0 million, or 62%. The increase was primarily due to an increase of $12.8 million in compensation costs related to higher headcount including an increase of $0.9 million attributable to stock-based compensation expense, an increase of $3.2 million in marketing and event costs, an increase of $1.8 million in costs due to additional travel expenses and an increase of $2.3 million related to allocated facilities costs and other costs driven by our overall growth.

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General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses were $24.1 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2017, compared to $19.5 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2016, an increase of $4.6 million, or 23%. The increase was primarily due to an increase of $5.1 million in compensation costs related to higher headcount, $2.7 million for professional and outside services, $0.4 million due to increased bad debt expense and an increase of $2.0 million related to allocated facilities costs, travel and other costs driven by our overall growth.  These increases were partially offset by $3.9 million of stock-based compensation charges mainly resulting from the sale of common stock by certain employees and former employees during the fiscal year ended January 31, 2016, which did not recur during the fiscal year ended January 31, 2017. Additionally, there is a decrease of $1.8 million of litigation costs from fiscal 2016 that did not recur during the fiscal year ended January 31, 2017, due to the resolution of an ongoing litigation matter. We expect general and administrative expenses will continue to increase in absolute dollars in fiscal 2018 due to the growth of our company.

General and administrative expenses were $19.5 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2016, compared to $13.1 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2015, an increase of $6.4 million, or 49%. The increase was primarily due to an increase in stock-based compensation expense of $5.9 million, which included $5.6 million of stock-based compensation charges resulting from the sale of common stock by certain employees and former employees, as well as an increase of $2.4 million in other employee compensation costs, an increase of $2.1 million in costs related to professional and outside services and an increase of $0.5 million related to allocated facilities costs driven by our overall growth. This increase was partially offset by a decrease of $5.0 million in litigation-related costs. The increase in other employee compensation costs and costs related to professional and outside services during the fiscal year ended January 31, 2016, was driven by efforts to support our overall growth.

Other expense, net, was $1.3 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2017, compared to $0.6 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2016, an increase of $0.8 million, or 135%.  The increase was primarily related to the increase in currency losses of $0.5 million, due to the revaluation of accounts receivable held in foreign currency at January 31, 2017. In addition, there was an increase in mark-to-market expense related to an outstanding warrant, of $0.4 million during the fiscal year.  

Other expense was $0.6 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2016, which is consistent with the amount for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2015.

Provision for income taxes was $0.8 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2017, compared to $0.3 million for the year ended January 31, 2016, an increase of $0.5 million, or 153%.  This increase is driven by our increased tax expense primarily in foreign jurisdictions.

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Provision for income taxes was $0.3 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2016, compared to $0.1 million for the year ended January 31, 2015, an increase of $0.2 million, or 232%.  This increase is driven by our increased tax expense primarily in foreign jurisdictions.

Quarterly Results of Operations

The following tables set forth our unaudited quarterly consolidated statements of operations data for each of the eight quarters in the period ended January 31, 2017, as well as the percentage of revenues that each line item represents for each quarter. The information for each of these quarters has been prepared on the same basis as the audited annual consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and, in the opinion of management, includes all adjustments, which consist only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair presentation of the results of operations for these periods in accordance with GAAP. This data should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. These quarterly operating results are not necessarily indicative of our operating results for a full year or any future period.