Rapid7, Inc. - Quarter Report: 2019 March (Form 10-Q)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)



☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2019



☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 001-37496

RAPID7, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)



Delaware		35-2423994
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

100 Summer Street Boston, MA		02110
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (617) 247-1717

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.



Large accelerated filer	x	Accelerated filer	¨
Non-accelerated filer	¨	Small reporting company	¨
Emerging growth company	¨

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒



Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934:

Title of each class	Trading symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share	RPD	The Nasdaq Global Market

As of April 30, 2019, there were 48,202,433 shares of the registrant’s common stock, $0.01 par value per share, outstanding.

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		Page
PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Financial Statements (Unaudited)	1
	Consolidated Balance Sheets	1
	Consolidated Statements of Operations	2
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss	3
	Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity	4
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	5
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	6
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	21
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	37
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	37
PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION	39
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	39
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	39
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	61
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	62
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	62
Item 5.	Other Information	62
Item 6.	Exhibits	63

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PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION



Item 1.	Financial Statements.

RAPID7, INC.

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)

(in thousands, except share and per share data)



	March 31, 2019			December 31, 2018
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	89,869		$	99,565
Short-term investments	161,600			159,210
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $1,999 and $1,624 at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively	59,707			74,935
Deferred contract acquisition and fulfillment costs, current portion	12,994			12,321
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	15,773			9,746
Total current assets	339,943			355,777
Long-term investments	33,613			44,892
Property and equipment, net	32,771			17,523
Operating lease right-of-use assets	15,888			—
Deferred contract acquisition and fulfillment costs, non-current portion	28,054			27,634
Goodwill	88,420			88,420
Intangible assets, net	23,979			23,955
Other assets	1,238			1,168
Total assets	$	563,906		$	559,369
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	6,297		$	7,048
Accrued expenses	25,062			37,376
Operating lease liabilities, current portion	5,231			—
Deferred revenue, current portion	184,453			189,855
Other current liabilities	7,385			707
Total current liabilities	228,428			234,986
Convertible senior notes, net	177,198			174,688
Operating lease liabilities, non-current portion	16,394			—
Deferred revenue, non-current portion	52,014			58,716
Other long-term liabilities	1,021			3,660
Total liabilities	475,055			472,050
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value per share; 10,000,000 shares authorized at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018; 0 shares issued at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018	—			—
Common stock, $0.01 par value per share; 100,000,000 shares authorized at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018; 48,644,450 and 48,087,257 shares issued at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively; 48,157,642 and 47,600,449 shares outstanding at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively	482			476
Treasury stock, at cost, 486,808 shares at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018	(4,764		)	(4,764		)
Additional paid-in-capital	569,229			556,223
Accumulated other comprehensive gain (loss)	162			(31		)
Accumulated deficit	(476,258		)	(464,585		)
Total stockholders’ equity	88,851			87,319
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	563,906		$	559,369

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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RAPID7, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Operations (Unaudited)

(in thousands, except share and per share data)



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018
Revenue:
Products	$	56,288		$	35,279
Maintenance and support	9,557			10,753
Professional services	7,340			8,483
Total revenue	73,185			54,515
Cost of revenue:
Products	12,485			8,436
Maintenance and support	1,884			1,849
Professional services	5,604			6,309
Total cost of revenue	19,973			16,594
Total gross profit	53,212			37,921
Operating expenses:
Research and development	17,865			16,722
Sales and marketing	35,138			29,052
General and administrative	9,953			8,732
Total operating expenses	62,956			54,506
Loss from operations	(9,744		)	(16,585		)
Other income (expense), net:
Interest income	1,731			243
Interest expense	(3,229		)	(2		)
Other income (expense), net	(206		)	78
Loss before income taxes	(11,448		)	(16,266		)
Provision for income taxes	225			95
Net loss	$	(11,673	)	$	(16,361	)
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(0.24	)	$	(0.36	)
Weighted-average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted	47,827,939			45,210,250

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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RAPID7, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss (Unaudited)

(in thousands)



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018

Net loss	$	(11,673	)	$	(16,361	)
Other comprehensive gain (loss):
Change in fair value of investments	193			(5		)
Total change in unrealized gain (loss) on investments	193			(5		)
Comprehensive loss	$	(11,480	)	$	(16,366	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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RAPID7, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity (Unaudited)

(in thousands)



	Common stock				Treasury stock				Additional paid-in-capital			Accumulated other comprehensive gain (loss)			Accumulated deficit			Total stockholders’ equity
	Shares		Amount		Shares	Amount			Additional paid-in-capital			Accumulated other comprehensive gain (loss)			Accumulated deficit			Total stockholders’ equity
Balance, December 31, 2018	47,600		$	476	487	$	(4,764	)	$	556,223		$	(31	)	$	(464,585	)	$	87,319
Stock-based compensation expense	—		—		—	—			8,634			—			—			8,634
Issuance of common stock under Employee Stock Purchase Plan	111		1		—	—			2,633			—			—			2,634
Vesting of restricted stock units	244		3		—	—			(3		)	—			—			—
Shares withheld for employee taxes	(22	)	—		—	—			(980		)	—			—			(980		)
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	225		2		—	—			2,722			—			—			2,724
Net unrealized gain on investments	—		—		—	—			—			193			—			193
Net loss	—		—		—	—			—			—			(11,673		)	(11,673		)
Balance, March 31, 2019	48,158		$	482	487	$	(4,764	)	$	569,229		$	162		$	(476,258	)	$	88,851



	Common stock				Treasury stock				Additional paid-in-capital			Accumulated other comprehensive gain (loss)			Accumulated deficit			Total stockholders’ equity
	Shares		Amount		Shares	Amount			Additional paid-in-capital			Accumulated other comprehensive gain (loss)			Accumulated deficit			Total stockholders’ equity
Balance, December 31, 2017	44,054		$	441	487	$	(4,764	)	$	463,428		$	(39	)	$	(434,913	)	$	24,153
Stock-based compensation expense	—		—		—	—			6,225			—			—			6,225
Cumulative effect adjustment for the adoption of ASC 606	—		—		—	—			—			—			25,873			25,873
Issuance of common stock related to follow-on public offering	1,500		15		—	—			30,892			—			—			30,907
Issuance of common stock under Employee Stock Purchase Plan	124		1		—	—			1,631			—			—			1,632
Vesting of restricted stock units	155		1		—	—			(1		)	—			—			—
Forfeiture of restricted stock awards	(3	)	—		—	—			—			—			—			—
Shares withheld for employee taxes	(20	)	—		—	—			(462		)	—			—			(462		)
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	389		4		—	—			1,956			—			—			1,960
Net unrealized loss on investments	—		—		—	—			—			(5		)	—			(5		)
Net loss	—		—		—	—			—			—			(16,361		)	(16,361		)
Balance, March 31, 2018	46,199		$	462	487	$	(4,764	)	$	503,669		$	(44	)	$	(425,401	)	$	73,922

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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RAPID7, INC.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

(in thousands)



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(11,673	)	$	(16,361	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	3,427			2,399
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs	2,510			—
Stock-based compensation expense	8,634			6,225
Provision for doubtful accounts	437			156
Foreign currency re-measurement loss	249			147
Other non-cash (income) expense	(722		)	(52		)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	14,729			34,722
Deferred contract acquisition and fulfillment costs	(1,094		)	(1,713		)
Prepaid expenses and other assets	(5,940		)	(3,190		)
Accounts payable	66			3,219
Accrued expenses	(13,690		)	(11,317		)
Deferred revenue	(12,104		)	(6,495		)
Other liabilities	1,605			(444		)
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities	(13,566		)	7,296
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment	(8,463		)	(2,147		)
Capitalization of internal-use software costs	(1,601		)	(693		)
Purchases of investments	(63,029		)	(4,460		)
Sales/maturities of investments	72,738			14,062
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	(355		)	6,762
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from follow-on public offering, net of offering costs of $608	—			31,231
Taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards	(979		)	(462		)
Proceeds from employee stock purchase plan	2,634			1,632
Proceeds from stock option exercises	2,718			1,961
Net cash provided by financing activities	4,373			34,362
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(148		)	(36		)
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(9,696		)	48,384
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period	99,565			51,762
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period	$	89,869		$	100,146
Supplemental cash flow information:
Cash paid for interest on convertible senior notes	$	1,342		$	—
Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds	$	88		$	53
Non-cash investing activities:
Leasehold improvements acquired through tenant improvement allowance	$	7,313		$	—
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	89,869		$	99,646
Restricted cash in other assets	$	—		$	500
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	89,869		$	100,146

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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RAPID7, INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Note 1. Description of Business, Basis of Presentation and Consolidation and Significant Accounting Policies

Description of Business

Rapid7, Inc. and subsidiaries (“we,” “us” or “our”) is advancing security with visibility, analytics, and automation delivered through our Insight cloud. Our solutions simplify the complex, allowing security teams to work more effectively with IT and development to reduce vulnerabilities, monitor for malicious behavior, investigate and shut down attacks, and automate routine tasks.

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared by us in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP), as well as pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), regarding interim financial reporting. Accordingly, certain information and note disclosures normally included in the financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. These consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 filed with the SEC on February 28, 2019.

The consolidated financial statements include our results of operations and those of our wholly-owned subsidiaries and reflect all adjustments (consisting solely of normal, recurring adjustments) which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair statement of results for the interim periods presented. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2019 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for any future period or the entire fiscal year.

Significant Accounting Policies

Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to the consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. There have been no material changes to the significant accounting policies during the three-month period ended March 31, 2019 other than those noted below.

Leases

Effective January 1, 2019, we adopted Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), as amended (ASC 842). In accordance with ASC 842, at the inception of an arrangement, we determine whether the arrangement is or contains a lease based on the unique facts and circumstances present and the classification of the lease. Most leases with a term greater than one year are recognized on the balance sheet as right-of-use (ROU) assets, lease liabilities and, if applicable, long-term lease liabilities. We have elected not to recognize on the balance sheet leases with terms of one year or less. For contracts with lease and non-lease components, we have elected not to allocate the contract consideration and to account for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component.

Lease liabilities and their corresponding ROU assets are recorded based on the present value of lease payments over the expected lease term. The implicit rate within our operating leases are generally not determinable and therefore we use the incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date to determine the present value of lease payments. The determination of our incremental borrowing rate requires judgment. We determine our incremental borrowing rate for each lease using our estimated borrowing rate, adjusted for various factors including level of collateralization, term and currency to align with the terms of the lease. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any lease prepayments, offset by lease incentives. Certain of our leases include options to extend or terminate the lease. An option to extend the lease is considered in connection with determining the ROU asset and lease liability when it is reasonably certain we will exercise that option. An option to terminate is considered unless it is reasonably certain we will not exercise the option.

For periods prior to the adoption of ASC 842, we recorded rent expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the related lease. The difference between the straight-line rent expense and the payments made in accordance with the operating lease agreements were recognized as a deferred rent liability on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted

In February 2016, FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases, which requires companies to recognize on the balance sheet the assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by the leased asset. The standard is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods

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within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. We adopted this standard effective January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective approach for all leases entered into before the effective date. We also elected to implement the new standard at the adoption date with a cumulative-effect adjustment, if any, recognized to the opening balance of accumulative deficit in the period of adoption.

For comparability purposes, we will continue to comply with the previous disclosure requirements in accordance with the existing lease guidance for all periods presented in the year of adoption. We elected the package of practical expedients as permitted under the transition guidance, which allowed us: (1) to carry forward the historical lease classification; (2) not to reassess whether expired or existing contracts are or contain leases; and, (3) not to reassess the treatment of initial direct costs for existing leases. In addition, we elected an accounting policy to not recognize leases with an initial term of one year or less on the balance sheet.

Upon the adoption of this standard on January 1, 2019, we recognized a total lease liability of $21.3 million, representing the present value of the minimum rental payments remaining as of the adoption date and a right-of-use asset in the amount of $15.4 million. We did not have any finance leases (formerly referred to as capital leases prior to the adoption of ASC 842), therefore there was no change in accounting treatment required.

Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Effective

In August 2018, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2018-15, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer's Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That is a Service Contract, which aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs in cloud computing arrangements with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. The new standard will be effective for us in the first quarter of 2020, with early adoption permitted. Entities can choose to adopt the new guidance prospectively or retrospectively. We are currently in the process of evaluating the effects of this pronouncement on our consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, which eliminates, modifies and adds disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. The new standard will be effective for us in the first quarter of 2020, with early adoption permitted. This ASU is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Note 2. Revenue from Contracts with Customers

We generate products revenue from the sale of (1) cloud-based subscriptions for our InsightIDR, InsightVM, InsightAppSec and InsightConnect products, (2) managed services offerings which utilize our products and (3) term or perpetual software licenses for our Nexpose, Metasploit, and AppSpider products, and associated content subscriptions for our Nexpose and Metasploit products. We also generate appliance revenue that is included in our products revenue and is associated with hardware sold with our Nexpose product to certain customers. We generate maintenance and support revenue associated with customers’ purchases of our software licenses for Nexpose, Metasploit and AppSpider. We generate professional service revenue from the sale of our deployment and training services related to our solutions, incident response services and security advisory services. Our deployment services educate and assist our customers on the best use and best practices to deploy our solutions.

In accordance with FASB ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (ASC 606), revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised products or services. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration that we expect to be entitled to receive in exchange for these products or services. To achieve the core principle of this standard, we apply the following five steps:

1) Identify the contract with a customer

We consider the terms and conditions of the contracts and our customary business practices in identifying our contracts under ASC 606. We determine we have a contract with a customer when the contract is approved, we can identify each party’s rights regarding the services to be transferred, we can identify the payment terms for the services, and we have determined the customer has the ability and intent to pay and the contract has commercial substance. We apply judgment in determining the customer’s ability and intent to pay, which is based on a variety of factors, including the customer’s historical payment experience or, in the case of a new customer, credit and financial information pertaining to the customer.

2) Identify the performance obligations in the contract

Performance obligations promised in a contract are identified based on the products and services that will be transferred to the customer that are both capable of being distinct, whereby the customer can benefit from the product or service either on its own or together with other resources that are readily available from third parties or from us, and are distinct in the context of the contract, whereby the transfer of the products or services is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract.

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3) Determine the transaction price

The transaction price is determined based on the consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for transferring products or services to the customer. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price if, in our judgment, it is probable that no significant future reversal of cumulative revenue under the contract will occur.

In instances where the timing of revenue recognition differs from the timing of invoicing, we have determined our contracts generally do not include a significant financing component. The primary purpose of our invoicing terms is to provide customers with simplified and predictable ways of purchasing our products and services, not to receive financing from our customers or to provide customers with financing. Examples include invoicing at the beginning of a subscription term with revenue recognized ratably over the contract period.

4) Allocate the transaction price to performance obligations in the contract

If the contract contains a single performance obligation, the entire transaction price is allocated to the single performance obligation. Contracts that contain multiple performance obligations require an allocation of the transaction price to each performance obligation based on a relative standalone selling price (“SSP”).

5) Recognize revenue when or as we satisfy a performance obligation

Revenue is recognized at the time the related performance obligation is satisfied by transferring the promised product or service to a customer. Revenue is recognized when control of the products or services are transferred to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration that we expect to receive in exchange for those products or services.

The following table summarizes revenue from contracts with customers for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018
	(in thousands)
Subscription revenue	$	46,969	$	28,710
Term and perpetual software licenses	8,676		5,619
Maintenance and support	9,557		10,753
Professional services	7,340		8,483
Other	643		950
Total revenue	$	73,185	$	54,515

The following table summarizes the revenue by region based on the shipping address of customers who have contracted to use our product or service for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018
	(in thousands)
United States	$	59,940	$	44,210
All other	13,245		10,305
Total revenue	$	73,185	$	54,515

Subscription Revenue

Subscription revenue consists of revenue from our cloud-based subscription, managed services offerings and content subscriptions associated with our software licenses.

•

We generate cloud-based subscription revenue primarily from sales of subscriptions to access our cloud platform, together with related support services to our customers. These arrangements do not provide the customer with the right to take possession of our software operating on our cloud platform at any time. Instead, customers are granted continuous access to our cloud platform over the contractual period. Revenue is recognized over time on a ratable basis over the contract term beginning on the date that our service is made available to the customer. Our cloud-based subscription contracts generally have a term of one year which is billed in advance and non-cancellable.

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•	Managed services offerings consist of fees generated when we operate our software and provide our capabilities on behalf of our customers. Revenue is recognized on a ratable basis over the contract term beginning on the date that our service is made available to the customer. Our managed services offerings generally have a term of one year which is billed in advance and non-cancellable.


•	Revenue related to our content subscriptions associated with our software licenses is recognized ratably over the contractual period.


•	Some of our customers have the option to purchase additional subscription and support services at a stated price. These options generally do not provide a material right as they are priced at our SSP.

Certain subscription contracts contain service level commitments, which entitle our customers to receive service credits and, in certain cases, refunds, if our services do not meet certain levels. These service credits and refunds represent variable consideration. We have historically not experienced any significant incidents affecting the defined levels of reliability and performance as required by our subscription contracts and accordingly, no estimated refunds have been considered in the allocation of the transaction price.

Term and Perpetual Software Licenses

For our perpetual software licenses where the utility to the customer is dependent on the continued delivery of content subscriptions, the content subscription renewal options result in a material right with respect to the perpetual software license. As a result, the revenue attributable to the perpetual software license is recognized ratably over the customer’s estimated economic life of five years, which represents a longer period of time in comparison to the initial contractual period of maintenance and support. The estimated economic life of five years represents the period which the customer is expected to benefit from the material right. We estimated this period of benefit by taking into consideration several factors, including the terms and conditions of our customer contracts and renewals and the expected useful life of our technology.

For our term software licenses where the utility to the customer is dependent on the continued delivery of content subscriptions, we recognize the license revenue over the contractual term of the arrangement as a material right does not exist.

For our term and perpetual software licenses which are not dependent on the continued delivery of content subscriptions, the license is considered distinct from the maintenance and support, and we therefore recognize revenue attributable to the license at the time of delivery.

Maintenance and Support

Maintenance and support services are sold with our perpetual and term software licenses. As maintenance and support services are distinct from the perpetual and term software license, revenue attributable to maintenance and support services is recognized ratably over the contractual period.

Professional Services

All of our professional services are considered distinct performance obligations when sold stand alone or with other products. These contracts generally have terms of one year or less. For the majority of these contracts, revenue is recognized over time based upon the proportion of work performed to date.

Other

Other revenue primarily includes revenue from delivery of appliances and other miscellaneous revenue.

Contracts with Multiple Performance Obligations

The majority of our contracts with customers contain multiple performance obligations. For these contracts, we account for individual performance obligations separately if they are considered distinct. The transaction price is allocated to the separate performance obligations on a relative SSP basis. We determine SSP based on our overall pricing objectives, taking into consideration market conditions and other factors, including the geographic locations of our customers and selling method (i.e., partner or direct).

Contract Balances

Contract liabilities consist of deferred revenue and include payments received in advance of performance under the contract. Such amounts are recognized as revenue over the contractual period consistent with the above methodology. For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, we recognized revenue of $64.6 million and $46.5 million, respectively, that was included in the

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corresponding contract liability balance at the beginning of the periods presented. Deferred revenue that will be realized during the succeeding 12-month period is recorded as current, and the remaining deferred revenue is recorded as non-current.

We receive payments from customers based upon contractual billing schedules. Accounts receivable are recorded when the right to consideration becomes unconditional. Contract assets, or unbilled receivables, include amounts related to our contractual right to consideration for both completed and partially completed performance obligations that may not have been invoiced. As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, contract assets of $0.4 million and $0.8 million, respectively, are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets in our consolidated balance sheet.

Deferred Contract Acquisition and Fulfillment Costs

We capitalize commission expenses paid to internal sales personnel and partner referral fees that are incremental costs to obtaining customer contracts. These costs are recorded as deferred contract acquisition costs in the consolidated balance sheets. Costs to obtain a contract for a new customer, up-sell or cross-sell are amortized on a straight-line basis over an estimated period of benefit of five years as sales commissions on initial sales are not commensurate with sales commissions on contract renewals. We determined the estimated period of benefit by taking into consideration the contractual term and expected renewals of customer contracts, our technology and other factors, including the fact that commissions paid on renewals are not commensurate with commissions paid on initial sales transactions. We periodically review the carrying amount of deferred contract acquisition costs to determine whether events or changes in circumstances have occurred that could impact the period of benefit. Commissions paid relating to contract renewals are deferred and amortized on a straight-line basis over the related renewal period. Costs to obtain a contract for professional services arrangements are expensed as incurred in accordance with the practical expedient as the contractual period of our professional services arrangements are one year or less.

Amortization expense associated with deferred contract acquisition costs is recorded to sales and marketing expense in our consolidated statements of operations.

We capitalize costs incurred to fulfill our contracts that relate directly to the contract, are expected to generate resources that will be used to satisfy our performance obligations and are expected to be recovered through revenue generated under the contract. Contract fulfillment costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated period of benefit and recorded as cost of products in our consolidated statement of operations.

The following table summarizes the activity of the deferred contract acquisition and fulfillment costs for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018
	(in thousands)
Beginning balance	$	39,955		$	27,165
Capitalization of contract acquisition and fulfillment costs	4,309			3,733
Amortization of deferred contract acquisition and fulfillment costs	(3,216		)	(2,020		)
Ending balance	$	41,048		$	28,878

Transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations

The following table includes estimated revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied as of March 31, 2019. The estimated revenues do not include unexercised contract renewals.



	Remainder of 2019		2020		2021 and thereafter
	(in thousands)
Subscription revenue	$	116,798	$	39,616	$	10,841
Term and perpetual software licenses	18,651		13,364		12,739
Maintenance and support	20,636		6,824		1,656

The amounts presented in the table above primarily consist of fixed fees which are typically recognized ratably as the performance obligation is satisfied.

As of March 31, 2019, the estimated revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to professional services is $10.2 million. We will recognize this revenue as the professional services are completed, which is expected to occur within the next 12 months or less.

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Note 3. Fair Value Measurements

We measure certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value. Fair value is determined based upon the exit price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants, as determined by either the principal market or the most advantageous market. Inputs used in the valuation techniques to derive fair values are classified based on a three-level hierarchy, as follows:

Level 1: Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2: Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets with insufficient volume or infrequent transactions (less active markets); or model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs are observable or can be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the asset or liability.

We consider an active market to be one in which transactions for the asset or liability occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis, and we consider an inactive market to be one in which there are infrequent or few transactions for the asset or liability, the prices are not current, or price quotations vary substantially either over time or among market makers.

The following table presents our financial assets measured and recorded at fair value on a recurring basis using the above input categories:



	As of March 31, 2019
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	(in thousands)
Description:
Assets:
Money market funds	$	34,303	$	—	$	—	$	34,303
U.S. government agencies	63,544		—		—		63,544
Commercial paper	—		45,948		—		45,948
Corporate bonds	—		54,880		—		54,880
Agency bonds	—		19,141		—		19,141
Asset-backed securities	—		11,700		—		11,700
Total assets	$	97,847	$	131,669	$	—	$	229,516



	As of December 31, 2018
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	(in thousands)
Description:
Assets:
Money market funds	$	55,646	$	—	$	—	$	55,646
U.S. government agencies	74,481		—		—		74,481
Commercial paper	—		57,554		—		57,554
Corporate bonds	—		48,495		—		48,495
Agency bonds	—		19,087		—		19,087
Asset-backed securities	—		7,483		—		7,483
Total assets	$	130,127	$	132,619	$	—	$	262,746

As of March 31, 2019, the fair value of our 1.25% convertible senior notes due 2023, as further described in Note 6, Convertible Senior Notes and Capped Calls, was $313.4 million based upon quoted market prices. We consider the fair value of the Notes to be a Level 2 measurement due to limited trading activity of the Notes. We had no other liabilities measured and recorded at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2019 or December 31, 2018.

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Our investments, which are all classified as available-for-sale, consisted of the following:



	As of March 31, 2019
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Description:
U.S. government agencies	$	63,484	$	60	$	—		$	63,544
Commercial paper	45,947		1		—			45,948
Corporate bonds	54,816		69		(5		)	54,880
Agency bonds	19,108		33		—			19,141
Asset-backed securities	11,696		6		(2		)	11,700
Total assets	$	195,051	$	169	$	(7	)	$	195,213



	As of December 31, 2018
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Description:
U.S. government agencies	$	71,480	$	20	$	(17	)	$	71,483
Commercial paper	57,554		—		—			57,554
Corporate bonds	48,532		15		(52		)	48,495
Agency bonds	19,077		16		(6		)	19,087
Asset-backed securities	7,490		—		(7		)	7,483
Total assets	$	204,133	$	51	$	(82	)	$	204,102

As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, our available-for-sale investments had maturities ranging from three months to two years.

Our available-for-sale investments as of December 31, 2018 included $3.0 million of U.S. Government agencies investments which are classified as cash and cash equivalents as the original maturity was less than three months.

For all of our investments for which the amortized cost basis was greater than the fair value at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we have concluded that there is no plan to sell the security nor is it more likely than not that we would be required to sell the security before its anticipated maturity. In making the determination as to whether the unrealized loss is other-than-temporary, we considered the length of time and extent the investment has been in an unrealized loss position, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuers, the issuers’ credit rating and the time to maturity.

Note 4. Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are recorded at cost and consist of the following:



	As of March 31, 2019			As of December 31, 2018
	(in thousands)
Computer equipment and software	$	19,345		$	18,724
Furniture and fixtures⁽¹⁾	6,651			5,580
Leasehold improvements ⁽¹⁾	34,853			19,437
Total	60,849			43,741
Less accumulated depreciation	(28,078		)	(26,218		)
Property and equipment, net	$	32,771		$	17,523

(1) As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, leasehold improvements included $19.0 million and $4.0 million, respectively, and as of March 31, 2019, furniture and fixtures included $1.1 million of construction-in progress primarily related to our new Boston, Massachusetts corporate headquarters facility.

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Depreciation expense was $1.9 million and $1.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Note 5. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill was $88.4 million as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

The following table presents details of our intangible assets, which include acquired identifiable intangible assets and capitalized internal-use software costs:



		As of March 31, 2019							As of December 31, 2018
	Weighted- Average Life (years)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net Book Value		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net Book Value
		(in thousands)
Intangible assets subject to amortization:
Developed technology	5.5	$	29,771	$	(11,099	)	$	18,672	$	29,771	$	(9,741	)	$	20,030
Customer relationships	6.7	1,000		(543		)	457		1,000		(504		)	496
Trade names	6.1	519		(517		)	2		519		(516		)	3
Non-compete agreements	2.0	40		(40		)	—		40		(40		)	—
Total acquired intangible assets		31,330		(12,199		)	19,131		31,330		(10,801		)	20,529
Internal-use software		5,387		(539		)	4,848		3,786		(360		)	3,426
Total intangible assets		$	36,717	$	(12,738	)	$	23,979	$	35,116	$	(11,161	)	$	23,955

Amortization expense was $1.6 million and $1.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Estimated future amortization expense of the acquired identifiable intangible assets and completed capitalized internal-use software costs as of March 31, 2019 was as follows (in thousands):



2019 (for the remaining nine months)	$	4,721
2020	6,245
2021	5,450
2022	2,933
2023	1,450
2024 and thereafter	—
Total	$	20,799

The table above excludes the impact of $3.2 million of capitalized internal-use software costs for projects that have not been completed as of March 31, 2019, and therefore, we have not determined the useful life of the software, nor have all the costs associated with these projects been incurred.

Note 6. Convertible Senior Notes and Capped Calls

In August 2018, we issued $200.0 million aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes due August 1, 2023 and an additional $30.0 million aggregate principal amount of such notes pursuant to the exercise in full of the over-allotment options of the initial purchasers (collectively, the Notes). The Notes are our senior unsecured obligations and bear interest at a fixed rate of 1.25% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on February 1 and August 1 of each year, commencing on February 1, 2019. The Notes will mature on August 1, 2023, unless earlier converted, redeemed or repurchased. The Notes do not contain any financial covenants. The total net proceeds from the Notes offering, after deducting initial purchase discounts and estimated debt issuance costs was $223.1 million. The Notes are governed by an indenture between the Company, as issuer, and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (the Indenture).

Each $1,000 principal amount of the Notes is initially convertible into 24.0460 shares of our common stock, the Conversion Option, which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $41.59 per share, subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of specified events. The holders of the Notes may convert their Notes at their option at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding February 1, 2023, only under the following circumstances: (1) during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on December 31, 2018 (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price of our common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater

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than or equal to 130% of the conversion price of the Notes on each applicable trading day; (2) during the five business day period after any five consecutive trading day period (measurement period) in which the trading price (as defined in the Indenture) per $1,000 principal amount of the Notes for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of our common stock and the conversion rate of the Notes on each such trading day; (3) if we call any or all of the Notes for redemption, at any time prior to the close of business on the scheduled trading day immediately preceding the redemption date; or (4) upon the occurrence of specified corporate events (as set forth in the Indenture). On or after February 1, 2023 until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date, holders may convert their Notes at any time, regardless of the foregoing circumstances. Upon conversion, we will pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, shares of our common stock or a combination of cash and shares of our common stock, at our election, in the manner and subject to the terms and conditions provided in the Indenture. We may not redeem the Notes prior to August 6, 2021. On or after August 6, 2021, we may redeem for cash all or any portion of the Notes, at our option, if the last reported sale price of our common stock has been at least 130% of the conversion price then in effect for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during any 30 consecutive trading day period (including the last trading day of such period) ending on, and including the trading day immediately preceding, the date on which we provide the redemption notice at a redemption price equal to 100% principal amount of the Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date. If we undergo a fundamental change (as set forth in the Indenture) at any time prior to the maturity date, holders of the Notes, will have the right, at their option, to require us to repurchase for cash all or any portion of their Notes at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date. In addition, following certain corporate events that occur prior to the maturity date or following our issuance of a notice of redemption, in each case as described in the Indenture, we will increase the conversion rate for a holder of the Notes who elects to convert its Notes in connection with such a corporate event or during the related redemption period in certain circumstances. During the three months ended March 31, 2019, none of the conditions allowing holders of the Notes to convert their Notes had been met. The Notes are therefore not convertible as of March 31, 2019 and are classified as long-term debt.

The foregoing description is qualified in its entirety by reference to the text of the Indenture and the Form of the Notes, which are filed as Exhibits 4.1 and 4.2 to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

In accounting for the transaction, the Notes have been separated into liability and equity components. The initial carrying amount of the liability component was calculated by measuring the fair value of a similar debt instrument that does not have an associated convertible feature. The initial carrying amount of the equity component representing the Conversion Option was $53.8 million and was determined by deducting the fair value of the liability component from the par value of the Notes. The equity component was recorded as an increase to additional paid-in capital and is not remeasured as long as it continues to meet the conditions for equity classification. The excess of the principal amount of the Notes over the initial carrying amount of the liability component, or the debt discount, is amortized to interest expense over the contractual term of the Notes at an effective interest rate of 7.37%.

In accounting for the debt issuance costs of $6.9 million related to the Notes, we allocated the total amount incurred to the liability and equity components of the Notes based on their relative values. Issuance costs attributable to the liability component were $5.3 million and will be amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the contractual term of the Notes. Issuance costs attributable to the equity component of $1.6 million were netted with the equity component in additional paid-in capital.

The net carrying amount of the liability component of the Notes was as follows:



	As of March 31, 2019			As of December 31, 2018
	(in thousands)
Principal	$	230,000		$	230,000
Unamortized debt discount	(48,050		)	(50,334		)
Unamortized issuance costs	(4,752		)	(4,978		)
Net carrying amount	$	177,198		$	174,688

The net carrying amount of the equity component as March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 was as follows (in thousands):



Debt discount for conversion option	$	53,820
Issuance costs	(1,626		)
Net carrying amount	$	52,194

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Interest expense related to the Notes was as follows:



	Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
	(in thousands)
Contractual interest expense	$	719
Amortization of debt discount	2,284
Amortization of issuance costs	226
Total interest expense	$	3,229

In connection with the offering of the Notes, we entered into privately negotiated capped call transactions with certain counterparties, the (Capped Calls). The Capped Calls each have an initial strike price of $41.59 per share, subject to certain adjustments, which correspond to the initial conversion price of the Notes. The Capped Calls have initial cap prices of $63.98 per share, subject to certain adjustments. The Capped Calls are expected to offset potential dilution to our common stock upon conversion of the Notes, with such offset subject to a cap based on the cap price. The Capped Calls cover, subject to anti-dilution adjustments, approximately 5.5 million shares of our common stock. For accounting purposes, the Capped Calls are separate transactions, and not part of the terms of the Notes. The Capped Calls are recorded in stockholders' equity and are not accounted for as derivatives. Accordingly, the cost of $26.9 million incurred in connection with the Capped Calls was recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in capital.

The net impact to our stockholders' equity, included in additional paid-in capital, of the above components of the Notes was as follows (in thousands):



Conversion option	$	53,820
Purchase of capped calls	(26,910		)
Issuance costs	(1,626		)
Total	$	25,284

Note 7. Leases

Our leases primarily relate to office facilities that have remaining terms of up to ten years, some of which include one or more options to renew with renewal terms of up to five years and some of which include options to terminate the leases within the next three years. All of our leases are classified as operating leases.

The components of lease expense were as follows:



	Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
	(in thousands)
Operating lease cost	$	1,967
Short-term lease costs	149
Variable lease costs	417
Total lease costs	$	2,533

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Supplemental balance sheet information related to the operating leases was as follows:



	As of March 31, 2019
	(in thousands, except lease term and discount rate)
Operating ROU assets	$	15,888

Operating lease liabilities, current portion	$	5,231
Operating lease liabilities, non-current portion	$	16,394
Total operating lease liabilities	$	21,625

Weighted average remaining lease term (in years) - operating leases	5.1
Weighted average discount rate - operating leases	7.4		%

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:



	Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
	(in thousands)
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities	$	1,928
ROU assets obtained in exchange for new lease obligations	$	1,866

Maturities of operating lease liabilities as of March 31, 2019 were as follows (in thousands):



2019 (for the remaining nine months)	$	5,382
2020	4,490
2021	4,125
2022	3,803
2023	3,600
2024 and thereafter	4,780
Total lease payments	$	26,180
Less: imputed interest	(4,555		)
Total	$	21,625

As of March 31, 2019, the operating lease for our future headquarters had not commenced and we did not have control of the leased space. We plan to take possession of the leased office space in the second quarter of 2019, at which time we will record a right-of-use asset and corresponding lease liability. Future lease payments related to this lease are $82.1 million and the lease payments are expected to commence in June 2019.

Under the prior lease accounting standard, as of December 31, 2018, the future minimum payments under non-cancellable leases, which included our future headquarters, were as follows (in thousands):



2019	$	9,899
2020	11,616
2021	10,933
2022	11,054
2023	11,136
Thereafter	53,648
Total	$	108,286

Note 8. Stock-Based Compensation Expense


(a)	General

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Stock-based compensation expense for restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock options and issuances of common stock pursuant to our employee stock purchase plan was classified in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations as follows:



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018
	(in thousands)
Stock-based compensation expense:
Cost of revenue	$	573	$	374
Research and development	3,174		2,566
Sales and marketing	2,464		1,563
General and administrative	2,423		1,722
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	8,634	$	6,225

We recognize compensation cost of all awards on a straight-line basis over the applicable vesting period, which is generally four years.


(b)	Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units

Restricted stock and restricted stock unit activity during the three months ended March 31, 2019 was as follows:



	Restricted Stock				Restricted Stock Units
	Shares		Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value		Shares		Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested balance as of December 31, 2018	21,677		$	10.88	2,773,773		$	21.21
Granted	—		—		1,321,403		40.43
Vested	(16,255	)	10.88		(243,691	)	19.07
Forfeited	—		—		(98,979	)	23.61
Unvested balance as of March 31, 2019	5,422		$	10.88	3,752,506		$	28.05

As of March 31, 2019, the unrecognized compensation expense related to our unvested restricted stock and restricted stock units expected to vest was $107.1 million. This unrecognized compensation expense will be recognized over an estimated weighted-average amortization period of 3.0 years.


(c)	Stock Options

Stock option activity during the three months ended March 31, 2019 was as follows:



	Shares		Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2018	3,713,179		$	10.32
Granted	—		—
Exercised	(224,705	)	12.12			$	7,561
Forfeited/cancelled	(23,441	)	12.93
Outstanding as of March 31, 2019	3,465,033		$	10.18	5.9	$	140,086
Vested and exercisable as of March 31, 2019	2,613,931		$	8.82	5.3	$	109,244

As of March 31, 2019, the unrecognized compensation expense related to our unvested stock options expected to vest was $5.4 million. This unrecognized compensation expense will be recognized over an estimated weighted-average amortization period of 1.7 years.

The total fair value of stock options vested in the three months ended March 31, 2019 was $0.9 million.

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(d)	Employee Stock Purchase Plan

Under the Rapid7, Inc. 2015 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP), employees may set aside up to 15% of their gross earnings, on an after-tax basis, to purchase our common stock at a discounted price, which is calculated at 85% of the lesser of: (i) the market value of our common stock at the beginning of each offering period and (ii) the market value of our common stock on the applicable purchase date.

On March 15, 2018, we issued 123,607 shares of common stock to employees for aggregate proceeds of $1.6 million. The purchase prices of the shares were $12.96 and $14.78 per share, which were discounted in accordance with the terms of the ESPP from the closing prices of our common stock on March 16, 2017 of $15.25 and on September 18, 2017 of $17.39, respectively.

On September 14, 2018, we issued 96,108 shares of common stock to employees for aggregate proceeds of $2.0 million. The purchase prices of the shares were $21.96 and $14.78 per share, which were discounted in accordance with the terms of the ESPP from the closing prices of our common stock on March 16, 2018 of $25.84 and on September 18, 2017 of $17.39, respectively.

On March 15, 2019, we issued 110,822 shares of common stock to employees for aggregate proceeds of $2.6 million. The purchase prices of the shares were $30.46 and $21.96 per share, which were discounted in accordance with the terms of the ESPP from the closing prices of our common stock on September 17, 2018 of $35.84 and on March 16, 2018 of $25.84, respectively.

Note 9. Net Loss per Share

The following table summarizes the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share of our common stock for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018
	(in thousands, except share and per share data)
Numerator:
Net loss	$	(11,673	)	$	(16,361	)
Denominator:
Weighted-average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted	47,827,939			45,210,250
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted	$	(0.24	)	$	(0.36	)

The following potentially dilutive securities outstanding, prior to the use of the treasury stock method or if-converted method, have been excluded from the computation of diluted weighted-average shares outstanding for the respective periods below because they would have been anti-dilutive:



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019	2018
Options to purchase common stock	3,465,033	4,350,223
Unvested restricted stock	5,422	162,974
Unvested restricted stock units	3,752,506	3,507,173
Shares to be issued under ESPP	6,280	9,423
Total	7,229,241	8,029,793

Additionally, the 5.5 million shares underlying the conversion option of the Notes are not considered in the calculation of diluted net loss per share as the effect would be anti-dilutive. The Notes are not convertible as of March 31, 2019. We expect to settle the principal amount of the Notes in cash and therefore use the treasury stock method for calculating any potential dilutive effect of the conversion spread on diluted net income per share, if applicable. The conversion spread will have a dilutive impact on diluted net income per share when the average market price of our common stock for a given period of time exceeds the initial conversion price of $41.59 per share for the Notes.

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Note 10. Commitments and Contingencies


(a)	Warranty

We provide limited product warranties. Historically, any payments made under these provisions have been immaterial.


(b)	Litigation and Claims

In October 2018, Finjan, Inc. (Finjan) filed a complaint against us and our wholly-owned subsidiary, Rapid7 LLC, in the United States District Court, District of Delaware, alleging patent infringement of seven patents held by them. In the complaint, Finjan sought unspecified damages, attorneys' fees and injunctive relief. We intend to vigorously contest Finjan's claims. This litigation is still in its early stages and the final outcome, including our liability, if any, with respect to Finjan's claims, is uncertain. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.

In addition, from time to time, we are a party to litigation or subject to claims incident to the ordinary course of business. Although the results of litigation and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, we currently believe that the final outcome of these ordinary course matters will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.


(c)	Indemnification Obligations

We agree to standard indemnification provisions in the ordinary course of business. Pursuant to these provisions, we agree to indemnify, hold harmless and reimburse the indemnified party for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party, generally our customers, in connection with any United States patent, copyright or other intellectual property infringement claim by any third party arising from the use of our products or services in accordance with the agreement or arising from our gross negligence, willful misconduct or violation of the law (provided that there is not gross or willful misconduct on the part of the other party) with respect to our products or services. The term of these indemnification provisions is generally perpetual from the time of execution of the agreement. We carry insurance that covers certain third-party claims relating to our services and limits our exposure. We have never incurred costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification provisions.

As permitted under Delaware law, we have entered into indemnification agreements with our officers and directors, indemnifying them for certain events or occurrences while they serve as officers or directors of the company.

Note 11. Segment Information and Information about Geographic Areas

We operate in one segment. Our chief operating decision maker is our Chief Executive Officer, who makes operating decisions, assesses performance and allocates resources on a consolidated basis.

Net revenues by geographic area presented based upon the location of the customer were as follows:



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018
	(in thousands)
North America	$	62,039	$	46,377
Other	11,146		8,138
Total	$	73,185	$	54,515

Of the total net revenues generated in North America, 97% and 95% of the revenues were generated in the United States for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Property and equipment, net by geographic area was as follows:



	As of March 31, 2019		As of December 31, 2018
	(in thousands)
United States	$	31,478	$	16,311
Other	1,293		1,212
Total	$	32,771	$	17,523

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Note 12. Related Party Transactions

In October 2015, McAfee, LLC announced the end-of-sale for the McAfee Vulnerability Manager to customers and partners, effective January 11, 2016, with end-of-life to follow, and announced that we were named their exclusive vulnerability management partner. Under the terms of the commercial agreement, we incur partner referral fees as customers transition from McAfee Vulnerability Manager to Nexpose. On February 6, 2017, Michael Berry, a member of our board of directors, became the chief financial officer of Intel Security (McAfee). During the three months ended March 31, 2019, we did not make any payments for partner referral fees payable to McAfee LLC. As of March 31, 2019, we had $0.6 million of partner referral fees payable to McAfee, LLC recorded as accrued expenses on our consolidated balance sheet.

Note 13. Subsequent Event

On April 1, 2019, we acquired NetFort Technologies Limited (NetFort), a provider of end-to-end network traffic visibility and analytics across cloud, virtual and physical platforms for total cash consideration of $15.0 million. The acquisition will be accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting with the operations of the newly acquired entity included in our operating results from the date of acquisition.

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Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with (1) our consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and (2) the audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes and Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on February 28, 2019.

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. These statements are often identified by the use of words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “project,” “will,” “would” or the negative or plural of these words or similar expressions or variations and such forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements with respect to our outlook; the impact of new accounting standards; deferred revenue; our transition to a subscription business model; our business strategy, plans and objectives for future operations; and our future financial and business performance. The events described in these forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, assumptions and other factors that could cause actual results and the timing of certain events to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified herein, and those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors,” set forth in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in our other SEC filings. You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Furthermore, such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements.

Overview

Rapid7 is a leading provider of cyber security analytics and automation and a driving force behind the growing practice of Security Operations (SecOps). SecOps is the practice of aligning cyber security, information technology (IT), and development operations (DevOps) teams so that security becomes an integral part of these teams’ daily operations empowering organizations to innovate faster and more securely. As of March 31, 2019, over 7,900 organizations around the world trust Rapid7 to provide visibility, analytics and automation to help reduce risk, simplify cyber security complexity and deliver better security outcomes.

Organizations of all sizes are faced with a more sophisticated and motivated set of cyber attackers. Coupled with an increasingly complex IT environment and expanding attack surface, driven by ubiquitous connectivity, globalization, mobility and expansion to the cloud, security and IT teams are struggling to maintain adequate levels of cyber security, provide visibility to their management teams, and meet increasing regulatory requirements. At the same time, they must navigate a shortage of capable cyber security professionals.

Out of these challenges there is a growing need for cyber security, IT and DevOps teams to be better aligned and to work together to identify, manage and reduce risk and more nimbly adapt to emerging threats, without adding significant resources. This need is the foundation of the evolving SecOps movement. SecOps requires shared visibility into risk and priorities, and analytics and automation that enable IT, Security and DevOps to work together to achieve significantly higher levels of productivity and success. Rapid7 is providing solutions to power SecOps success.

Our mission is to advance security through technology and expertise that simplify the complexity of cyber security. We seek to remove friction from every aspect of customers’ businesses, making security achievable and allowing them to focus on their professional and organizational advancement.

We offer products across the four main pillars of SecOps:

•

Vulnerability Management: Our industry-leading Vulnerability Management solutions provide enterprises with comprehensive, yet prioritized, visibility into potential cyber risks across their traditional and modern IT environment. With built-in remediation workflows, automation, and validation, our solutions are designed to help ensure that risks can be easily mitigated and attack surfaces diminished.

•

Incident Detection and Response: Our Incident Detection and Response solutions are designed to enable organizations to rapidly detect and respond to cyber security incidents and breaches across physical, virtual and cloud assets. Equipped with user behavior analytics, attacker behavior analytics and deception technology, our Security Information and Event Management is designed to provide comprehensive network visibility and accelerate threat investigation and response.

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•	Application Security: Our Application Security offering provides dynamic application security testing and run-time application security monitoring and protection solutions that are designed to continuously analyze web applications for security vulnerabilities and block many types of attack automatically.


•	Security Orchestration and Automation Response: Our Security Orchestration and Automation Response solutions allow operations teams to connect disparate solutions within their cyber security, IT and development operations and build automated workflows, without requiring code, to eliminate repetitive, manual and labor-intensive tasks, resulting in measurable time and cost savings.

To complement our SecOps products, we offer a range of managed services based on our software solutions and consulting services, including incident response services, security advisory services, and deployment and training.

We market and sell our products and professional services to organizations of all sizes globally, including mid-market businesses, enterprises, non-profits, educational institutions and government agencies. Our customers span a wide variety of industries, such as technology, energy, financial services, healthcare and life sciences, manufacturing, media and entertainment, retail, education, real estate, transportation, government and professional services. As of March 31, 2019, we had 7,934 customers in 133 countries. Our revenue was not concentrated with any individual customer or group of customers, and no customer represented more than 2% of our revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2019 or 2018.

We sell our products and professional services through direct inside and field sales teams and indirect channel partner relationships. Our sales teams focus on both new customer acquisition as well as up-selling and cross-selling additional offerings to our existing customers. Our sales teams are organized by geography, consisting of the Americas; Europe, the Middle East and Africa, or EMEA; and Asia Pacific, or APAC, as well as by target organization size. Our highly technical sales engineers help define customer use cases, manage solution evaluations and train channel partners. In addition, we maintain a global channel partner network that complements our sales organization, particularly in EMEA, APAC and Latin America.

Recent Developments

On April 1, 2019, we acquired NetFort, a provider of end-to-end network traffic visibility and analytics across cloud, virtual and physical platforms for total cash consideration of $15.0 million.

Our Business Model

We have offerings in four key areas: (1) Vulnerability Management, (2) Incident Detection and Response, (3) Application Security and (4) Security Orchestration and Automation Response.

We offer our products through a variety of delivery models to meet the needs of our diverse customer base, including:


•	Cloud-based subscriptions, which provide our software capabilities to our customers through cloud access and on a Software as a Service basis. Our InsightVM, InsightIDR, InsightAppSec and InsightConnect products are offered as cloud-based subscriptions, generally with a one-year term.


•	Managed services, through which we operate our products and provide our capabilities on behalf of our customers. Our Managed Vulnerability Management, Managed Application Security and Managed Detection and Response products are offered on a managed service basis, generally pursuant to one-year agreements.

•

Licensed software, including both term and perpetual licenses, and the simultaneous sale of maintenance and support. Our Nexpose, Metasploit and AppSpider products are offered through term or perpetual software licenses. Our customers who purchase software licenses also purchase maintenance and support, which provides our customers with telephone and web-based support and ongoing bug fixes and repairs during the term of the maintenance and support agreement, and our customers who purchase our Nexpose and Metasploit products also purchase content subscriptions, which provide them with real-time access to the latest vulnerabilities and exploits. Our maintenance and support and content subscription agreements are typically for one-year terms.

We also offer various professional services across all of our offerings, including deployment and training services related to our software and cloud-based products, incident response services and security advisory services. Customers can purchase our professional services together with our product offerings or on a stand-alone basis pursuant to fixed fee or time-and-materials agreements.

An important component of our revenue growth strategy is to have our existing customers renew their agreements with us and purchase additional products from us. To assess our performance against this objective, we monitor the renewal rates of our existing

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customers. We calculate our renewal rate by dividing the dollar value of renewed customer agreements, including upsells and cross-sells of additional products, but excluding professional services, in a trailing 12-month period by the dollar value of the corresponding customer agreements. Our renewal rate was 120% for each of the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018. Our goal is to maintain what we believe are strong renewal rates. However, our renewal rates may decline or fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, including customers’ satisfaction or dissatisfaction with our products and professional services, pricing, competitive offerings, economic conditions or overall changes in our customers’ spending levels.

For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, recurring revenue, defined as revenue from term software licenses, content subscriptions, managed services, cloud-based subscriptions and maintenance and support, was 85% and 77%, respectively, of total revenue.

Other Business Metrics

We regularly monitor a number of financial and operating metrics in order to measure our current performance and estimate our future performance. Our other business metrics may be calculated in a manner different than similar other business metrics used by other companies.



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018
	(dollars in thousands)
Total revenue	$	73,185		$	54,515
Year-over-year growth ⁽¹⁾	34.2		%	20.5		%
Non-GAAP income (loss) from operations	$	577		$	(8,872	)
Operating cash flow	$	(13,566	)	$	7,296

(1) For the first quarter of 2018, we recognized revenue under ASC 606. For the first quarter of 2017, we recognized revenue under ASC 605 and therefore, the periods are not directly comparable.



	As of March 31,
	2019			2018
Number of customers	7,934			7,113
Annualized recurring revenue	$	268,194		$	177,792
Year-over-year growth	50.8		%	38.4		%

Total Revenue and Growth. We are focused on driving continued revenue growth through increased sales of our products and professional services to new and existing customers.

Non-GAAP Income (Loss) from Operations. We monitor non-GAAP income (loss) from operations, a non-GAAP financial measure, to analyze our financial results. We believe non-GAAP income (loss) from operations is useful to investors, as a supplement to U.S. GAAP measures, in evaluating our ongoing operational performance and enhancing an overall understanding of our past financial performance and allowing for greater transparency with respect to metrics used by our management in its financial and operational decision-making. See Non-GAAP Financial Results below for further information on non-GAAP income (loss) from operations and a reconciliation of non-GAAP income (loss) from operations to the comparable GAAP financial measure.

Operating Cash Flow. We monitor our operating cash flow as a measure of our overall business performance, which enables us to analyze our financial performance without the effects of certain non-cash items such as stock-based compensation expenses and depreciation and amortization. Additionally, operating cash flow takes into account the increase in deferred revenue as a result of increases in sales of products and services, which reflects the receipt of cash payment for products before they are recognized into revenue. Our operating cash flow is impacted by the timing of commission and bonus payments, accounts payable payments and collections of accounts receivable.

Number of Customers. We believe that the size of our customer base is an indicator of our global market penetration and that our net customer additions are an indicator of the growth of our business. We define a customer as any entity that has (1) an active Rapid7 contract or a contract that expired within 90 days or less of the applicable measurement date; and for Logentries products, those customers with a contract value equal to or greater than $2,400 per year, or (2) purchased Rapid7 professional services within the 12 months preceding the applicable measurement date.

Annualized Recurring Revenue and Growth. Annualized Recurring Revenue (ARR) is defined as the annual value of all recurring revenue related to contracts in place at the end of the quarter. ARR should be viewed independently of revenue and

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deferred revenue as ARR is an operating metric and is not intended to be combined with or replace these items. ARR is not a forecast of future revenue which can be impacted by contract start and end dates and renewal rates and does not include revenue reported as perpetual license or professional services revenue in our consolidated statement of operations.

Non-GAAP Financial Results

To supplement our consolidated financial statements, which are prepared and presented in accordance with GAAP, we provide investors with certain non-GAAP financial measures, including non-GAAP gross profit, non-GAAP income (loss) from operations, non-GAAP net income (loss), non-GAAP net income (loss) per share and adjusted EBITDA. The presentation of the non-GAAP financial measures is not intended to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for, or superior to, the financial information prepared and presented in accordance with GAAP. We use these non-GAAP financial measures for financial and operational decision-making purposes and as a means to evaluate period-to-period comparisons, and use certain non-GAAP financial measures as performance measures under our executive bonus plan. We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures provide useful information about our operating results, enhance the overall understanding of past financial performance and future prospects and allow for greater transparency with respect to metrics used by our management in its financial and operational decision-making. While our non-GAAP financial measures are an important tool for financial and operational decision-making and for evaluating our own operating results over different periods of time, you should review the reconciliation of our non-GAAP financial measures to the comparable GAAP financial measures included below, and not rely on any single financial measure to evaluate our business.

We define non-GAAP gross profit, non-GAAP income (loss) from operations, non-GAAP net income (loss) and non-GAAP net income (loss) per share as the respective GAAP balances excluding the effect of stock-based compensation expense, amortization of acquired intangible assets, amortization of debt discount and issuance costs, and certain other items such as acquisition-related expenses, follow-on public offering costs and litigation-related expenses. Non-GAAP net income (loss) per basic and dilutive share is calculated as Non-GAAP net income (loss) divided by the weighted average shares used to compute net income (loss) per share, with the number of weighted average shares decreased to reflect the anti-dilutive impact of the capped call transactions entered into in connection with the 1.25% convertible senior note issued in August 2018.

We believe these non-GAAP financial measures are useful to investors in assessing our operating performance due to the following factors:

Stock-based compensation expense. We exclude stock-based compensation expense because of varying available valuation methodologies, subjective assumptions and the variety of equity instruments that can impact our non-cash expense. We believe that providing non-GAAP financial measures that exclude stock-based compensation expense allows for more meaningful comparisons between our operating results from period to period.

Amortization of acquired intangible assets. We believe that excluding the impact of amortization of acquired intangible assets allows for more meaningful comparisons between operating results from period to period as the intangible assets are valued at the time of acquisition and are amortized over several years after the acquisition.

Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs. In August 2018, we issued $230 million of convertible senior notes, which bear interest at an annual fixed rate of 1.25%. The imputed interest rate of the convertible senior notes was approximately 7.37%. This is a result of the debt discount recorded for the conversion feature that is required to be separately accounted for as equity, and debt issuance costs, which reduce the carrying value of the convertible debt instrument. The debt discount is amortized as interest expense together with the issuance costs of the debt. The expense for the amortization of debt discount and debt issuance costs is a non-cash item, and we believe the exclusion of this interest expense provides a more useful comparison of our operational performance in different periods.

Litigation-related expenses. We exclude certain litigation-related expenses consisting of professional fees and related costs incurred by us related to significant litigation outside the ordinary course of business. We believe it is useful to exclude such expenses because we do not consider such amounts to be part of our ongoing operations.

Acquisition-related expenses and follow-on public offering costs. We exclude acquisition-related expenses and follow-on public offering costs as costs that are unrelated to the current operations and neither are comparable to the prior period nor predictive of future results.

Anti-dilutive impact of capped call transaction. In connection with the issuance of our convertible senior notes, we entered into capped call transactions to offset potential dilution from the embedded conversion feature in the notes. Although we cannot reflect the anti-dilutive impact of the capped call transactions under GAAP, we do reflect the anti-dilutive impact of the capped call transactions in non-GAAP net income (loss) per basic and diluted share to provide investors with useful information in evaluating the financial performance of the company on a per share basis.

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We define adjusted EBITDA as net loss before (1) interest income, (2) interest expense, (3) other income (expense), net, (4) provision for income taxes, (5) depreciation expense, (6) amortization of intangible assets, (7) stock-based compensation expense, and (8) certain other items. We believe that the use of adjusted EBITDA is useful to investors and other users of our financial statements in evaluating our operating performance because it provides them with an additional tool to compare business performance across companies and across periods. Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered as a substitute for other measures of financial performance reported in accordance with GAAP. There are limitations to using this non-GAAP financial measure, including that other companies may calculate this measure differently than we do, that it does not reflect our capital expenditures or future requirements for capital expenditures and that it does not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital and excludes some items that are cash based.

Our non-GAAP financial measures may not provide information that is directly comparable to that provided by other companies in our industry, as other companies in our industry may calculate non-GAAP financial results differently, particularly related to non-recurring, unusual items. In addition, there are limitations in using non-GAAP financial measures because the non-GAAP financial measures are not prepared in accordance with GAAP, may be different from non-GAAP financial measures used by other companies and exclude expenses that may have a material impact upon our reported financial results. Further, stock-based compensation expense has been and will continue to be for the foreseeable future a significant recurring expense in our business and an important part of the compensation provided to our employees.

The following tables reconcile GAAP gross profit to non-GAAP gross profit for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018
	(in thousands)
GAAP total gross profit	$	53,212	$	37,921
Stock-based compensation expense	573		374
Amortization of acquired intangible assets	1,358		908
Non-GAAP total gross profit	$	55,143	$	39,203

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018
	(in thousands)
GAAP gross profit – products	$	43,803	$	26,843
Stock-based compensation expense	157		125
Amortization of acquired intangible assets	1,358		908
Non-GAAP gross profit – products	$	45,318	$	27,876

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018
	(in thousands)
GAAP gross profit – maintenance and support	$	7,673	$	8,904
Stock-based compensation expense	120		28
Non-GAAP gross profit – maintenance and support	$	7,793	$	8,932

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018
	(in thousands)
GAAP gross profit – professional services	$	1,736	$	2,174
Stock-based compensation expense	296		221
Non-GAAP gross profit – professional services	$	2,032	$	2,395

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The following table reconciles GAAP loss from operations to non-GAAP income (loss) from operations for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018
	(in thousands)
GAAP loss from operations	$	(9,744	)	$	(16,585	)
Stock-based compensation expense	8,634			6,225
Amortization of acquired intangible assets	1,397			948
Acquisition-related expenses	217			—
Follow-on public offering costs	—			140
Litigation-related expenses	73			400
Non-GAAP income (loss) from operations	$	577		$	(8,872	)

The following table reconciles GAAP net loss to non-GAAP net income (loss) for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018
	(in thousands, except share and per share data)
GAAP net loss	$	(11,673	)	$	(16,361	)
Stock-based compensation expense	8,634			6,225
Amortization of acquired intangible assets	1,397			948
Acquisition-related expenses	217			—
Follow-on public offering costs	—			140
Litigation-related expenses	73			400
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs	2,510			—
Non-GAAP net income (loss)	$	1,158		$	(8,648	)

Reconciliation of net income (loss) per share, basic:
GAAP net loss per share, basic	$	(0.24	)	$	(0.36	)
Non-GAAP adjustments to net loss	0.26			0.17
Non-GAAP net income (loss) per share, basic	$	0.02		$	(0.19	)

Reconciliation of net income (loss) per share, diluted:
GAAP net loss per share, diluted	$	(0.24	)	$	(0.36	)
Non-GAAP adjustments to net loss	0.26			0.17
Non-GAAP net income (loss) per share, diluted	$	0.02		$	(0.19	)

Weighted average shares used in GAAP per share calculation, basic and diluted	47,827,939			45,210,250

Weighted average shares used in non-GAAP per share calculation:
Basic	47,827,939			45,210,250
Diluted	51,184,402			45,210,250

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The following table reconciles GAAP net loss to adjusted EBITDA for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018
Net loss	$	(11,673	)	$	(16,361	)
Interest income	(1,731		)	(243		)
Interest expense	3,229			2
Other (income) expense, net	206			(78		)
Provision for income taxes	225			95
Depreciation expense	1,850			1,383
Amortization of intangible assets	1,577			1,016
Stock-based compensation expense	8,634			6,225
Acquisition-related expenses	217			—
Follow-on public offering costs	—			140
Litigation-related expenses	73			400
Adjusted EBITDA	$	2,607		$	(7,421	)

Components of Results of Operations

Revenue

We generate revenue primarily from selling products, maintenance and support and professional services through a variety of delivery models to meet the needs of our diverse customer base. We generally bill customers and collect payment for both our products and services at the beginning of a contractual period.

Products

We generate products revenue from the sale of (1) cloud-based subscriptions for our InsightVM, InsightIDR, InsightAppSec and InsightConnect products, (2) managed services offerings which utilize our products and (3) term or perpetual software licenses for our Nexpose, Metasploit and AppSpider products, as well as associated content subscriptions for our Nexpose and Metasploit products. We also generate appliance revenue that is included in our products revenue and is associated with hardware sold with our Nexpose product to certain customers.

Maintenance and Support

We generate maintenance and support revenue when customers purchase or renew agreements for maintenance and support of their Nexpose, Metasploit and AppSpider software licenses. Substantially all of our customers purchase an agreement for maintenance and support in connection with their purchase of a Nexpose, Metasploit or AppSpider software license.

Professional Services

We generate professional service revenue from the sale of deployment and training services related to our products, incident response services and security advisory services.

Cost of Revenue

Our total cost of revenue consists of the costs of products, maintenance and support and professional services. Cost of revenue include overhead costs for depreciation, facilities, IT, information security, and recruiting. Our IT overhead costs include IT personnel compensation costs and costs associated with our IT infrastructure. All overhead costs are allocated based on relative headcount.

Cost of Products

Cost of products consists of personnel and related costs for our content, managed service and cloud operations team, including salaries and other payroll related costs, bonuses, stock-based compensation and allocated overhead costs. Also included in cost of products are software license fees, hardware, cloud computing costs and internet connectivity expenses directly related to delivering our products, amortization of contract fulfillment costs, as well as amortization of certain intangible assets including internally developed software.

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Cost of Maintenance and Support

Cost of maintenance and support consists of personnel and related costs for our support team, including salaries and other payroll related costs, bonuses, stock-based compensation and allocated overhead costs.

Cost of Professional Services

Cost of professional services consists of personnel and related costs for our professional services team, including salaries and other payroll related costs, bonuses, stock-based compensation, costs of contracted third-party vendors, travel and entertainment expenses and allocated overhead costs.

We expect our cost of revenue to increase on an absolute dollar basis as we continue to grow our revenue.

Gross Margin

Gross margin, or gross profit as a percentage of revenue, has been and will continue to be affected by a variety of factors, including the average sales price of our products and services, transaction volume growth, the mix of revenue between software licenses, cloud-based subscriptions, managed services and professional services and changes in cloud computing costs. We expect our gross margins to fluctuate over time depending on the factors described above.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses consist of research and development, sales and marketing, and general and administrative expenses. Operating expenses include overhead costs for depreciation, facilities, IT, information security and recruiting. Our IT overhead costs include IT personnel compensation costs and costs associated with our IT infrastructure. All overhead costs are allocated based on relative headcount.

Research and Development Expense

Research and development expense consists of personnel costs for our research and development team, including salaries and other payroll related costs, bonuses and stock-based compensation. Additional expenses include travel and entertainment, consulting and professional fees for third-party development resources as well as allocated overhead costs.

We expect research and development expense to increase on an absolute dollar basis in the near term as we continue to increase investments in our products and technology platform innovation, but to remain relatively consistent as a percentage of total revenue.

Sales and Marketing Expense

Sales and marketing expense consists of personnel costs for our sales and marketing team, including salaries and other payroll related costs, commissions, including amortization of deferred commissions, bonuses and stock-based compensation. Additional expenses include marketing activities and promotional events, travel and entertainment, training costs, amortization of certain intangible assets and allocated overhead costs.

We expect sales and marketing expense to increase on an absolute dollar basis in the near term as we continue to increase investments to drive our revenue growth, but to decrease as a percentage of total revenue.

General and Administrative Expense

General and administrative expense consists of personnel costs for our executive, legal, human resources, and finance and accounting departments, including salaries and other payroll related costs, bonuses and stock-based compensation. Additional expenses include travel and entertainment, professional fees, litigation-related expenses, insurance, acquisition-related expenses, amortization of certain intangible assets and allocated overhead costs.

We expect general and administrative expense to increase on an absolute dollar basis in the near term as we continue to increase investments to support our growth, but to remain relatively consistent as a percentage of total revenue.

Interest Income

Interest income consists primarily of interest income on our cash and cash equivalents and our short and long-term investments.

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Interest Expense

Interest expense consists primarily of contractual interest expense, as well as amortization of debt discount and issuance costs related to our 1.25% convertible senior notes due 2023.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income (expense), net consists primarily of unrealized and realized gains and losses related to changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

Provision for Income Taxes

Provision for income taxes relates to U.S. federal and state, as well as certain foreign jurisdiction, income taxes. Historically, we have generated net losses in the U.S., U.K and Ireland and recorded a full valuation allowance against our U.S., U.K. and Ireland deferred tax assets. We expect to maintain a full valuation allowance on our U.S., Ireland and U.K. deferred tax assets in the near term. Realization of our U.S., Ireland and U.K. deferred tax assets depends upon future earnings, the timing and amount of which are uncertain.

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Results of Operations

The following table sets forth our selected consolidated statements of operations data:



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018
	(in thousands)
Consolidated Statement of Operations Data:
Revenue:
Products	$	56,288		$	35,279
Maintenance and support	9,557			10,753
Professional services	7,340			8,483
Total revenue	73,185			54,515
Cost of revenue:(1)
Products	12,485			8,436
Maintenance and support	1,884			1,849
Professional services	5,604			6,309
Total cost of revenue	19,973			16,594
Operating expenses:(1)
Research and development	17,865			16,722
Sales and marketing	35,138			29,052
General and administrative	9,953			8,732
Total operating expenses	62,956			54,506
Loss from operations	(9,744		)	(16,585		)
Interest income	1,731			243
Interest expense	(3,229		)	(2		)
Other income (expense), net	(206		)	78
Loss before income taxes	(11,448		)	(16,266		)
Provision for income taxes	225			95
Net loss	$	(11,673	)	$	(16,361	)


(1)	Cost of revenue and operating expenses include stock-based compensation expense and depreciation and amortization expense as follows:



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018
	(in thousands)
Stock-based compensation expense:
Cost of revenue	$	573	$	374
Research and development	3,174		2,566
Sales and marketing	2,464		1,563
General and administrative	2,423		1,722
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	8,634	$	6,225



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018
	(in thousands)
Depreciation and amortization expense:
Cost of revenue	$	1,907	$	1,237
Research and development	430		288
Sales and marketing	810		593
General and administrative	280		281
Total depreciation and amortization expense	$	3,427	$	2,399

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The following table sets forth our selected consolidated statements of operations data expressed as a percentage of revenue:



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018
Consolidated Statement of Operations Data:
Revenue:
Products	76.9	%	64.7	%
Maintenance and support	13.1		19.7
Professional services	10.0		15.6
Total revenue	100.0		100.0
Cost of revenue:
Products	17.1		15.5
Maintenance and support	2.6		3.3
Professional services	7.7		11.6
Total cost of revenue	27.4		30.4
Operating expenses:
Research and development	24.4		30.7
Sales and marketing	47.9		53.3
General and administrative	13.6		16.0
Total operating expenses	85.9		100.0
Loss from operations	(13.3	)	(30.4	)
Interest income	2.4		0.4
Interest expense	(4.4	)	—
Other income (expense), net	(0.3	)	0.1
Loss before income taxes	(15.6	)	(29.9	)
Provision for income taxes	0.3		0.1
Net loss	(15.9	)%	(30.0	)%

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 and 2018

Revenue



	Three Months Ended March 31,				Change
	2019		2018		$			%
	(dollars in thousands)
Revenue:
Products	$	56,288	$	35,279	$	21,009		59.6	%
Maintenance and support	9,557		10,753		(1,196		)	(11.1	)
Professional services	7,340		8,483		(1,143		)	(13.5	)
Total revenue	$	73,185	$	54,515	$	18,670		34.2	%

Total revenue increased by $18.7 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. The $18.7 million increase in revenue included a $4.9 million increase from new customers and a $13.8 million increase in revenue from existing customers. The $13.8 million increase in revenue from existing customers was due to an increase in revenue from renewals, upsells and cross-sells as a result of the continued growth of our customer base. Revenue from new customers represents the revenue recognized from the customer's initial purchase. All renewals, upsells and cross-sells are considered revenue from existing customers.

The increase in total revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 was comprised of $15.7 million generated from sales in North America and $3.0 million generated from sales from the rest of the world.

The $1.2 million decrease in maintenance and support revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 was primarily due to the continued transition of our Nexpose customers to our subscription-based InsightVM product. The $1.1 million decrease in professional services revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 was primarily due to a reduction in professional services bookings which drove the performance of less services.

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Cost of Revenue



	Three Months Ended March 31,						Change
	2019			2018			$			%
	(dollars in thousands)
Cost of revenue:
Products	$	12,485		$	8,436		$	4,049		48.0	%
Maintenance and support	1,884			1,849			35			1.9
Professional services	5,604			6,309			(705		)	(11.2	)
Total cost of revenue	$	19,973		$	16,594		$	3,379		20.4	%
Gross margin %:
Products	77.8		%	76.1		%
Maintenance and support	80.3			82.8
Professional services	23.7			25.6
Total gross margin %	72.7		%	69.6		%

Total cost of revenue increased by $3.4 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018, primarily due to a $2.5 million increase in cloud computing costs related to growing cloud-based subscription revenue and a $0.7 million increase in personnel costs, inclusive of a $0.2 million increase in stock-based compensation expense, resulting from an increase in headcount to support our growing customer base. Our increase in total cost of revenue also included a $0.4 million increase in allocated overhead driven largely by an increase in facilities costs and a $0.4 million increase in amortization expense for acquired intangible assets. These increases were partially offset by a $0.6 million decrease in third-party professional service consulting costs.

Total gross margin percentage increased for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. The increase in products gross margin for the three months ended March 31, 2019 was primarily due to the continued increase in our subscription-based and managed services gross margins as we continue to grow and scale these offerings. The decrease in maintenance and support gross margin for the three months ended March 31, 2019 was primarily due to a reduction of maintenance and support revenue of $1.2 million as a result of the continued transition of our Nexpose customers to our subscription-based InsightVM product. The decrease in professional services gross margin for the three months ended March 31, 2019 was primarily due to a reduction in professional services revenue.

Operating Expenses

Research and Development Expense



	Three Months Ended March 31,						Change
	2019			2018			$		%
	(dollars in thousands)
Research and development	$	17,865		$	16,722		$	1,143	6.8	%
% of revenue	24.4		%	30.7		%

Research and development expense increased by $1.1 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018, primarily due to a $1.2 million increase in personnel costs, an increase of $0.2 million in allocated overhead driven largely by an increase in facilities costs and an increase of $0.2 million in third-party infrastructure costs related to development of new and future offerings, partially offset by a decrease of $0.5 million in other expenses. The $1.2 million increase in personnel costs was primarily due to a $1.5 million increase in salaries and related costs driven by growth in headcount and a $0.6 million increase in stock-based compensation expense, partially offset by a $0.9 million increase in personnel costs that were capitalized as internal-use software costs.

Sales and Marketing Expense



	Three Months Ended March 31,						Change
	2019			2018			$		%
	(dollars in thousands)
Sales and marketing	$	35,138		$	29,052		$	6,086	20.9	%
% of revenue	47.9		%	53.3		%

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Sales and marketing expense increased by $6.1 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018, primarily due to a $2.9 million increase in personnel costs due to an increase in headcount, inclusive of a $0.9 million increase in stock-based compensation expense. Our increase in sales and marketing expense also included a $1.2 million increase in commission expense, a $0.9 million increase in allocated overhead driven largely by an increase in facilities costs, a $0.8 million increase in marketing and advertising costs and a $0.3 million increase in other expenses.

General and Administrative Expense



	Three Months Ended March 31,						Change
	2019			2018			$		%
	(dollars in thousands)
General and administrative	$	9,953		$	8,732		$	1,221	14.0	%
% of revenue	13.6		%	16.0		%

General and administrative expense increased by $1.2 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018, primarily due to a $0.7 million increase in stock-based compensation expense, a $0.3 million increase in bad debt expense and a $0.2 million increase in other expenses.

Interest Income



	Three Months Ended March 31,						Change
	2019			2018			$		%
	(dollars in thousands)
Interest income	$	1,731		$	243		$	1,488	612.3	%
% of revenue	2.4		%	0.4		%

Interest income increased by $1.5 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 primarily due to higher interest income as a result of the increase in value of investments as well as higher interest rates.

Interest Expense



	Three Months Ended March 31,						Change
	2019			2018			$			%
	(dollars in thousands)
Interest expense	$	(3,229	)	$	(2	)	$	(3,227	)	NM
% of revenue	(4.4		)%	—		%

Interest expense increased by $3.2 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 primarily due to contractual interest expense and amortization of debt discount and issuance costs related to the issuance of the Notes.

Other Income (Expense), Net



	Three Months Ended March 31,						Change
	2019			2018			$			%
	(dollars in thousands)
Other income (expense), net	$	(206	)	$	78		$	(284	)	(364.1	)%
% of revenue	(0.3		)%	0.1		%

Other income (expense), net decreased by $0.3 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 primarily due to changes in realized and unrealized foreign currency gains and losses, specifically related to the euro and British pound sterling.

Provision for Income Taxes



	Three Months Ended March 31,						Change
	2019			2018			$		%
	(dollars in thousands)
Provision for income taxes	$	225		$	95		$	130	136.8	%
% of revenue	0.3		%	0.1		%

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Provision for income taxes increased by $0.1 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 primarily due to an increase in tax provision for income taxes due to our increased operations in foreign jurisdictions.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of March 31, 2019, we had $89.9 million in cash and cash equivalents, $195.2 million in short- and long-term investments that have maturities ranging from 3 months to 2 years and an accumulated deficit of $476.3 million. Since our inception, we have generated significant losses and expect to continue to generate losses for the foreseeable future. Our principal sources of liquidity are cash and cash equivalents and investments and cash flow from operations. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through private and public equity financings, issuance of convertible senior notes and through cash generated by operating activities.

We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents and our short and long-term investments together with cash generated from our operations will be sufficient to meet our working capital expenditure requirements for at least the next 12 months. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including our growth rate, the timing and extent of spending to support research and development efforts, the expansion of sales and marketing activities, particularly internationally, the introduction of new and enhanced products and professional service offerings and the cost of any future acquisitions of technology or businesses. In the event that additional financing is required from outside sources, we may be unable to raise the funds on acceptable terms, if at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital on terms satisfactory to us when we require it, our business, operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected.

The following table shows a summary of our cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018
	(in thousands)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period	$	99,565		$	51,762
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities	(13,566		)	7,296
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	(355		)	6,762
Net cash provided by financing activities	4,373			34,362
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(148		)	(36		)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	89,869		$	100,146

Uses of Funds

Our historical uses of cash have primarily consisted of cash used for operating activities such as expansion of our sales and marketing operations, research and development activities and other working capital needs, as well as cash used for business acquisitions and purchases of property and equipment including leasehold improvements for our facilities.

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Operating Activities

Operating activities used $13.6 million of cash and cash equivalents in the three months ended March 31, 2019, which reflects our continued growth in revenue offset by continued investments in our operations and impact of the timing of working capital items. Cash used in operating activities reflected our net loss of $11.7 million and an increase in our net operating assets and liabilities of $16.4 million, offset by $14.5 million of non-cash charges related primarily to depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation expense, amortization of debt discount and debt issuance costs, provision for doubtful accounts and other non-cash charges. The increase in our net operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to a $13.7 million decrease in accrued expenses primarily as a result of the payout of annual bonuses and year-end commissions, a $12.1 million decrease in deferred revenue as a result of our seasonal decrease in billings compared to the fourth quarter of 2018, a $1.1 million increase in deferred contract acquisition and fulfillment costs, a $5.9 million increase in prepaid expenses and other assets, which each had a negative impact on operating cash flow. These factors were partially offset by a $14.7 million decrease in accounts receivable due to collections of our fourth quarter of 2018 billings and a $1.6 million increase in other liabilities and a $0.1 million increase in accounts payable, which each had a positive impact on operating cash flow.

Operating activities provided $7.3 million of cash and cash equivalents in the three months ended March 31, 2018, which reflects our continued growth in revenue offset by continued investments in our operations and timing of working capital items. Cash provided by operating activities reflected our net loss of $16.4 million, offset by a decrease in our net operating assets and liabilities of $14.8 million and non-cash charges of $8.9 million related primarily to depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation expense, provision for doubtful accounts and other non-cash charges. The decrease in our net operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to a $34.7 million decrease in accounts receivable driven by cash collections and a $3.2 million increase in accounts payable, which each had a positive impact on operating cash flow. These factors were partially offset by a $11.3 million decrease in accrued expenses primarily as a result of the payout of annual bonuses and higher year-end commissions, a $6.5 million decrease in deferred revenue, a $1.7 million increase in deferred contract acquisition and fulfillment costs, a $3.2 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets and a $0.4 million decrease in other liabilities, which each had a negative impact on operating cash flow.

Investing Activities

Investing activities used $0.4 million of cash in the three months ended March 31, 2019, consisting of $72.7 million of investment sales and maturities, offset by $63.0 million for purchases of investments, $8.5 million in capital expenditures to purchase leasehold improvements, primarily related to office space build-outs, and computer equipment and $1.6 million for capitalization of internal-use software costs.

Investing activities provided $6.8 million of cash in the three months ended March 31, 2018, consisting of $14.1 million of investment sales and maturities offset by $4.5 million used for purchases of investments, $2.1 million in capital expenditures to purchase computer equipment and leasehold improvements and $0.7 million for the capitalization of internal-use software costs.

Financing Activities

Financing activities provided $4.4 million of cash in the three months ended March 31, 2019, which consisted primarily of $2.7 million in proceeds from the exercise of stock options and $2.6 million in proceeds from the issuance of common stock purchased by employees under the Rapid7, Inc. 2015 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP), partially offset by $1.0 million in withholding taxes paid for the net share settlement of equity awards.

Financing activities provided $34.4 million of cash in the three months ended March 31, 2018, which consisted primarily of $31.2 million in net proceeds from a secondary public offering in January 2018, $2.0 million in proceeds from the exercise of stock options and $1.6 million in proceeds from the issuance of common stock purchased by employees under the ESPP, partially offset by $0.5 million in withholding taxes paid for the net share settlement of equity awards.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

As of March 31, 2019, there were no material changes in our contractual obligations and commitments from those disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 filed with the SEC on February 28, 2019.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, including entities sometimes referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities that were established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes. We do not engage in off-balance sheet financing arrangements.

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 1 in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or GAAP. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, costs and expenses. We base our estimates and assumptions on historical experience and other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our actual results may differ from these estimates. There have been no material changes in our critical accounting policies from those disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 filed with the SEC on February 28, 2019.

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

Our results of operations and cash flows are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. A majority of our customers enter into contracts that are denominated in U.S. dollars. Our expenses are generally denominated in the currencies of the countries where our operations are located, which is primarily in the United States and to a lesser extent in the United Kingdom, other Euro-zone countries within mainland Europe, Canada, Japan, Singapore and Australia. Our results of operations and cash flows are, therefore, subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and may be adversely affected in the future due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. The effect of a hypothetical 10% adverse change in foreign currency exchange rates on monetary assets and liabilities at March 31, 2019 would not have been material to our financial condition or results of operations. To date, we have not engaged in any hedging strategies. As our international operations grow, we will continue to reassess our approach to manage our risk relating to fluctuations in foreign currency rates.

Interest Rate Risk

As of March 31, 2019, we had cash and cash equivalents of $89.9 million consisting of bank deposits and money market funds and short- and long-term investments of $195.2 million consisting of U.S. Government agencies, commercial paper, corporate bonds, agency bonds and asset-backed securities. Our investments are made for capital preservation purposes. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes.

Our cash and cash equivalents and short- and long-term investments are subject to market risk due to changes in interest rates, which may affect our interest income and the fair value of our investments. Due in part to these factors, our future investment income may fluctuate due to changes in interest rates or we may suffer losses in principal if we are forced to sell securities that decline in market value due to changes in interest rates. However, because we classify our investments as available-for-sale securities, no gains or losses are recognized due to the changes in interest rates unless securities are sold prior to maturity or declines in fair value are determined to be other-than-temporary.

In August 2018, we issued $230.0 million aggregate principal amount of 1.25% convertible senior notes due in 2023. The fair value of the Notes is subject to interest rate risk, market risk and other factors due to the conversion feature. The fair value of the Notes may increase or decrease for various reasons, including fluctuations in the market price of our common stock, fluctuations in market interest rates and fluctuations in general economic conditions. The interest and market value changes affect the fair value of the Notes but do not impact our financial position, cash flows or results of operations due to the fixed nature of the debt obligation. Based upon the quoted market price as of March 31, 2019, the fair value of our Notes was $313.4 million.

As of March 31, 2019, the effect of a hypothetical 10% increase or decrease in interest rates would not have had a material impact on our financial statements.

Inflation Risk

We do not believe that inflation had a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. If our costs were to become subject to significant inflationary pressures, we may not be able to fully offset such higher costs through price increases. Our inability or failure to do so could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain "disclosure controls and procedures," as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company's management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operations of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2019. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2019, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

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Inherent Limitations of Internal Controls

Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal controls will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by management override of the control. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Our operations and financial results are subject to various risks and uncertainties including those described below. You should consider carefully the risks and uncertainties described below, in addition to other information contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as well as our other public filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, including our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, filed with the SEC on February 28, 2019. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of, or that we currently believe are not material, may also become important factors that adversely affect our business. If any of the following risks or others not specified below materialize, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. In that event, the trading price of our common stock could decline.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We are a rapidly growing company, which makes it difficult to evaluate our future prospects and may increase the risk that we will not be successful.

We are a rapidly growing company. Our ability to forecast our future operating results is subject to a number of uncertainties, including our ability to plan for and model future growth. We have encountered and will continue to encounter risks and uncertainties frequently experienced by growing companies in rapidly evolving industries. If our assumptions regarding these uncertainties, which we use to plan our business, are incorrect or change in reaction to changes in our markets, or if we do not address these risks successfully, our operating and financial results could differ materially from our expectations, our business could suffer and the trading price of our common stock may decline.

If we are unable to sustain our revenue growth rate, we may not achieve or maintain profitability in the future.

From the year ended December 31, 2014 to the year ended December 31, 2018, our revenue grew from $76.9 million under ASC 605 to $244.1 million under ASC 606. Although we have experienced rapid growth historically and currently have high renewal rates, we may not continue to grow as rapidly in the future and our renewal rates may decline. Any success that we may experience in the future will depend, in large part, on our ability to, among other things:


•	maintain and expand our customer base;


•	increase revenues from existing customers through increased or broader use of our products and professional services within their organizations;


•	improve the performance and capabilities of our products through research and development;


•	continue to develop our cloud-based solutions;


•	maintain the rate at which customers purchase and renew subscriptions to our cloud-based solutions, content subscriptions, maintenance and support and managed services;


•	continue to successfully expand our business domestically and internationally;


•	continue to effectively grow and improve the productivity of our sales teams; and

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•	successfully compete with other companies.

If we are unable to maintain consistent revenue or revenue growth, our stock price could be volatile, and it may be difficult to achieve and maintain profitability. You should not rely on our revenue for any prior quarterly or annual periods as any indication of our future revenue or revenue growth.

We have not been profitable historically and may not achieve or maintain profitability in the future.

We have posted a net loss in each year since inception, including net losses of $55.5 million, $45.5 million and $49.0 million in the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. As of March 31, 2019, we had an accumulated deficit of $476.3 million. While we have experienced significant revenue growth in recent periods, we may not obtain a high enough volume of sales of our products and professional services to sustain or increase our growth or achieve or maintain profitability in the future. We also expect our costs to increase in future periods, which could negatively affect our future operating results if our revenue does not increase. In particular, we expect to continue to expend financial and other resources on:


•	research and development related to our offerings, including investments in our research and development team;


•	sales and marketing, including a continued expansion of our sales organization, both domestically and internationally;


•	continued international expansion of our business; and


•	general and administrative expenses as we continue to implement and enhance our administrative, financial and operational systems, procedures and controls.

These investments may not result in increased revenue or growth in our business. If we are unable to increase our revenue at a rate sufficient to offset the expected increase in our costs, our business, financial position and results of operations will be harmed, and we may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability over the long term. Additionally, we may encounter unforeseen operating expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other unknown factors that may result in losses in future periods. If our revenue growth does not meet our expectations in future periods, our financial performance may be harmed, and we may not achieve or maintain profitability in the future.

If our products or professional services fail to detect vulnerabilities or incorrectly detect vulnerabilities, or if our products contain undetected errors or defects, our brand and reputation could be harmed, which could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

If our products or professional services fail to detect vulnerabilities in our customers’ cyber security infrastructure, or if our products or professional services fail to identify and respond to new and increasingly complex methods of cyber attacks, our business and reputation may suffer. There is no guarantee that our products or professional services will detect all vulnerabilities, especially in light of the rapidly changing security landscape to which we must respond. Additionally, our products may falsely detect vulnerabilities or threats that do not actually exist. For example, our Metasploit offering relies on information provided by an active community of security researchers who contribute new exploits, attacks and vulnerabilities. If the information from these third parties is inaccurate, the potential for false indications of security vulnerabilities increases. These false positives, while typical in the industry, may impair the perceived reliability of our offerings and may therefore adversely impact market acceptance of our products and professional services and could result in negative publicity, loss of customers and sales and increased costs to remedy any problem.

Our products may also contain undetected errors or defects. Errors or defects may be more likely when a product is first introduced or as new versions are released, or when we introduce an acquired company's products. We have experienced these errors or defects in the past in connection with new products, acquired products and product upgrades and we expect that these errors or defects will be found from time to time in the future in new, acquired or enhanced products after commercial release. Defects may cause our products to be vulnerable to attacks, cause them to fail to detect vulnerabilities, or temporarily interrupt customers’ networking traffic. Any errors, defects, disruptions in service or other performance problems with our products may damage our customers’ businesses and could hurt our reputation. If our products or professional services fail to detect vulnerabilities for any reason, we may incur significant costs, the attention of our key personnel could be diverted, our customers may delay or withhold payment to us or elect not to renew or other significant customer relations problems may arise. We may also be subject to liability claims for damages related to errors or defects in our products. A material liability claim or other occurrence that harms our reputation or decreases market acceptance of our products may harm our business and operating results.

Many federal, state and foreign governments have enacted laws requiring companies to notify individuals of data security breaches involving their personal data. These mandatory disclosures regarding a security breach often lead to widespread negative publicity, and any association of us with such publicity may cause our customers to lose confidence in the effectiveness of our data security

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solutions. An actual or perceived security breach or theft of the sensitive data of one of our customers, regardless of whether the breach is attributable to the failure of our products or professional services, could adversely affect the market’s perception of our offerings and subject us to legal claims.

Our business and operations are experiencing rapid growth, and if we do not appropriately manage our future growth, or are unable to scale our systems and processes, our operating results may be negatively affected.

We are a rapidly growing company. To manage future growth effectively, we will need to continue to improve and expand our internal information technology systems, financial infrastructure, and operating and administrative systems and controls, which we may not be able to do efficiently, in a timely manner or at all. Any future growth would add complexity to our organization and require effective coordination across our organization. Failure to manage any future growth effectively could result in increased costs, harm our results of operations and lead to customers or investors losing confidence in our internal systems and processes, which could harm our results of operations and stock price.

The market for Security Operations is new and unproven and may not grow.

We believe our future success will depend in large part on the growth, if any, in the market for Security Operations, or SecOps. This market is nascent, and as such, it is difficult to predict important market trends, including the potential growth, if any. To date, the majority of enterprise spend on cyber security has been on threat protection products, such as network, endpoint and web security that are designed to stop threats from penetrating corporate networks. Organizations that use these security products may believe that their existing security solutions sufficiently protect access to their sensitive business data. Therefore, they may continue allocating their cyber security budgets to these products and may not adopt our products and professional services in addition to, or in lieu of, such traditional products. Further, sophisticated cyber attackers are skilled at adapting to new technologies and developing new methods of gaining access to organizations’ sensitive business data, and changes in the nature of advanced cyber threats could result in a shift in IT budgets away from products and professional services such as ours. In addition, while recent high visibility attacks on prominent enterprises and governments have increased market awareness of the problem of cyber attacks, if cyber attacks were to decline, or enterprises or governments perceived that the general level of cyber attacks have declined, our ability to attract new customers and expand our sale to existing customers could be materially and adversely affected. If products and professional services such as ours are not viewed by organizations as necessary, or if customers do not recognize the benefit of our offerings as a critical layer of an effective cyber security strategy, our revenue may not grow as quickly as expected, or may decline, and the trading price of our stock could suffer. It is therefore difficult to predict how large the market will be for our solutions.

In addition, it is difficult to predict customer adoption and renewal rates, customer demand for our products and professional services, the size and growth rate of the market for SecOps, the entry of competitive products or the success of existing competitive products. Any expansion in our market depends on a number of factors, including the cost, performance and perceived value associated with our offerings and those of our competitors. If these offerings do not achieve widespread adoption or there is a reduction in demand for solutions in our market caused by a lack of customer acceptance, technological challenges, competing technologies and products, decreases in corporate spending, weakening economic conditions, or otherwise, it could result in reduced customer orders, early terminations, reduced renewal rates or decreased revenue, any of which would adversely affect our business operations and financial results. You should consider our business and prospects in light of the risks and difficulties we face in this new and unproven market.

We face intense competition in our market.

The market for SecOps solutions is highly fragmented, intensely competitive and constantly evolving. We compete with an array of established and emerging security software and services vendors. With the introduction of new technologies and market entrants, we expect the competitive environment to remain intense going forward. Our primary competitors in Vulnerability Management include Qualys and Tenable; in Incident Detection and Response (SIEM) include Splunk, Micro Focus and LogRhythm; in Application Security include Micro Focus and IBM; in Security Orchestration and Automation Response include Phantom (Splunk) and Demisto; and finally, while the competition in our professional services business is diverse, our competitors include FireEye's Mandiant, SecureWorks and NCC Group.

Some of our actual and potential competitors have advantages over us, such as longer operating histories, significantly greater financial, technical, marketing or other resources, stronger brand and business user recognition, larger and more mature intellectual property portfolios and broader global distribution and presence. In addition, our industry is evolving rapidly and is becoming increasingly competitive. Larger and more established companies may focus on security operations and could directly compete with us. Smaller companies could also launch new products and services that we do not offer and that could gain market acceptance quickly.

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Our competitors may be able to respond more quickly and effectively than we can to new or changing opportunities, technologies, standards or customer requirements. With the introduction of new technologies, the evolution of our offerings and new market entrants, we expect competition to intensify in the future. In addition, some of our larger competitors have substantially broader product offerings and can bundle competing products and services with other software offerings. As a result, customers may choose a bundled product offering from our competitors, even if individual products have more limited functionality than our solutions. These competitors may also offer their products at a lower price as part of this larger sale, which could increase pricing pressure on our offerings and cause the average sales price for our offerings to decline. These larger competitors are also often in a better position to withstand any significant reduction in spending by customers, and will therefore not be as susceptible to economic downturns.

Furthermore, our current and potential competitors may establish cooperative relationships among themselves or with third parties that may further enhance their resources and product and services offerings in the markets we address. In addition, current or potential competitors may be acquired by third parties with greater available resources. As a result of such relationships and acquisitions, our current or potential competitors might be able to adapt more quickly to new technologies and customer needs, devote greater resources to the promotion or sale of their products and services, initiate or withstand substantial price competition, take advantage of other opportunities more readily or develop and expand their product and service offerings more quickly than we do. For all of these reasons, we may not be able to compete successfully against our current or future competitors, or we may be required to expend significant resources in order to remain competitive. If our competitors are more successful than we are in developing new product and service offerings or in attracting and retaining customers, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Our sales cycle may be unpredictable.

The timing of sales of our offerings is difficult to forecast because of the length and unpredictability of our sales cycle, particularly with large enterprises and with respect to certain of our products. We sell our products primarily to IT departments that are managing a growing set of user and compliance demands, which has increased the complexity of customer requirements to be met and confirmed during the sales cycle and prolonged our sales cycle. Further, the length of time that potential customers devote to their testing and evaluation, contract negotiation and budgeting processes varies significantly, depending on the size of the organization and nature of the product or service under consideration. In addition, we might devote substantial time and effort to a particular unsuccessful sales effort, and as a result, we could lose other sales opportunities or incur expenses that are not offset by an increase in revenue, which could harm our business.

Organizations may be reluctant to purchase cloud-based offerings due to the actual or perceived vulnerability of cloud solutions.

Some organizations have been reluctant to use cloud solutions for cyber security, such as our InsightVM, Insight IDR, InsightAppSec and InsightConnect, because they have concerns regarding the risks associated with the reliability or security of the technology delivery model associated with this solution. If we or other cloud service providers experience security incidents, breaches of customer data, disruptions in service delivery or other problems, the market for cloud solutions as a whole may be negatively impacted, which could harm our business.

Our quarterly operating results may vary from period to period, which could result in our failure to meet expectations with respect to operating results and cause the trading price of our stock to decline.

Our operating results, including the levels of our revenue, annualized recurring revenue, renewal rates, cash flow, deferred revenue and gross margins, have historically varied from period to period, and we expect that they will continue to do so as a result of a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control, including:


•	the level of demand for our products and professional services;


•	customer renewal rates and ability to attract new customers;


•	the extent to which customers purchase additional products or professional services;


•	the mix of our products, as well as professional services, sold during a period;


•	the ability to successfully grow our sales of our cloud-based solutions;


•	the level of perceived threats to organizations’ cyber security;


•	network outages, security breaches, technical difficulties or interruptions with our products;


•	changes in the growth rate of the markets in which we compete;

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•	sales of our products and professional services due to seasonality and customer demand;


•	the timing and success of new product or service introductions by us or our competitors or any other changes in the competitive landscape of our industry, including consolidation among our competitors;


•	the introduction or adoption of new technologies that compete with our offerings;


•	decisions by potential customers to purchase cyber security products or professional services from other vendors;


•	the amount and timing of operating costs and capital expenditures related to the operations and expansion of our business;


•	price competition;


•	our ability to successfully manage and integrate any future acquisitions of businesses, including without limitation the amount and timing of expenses and potential future charges for impairment of goodwill from acquired companies;


•	our ability to increase, retain and incentivize the channel partners that market and sell our products and professional services;


•	our continued international expansion and associated exposure to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, including any fluctuations caused by uncertainties relating to Brexit;


•	the amount and timing of operating expenses related to the maintenance and expansion of our business, operations and infrastructure;


•	the announcement or adoption of new regulations and policy mandates or changes to existing regulations and policy mandates;


•	the cost or results of existing or unforeseen litigation and intellectual property infringement;


•	the strength of regional, national and global economies;


•	the impact of natural disasters or manmade problems such as terrorism or war; and


•	future accounting pronouncements or changes in our accounting policies.

Each factor above or discussed elsewhere herein or the cumulative effect of some of these factors may result in fluctuations in our operating results. This variability and unpredictability could result in our failure to meet expectations with respect to operating results, or those of securities analysts or investors, for a particular period. If we fail to meet or exceed expectations for our operating results for these or any other reasons, the market price of our stock could fall and we could face costly lawsuits, including securities class action suits.

If we do not continue to innovate and offer products and professional services that address the dynamic threat landscape, we may not remain competitive, and our revenue and operating results could suffer.

The SecOps market is characterized by rapid technological advances, changes in customer requirements, frequent new product introductions and enhancements and evolving industry standards. Our success also depends, in part, upon our ability to anticipate industry evolution and introduce or acquire new products and professional services to keep pace with technological developments and market requirements both within our industry and in related industries. While we continue to invest significant resources in research and development in order to ensure that our products continue to address the cyber security risks that our customers face, the introduction of products and professional services embodying new technologies could render our existing products or professional services obsolete or less attractive to customers. In addition, developing new products and product enhancements is expensive and time consuming, and there is no assurance that such activities will result in significant cost savings, revenue or other expected benefits. If we spend significant time and effort on research and development and are unable to generate an adequate return on our investment, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. Further, we may not be able to successfully anticipate or adapt to changing technology or customer requirements or the dynamic threat landscape on a timely basis, in a way that sufficiently differentiates us from competing solutions such that customers choose to purchase our solutions. If any of our competitors implement new technologies before we are able to implement them or better anticipate the innovation opportunities in related industries, those competitors may be able to provide more effective or more cost-effective solutions than ours. In addition, we may experience technical problems and additional costs as we introduce new products and product enhancements, deploy future iterations of our products and integrate new products with existing customer systems. If any of these problems were to arise, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

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To date, we have derived a substantial majority of our revenue from customers using our vulnerability management offerings. If we are unable to renew or increase sales of our vulnerability management offerings, or if we are unable to increase sales of our other offerings, our business and operating results could be adversely affected.

Although we continue to introduce and acquire new products and professional services, we derive and expect to continue to derive a majority of our revenue from customers using certain of our vulnerability management offerings, InsightVM, Nexpose and Metasploit. Greater than half of our revenue was attributable to InsightVM, Nexpose and Metasploit in each of our last three fiscal years. As a result, our operating results could suffer due to:


•	any decline in demand for our vulnerability management offerings;


•	failure of our vulnerability management offerings to detect vulnerabilities in our customers’ IT environments;


•	the introduction of products and technologies that serve as a replacement or substitute for, or represent an improvement over, our vulnerability management offerings;


•	technological innovations or new standards that our vulnerability management offerings do not address;


•	sensitivity to current or future prices offered by us or competing solutions; and


•	our inability to release enhanced versions of our vulnerability management offerings on a timely basis in response to the dynamic threat landscape.

Our inability to renew or increase sales of our vulnerability management offerings, including content subscriptions, maintenance and support and managed services, or a decline in prices of our vulnerability management offerings would harm our business and operating results more seriously than if we derived significant revenues from a variety of offerings. In addition, we have introduced several cloud-based subscription products, including InsightVM, InsightIDR, InsightAppSec, and InsightConnect. These products are relatively new, and it is uncertain whether they will gain the market acceptance we expect. Any factor adversely affecting sales of our products or professional services, including release cycles, market acceptance, competition, performance and reliability, reputation and economic and market conditions, could adversely affect our business and operating results.

Our business and growth depend substantially on customers renewing their subscriptions with us. Any decline in our customer renewals or failure to convince customers to expand their use of our subscription offerings could adversely affect our future operating results.

Our subscription offerings are sold on a term basis. In order for us to improve our operating results, it is important that our existing customers renew their subscriptions with us when the existing subscription term expires, and renew on the same or more favorable terms. Our customers have no obligation to renew their subscriptions with us and we may not be able to accurately predict customer renewal rates. Our customers’ renewal rates may decline or fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, including their satisfaction or dissatisfaction with our new or current product offerings, our pricing, the effects of economic conditions, competitive offerings or alterations or reductions in our customers’ spending levels. If our customers do not renew their agreements with us or renew on terms less favorable to us, our revenues and results of operations may be adversely impacted.

Our future growth is also affected by our ability to sell additional offerings to our existing customers, which depends on a number of factors, including customers’ satisfaction with our products and services, the process of our offerings and general economic conditions. If our efforts to cross-sell and upsell to our customers are unsuccessful, the rate at which our business grows might decline.

If we are unable to successfully hire, train, manage and retain qualified personnel, especially those in sales and marketing and research and development, our business may suffer.

We continue to be substantially dependent on our sales force to obtain new customers and increase sales with existing customers. Our ability to successfully pursue our growth strategy will also depend on our ability to attract, motivate and retain our personnel, especially those in sales, marketing and research and development. We face intense competition for these employees from numerous technology, software and other companies, especially in certain geographic areas in which we operate, and we cannot ensure that we will be able to attract, motivate and/or retain sufficient qualified employees in the future. If we are unable to attract new employees and retain our current employees, we may not be able to adequately develop and maintain new products or professional services or market our existing products or professional services at the same levels as our competitors and we may, therefore, lose customers and market share. Our failure to attract and retain personnel, especially those in sales and marketing and research and development positions for which we have historically had a high turnover rate, could have an adverse effect on our ability to execute our business objectives and, as a result, our ability to compete could decrease, our operating results could suffer and our

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revenue could decrease. Even if we are able to identify and recruit a sufficient number of new hires, these new hires will require significant training before they achieve full productivity and they may not become productive as quickly as we would like or at all.

We believe that our corporate culture has been a critical component to our success. We have invested substantial time and resources in building our team. As we grow and mature as a public company, we may find it difficult to maintain our corporate culture. Any failure to preserve our culture could negatively affect our future success, including our ability to attract, motivate and retain personnel and effectively focus on and pursue our business strategy.

If Metasploit were to be used by attackers to exploit vulnerabilities in the cyber security infrastructures of third parties, our reputation and business could be harmed.

Although Metasploit is a penetration testing tool that is intended to allow organizations to test the effectiveness of their cyber security programs, Metasploit has in the past and may in the future be used to exploit vulnerabilities in the cyber security infrastructures of third parties. While we have incorporated certain features into Metasploit to deter misuse, there is no guarantee that these controls will not be circumvented or that Metasploit will only be used defensively or for research purposes. Any actual or perceived security breach, malicious intrusion or theft of sensitive data in which Metasploit is believed to have been used could adversely affect perception of, and demand for, our offerings. Further, the identification of new exploits and vulnerabilities by the Metasploit community may enhance the knowledge base of cyber attackers or enable them to undertake new forms of attacks. If any of the foregoing were to occur, we could suffer negative publicity and loss of customers and sales, as well as possible legal claims.

A component of our growth strategy is dependent on our continued international expansion, which adds complexity to our operations.

We market and sell our products and professional services throughout the world and have personnel in many parts of the world. For each of the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, operations located outside of North America generated 15% of our revenue. Our growth strategy is dependent, in part, on our continued international expansion. We expect to conduct a significant amount of our business with organizations that are located outside the United States, particularly in Europe and Asia. We cannot assure you that our expansion efforts into international markets will be successful in creating further demand for our products and professional services or in effectively selling our products and professional services in the international markets that we enter. Our current international operations and future initiatives will involve a variety of risks, including:


•	increased management, infrastructure and legal costs associated with having international operations;


•	reliance on channel partners;


•	trade and foreign exchange restrictions;


•	economic or political instability or uncertainty in foreign markets and around the world, such as related to the United Kingdom’s referendum in June 2016 in which voters approved an exit from the European Union, commonly referred to as “Brexit”


•	foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations;


•	greater difficulty in enforcing contracts, accounts receivable collection and longer collection periods;


•	changes in regulatory requirements, including, but not limited to data privacy, data protection and data security regulations;


•	difficulties and costs of staffing and managing foreign operations;


•	the uncertainty and limitation of protection for intellectual property rights in some countries;


•	costs of compliance with foreign laws and regulations and the risks and costs of non-compliance with such laws and regulations;


•	costs of compliance with U.S. laws and regulations for foreign operations, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, import and export control laws, tariffs, trade barriers, economic sanctions and other regulatory or contractual limitations on our ability to sell or provide our solutions in certain foreign markets, and the risks and costs of non-compliance;

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•	heightened risks of unfair or corrupt business practices in certain geographies and of improper or fraudulent sales arrangements that may impact financial results and result in restatements of, and irregularities in, financial statements;


•	the potential for political unrest, acts of terrorism, hostilities or war;


•	management communication and integration problems resulting from cultural differences and geographic dispersion;


•	costs associated with language localization of our products; and


•	costs of compliance with multiple and possibly overlapping tax structures.

Our business, including the sales of our products and professional services by us and our channel partners, may be subject to foreign governmental regulations, which vary substantially from country to country and change from time to time. Our failure, or the failure by our channel partners, to comply with these regulations could adversely affect our business. Further, in many foreign countries it is common for others to engage in business practices that are prohibited by our internal policies and procedures or U.S. regulations applicable to us. Although we have implemented policies and procedures designed to comply with these laws and policies, there can be no assurance that our employees, contractors, channel partners and agents have complied, or will comply, with these laws and policies. Violations of laws or key control policies by our employees, contractors, channel partners or agents could result in delays in revenue recognition, financial reporting misstatements, fines, penalties or the prohibition of the importation or exportation of our products and could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. If we are unable to successfully manage the challenges of international expansion and operations, our business and operating results could be adversely affected.

We are also monitoring developments related to Brexit, which could have significant implications for our business. Brexit could lead to economic and legal uncertainty, including significant volatility in global stock markets and currency exchange rates, and differing laws and regulations as the United Kingdom determines which European Union laws to replace or replicate. Any of these effects of Brexit, among others, could adversely affect our operations in the United Kingdom and our financial results.

As a cyber security provider, we are a target of cyber attacks and other cyber risks that could adversely impact our reputation and operating results.

We sell cyber security and data analytics products. As a result, we have been and will be a target of cyber attacks designed to impede the performance of our products, penetrate our network security or the security of our cloud platform or our internal systems, or that of our customers, misappropriate proprietary information and/or cause interruptions to our services. For example, because Metasploit serves as an introduction to hacking for many individuals, a successful cyber attack on us may be perceived as a victory for the cyber attacker, thereby increasing the likelihood that we may be a target of cyber attacks, even absent financial motives. Further, if our systems are breached as a result of third-party action, employee error or misconduct, attackers could learn critical information about how our products operate to help protect our customers’ IT infrastructures from cyber risk, thereby making our customers more vulnerable to cyber attacks. In addition, if actual or perceived breaches of our network security occur, they could adversely affect the market perception of our products, negatively affecting our reputation, and may expose us to the loss of our proprietary information or information belonging to our customers, investigations or litigation and possible liability, including injunctive relief and monetary damages. Such security breaches could also divert the efforts of our technical and management personnel. In addition, such security breaches could impair our ability to operate our business and provide products to our customers. If this happens, our reputation could be harmed, our revenue could decline and our business could suffer.

We are dependent on the continued services and performance of our senior management and other key employees, the loss of any of whom could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

Our future performance depends on the continued services and contributions of our senior management, particularly Corey Thomas, our Chief Executive Officer, and other key employees to execute on our business plan and to identify and pursue new opportunities and product innovations. From time to time, there may be changes in our senior management team resulting from the termination or departure of our executive officers and key employees. Our senior management and key employees are employed on an at-will basis, which means that they could terminate their employment with us at any time. The loss of the services of our senior management, particularly Mr. Thomas, or other key employees for any reason could significantly delay or prevent the achievement of our development and strategic objectives and harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We recognize a significant percentage of our revenue ratably over the term of our agreements with customers, and as a result, downturns or upturns in sales may not be immediately reflected in our operating results.

We recognize a significant percentage of our revenue ratably over the various terms of our agreements with customers. As a result,

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a substantial portion of the revenue that we report in each period will be derived from the recognition of deferred revenue relating to agreements entered into during previous periods. Consequently, a decline in new sales or renewals in any one period may not be immediately reflected in our revenue results for that period. This decline, however, will negatively affect our revenue in future periods. Accordingly, the effect of significant downturns in sales and market acceptance of our products and potential changes in our rate of renewals may not be fully reflected in our results of operations until future periods. Our model also makes it difficult for us to rapidly increase our revenue through additional sales in any period, as revenue from new customers generally will be recognized over the applicable term.

We also intend to increase our investment in research and development, sales and marketing, and general and administrative functions and other areas to grow our business. We are likely to recognize the costs associated with these increased investments earlier than some of the anticipated benefits and the return on these investments may be lower, or may develop more slowly, than we expect, which could adversely affect our operating results.

We may be unable to rapidly and efficiently adjust our cost structure in response to significant revenue declines, which could adversely affect our operating results.

Our brand, reputation and ability to attract, retain and serve our customers are dependent in part upon the reliable performance of our products and network infrastructure.

Our brand, reputation and ability to attract, retain and serve our customers are dependent in part upon the reliable performance of our products and network infrastructure. We have experienced, and may in the future experience, disruptions, outages and other performance problems due to a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, human or software errors, capacity constraints and fraud or security attacks. In some instances, we may not be able to identify the cause or causes of these performance problems within an acceptable period of time.

We utilize third-party data centers located in North America, in addition to operating and maintaining certain elements of our own network infrastructure. We also utilize other cloud providers, such as Amazon Web Services, for our Insight Platform infrastructure. Some elements of our complex infrastructure are operated by third parties that we do not control and that could require significant time to replace. We expect this dependence on third parties to continue. More specifically, certain of our products, in particular our cloud-based products, are hosted on cloud providers such as Amazon Web Services, which provides us with computing and storage capacity. Interruptions in our systems or the third-party systems on which we rely, whether due to system failures, computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins, or other factors, could affect the security or availability of our products, network infrastructure and website.

Prolonged delays or unforeseen difficulties in connection with adding capacity or upgrading our network architecture when required may cause our service quality to suffer. Problems with the reliability or security of our systems could harm our reputation. Damage to our reputation and the cost of remedying these problems could negatively affect our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Additionally, our existing data center facilities and third-party hosting providers have no obligations to renew their agreements with us on commercially reasonable terms or at all, and certain of the agreements governing these relationships may be terminated by either party at any time. If we are unable to maintain or renew our agreements with these providers on commercially reasonable terms or if in the future we add additional data center facilities or third-party hosting providers, we may experience additional costs or downtime or delays as we transition our operations.

Any disruptions or other performance problems with our products could harm our reputation and business and may damage our customers’ businesses. Interruptions in our service delivery might reduce our revenue, cause us to issue credits to customers, subject us to potential liability and cause customers to not renew their purchases or our products.

If we fail to manage our operations infrastructure, our customers may experience service outages and/or delays.

Our future growth is dependent upon our ability to continue to meet the expanding needs of our customers and to attract new customers. As existing customers gain more experience with our products, they may broaden their reliance on our products, which will require that we expand our operations infrastructure. We also seek to maintain excess capacity in our operations infrastructure to facilitate the rapid provision of new customer deployments. In addition, we need to properly manage our technological operations infrastructure in order to support changes in hardware and software parameters and the evolution of our products, all of which require significant lead time. If we do not accurately predict our infrastructure requirements, our existing customers may experience service outages that may subject us to financial penalties, financial liabilities and customer losses. If our operations infrastructure fails to keep pace with increased sales, customers may experience delays as we seek to obtain additional capacity, which could adversely affect our reputation and our revenue.

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If our products fail to help our customers achieve and maintain compliance with regulations and/or industry standards, our revenue and operating results could be harmed.

We generate a portion of our revenue from our vulnerability management offerings that help organizations achieve and maintain compliance with regulations and industry standards both domestically and internationally. For example, many of our customers subscribe to our vulnerability management offerings to help them comply with the security standards developed and maintained by the Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council (the PCI Council), which apply to companies that process, transmit or store cardholder data. In addition, our vulnerability management offerings are used by customers in the health care industry to help them comply with numerous federal and state laws and regulations related to patient privacy. In particular, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), and the 2009 Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act include privacy standards that protect individual privacy by limiting the uses and disclosures of individually identifiable health information and implementing data security standards. The foregoing and other state, federal and international legal and regulatory regimes may affect our customers’ requirements for, and demand for, our products and professional services. Governments and industry organizations, such as the PCI Council, may also adopt new laws, regulations or requirements, or make changes to existing laws or regulations, that could impact the demand for, or value of, our products. If we are unable to adapt our products to changing legal and regulatory standards or other requirements in a timely manner, or if our products fail to assist with, or expedite, our customers’ cyber security defense and compliance efforts, our customers may lose confidence in our products and could switch to products offered by our competitors or threaten or bring legal actions against us. In addition, if laws, regulations or standards related to data security, vulnerability management and other IT security and compliance requirements are relaxed or the penalties for non-compliance are changed in a manner that makes them less onerous, our customers may view government and industry regulatory compliance as less critical to their businesses, and our customers may be less willing to purchase our products. In any of these cases, our revenue and operating results could be harmed.

In addition, government and other customers may require our products to comply with certain privacy, security or other certifications and standards. If our products are late in achieving or fail to achieve or maintain compliance with these certifications and standards, or our competitors achieve compliance with these certifications and standards, we may be disqualified from selling our products to such customers, or may otherwise be at a competitive disadvantage, either of which would harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

If our customers are unable to implement our products successfully, customer perceptions of our offerings may be impaired or our reputation and brand may suffer.

Our products are deployed in a wide variety of IT environments, including large-scale, complex infrastructures. Some of our customers have experienced difficulties implementing our products in the past and may experience implementation difficulties in the future. If our customers are unable to implement our products successfully, customer perceptions of our offerings may be impaired or our reputation and brand may suffer.

In addition, in order for our products to achieve their functional potential, our products must effectively integrate into our customers’ IT infrastructures, which have different specifications, utilize varied protocol standards, deploy products from multiple different vendors and contain multiple layers of products that have been added over time. Our customers’ IT infrastructures are also dynamic, with a myriad of devices and endpoints entering and exiting the customers’ IT systems on a regular basis, and our products must be able to effectively adapt to and track these changes.

Any failure by our customers to appropriately implement our products or any failure of our products to effectively integrate and operate within our customers’ IT infrastructures could result in customer dissatisfaction, impact the perceived reliability of our products, result in negative press coverage, negatively affect our reputation and harm our financial results.

Future acquisitions could disrupt our business and harm our financial condition and operating results.

In order to remain competitive, we have in the past and may in the future seek to acquire additional businesses, products or technologies. The environment for acquisitions in our industry is very competitive and acquisition candidate purchase prices will likely exceed what we would prefer to pay. We also may not find suitable acquisition candidates, and acquisitions we complete may be unsuccessful.

Achieving the anticipated benefits of future acquisitions will depend in part upon whether we can integrate acquired operations, products and technology in a timely and cost-effective manner and successfully market and sell these as new product offerings, or as new features within our existing offerings, including, for example, the operations, products and technology acquired in connection with our acquisition of NetFort Technologies Limited (NetFort) in April 2019. Some of our acquisitions could improve the capabilities of our existing offerings or platform, as opposed to becoming a new offering. The acquisition of NetFort's network monitoring, traffic visibility and analytics technology is intended to help our Insight cloud customers improve their ability to detect

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attacks, investigate incidents and gain increased visibility into devices that pose a risk to the organization. The process of integrating a new business or technology into our product offerings, such as NetFort and its technology, requires, among other things, coordination of administrative, sales and marketing, accounting and finance functions, and expansion of information and management systems. Integration of any future acquisition may prove to be difficult due to the necessity of coordinating geographically separate organizations and integrating personnel with disparate business backgrounds and accustomed to different corporate cultures. The acquisition and integration processes are complex, expensive and time consuming, and may cause an interruption of, or loss of momentum in, product development, sales activities and operations of both companies. Further, we may be unable to retain key personnel of an acquired company following the acquisition, including certain employees which we acquired in connection with our acquisition of NetFort. If we are unable to effectively execute or integrate acquisitions, our business, financial condition and operating results could be adversely affected.

In addition, we may only be able to conduct limited due diligence on an acquired company’s operations or may discover that the products or technology acquired were not as capable as we thought based upon the initial or limited due diligence. Following an acquisition, we may be subject to unforeseen liabilities arising from an acquired company’s past or present operations and these liabilities may be greater than the warranty and indemnity limitations that we negotiate. Any unforeseen liability that is greater than these warranty and indemnity limitations could have a negative impact on our financial condition.

If we are unable to maintain successful relationships with our channel partners, our business operations, financial results and growth prospects could be adversely affected.

Our success is dependent in part upon establishing and maintaining relationships with a variety of channel partners that we utilize to extend our geographic reach and market penetration. We anticipate that we will continue to rely on these partners in order to help facilitate sales of our offerings as part of larger purchases in the United States and to grow our business internationally. For 2018, 2017 and 2016, we derived approximately 39%, 37%, and 37%, respectively, of our revenue from sales of products and professional services through channel partners, and the percentage of revenue derived from channel partners may increase in future periods. Our agreements with our channel partners are non-exclusive and do not prohibit them from working with our competitors or offering competing solutions, and some of our channel partners may have more established relationships with our competitors. If our channel partners choose to place greater emphasis on products of their own or those offered by our competitors or do not effectively market and sell our products and professional services, our ability to grow our business and sell our products and professional services, particularly in key international markets, may be adversely affected. In addition, our failure to recruit additional channel partners, or any reduction or delay in their sales of our products and professional services or conflicts between channel sales and our direct sales and marketing activities may harm our results of operations. Finally, even if we are successful, our relationships with channel partners may not result in greater customer usage of our products and professional services or increased revenue.

If we are not able to maintain and enhance our brand, our business and operating results may be adversely affected.

We believe that maintaining and enhancing our brand identity is critical to our relationships with our customers and channel partners and to our ability to attract new customers and channel partners. The successful promotion of our brand will depend largely upon our marketing efforts, our ability to continue to offer high-quality offerings and our ability to successfully differentiate our offerings from those of our competitors. Our brand promotion activities may not be successful or yield increased revenues. In addition, independent industry analysts often provide reviews of our offerings, as well as those of our competitors, and perception of our offerings in the marketplace may be significantly influenced by these reviews. If these reviews are negative, or less positive as compared to those of our competitors’ products and professional services, our brand may be adversely affected.

Moreover, it may be difficult to maintain and enhance our brand in connection with sales through channel or strategic partners. The promotion of our brand requires us to make substantial expenditures, and we anticipate that the expenditures will increase as our market becomes more competitive, as we expand into new markets and as more sales are generated through our channel partners. To the extent that these activities yield increased revenues, these revenues may not offset the increased expenses we incur. If we do not successfully maintain and enhance our brand, our business may not grow, we may have reduced pricing power relative to competitors with stronger brands, and we could lose customers and channel partners, all of which would adversely affect our business operations and financial results.

Failure to maintain high-quality customer support could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Once our products are deployed within our customers’ networks, our customers depend on our technical and other customer support services to resolve any issues relating to the implementation and maintenance of our products. If we do not effectively assist our customers in deploying our products, help our customers quickly resolve post-deployment issues or provide effective ongoing support, our ability to renew or sell additional products or professional services to existing customers would be adversely affected and our reputation with potential customers could be damaged. Further, to the extent that we are unsuccessful in hiring, training

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and retaining adequate technical and customer success personnel, our ability to provide adequate and timely support to our customers will be negatively impacted, and our customers’ satisfaction with our offerings will be adversely affected.

We rely on third-party software to operate certain functions of our business.

We rely on software vendors to operate certain critical functions of our business, including financial management, customer relationship management and human resource management. If we experience difficulties in implementing new software or if these services become unavailable due to extended outages or interruptions or because they are no longer available on commercially reasonable terms or prices, our expenses could increase, our ability to manage our finances could be interrupted and our processes for managing sales of our solutions and supporting our customers could be impaired until equivalent services, if available, are identified, obtained and integrated, all of which could harm our business.

We use third-party software and data that may be difficult to replace or that may cause errors or failures of our solutions, which could lead to lost customers or harm to our reputation and our operating results.

We license third-party software and security and compliance data from various third parties that are used in our solutions in order to deliver our offerings. In the future, this software or data may not be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Any loss of the right to use any of this software or data could result in delays in the provisioning of our offerings until equivalent technology or data is either developed by us, or, if available, is identified, obtained and integrated, which could harm our business. In addition, any errors or defects in or failures of this third-party software could result in errors or defects in our products or cause our products to fail, which could harm our business and be costly to correct. Many of these providers attempt to impose limitations on their liability for such errors, defects or failures, and if enforceable, we may have additional liability to our customers or third-party providers that could harm our reputation and increase our operating costs.

We will need to maintain our relationships with third-party software and data providers, and to obtain software and data from such providers that do not contain errors or defects. Any failure to do so could adversely impact our ability to deliver effective solutions to our customers and could harm our operating results.

Our products contain third-party open source software components, and our failure to comply with the terms of the underlying open source software licenses could restrict our ability to sell our products.

Our products contain software licensed to us by third parties under so-called “open source” licenses, including the GNU General Public License, the GNU Lesser General Public License, the BSD License, the Apache License and others. From time to time, there have been claims against companies that distribute or use open source software in their products and services, asserting that such open source software infringes the claimants’ intellectual property rights. We could be subject to suits by parties claiming that what we believe to be licensed open source software infringes their intellectual property rights. Use and distribution of open source software may entail greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or other contractual protections regarding infringement claims or the quality of the code. In addition, certain open source licenses require that source code for software programs that are subject to the license be made available to the public and that any modifications or derivative works to such open source software continue to be licensed under the same terms.

Although we monitor our use of open source software in an effort both to comply with the terms of the applicable open source licenses and to avoid subjecting our products to conditions we do not intend, the terms of many open source licenses have not been interpreted by U.S. courts, and there is a risk that these licenses could be construed in a way that could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to commercialize our products. The terms of certain open source licenses require us to release the source code of our applications and to make our applications available under those open source licenses if we combine or distribute our applications with open source software in a certain manner. In the event that portions of our applications are determined to be subject to an open source license, we could be required to publicly release the affected portions of our source code, re-engineer all, or a portion of, those applications or otherwise be limited in the licensing of our applications. Disclosing our proprietary source code could allow our competitors to create similar products with lower development effort and time and ultimately, could result in a loss of sales for us. Disclosing the source code of our proprietary software could also make it easier for cyber attackers and other third parties to discover vulnerabilities in or to defeat the protections of our products, which could result in our products failing to provide our customers with the security they expect. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

Our technology alliance partnerships expose us to a range of business risks and uncertainties that could have a material adverse impact on our business and financial results.

We have entered, and intend to continue to enter, into technology alliance partnerships with third parties to support our future growth plans, including with certain of our actual or potential competitors. For example, through these technology alliance

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partnerships, we integrate with certain third-party application program interfaces, or APIs, which enhance our data collection capabilities in our customers’ IT environments. If these third parties no longer allow us to integrate with their APIs, or if we determine not to maintain these integrations, the functionality of our products may be reduced and our products may not be as marketable to certain potential customers. Technology alliance partnerships require significant coordination between the parties involved, particularly if a partner requires that we integrate its products with our products. Further, we have invested and will continue to invest significant time, money and resources to establish and maintain relationships with our technology alliance partners, but we have no assurance that any particular relationship will continue for any specific period of time, result in new offerings that we can effectively commercialize or result in enhancements to our existing offerings. In addition, while we believe that entering into technology alliance partnerships with certain of our actual or potential competitors is currently beneficial to our competitive position in the market, such partnerships may also give our competitors insight into our offerings that they may not otherwise have, thereby allowing them to compete more effectively against us.

The continued utility of Metasploit depends in part on the continued contributions from security researchers.

Our Metasploit product relies on information provided by an active community of security researchers who contribute new exploits, attacks and vulnerabilities. We expect that the continued contributions from these third parties will both enhance the robustness of Metasploit and also support our sales and marketing efforts. However, to the extent that the information provided by these third parties is inaccurate or malicious, the potential for false indications of security vulnerabilities and susceptibility to attack increases, which could adversely impact market acceptance of our products and professional services and could result in negative publicity, loss of customers and sales and increased costs to remedy any problem. Further, to the extent that our community of third parties is reduced in size or participants become less active, we may lose valuable insight into the dynamic threat landscape and our ability to quickly respond to new exploits, attacks and vulnerabilities may be reduced.

A portion of our revenue is generated by sales to government entities, which are subject to a number of challenges and risks.

Selling to government entities can be highly competitive, expensive and time consuming, and often requires significant upfront time and expense without any assurance that we will win a sale. Government demand and payment for our products and professional services may also be impacted by public sector budgetary cycles and funding authorizations, with funding reductions or delays adversely affecting public sector demand for our offerings. Government entities also have heightened sensitivity surrounding the purchase of cyber security solutions due to the critical importance of their IT infrastructures, the nature of the information contained within those infrastructures and the fact that they are highly-visible targets for cyber attacks. Accordingly, increasing sales of our products and professional services to government entities may be more challenging than selling to commercial organizations. Further, in the course of providing our products and professional services to government entities, our employees and those of our channel partners may be exposed to sensitive government information. Any failure by us or our channel partners to safeguard and maintain the confidentiality of such information could subject us to liability and reputational harm, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial performance.

We are exposed to fluctuations in currency exchange rates, which could negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar and we generate a majority of our revenue in U.S. dollars. However, for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 we incurred 12% and 13%, respectively, of our expenses outside of the United States in foreign currencies, primarily the British pound sterling and euro, principally with respect to salaries and related personnel expenses associated with our sales and research and development operations. Additionally, for each of the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, 7% our revenue was generated in foreign currencies. Accordingly, changes in exchange rates may have an adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. The exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and foreign currencies has fluctuated in recent years and may fluctuate substantially in the future. To date, we have not engaged in any hedging strategies, and any such strategies, such as forward contracts, options and foreign exchange swaps related to transaction exposures that we may implement to mitigate this risk may not eliminate our exposure to foreign exchange fluctuations.

Changes in financial accounting standards may adversely impact our reported results of operations.

A change in accounting standards or practices could adversely affect our operating results and may even affect our reporting of transactions completed before the change is effective. New accounting pronouncements and varying interpretations of accounting pronouncements have occurred and may occur in the future. Changes to existing rules or the questioning of current practices may adversely affect our operating results.

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We may require additional capital to support business growth, and this capital might not be available on acceptable terms, if at all.

We intend to continue to make investments to support our business growth and may require additional funds to respond to business challenges, including the need to develop new features or enhance our products, improve our operating infrastructure or acquire complementary businesses and technologies. Accordingly, we may need to engage in equity or debt financings to secure additional funds. If we raise additional funds through future issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of holders of our common stock. Any debt financing that we may secure in the future could involve restrictive covenants relating to our capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions. We may not be able to obtain additional financing on terms favorable to us, if at all. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us when we require it, our ability to continue to support our business growth and to respond to business challenges could be significantly impaired, and our business may be adversely affected.

Risks Related to Intellectual Property, Litigation, Government Regulation, Data Collection and Catastrophic Events

Failure to protect our proprietary technology and intellectual property rights could substantially harm our business and operating results.

Our success and competitive position depend in part on our ability to protect our intellectual property and proprietary technologies. To safeguard these rights, we rely on a combination of patent, trademark, copyright and trade secret laws and contractual protections in the United States and other jurisdictions, all of which provide only limited protection and may not now or in the future provide us with a competitive advantage.

We cannot assure you that any patents will issue from any patent applications, that patents that issue from such applications will give us the protection that we seek or that any such patents will not be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented. Any patents that may issue in the future from our pending or future patent applications may not provide sufficiently broad protection and may not be enforceable in actions against alleged infringers. We have registered the “Rapid7,” “Nexpose” and “Metasploit” names and logos in the United States and certain other countries. We have registrations and/or pending applications for additional marks in the United States and other countries; however, we cannot assure you that any future trademark registrations will be issued for pending or future applications or that any registered trademarks will be enforceable or provide adequate protection of our proprietary rights. While we have copyrights in our software, we do not typically register such copyrights with the Copyright Office. This failure to register the copyrights in our software may preclude us from obtaining statutory damages for infringement under certain circumstances. We also license software from third parties for integration into our products, including open source software and other software available on commercially reasonable terms. We cannot assure you that such third parties will maintain such software or continue to make it available.

In order to protect our unpatented proprietary technologies and processes, we rely on trade secret laws and confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, channel partners, vendors and others. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary technology and trade secrets, unauthorized parties may attempt to misappropriate, reverse engineer or otherwise obtain and use them. In addition, others may independently discover our trade secrets, in which case we would not be able to assert trade secret rights, or develop similar technologies and processes. Further, the contractual provisions that we enter into may not prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of our proprietary technology or intellectual property rights and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure of our proprietary technology or intellectual property rights. Moreover, policing unauthorized use of our technologies, trade secrets and intellectual property is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, particularly in foreign countries where the laws may not be as protective of intellectual property rights as those in the United States and where mechanisms for enforcement of intellectual property rights may be weak. We may be unable to determine the extent of any unauthorized use or infringement of our solutions, technologies or intellectual property rights.

From time to time, legal action by us may be necessary to enforce our patents and other intellectual property rights, to protect our trade secrets, to determine the validity and scope of the intellectual property rights of others or to defend against claims of infringement or invalidity. Such litigation could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could result in impairment or loss of portions of our intellectual property. Furthermore, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights may be met with defenses, counterclaims and countersuits attacking the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights. Our failure to secure, protect and enforce our intellectual property rights could negatively affect our brand and adversely impact our business, operating results and financial condition.

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Assertions by third parties of infringement or other violations by us of their intellectual property rights, whether or not correct, could result in significant costs and harm our business and operating results.

Patent and other intellectual property disputes are common in our industry. We are periodically involved in disputes brought by non-practicing entities alleging patent infringement and we may, from time to time, be involved in other such disputes in the ordinary course of our business. Some companies, including some of our competitors, own large numbers of patents, copyrights and trademarks, which they may use to assert claims against us. Many of these companies have the capability to dedicate substantially greater resources to enforce their intellectual property rights. Third parties have in the past and may in the future assert claims of infringement, misappropriation or other violations of intellectual property rights against us and we are currently involved in legal proceedings with Finjan, Inc., which has filed a complaint against us and our wholly-owned subsidiary, Rapid7 LLC, in the United States District Court, District of Delaware, alleging patent infringement. Third parties may also assert claims against our customers or channel partners, whom we typically indemnify against claims that our solutions infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate the intellectual property rights of third parties. As the numbers of products and competitors in our market increase and overlaps occur, claims of infringement, misappropriation and other violations of intellectual property rights may increase. Any claim of infringement, misappropriation or other violation of intellectual property rights by a third party, even those without merit, could cause us to incur substantial costs defending against the claim and could distract our management from our business.

The patent portfolios of our most significant competitors are larger than ours. This disparity may increase the risk that they may sue us for patent infringement and may limit our ability to counterclaim for patent infringement or settle through patent cross-licenses. In addition, future assertions of patent rights by third parties, and any resulting litigation, may involve patent holding companies or other adverse patent owners who have no relevant product revenues and against whom our own patents may therefore provide little or no deterrence or protection. There can be no assurance that we will not be found to infringe or otherwise violate any third-party intellectual property rights or to have done so in the past.

An adverse outcome of a dispute may require us to:


•	pay substantial damages, including treble damages, if we are found to have willfully infringed a third party’s patents or copyrights;


•	cease making, licensing or using solutions that are alleged to infringe or misappropriate the intellectual property of others;


•	expend additional development resources to attempt to redesign our solutions or otherwise develop non-infringing technology, which may not be successful;


•	enter into potentially unfavorable royalty or license agreements in order to obtain the right to use necessary technologies or intellectual property rights; and


•	indemnify our partners and other third parties.

In addition, royalty or licensing agreements, if required or desirable, may be unavailable on terms acceptable to us, or at all, and may require significant royalty payments and other expenditures. Some licenses may also be non-exclusive, and therefore, our competitors may have access to the same technology licensed to us.

Any of the foregoing events could seriously harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to governmental export and import controls that could impair our ability to compete in international markets and/or subject us to liability if we are not in compliance with applicable laws.

Like other U.S.-based IT security products, our products are subject to U.S. export control and import laws and regulations, including the U.S. Export Administration Regulations and various economic and trade sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control. Exports of these products must be made in compliance with these laws and regulations. Compliance with these laws and regulations is complex, and if we were to fail to comply with these laws and regulations, we and certain of our employees could be subject to substantial civil and criminal penalties, including fines for our company and responsible employees or managers, and, in extreme cases, incarceration of responsible employees and managers and the possible loss of export privileges. Complying with export control laws and regulations, including obtaining the necessary licenses or authorizations, for a particular sale may be time-consuming, is not guaranteed and may result in the delay or loss of sales opportunities. Changes in export or import laws and regulations, shifts in the enforcement or scope of existing laws and regulations, or changes in the countries, governments, persons, products or services targeted by such laws and regulations, could also result in decreased use of our products by, or in our decreased ability to export or sell our products to, existing or potential

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customers. A decreased use of our products or limitation on our ability to export or sell our products could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We also incorporate encryption technology into our products. These encryption products may be exported outside of the United States only with the required export authorizations, including by a license, a license exception or other appropriate government authorizations, including the filing of a product classification request. In addition, various countries regulate the import and domestic use of certain encryption technology, including through import permitting and licensing requirements, and have enacted laws that could limit our ability to distribute our products or could limit our customers’ ability to implement our products in those countries. Governmental regulation of encryption technology and regulation of imports or exports of encryption products, or our failure to obtain required import or export approval for our products, when applicable, could harm our international sales and adversely affect our revenue. Compliance with applicable laws and regulations regarding the export and import of our products, including with respect to new products or changes in existing products, may create delays in the introduction of our products in international markets, prevent our customers with international operations from deploying our products globally or, in some cases, could prevent the export or import of our products to certain countries, governments, entities or persons altogether.

Further, U.S. export control laws and economic sanctions prohibit the shipment of certain products and services to U.S. embargoed or sanctioned countries, governments or persons. Although we take precautions to prevent our products from being provided to those subject to U.S. sanctions, such measures may be circumvented and we have in the past identified limited instances of non-compliance with these rules. After these instances were disclosed to U.S. authorities, those authorities decided to not bring enforcement actions against or impose penalties on us.

Finally, there are currently multinational efforts underway as part of the Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls for Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies, or the Wassenaar Arrangement, to impose additional restrictions on certain cyber security products. Such controls have been implemented by many Wassenaar members, but are not currently in effect in the United States and may undergo substantial modification before becoming effective. To implement the controls under the Wassenaar Arrangement in the United States, the U.S. Department of Commerce’s Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS), would have to amend the Export Administration Regulations (the EAR). Such amendments could include changes that impose new licensing, approval and other requirements on our commercial Metasploit products and thereby put us at a disadvantage in competing for international sales. We are closely monitoring the potential implications of the Wassenaar Arrangement on the commercial versions of Metasploit and are actively working with BIS and other U.S. government stakeholders in connection with the implementation of the controls under the Wassenaar Arrangement.

Failure to comply with governmental laws and regulations could harm our business.

Our business is subject to regulation by various federal, state, local and foreign governments. In certain jurisdictions, these regulatory requirements may be more stringent than those in the United States. Noncompliance with applicable regulations or requirements could subject us to investigations, sanctions, mandatory product recalls, enforcement actions, disgorgement of profits, fines, damages, civil and criminal penalties, injunctions or other collateral consequences. If any governmental sanctions are imposed, or if we do not prevail in any possible civil or criminal litigation, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. In addition, responding to any action will likely result in a significant diversion of management’s attention and resources and an increase in professional fees. Enforcement actions and sanctions could harm our business, reputation, results of operations and financial condition.

Because our products collect and store user and related information, domestic and international privacy and cyber security concerns, and other laws and regulations, could result in additional costs and liabilities to us or inhibit sales of our products.

We, and our customers, are subject to a number of domestic and international laws and regulations that apply to online services and the internet generally. These laws, rules and regulations address a range of issues including data privacy and cyber security, and restrictions or technological requirements regarding the collection, use, storage, protection, retention or transfer of data. The regulatory framework for online services, data privacy and cyber security issues worldwide can vary substantially from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, is rapidly evolving and is likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. Many federal, state and foreign government bodies and agencies have adopted or are considering adopting laws, rules and regulations regarding the collection, use, storage and disclosure of information, web browsing and geolocation data collection, data analytics, cyber security and breach notification procedures. Interpretation of these laws, rules and regulations and their application to our products and professional services in the United States and foreign jurisdictions is ongoing and cannot be fully determined at this time.

In the United States, these include rules and regulations promulgated under the authority of the Federal Trade Commission, the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, HIPAA, the Gramm Leach Bliley Act and state breach notification laws, as well as regulator enforcement positions and expectations reflected in federal and state regulatory actions,

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settlements, consent decrees and guidance documents. Internationally, virtually every jurisdiction in which we operate has established its own data security and privacy legal frameworks with which we, and/or our customers, must comply, including the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation, (EU) 2016/679 (GDPR), which went into effect in May 2018 and is designed to update current privacy laws to better reflect the digital economy and to unify data protection within the European Union ("EU") under a single law and laws implemented by EU member states which contain derogations from, or exemptions or authorizations for the purposes of, the GDPR, or which are otherwise intended to supplement the GDPR and any legislation that replaces or converts into domestic law the GDPR or any other law relating to data protection, the processing of personal data and privacy as a consequence of the United Kingdom leaving the EU. The GDPR presents significantly greater risks, compliance burdens and costs for companies with users and operations in the European Union. Under the GDPR, fines of up to 20 million euros or up to 4% of the annual global turnover of the infringer, whichever is greater, could be imposed for significant non-compliance. These laws are broad in their application and apply when we do business with EU-based customers and when our U.S.-based customers collect and use personal data that originates from individuals resident in the EU. They also apply to transfers of information between us and our European Union-based subsidiaries, including employee information. Further, many U.S. federal and state and other foreign government bodies and agencies have introduced, and are currently considering, additional laws and regulations. Non-compliance with these laws could result in penalties or significant legal liability. We could be adversely affected if legislation or regulations are expanded to require changes in our business practices or if governing jurisdictions interpret or implement their legislation or regulations in ways that negatively affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.

In addition, to facilitate the transfer of both customer and personnel data from the European Union to the United States, we self-certified under the EU-US Privacy Shield framework on December 20, 2016. However, it is possible that Privacy Shield may be challenged in the future, so there is some uncertainty regarding its future validity and our ability to rely on it for EU to US data transfers. The EU is monitoring the arrangement, and the EU Commissioner and the U.S. Department of Commerce carry out annual joint reviews, the first of which took place in September 2017 and the second in October 2018. Non-compliance with the transfer restrictions could result in the EU data protection authorities imposing a number of different sanctions on us until we do, including fines and, ultimately, a prohibition on transfers.

In addition to government regulation, privacy advocates and industry groups may propose new and different self-regulatory standards that either legally or contractually apply to us. Because the interpretation and application of privacy and data protection laws are still uncertain, it is possible that these laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our existing practices or the features of our products. We may also be subject to claims of liability or responsibility for the actions of third parties with whom we interact or upon whom we rely in relation to various services, including but not limited to vendors and business partners. If so, in addition to the possibility of fines, lawsuits and other claims, we could be required to fundamentally change our business activities and practices or modify our products, which could have an adverse effect on our business. Any inability to adequately address privacy concerns, even if unfounded, or comply with applicable privacy or data protection laws, regulations and policies, could result in additional cost and liability to us, damage our reputation, inhibit sales and adversely affect our business.

The costs of compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, the laws, rules, regulations and policies that are applicable to the businesses of our customers may limit the use and adoption of, and reduce the overall demand for, our software. Privacy or cyber security concerns, whether valid or not valid, may inhibit market adoption of our products particularly in certain industries and foreign countries.

Further, there are active legislative discussions regarding the implementation of laws or regulations that could restrict the manner in which security research is conducted and that could restrict or possibly bar the conduct of penetration testing and the use of exploits, which are an essential component of our Metasploit product and our business strategy more generally. Our failure to comply with existing laws, rules or regulations, changes to existing laws or their interpretation, or the imposition of new laws, rules or regulations, could result in additional costs and may necessitate changes to our business practices and divergent operating models, which may have a material and adverse impact on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Our intercompany relationships are subject to complex transfer pricing regulations, which may be challenged by taxing authorities.

We generally conduct our international operations through wholly-owned subsidiaries and report our taxable income in various jurisdictions worldwide based upon our business operations in those jurisdictions. In 2016, we completed the reorganization of our corporate structure and intercompany relationships to more closely align our corporate organization with the expansion of our international business activities. Our intercompany relationships are and will continue to be subject to complex transfer pricing regulations administered by taxing authorities in various jurisdictions. The relevant taxing authorities may disagree with our determinations as to the income and expenses attributable to specific jurisdictions. If such a disagreement were to occur, and our position were not sustained, we could be required to pay additional taxes, interest and penalties, which could result in one-time tax charges, higher effective tax rates, reduced cash flows and lower overall profitability of our operations. In addition, if the

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intended tax treatment of our reorganized corporate structure is not accepted by the applicable taxing authorities, changes in tax law negatively impact the structure or we do not operate our business consistent with the structure and applicable tax laws and regulations, we may fail to achieve any tax advantages as a result of the reorganized corporate structure, and our future operating results and financial condition may be negatively impacted.

Our ability to use net operating losses to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations.

As of December 31, 2018, we had federal and state net operating loss carryforwards (NOLs), of $171.2 million and $118.7 million, respectively, available to offset future taxable income, which expire in various years beginning in 2021 if not utilized. A lack of future taxable income would adversely affect our ability to utilize these NOLs before they expire. Under the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Internal Revenue Code), substantial changes in our ownership may limit the amount of pre-change NOLs that can be utilized annually in the future to offset taxable income. Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code imposes limitations on a company’s ability to use NOLs if a company experiences a more-than-50-percentage point ownership change over a three-year testing period. Based upon our analysis as of December 31, 2018, we determined that although a limitation on our historical NOLs exists, we do not expect this limitation to impair our ability to use our NOLs prior to expiration. However, if changes in our ownership occur in the future, our ability to use our NOLs may be further limited. For these reasons, we may not be able to utilize a material portion of the NOLs, even if we achieve profitability. If we are limited in our ability to use our NOLs in future years in which we have taxable income, we will pay more taxes than if we were able to fully utilize our NOLs. This could adversely affect our operating results, cash balances and the market price of our common stock.

Comprehensive tax reform bills could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

The U.S. government has recently enacted comprehensive tax legislation that includes significant changes to the taxation of business entities. These changes include, among others, (i) a permanent reduction to the corporate income tax rate, (ii) a partial limitation on the deductibility of business interest expense, (iii) a shift of the U.S. taxation of multinational corporations from a tax on worldwide income to a territorial system (along with certain rules designed to prevent erosion of the U.S. income tax base) and (iv) a one-time tax imposed at lower rates on accumulated offshore earnings held in cash and illiquid assets, with the latter taxed at a further reduced rate. During 2018, we completed our analysis and determined that this tax reform did not have a material impact on our effective tax rate. However, the U.S. government and other standard-setting bodies continue to interpret or issue guidance on how provisions of this tax reform will be applied or otherwise administered. As future guidance is issued, it may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows in the period such guidance is issued.

Our operating results may be harmed if we are required to collect sales and use or other related taxes for our products and professional services in jurisdictions where we have not historically done so.

Taxing jurisdictions, including state, local and foreign taxing authorities, have differing rules and regulations governing sales and use or other taxes, and these rules and regulations are subject to varying interpretations that may change over time. In particular, significant judgment is required in evaluating our tax positions and our worldwide provision for taxes. While we believe that we are currently in material compliance with our obligations under applicable taxing regimes, one or more states, localities or countries may seek to impose additional sales or other tax collection obligations on us, including for past sales. It is possible that we could face sales tax audits and that such audits could result in tax-related liabilities for which we have not accrued. A successful assertion that we should be collecting additional sales or other taxes on our offerings in jurisdictions where we have not historically done so and do not accrue for sales taxes could result in substantial tax liabilities for past sales, discourage customers from purchasing our offerings or otherwise harm our business and operating results.

In addition, our tax obligations and effective tax rates could be adversely affected by changes in the relevant tax, accounting and other laws, regulations, principles and interpretations thereof, including those relating to income tax nexus, by recognizing tax losses or lower than anticipated earnings in jurisdictions where we have lower statutory rates and higher than anticipated earnings in jurisdictions where we have higher statutory rates, by changes in foreign currency exchange rates, or by changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities. Although we believe our tax estimates are reasonable, the final determination of any tax audits or litigation could be materially different from our historical tax provisions and accruals, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results or cash flows in the period or periods for which a determination is made.

Our business is subject to the risks of earthquakes, fire, power outages, floods and other catastrophic events, and to interruption by manmade problems such as terrorism.

A significant natural disaster, such as an earthquake, fire or a flood, or a significant power outage could have a material adverse impact on our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, natural disasters could affect our channel partners’ ability to perform services for us on a timely basis. In the event we or our channel partners are hindered by any of the events discussed above, our ability to provide our products or professional services to customers could be delayed.

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In addition, our facilities and those of our third-party data centers and hosting providers are vulnerable to damage or interruption from human error, intentional bad acts, pandemics, earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, fires, war, terrorist attacks, power losses, hardware failures, systems failures, telecommunications failures and similar events. The occurrence of a natural disaster, power failure or an act of terrorism, vandalism or other misconduct, a decision by a third party to close a facility on which we rely without adequate notice, or other unanticipated problems could result in lengthy interruptions in provision or delivery of our products, potentially leaving our customers vulnerable to cyber attacks. The occurrence of any of the foregoing events could damage our systems and hardware or could cause them to fail completely, and our insurance may not cover such events or may be insufficient to compensate us for the potentially significant losses, including the potential harm to the future growth of our business, that may result from interruptions in our service as a result of system failures.

All of the aforementioned risks may be exacerbated if our disaster recovery plans or the disaster recovery plans established for our third-party data centers and hosting providers prove to be inadequate. To the extent that any of the above results in delayed or reduced customer sales, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Risks Related to our Common Stock

The market price of our common stock has been and is likely to continue to be volatile.

The market price of our common stock may be highly volatile and may fluctuate substantially as a result of a variety of factors, some of which are related in complex ways. Since shares of our common stock were sold in our initial public offering, or IPO, in July 2015 at a price of $16.00 per share, our stock price has ranged from an intraday low of $9.05 to an intraday high of $54.85 through May 1, 2019. Factors that may affect the market price of our common stock include:


•	actual or anticipated fluctuations in our financial condition and operating results;


•	variance in our financial performance from expectations of securities analysts;


•	changes in our projected operating and financial results;


•	changes in the prices of our products and professional services;


•	changes in laws or regulations applicable to our products or professional services;


•	announcements by us or our competitors of significant business developments, acquisitions or new offerings;


•	our involvement in any litigation or investigations by regulators;


•	our sale of our common stock or other securities in the future;


•	changes in our board of directors, senior management or key personnel;


•	trading volume of our common stock;


•	price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market;


•	changes in the anticipated future size and growth rate of our market; and


•	general economic, regulatory and market conditions.

Recently, the stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. These fluctuations have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. Broad market and industry fluctuations, as well as general economic, political, regulatory and market conditions, may negatively impact the market price of our common stock. In the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their securities have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future, which could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention.

We may fail to meet our publicly announced guidance or other expectations about our business and future operating results, which would cause our stock price to decline.

We have provided and may continue to provide guidance about our business, future operating results and other business metrics. In developing this guidance, our management must make certain assumptions and judgments about our future performance. Furthermore, analysts and investors may develop and publish their own projections of our business, which may form a consensus

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about our future performance. Our business results may vary significantly from such guidance or that consensus due to a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control, and which could adversely affect our operations and operating results. Furthermore, if we make downward revisions of our previously announced guidance, or if our publicly announced guidance of future operating results fails to meet expectations of securities analysts, investors or other interested parties, the price of our common stock would decline.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or publish negative reports about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock depends, in part, on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. We do not have any control over these analysts. If our financial performance fails to meet analyst estimates or one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our shares or change their opinion of our shares, our share price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our share price or trading volume to decline.

We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future and, as a result, your ability to achieve a return on your investment will depend on appreciation in the price of our common stock.

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock and do not intend to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. We anticipate that we will retain all of our future earnings for use in the development of our business and for general corporate purposes. Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors. Accordingly, investors must rely on sales of their common stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on their investments.

We are obligated to maintain proper and effective internal controls over financial reporting and any failure to maintain the adequacy of these internal controls may adversely affect investor confidence in our company and, as a result, the value of our common stock.

We have been and are required, pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or Section 404, to furnish a report by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting on an annual basis. This assessment includes disclosure of any material weaknesses identified by our management in our internal control over financial reporting. During the evaluation and testing process, if we identify one or more material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, we will be unable to assert that our internal controls are effective. While we have established certain procedures and control over our financial reporting processes, we cannot assure you that these efforts will prevent restatements of our financial statements in the future.

Our independent registered public accounting firm is also required, pursuant to Section 404, to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting beginning with this annual Report on Form 10-K. This assessment is required to include disclosure of any material weaknesses identified by our management in our internal control over financial reporting. For future reporting periods, our independent registered public accounting firm may issue a report that is adverse in the event it is not satisfied with the level at which our controls are documented, designed or operating. We may not be able to remediate any future material weaknesses, or to complete our evaluation, testing and any required remediation in a timely fashion.

If we are unable to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion that our internal controls over financial reporting are effective, investors could lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, which could cause the price of our common stock to decline, and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by regulatory authorities, including the SEC and Nasdaq. Failure to remediate any material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, or to maintain other effective control systems required of public companies, could also restrict our future access to the capital markets.

Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us more difficult, limit attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management and limit the market price of our common stock.

Provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control or changes in our management. Among other things, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws include provisions that:


•	authorize our board of directors to issue preferred stock without further stockholder action and with voting liquidation, dividend and other rights superior to our common stock;

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•	require that any action to be taken by our stockholders be effected at a duly called annual or special meeting and not by written consent, and limit the ability of our stockholders to call special meetings;


•	establish an advance notice procedure for stockholder proposals to be brought before an annual meeting, including proposed nominations of persons for director nominees;


•	establish that our board of directors is divided into three classes, with directors in each class serving three-year staggered terms;


•	require the approval of holders of two-thirds of the shares entitled to vote at an election of directors to adopt, amend or repeal our amended and restated bylaws or amend or repeal the provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation regarding the election and removal of directors and the ability of stockholders to take action by written consent or call a special meeting;


•	prohibit cumulative voting in the election of directors; and


•	provide that vacancies on our board of directors may be filled only by a majority of directors then in office, even though less than a quorum.

These provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors, who are responsible for appointing the members of our management. In addition, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which generally prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any of a broad range of business combinations with any “interested” stockholder for a period of three years following the date on which the stockholder became an “interested” stockholder. Any of the foregoing provisions could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our common stock and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our common stock.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation designates the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware as the exclusive forum for certain litigation that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us.

Pursuant to our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for (1) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (2) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or other employees to us or our stockholders, (3) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our amended and restated bylaws or (4) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation further provides that any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our common stock is deemed to have notice of and consented to the foregoing provision. The forum selection clause in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation may limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us.

Risks Related to our Indebtedness

We have a significant amount of debt that may decrease our business flexibility, access to capital, and/or increase our borrowing costs, and we may still incur additional debt in the future, which may adversely affect our operations and financial results. We may not have sufficient cash flow from our business to pay our substantial debt when due.

As of March 31, 2019, we had $230.0 million aggregate principal amount of indebtedness under our 1.25% convertible senior notes due 2023 (the Notes). Our indebtedness may:


•	limit our ability to borrow additional funds for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or other general business purposes;


•	limit our ability to use our cash flow or obtain additional financing for future working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or other general business purposes;


•	require us to use a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to make debt service payments;


•	limit our flexibility to plan for, or react to, changes in our business and industry;

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•	place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our less leveraged competitors; and


•	increase our vulnerability to the impact of adverse economic and industry conditions.

Further, the indenture governing the Notes does not restrict our ability to incur additional indebtedness and we and our subsidiaries may incur substantial additional indebtedness in the future, subject to the restrictions contained in any future debt instruments existing at the time, some of which may be secured indebtedness.

Our ability to pay our debt when due or to refinance our indebtedness, including the Notes, depends on our future performance, which is subject to economic, financial, competitive, and other factors beyond our control. Our business may not generate cash flow from operations in the future sufficient to service our debt and make necessary capital expenditures. In addition, any required repurchase of the Notes for cash as a result of a fundamental change or voluntary redemption (in each case, pursuant to the terms of the Notes) would lower our current cash on hand such that we would not have that cash available to fund operations. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow, we may be required to adopt one or more alternatives, such as selling assets, restructuring our debt or obtaining additional equity capital on terms that may be onerous or highly dilutive. Our ability to refinance our indebtedness will depend on the capital markets and our financial condition at such time. We may not be able to engage in any of these activities or engage in these activities on desirable terms, which could result in a default on our debt obligations.

In addition, we and our subsidiaries may incur additional debt in the future. We will not be restricted under the terms of the indenture governing the Notes from incurring additional debt, securing existing or future debt, recapitalizing our debt or taking a number of other actions that are not limited by the terms of the indenture governing the Notes that could have the effect of diminishing our ability to make payments on the Notes when due.

The conditional conversion feature of the Notes, if triggered, may adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.

In the event the conditional conversion feature of the Notes is triggered, holders of the Notes will be entitled to convert their Notes at any time during specified periods at their option. If one or more holders elect to convert their Notes, unless we elect to satisfy our conversion obligation by delivering solely shares of our common stock (other than paying cash in lieu of delivering any fractional share), we would be required to settle a portion or all of our conversion obligation in cash, which could adversely affect our liquidity. In addition, even if holders of Notes do not elect to convert their Notes, we could be required under applicable accounting rules to reclassify all or a portion of the outstanding principal of the Notes as a current rather than long-term liability, which would result in a material reduction of our net working capital.

The accounting method for convertible debt securities that may be settled in cash, such as the Notes, could have a material effect on our reported financial results.

Under Accounting Standards Codification 470-20, Debt with Conversion and Other Options (ASC 470-20), an entity must separately account for the liability and equity components of the convertible debt instruments (such as the Notes) that may be settled entirely or partially in cash upon conversion in a manner that reflects the issuer’s economic interest cost. The effect of ASC 470-20 on the accounting for the Notes is that the equity component is required to be included in the additional paid-in capital section of stockholders’ equity on our consolidated balance sheet at the issuance date and the value of the equity component would be treated as debt discount for purposes of accounting for the debt component of the Notes. As a result, we will be required to record non-cash interest expense through the amortization of the excess of the face amount over the carrying amount of the expected life of the Notes. We will report larger net losses (or lower net income) in our financial results because ASC 470-20 requires interest to include both the amortization of the debt discount and the instrument’s cash coupon interest rate, which could adversely affect our reported or future financial results, the trading price of our common stock and the trading price of the Notes.

In addition, under certain circumstances, convertible debt instruments (such as the Notes) that may be settled entirely or partly in cash may be accounted for utilizing the treasury stock method, the effect of which is that the shares issuable upon conversion of such Notes are not included in the calculation of diluted earnings per share except to the extent that the conversion value of such Notes exceeds their principal amount. Under the treasury stock method, for diluted earnings per share purposes, the transaction is accounted for as if the number of shares of common stock that would be necessary to settle such excess, if we elected to settle such excess in shares, are included in the denominator for purposes of calculating diluted earnings per share. We cannot be sure that the accounting standards in the future will continue to permit the use of the treasury stock method. If we are unable or otherwise elect not to use the treasury stock method in accounting for the shares issuable upon conversion of the Notes, then our diluted earnings per share could be adversely affected.

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The capped call transactions may affect the value of the Notes and our common stock.

In connection with the pricing of the Notes and the exercise by the initial purchasers of their option to purchase additional Notes, we entered into capped call transactions with certain counterparties (Capped Calls). The Capped Calls cover, subject to customary adjustments, the number of shares of our common stock initially underlying the Notes. The Capped Calls are expected to offset the potential dilution as a result of conversion of the Notes. In connection with establishing their initial hedge of the capped call transactions, the counterparties or their respective affiliates entered into various derivative transactions with respect to our common stock concurrently with or shortly after the pricing of the Notes, including with certain investors in the Notes. The counterparties or their respective affiliates may modify their hedge positions by entering into or unwinding various derivatives with respect to our common stock and/or purchasing or selling our common stock or other securities of ours in secondary market transactions prior to the maturity of the Notes (and are likely to do so on each exercise date of the capped call transactions, which are scheduled to occur during the observation period relating to any conversion of the Notes on or after February 1, 2023). We cannot make any prediction as to the direction or magnitude of any potential effect that the transactions described above may have on the price of the Notes or the shares of our common stock. Any of these activities could adversely affect the value of the Notes and our common stock.

We are subject to counterparty risk with respect to the capped call transactions.

The option counterparties are financial institutions, and we will be subject to the risk that one or more of the option counterparties may default or otherwise fail to perform, or may exercise certain rights to terminate, their obligations under the Capped Calls. Our exposure to the credit risk of the option counterparties will not be secured by any collateral. Recent global economic conditions have resulted in the actual or perceived failure or financial difficulties of many financial institutions. If an option counterparty becomes subject to insolvency proceedings, we will become an unsecured creditor in those proceedings with a claim equal to our exposure at the time under such transaction. Our exposure will depend on many factors but, generally, our exposure will increase if the market price or the volatility of our common stock increases. In addition, upon a default or other failure to perform, or a termination of obligations, by an option counterparty, we may suffer more dilution than we currently anticipate with respect to our common stock. We can provide no assurances as to the financial stability or viability of the option counterparties.

Provisions in the indenture for the Notes may deter or prevent a business combination that may be favorable to our stockholders.

If a fundamental change occurs prior to the maturity date of the Notes, holders of the Notes will have the right, at their option, to require us to repurchase all or a portion of their Notes. In addition, if a “make-whole fundamental change” (as defined in the indenture) occurs prior the maturity date, we will in some cases be required to increase the conversion rate of the Notes for a holder that elects to convert its Notes in connection with such make-whole fundamental change.

Furthermore, the indenture will prohibit us from engaging in certain mergers or acquisitions unless, among other things, the surviving entity assumes our obligations under the Notes. These and other provisions in the indenture could deter or prevent a third party from acquiring us even when the acquisition may be favorable to our stockholders.

Conversion of the Notes will dilute the ownership interest of existing stockholders, including holders who had previously converted their Notes, or may otherwise depress the price of our common stock.

The conversion of some or all of the convertible Notes will dilute the ownership interests of existing stockholders to the extent we deliver shares of our common stock upon conversion of any of the Notes. The Notes may become in the future convertible at the option of their holders prior to their scheduled terms under certain circumstances. Any sales in the public market of the common stock issuable upon such conversion could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our common stock. In addition, the existence of the Notes may encourage short selling by market participants because the conversion of the Notes could be used to satisfy short positions, or anticipated conversion of the Notes into shares of our common stock could depress the price of our common stock.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

(a) Recent Sales of Unregistered Equity Securities

None.

(b) Use of Proceeds from Initial Public Offering of Common Stock

None.

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None.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

Not applicable.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information.

None.

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Item 6. Exhibits.



Exhibit Number	Description
4.1	Indenture, dated as of August 13, 2018, between Rapid7 Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-37496), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 13, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference).
4.2	Form of 1.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2023 (included in Exhibit 4.1) (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-37496), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 13, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference).
10.1	Form of Capped Call Transactions (filed as Exhibit 99.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-37496), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 13, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference).
3.1	Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Rapid7, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-37496), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 22, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference).
3.2	Amended and Restated Bylaws of Rapid7, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-37496), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 22, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference).
31.1*	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2*	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1**	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2**	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document



*	Filed herewith.



**	This certification is deemed not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.



	RAPID7, INC.

Date: May 3, 2019	By:	/s/ Corey E. Thomas
		Name: Corey E. Thomas
		Title: Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)

Date: May 3, 2019	By:	/s/ Jeff Kalowski
		Name: Jeff Kalowski
		Title: Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)