SALISBURY BANCORP, INC. - Quarter Report: 2022 March (Form 10-Q)

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☑

QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2022

☐

TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission file number 001-14854

SALISBURY BANCORP, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Connecticut	06-1514263
(State or other jurisdiction	(I.R.S. Employer
of incorporation or organization)	Identification No.)

5 Bissell Street, Lakeville, CT	06039
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip code)

(860) 435-9801

(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, Par Value $0.10 per share	SAL	NASDAQ

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Large accelerated filer ☐	Accelerated filer ☐
Non-accelerated filer ☑	Smaller reporting company ☑
Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☑

The number of shares of Common Stock outstanding as of May 4, 2022 is 2,885,968.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

	PART 1 FINANCIAL INFORMATION	Page
Item 1. Financial Statements (unaudited)
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS AS OF MARCH 31, 2022 (unaudited) and DECEMBER 31, 2021		3
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME FOR THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 2022 and 2021 (unaudited)		4
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 2022 and 2021 (unaudited)		5
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 2022 and 2021 (unaudited)		5
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 2022 and 2021 (unaudited)		6
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS		8
Item 2.	MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS	30
Item 3.	QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK	43
Item 4.	CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES	45

	PART II. OTHER INFORMATION	45
Item 1.	LEGAL PROCEEDINGS	45
Item 1A.	RISK FACTORS	45
Item 2.	UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS	45
Item 3.	DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES	45
Item 4.	MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES	45
Item 5.	OTHER INFORMATION	45
Item 6.	EXHIBITS	46
SIGNATURES		47

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Salisbury Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (unaudited)

(in thousands, except share data)		March 31, 2022			December 31, 2021
ASSETS
Cash and due from banks	$	4,814		$	6,404
Interest bearing demand deposits with other banks		94,047			168,931
Total cash and cash equivalents		98,861			175,335
Interest bearing Time Deposits with Financial Institutions		750			750
Securities
Available-for-sale at fair value		215,652			202,396
CRA mutual fund at fair value		862			901
Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston stock at cost		1,077			1,397
Loans held-for-sale		1,070			2,684
Loans receivable, net (allowance for loan losses: $12,915 and $12,962)		1,066,216			1,066,750
Bank premises and equipment, net		22,856			22,625
Goodwill		13,815			13,815
Intangible assets (net of accumulated amortization: $5,517 and $5,463)		364			418
Accrued interest receivable		5,895			6,260
Cash surrender value of life insurance policies		27,900			27,738
Deferred taxes		4,591			2,588
Other assets		5,173			5,527
Total Assets	$	1,465,082		$	1,529,184
LIABILITIES and SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
Deposits
Demand (non-interest bearing)	$	370,082		$	416,073
Demand (interest bearing)		233,893			233,600
Money market		317,462			330,436
Savings and other		240,824			237,075
Certificates of deposit		128,213			119,009
Total deposits		1,290,474			1,336,193
Repurchase agreements		8,161			11,430
Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston advances		419			7,656
Subordinated debt		24,488			24,474
Note payable		159			170
Finance lease obligations		4,363			4,107
Accrued interest and other liabilities		6,952			8,554
Total Liabilities		1,335,016			1,392,584
Shareholders' Equity
Common stock - $0.10 per share par value
Authorized: 5,000,000;
Issued: 2,882,458 and 2,861,697
Outstanding: 2,882,458 and 2,861,697		288			286
Unearned compensation – restricted stock awards		(1,550	)		(925	)
Paid-in capital		47,099			46,374
Retained earnings		92,648			89,995
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income, net		(8,419	)		870
Total Shareholders' Equity		130,066			136,600
Total Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity	$	1,465,082		$	1,529,184

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.

Salisbury Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (unaudited)

Three months ended March 31, (in thousands, except per share amounts)		2022			2021
Interest and dividend income
Interest and fees on loans	$	10,163		$	10,477
Interest on debt securities
Taxable		724			423
Tax exempt		174			162
Other interest and dividends		57			34
Total interest and dividend income		11,118			11,096
Interest expense
Deposits		478			555
Repurchase agreements		3			3
Finance lease		41			32
Note payable		2			3
Subordinated Debt		233			119
Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston advances		55			34
Total interest expense		812			746
Net interest and dividend income		10,306			10,350
Provision for loan losses		363			158
Net interest and dividend income after provision for loan losses		9,943			10,192
Non-interest income
Trust and wealth advisory		1,241			1,146
Service charges and fees		1,138			950
Mortgage banking activities, net		355			608
Losses on CRA mutual fund		(42	)		(16	)
Gains on sales and calls of available -for-sale securities, net		210			—
BOLI income and gains		162			125
Other		30			28
Total non-interest income		3,094			2,841
Non-interest expense
Salaries		3,479			2,901
Employee benefits		1,277			1,312
Premises and equipment		1,104			954
Loss on sale of assets		9			—
Information processing and services		685			565
Professional fees		787			711
Collections, OREO, and loan related		117			84
FDIC insurance		171			145
Marketing and community support		184			82
Amortization of intangibles		54			71
Other		786			434
Total non-interest expense		8,653			7,259
Income before income taxes		4,384			5,774
Income tax provision		816			1,248
Net income	$	3,568		$	4,526
Net income available to common shareholders	$	3,508		$	4,462

Basic earnings per common share	$	1.24		$	1.59
Diluted earnings per common share		1.23			1.59
Common dividends per share		0.32			0.29

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.

Salisbury Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME (unaudited)

Three months ended March 31, (in thousands)		2022			2021
Net income	$	3,568		$	4,526
Other comprehensive loss
Net unrealized losses on securities available-for-sale		(11,549	)		(1,828	)
Reclassification of net realized gains in net income ⁽¹⁾		(210	)		—
Unrealized losses on securities available-for-sale		(11,759	)		(1,828	)
Income tax benefit		2,470			383
Unrealized losses on securities available-for-sale, net of tax		(9,289	)		(1,445	)
Comprehensive (loss) income	$	(5,721	)	$	3,081

^{(1) Reclassification adjustments include realized
security gains. The gains have been reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income and have affected certain lines in the
consolidated statements of income as follows: the pretax amount is reflected as gains on sales and calls on available-for-sale securities,
net; the tax effect is included in the income tax provision and the after-tax amount is included in net income. The income tax expense
related to reclassification of net realized gains was approximately $44 thousand and $0 thousand for the three-months ended March 31,
2022 and 2021, respectively.}

Salisbury Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (unaudited)


(dollars in thousands)	Common Stock				Paid-in			Retained			Unearned compensation restricted stock			Accumulated other comprehensive			Total shareholders'
	Shares		Amount		Capital			Earnings			awards			(loss) income			equity
Balances at December 31, 2020		2,843,292	$	284	$	45,264		$	76,974		($	774	)	$	3,004		$	124,752
Net income		—		—		—			4,526			—			—			4,526
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax		—		—		—			—			—			(1,445	)		(1,445	)
Common stock dividends declared ($0.29 per share)		—		—		—			(825	)		—			—			(825	)
Issuance of restricted common stock		100		—		4			—			(4	)		—			—
Stock Options exercised		1,755		1		30			—			—			—			31
Stock based compensation-restricted stock awards		—		—		71			—			132			—			203
Balances at March 31, 2021		2,845,147	$	285	$	45,369		$	80,675		($	646	)	$	1,559		$	127,242
Balances at December 31, 2021		2,861,697	$	286	$	46,374		$	89,995		($	925	)	$	870		$	136,600
Net income		—		—		—			3,568			—			—			3,568
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax		—		—		—			—			—			(9,289	)		(9,289	)
Common stock dividends declared ($0.32 per share)		—		—		—			(915	)		—			—			(915	)
Issuance of restricted common stock		14,350		2		811			—			(813	)		—			—
Issuance of restricted stock units upon vesting		6,411		—		(183	)		—			—			—			(183	)
Stock based compensation-restricted stock awards		—		—		97			—			188			—			285
Balances at March 31, 2022		2,882,458	$	288	$	47,099		$	92,648		($	1,550	)	($	8,419	)	$	130,066

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.

Salisbury Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (unaudited)

Three months ended March 31, (in thousands)		2022			2021
Operating Activities
Net income	$	3,568		$	4,526
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
(Accretion), amortization and depreciation:
Securities		361			178
Bank premises and equipment		392			363
Core deposit intangible		53			71
Modification fees on Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston advances		21			5
Subordinated debt issuance costs		14			4
Mortgage servicing rights		39			75
(Gains) and losses, including write-downs
Loss on CRA mutual fund		42			16
Gain on sales of securities available-for-sale, net		(210	)		—
Gain on sales of loans, excluding capitalized servicing rights		(275	)		(494	)
Sales/disposals of premises and equipment		9			—
Provision for loan losses		363			158
Proceeds from loans sold		8,852			21,281
Loans originated for sale		(6,963	)		(20,365	)
(Increase) decrease in deferred loan origination fees and costs, net		(476	)		993
Mortgage servicing rights originated		(55	)		(193	)
Decrease in mortgage servicing rights impairment reserve		—			(9	)
Decrease in interest receivable		365			136
Deferred tax expense (benefit)		467			(54	)
Increase in prepaid expenses		(111	)		(36	)
Increase in cash surrender value of life insurance policies		(162	)		(125	)
Decrease (increase) in other assets		403			(497	)
Decrease in income tax receivable		79			—
Decrease in accrued expenses		(1,537	)		(1,002	)
Increase in income tax payable		—			1,118
Decrease in interest payable		(12	)		(6	)
(Decrease) increase in other liabilities		(53	)		48
Stock based compensation-restricted stock awards		285			203
Net cash provided by operating activities		5,459			6,394
Investing Activities
Redemption of Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston stock		320			—
Purchases of securities available-for-sale		(145,297	)		(40,466	)
Reinvestment of CRA mutual fund		(3	)		(3	)
Proceeds from sales of securities available-for-sale		17,718			—
Proceeds from maturities/principal payments of securities available-for-sale		102,413			9,528
Loan originations and principal collections, net		641			(14,611	)
Recoveries of loans previously charged off		6			13
Capital expenditures		(343	)		(839	)
Net cash utilized by investing activities	$	(24,545	)	$	(46,378	)

Salisbury Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (unaudited) (Continued)

Three months ended March 31, (in thousands)		2022			2021
Financing Activities
(Decrease) increase in deposit transaction accounts, net	$	(54,923	)	$	85,358
Increase (decrease) in time deposits, net		9,204			(3,261	)
(Decrease) increase in securities sold under agreements to repurchase, net		(3,269	)		1,571
Repayments of Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston long term advances		(6,000	)		—
Issuance of subordinated debt, net of costs		—			24,418
Principal payments on amortizing FHLB Advances		(1,258	)		(1,248	)
Principal payments on note payable		(11	)		(11	)
Principal payments on finance lease obligations		(33	)		(15	)
Stock options exercised		—			31
Net settlement of restricted stock units		(183	)		—
Common stock dividends paid		(915	)		(825	)
Net cash (utilized) provided by financing activities		(57,388	)		106,018
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents		(76,474	)		66,034
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period		175,335			93,162
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	98,861		$	159,196
Cash paid during period
Interest	$	789		$	743
Income taxes		270			183

Non cash investing and financing activities:
Fixed Asset		289			—
Finance lease liability		(289	)		—
Loans transferred to Loans Held for Sale		3,389			—

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.

Salisbury Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 1 - BASIS OF PRESENTATION

The interim (unaudited) consolidated financial statements of Salisbury Bancorp, Inc. ("Salisbury") include those of Salisbury and its wholly owned subsidiary, Salisbury Bank and Trust Company (the "Bank"). In the opinion of management, the interim unaudited consolidated financial statements include all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) necessary to present fairly the consolidated financial position of Salisbury and the consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for the interim periods presented.

The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). In preparing the financial statements, management is required to make extensive use of estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the balance sheet, and revenues and expenses for the period. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term relate to the determination of the allowance for loan losses and unrealized gains and losses related to available-for-sale securities.

Certain financial information, which is normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, but which is not required for interim reporting purposes, has been condensed or omitted. Operating results for the interim period ended March 31, 2022 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2022. The accompanying condensed financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto included in Salisbury's 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

The allowance for loan losses is a significant accounting policy and is presented in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements and in Management’s Discussion and Analysis, which provides information on how significant assets are valued in the financial statements and how those values are determined. Based on the valuation techniques used and the sensitivity of financial statement amounts to the methods, assumptions and estimates underlying those amounts, management has identified the determination of the allowance for loan losses to be the accounting area that requires the most subjective judgments, and as such could be most subject to revision as new information becomes available.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-13, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,” which adds a new Topic 326 to the Codification and removes the thresholds that companies apply to measure credit losses on financial instruments measured at amortized cost, such as loans, receivables, and held-to-maturity debt securities. Under current U.S. GAAP, companies generally recognize credit losses when it is probable that the loss has been incurred. The revised guidance will remove all recognition thresholds and will require companies to recognize an allowance for credit losses for the difference between the amortized cost basis of a financial instrument and the amount of amortized cost that the company expects to collect over the instrument’s contractual life. ASU 2016-13 also amends the credit loss measurement guidance for available-for-sale debt securities and beneficial interests in securitized financial assets. In April 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-04 which clarified the treatment of accrued interest when measuring credit losses. Entities may: (1) measure the allowance for credit losses on accrued interest receivable balances separately from other components of the amortized cost basis of associated financial assets; (2) make various accounting policy elections regarding the treatment of accrued interest receivable; or (3) elect a practical expedient to disclose separately the total amount of accrued interest included in the amortized cost basis as a single balance to meet certain disclosure requirements. ASU 2019-04 also clarified that expected recoveries of amounts previously written off and expected to be written off should be included in the valuation account and should not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously written off and expected to be written off by the entity. In addition, for collateral dependent financial assets, the amendments clarify that an allowance for credit losses that is added to the amortized cost basis of the financial asset(s) should not exceed amounts previously written off. In November 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-10, which delayed the effective date of ASU 2016-13 to fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022 for smaller reporting companies, although early adoption is permitted. Salisbury meets the definition of a smaller reporting company. In November 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-11, “Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses” which clarified or addressed specific issues about certain aspects of the amendments in ASU 2016-13. The amendments in ASU 2019-11 clarified the following: (1) The allowance for credit losses (ACL) for purchased financial assets with credit deterioration should include expected recoveries of amounts previously written off and expected to be written off by the entity and should not exceed the aggregate of amounts of the amortized cost basis previously written off and expected to be written off by an entity. In addition, the amendments clarify that when a method other than a discounted cash flow method is used to estimate expected credit losses, expected recoveries should not include any amounts that result in an acceleration of the noncredit discount. An entity may include increases in expected cashflows after acquisition; (2) Transition relief will be provided by permitting entities an accounting policy election to adjust the effective interest rate on existing troubled debt restructurings using prepayment assumptions on the date of adoption of Topic 326 rather than the prepayment assumptions in effect immediately before the restructuring; (3) Disclosure relief will be extended for accrued interest receivable balances to additional relevant disclosures involving amortized cost basis; (4) An entity should assess whether it reasonably expects the borrower will be able to continually replenish collateral securing the financial asset to apply the practical expedient. The amendments clarify that an entity applying the practical expedient should estimate expected credit losses for any difference between the amount of the amortized cost basis that is greater than the fair value of the collateral securing the financial asset (that is, the unsecured portion of the amortized cost basis). An entity may determine that the expectation of nonpayment for the amount of the amortized cost basis equal to the fair value of the collateral securing the financial asset is zero. In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02 which clarified the treatment of accrued interest when measuring credit losses. The amendments in this Update eliminate the TDR recognition and measurement guidance and, instead, require that an entity evaluate (consistent with the accounting for other loan modifications) whether the modification represents a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan. The amendments enhance existing disclosure requirements and introduce new requirements related to certain modifications of receivables made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. For public business entities, the amendments in this Update require that an entity disclose current-period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investment in leases within the scope of Subtopic 326-20.

Upon adoption, Salisbury will apply the standards’ provisions as a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective. Salisbury anticipates that the adoption of ASU 2016-13 and related updates will impact the consolidated financial statements as it relates to the balance in the allowance for loan losses. Salisbury has engaged a third-party software vendor to model the allowance for loan losses in conformance with this ASU. Salisbury will continue to refine this model and assess the impact to its consolidated financial statements.

The Bank is working towards the completion of its ACL methodology. To estimate the ACL for loans and off-balance sheet credit exposures, such as unfunded loan commitments, Salisbury will utilize a discounted cash flow model that contains additional assumptions to calculate credit losses over the estimated life of financial assets and off-balance sheet credit exposures and will include the impact of forecasted economic conditions. The estimate is expected to include a one-year reasonable and supportable forecast period and thereafter a one-year reversion period to the historical mean of its macroeconomic assumption. The estimate will also include qualitative factors that may not be reflected in quantitatively derived results to ensure that the ACL reflects a reasonable estimate of current expected credit losses.

The Bank is currently refining various ACL assumptions and running parallel calculations on a monthly basis. Salisbury estimates that under the CECL framework, the ACL would be $11.7 million compared with the allowance for loan losses of $12.9 million reported on the consolidated balance sheet at March 31, 2022. In addition, Salisbury estimates that the ACL for unfunded commitments would be approximately $0.9 million compared with the allowance of $0.1 million recorded on its consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2022. Salisbury will continue to refine its ACL methodology prior to implementation of CECL on January 1, 2023. In addition, the estimated ACL and allowance for unfunded commitments under both the Incurred Loss method and CECL will be affected by various factors, which include but are not limited to, changes in the composition and balance of Salisbury’s loan portfolio and unfunded commitments, changes to internal risk ratings of borrowers, changes to the risk-profile of the loan portfolio, changes in various macro-economic indicators, the impact of COVID-19 and geo-political events on the business environment, and other factors.

Based on the credit quality of Salisbury’s existing available for sale debt securities portfolio, which primarily consists of obligations of U.S. government agency and U.S. government-sponsored enterprise securities, including mortgage-backed securities, Salisbury does not expect the adoption of ASU 2016-13, as it relates to debt securities, to be significant. For available for sale debt securities with unrealized losses, credit losses will be recognized as an allowance rather than a reduction in the amortized cost of the securities. As a result, improvements to estimated credit losses will be recognized immediately in earnings rather than as interest income over time.

In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848).” In response to the risk of cessation of the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) as a reference rate, this ASU clarifies the scope of Topic 848 so that derivatives affected by this transition are explicitly eligible for certain optional expedients and exceptions in Topic 848. An entity may elect to apply the amendments in this ASU on a full retrospective basis as of any date from the beginning interim period that includes or is subsequent to March 12, 2020 or on a prospective basis to new modifications from any date within an interim period that includes or is subsequent to the date of the issuance of a final Update, up to the date that the financial statements are available to be issued. The transition from LIBOR is not expected to have a material impact on Salisbury’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-01, “Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) Fair Value Hedging – Portfolio Layer Method.” The amendments in this update clarified the following: (1) The current last-of-layer method that permits only one hedged layer has been expanded to allow multiple hedged layers of a single closed portfolio. To reflect that expansion, the last-of-layer method is renamed the portfolio layer method; (2) The scope of the portfolio layer method has been expanded to include non-pre-payable financial assets; (3) Eligible hedging instruments in a single-layer hedge may include spot-starting or forward-starting constant-notional swaps, or spot-or forward-starting amortizing-notional swaps and that the number of hedged layers (that is, single or multiple) corresponds with the number of hedges designated; (4) Additional guidance is provided on the accounting for and disclosure of hedge basis adjustments that are applicable to the portfolio layer method whether a single hedged layer or multiple hedged layers are designated; and (5) How hedge basis adjustments should be considered when determining credit losses for the assets included in the closed portfolio. The amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for any entity that has adopted the amendments in ASU 2017-12 for the corresponding period. Salisbury does not expect the implementation of ASU 2022-01 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

NOTE 2 - SECURITIES

The composition of securities is as follows:

(in thousands)		Amortized cost basis		Gross un-realized gains		Gross un-realized losses		Fair value
March 31, 2022
Available-for-sale
U.S. Treasury	$	20,243	$	—	$	1,140	$	19,103
U.S. Government Agency notes		33,013		119		1,199		31,933
Municipal bonds		51,547		52		3,300		48,299
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. Government agencies and U.S. Government - sponsored enterprises		80,554		37		3,795		76,796
Collateralized mortgage obligations:
U.S. Government agencies		27,202		7		1,289		25,920
Corporate bonds		13,750		39		188		13,601
Total securities available-for-sale	$	226,309	$	254	$	10,911	$	215,652
CRA mutual fund							$	862
Non-marketable securities
Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston stock	$	1,077	$	—	$	—	$	1,077

(in thousands)		Amortized cost basis		Gross un-realized gains		Gross un-realized losses		Fair value
December 31, 2021
Available-for-sale
U.S. Treasury	$	15,301	$	12	$	182	$	15,131
U.S. Government Agency notes		31,623		237		256		31,604
Municipal bonds		46,469		1,557		204		47,822
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. Government agencies and U.S. Government- sponsored enterprises		74,703		643		805		74,541
Collateralized mortgage obligations:
U.S. Government agencies		20,948		135		185		20,898
Corporate bonds		12,250		158		8		12,400
Total securities available-for-sale	$	201,294	$	2,742	$	1,640	$	202,396
CRA mutual fund							$	901
Non-marketable securities
Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston stock	$	1,397	$	—	$	—	$	1,397

Salisbury sold $17.7 million of available-for-sale securities during the three-month period ended March 31, 2022 realizing gains of $451 thousand and losses of $241 thousand resulting in a net gain of $210 thousand and a related tax expense of $44 thousand. Salisbury did not sell any available-for-sale securities during the three-month period ended March 31, 2021.

The following table summarizes the aggregate fair value and gross unrealized loss of securities that have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of the date presented:


	Less than 12 Months				12 Months or Longer				Total
March 31, 2022 (in thousands)	Fair value		Unrealized losses		Fair value		Unrealized losses		Fair value		Unrealized losses
Available-for-sale
U.S. Treasury	$	19,103	$	1,140	$	—	$	—	$	19,103	$	1,140
U.S. Government Agency notes		20,669		1,159		4,867		40		25,536		1,199
Municipal bonds		42,942		3,242		493		58		43,435		3,300
Mortgage- backed securities:
U.S. Government agencies and U.S. Government- sponsored enterprises		58,882		2,945		12,697		850		71,579		3,795
Collateralized mortgage obligations:
U.S. Government agencies		22,414		1,289		—		—		22,414		1,289
Corporate bonds		5,312		188		—		—		5,312		188
Total temporarily impaired securities	$	169,322	$	9,963	$	18,057	$	948	$	187,379	$	10,911


	Less than 12 Months				12 Months or Longer				Total
December 31, 2021 (in thousands)	Fair value		Unrealized losses		Fair value		Unrealized losses		Fair value		Unrealized losses
Available-for-sale
U.S. Treasury	$	12,155	$	182	$	—	$	—	$	12,155	$	182
U.S. Government Agency notes		22,137		235		2,019		21		24,156		256
Municipal bonds		12,496		204		552		—		13,048		204
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. Government agencies and U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises		52,619		740		3,195		65		55,814		805
Collateralized mortgage obligations		11,554		185		—		—		11,554		185
Corporate bonds		1,742		8		—		—		1,742		8
Total temporarily impaired securities	$	112,703	$	1,554	$	5,766	$	86	$	118,469	$	1,640

The table below presents the amortized cost, fair value and tax equivalent yield of securities, by maturity. Debt securities issued by U.S. Government agencies (SBA securities), MBS, and CMOS are disclosed separately in the table below as these securities may prepay prior to the scheduled contractual maturity dates.

March 31, 2022 (in thousands)	Maturity	Amortized cost			Fair value	Yield⁽¹⁾
U.S. Treasury	After 1 year but within 5 years	$	6,918	$	6,729	1.48	%
	After 5 year but within 10 years		13,325		12,374	1.17
	Total		20,243		19,103	1.28
U.S. Government Agency notes	After 1 year but within 5 years		996		930	1.09
	After 5 year but within 10 years		14,913		13,921	1.24
	Total		15,909		14,851	1.23
Municipal bonds	After 1 year but within 5 years		512		490	1.74
	After 5 year but within 10 years		12,789		11,893	2.38
	After 10 years but within 15 years		12,393		11,547	2.38
	After 15 years		25,853		24,369	2.54
	Total		51,547		48,299	2.45
Mortgage-backed securities and Collateralized mortgage obligations	Securities not due at a single maturity date		124,860		119,798	1.91
	Total		124,860		119,798	1.91
Corporate bonds	After 5 years but within 10 years		13,250		13,101	4.33
	After 10 years but within 15 years		500		500	4.75
	Total		13,750		13,601	4.35
Securities available-for-sale		$	226,309	$	215,652	2.16	%

⁽¹⁾ Yield is based on amortized cost.

Salisbury evaluates debt securities for other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) when the fair value of a security is less than its amortized cost basis at the balance sheet date. As part of this process, Salisbury considers whether it has the intent to sell each debt security and whether it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before its anticipated recovery. If either of these conditions is met, Salisbury recognizes an OTTI charge to earnings equal to the entire difference between the security’s amortized cost basis and its fair value at the balance sheet date. For securities that meet neither of these conditions, an analysis is performed to determine if any of these securities are at risk for OTTI.

The following summarizes, by security type, the basis for evaluating if the applicable debt securities were OTTI at March 31, 2022.

U.S. Treasury notes: The contractual cash flows are guaranteed by the U.S. government. Eleven securities had unrealized losses at March 31, 2022, which approximated 5.63% of their amortized cost. Changes in fair values are a function of changes in investment spreads and interest rate movements and not changes in credit quality since time of purchase. Management expects to recover the entire amortized cost basis of these securities. Furthermore, Salisbury evaluates these securities for strategic fit and may reduce its position in these securities, although it is not more likely than not that Salisbury will be required to sell these securities before recovery of their cost basis, which may be maturity, and does not intend to sell these securities. Management evaluated the impairment status of these debt securities, and concluded that the gross unrealized losses were temporary in nature. Therefore, management does not consider these investments to be other-than temporarily impaired at March 31, 2022.

U.S. Government Agency notes: The contractual cash flows are guaranteed by the U.S. government. Twenty-five securities had unrealized losses at March 31, 2022, which approximated 4.49% of their amortized cost. Changes in fair values are a function of changes in investment spreads and interest rate movements and not changes in credit quality since time of purchase. Management expects to recover the entire amortized cost basis of these securities. Furthermore, Salisbury evaluates these securities for strategic fit and may reduce its position in these securities, although it is not more likely than not that Salisbury will be required to sell these securities before recovery of their cost basis, which may be maturity, and does not intend to sell these securities. Management evaluated the impairment status of these debt securities, and concluded that the gross unrealized losses were temporary in nature. Therefore, management does not consider these investments to be other-than temporarily impaired at March 31, 2022.

Municipal bonds: Salisbury performed a detailed analysis of the municipal bond portfolio. Fifty-four securities had unrealized losses at March 31, 2022, which approximated 7.06% of their amortized cost. Management believes the unrealized loss position is attributable to interest rate and spread movements and not changes in credit quality. Management expects to recover the entire amortized cost basis of these securities. Furthermore, Salisbury evaluates these securities for strategic fit and may reduce its position in these securities, although it is not more likely than not that Salisbury will be required to sell these securities before recovery of their cost basis, which may be maturity, and does not intend to sell these securities. Management evaluated the impairment status of these debt securities, and concluded that the gross unrealized losses were temporary in nature. Therefore, management does not consider these investments to be other-than temporarily impaired at March 31, 2022.

U.S. Government agency and U.S. Government-sponsored mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations: The contractual cash flows are guaranteed by U.S. government agencies and U.S. government-sponsored enterprises. Ninety-five securities had unrealized losses at March 31, 2022, which approximated 5.13% of their amortized cost. Changes in fair values are a function of changes in investment spreads and interest rate movements and not changes in credit quality. Management expects to recover the entire amortized cost basis of these securities. Furthermore, Salisbury evaluates these securities for strategic fit and may reduce its position in these securities, although it is not more likely than not that Salisbury will be required to sell these securities before recovery of their cost basis, which may be maturity, and does not intend to sell these securities. Therefore, management does not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired at March 31, 2022.

Corporate bonds: Salisbury regularly monitors and analyzes its corporate bond portfolio for credit quality. Seven securities had unrealized losses at March 31, 2022, which approximated 3.41% of their amortized cost. Management believes the unrealized loss position is attributable to interest rate and spread movements and not changes in credit quality. Management expects to recover the entire amortized cost basis of these securities. Furthermore, Salisbury evaluates these securities for strategic fit and may reduce its position in these securities, although it is not more likely than not that Salisbury will be required to sell these securities before recovery of their cost basis, which may be maturity, and does not intend to sell these securities. Management evaluated the impairment status of these debt securities, and concluded that the gross unrealized losses were temporary in nature. Therefore, management does not consider these investments to be other-than temporarily impaired at March 31, 2022.

The Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston (FHLBB) is a cooperative that provides services, including funding in the form of advances, to its member banking institutions. As a requirement of membership, the Bank must own a minimum amount of FHLBB stock, calculated periodically based primarily on its level of borrowings from the FHLBB. No market exists for shares of the FHLBB and therefore, they are carried at par value. FHLBB stock may be redeemed at par value five years following termination of FHLBB membership, subject to limitations which may be imposed by the FHLBB or its regulator, the Federal Housing Finance Board, to maintain capital adequacy of the FHLBB. While the Bank currently has no intentions to terminate its FHLBB membership, the ability to redeem its investment in FHLBB stock would be subject to the conditions imposed by the FHLBB. Based on the capital adequacy and the liquidity position of the FHLBB, management believes there is no impairment related to the carrying amount of the Bank’s FHLBB stock as of March 31, 2022. Future deterioration of the FHLBB’s capital levels could require the Bank to deem its restricted investment in FHLBB stock to be OTTI. If evidence of impairment exists in the future, the FHLBB stock would reflect fair value using either observable or unobservable inputs. The Bank will continue to monitor its investment in FHLBB stock.

NOTE 3 – LOANS

The composition of loans receivable is as follows:

(In thousands)		March 31, 2022			December 31, 2021
Residential 1-4 family	$	381,207		$	373,131
Residential 5+ multifamily		53,376			52,325
Construction of residential 1-4 family		20,818			19,738
Home equity lines of credit		23,276			23,270
Residential real estate		478,677			468,464
Commercial		310,815			310,923
Construction of commercial		65,273			58,838
Commercial real estate		376,088			369,761
Farm land		2,778			2,807
Vacant land		14,710			14,182
Real estate secured		872,253			855,214
Commercial and industrial ex PPP Loans		163,832			169,543
PPP Loans		13,666			25,589
Total Commercial and industrial		177,498			195,132
Municipal		14,263			16,534
Consumer		14,356			12,547
Loans receivable, gross		1,078,370			1,079,427
Deferred loan origination costs, net		761			285
Allowance for loan losses		(12,915	)		(12,962	)
Loans receivable, net	$	1,066,216		$	1,066,750
Loans held-for-sale
Residential 1-4 family	$	1,070		$	2,684

Salisbury has entered into loan participation agreements with other banks and transferred a portion of its originated loans to the participating banks. Transferred amounts are accounted for as sales and excluded from Salisbury’s loans receivable. Salisbury and its participating lenders share ratably in any gains or losses that may result from a borrower’s lack of compliance with contractual terms of the loan. Salisbury services the loans on behalf of the participating lenders and, as such, collects cash payments from the borrowers, remits payments (net of servicing fees) to participating lenders and disburses required escrow funds to relevant parties.

Salisbury also has entered into loan participation agreements with other banks and purchased a portion of the other banks’ originated loans. Purchased amounts are accounted for as loans without recourse to the originating bank. Salisbury and its originating lenders share ratably in any gains or losses that may result from a borrower’s lack of compliance with contractual terms of the loan. The originating banks service the loans on behalf of the participating lenders and, as such, collect cash payments from the borrowers, remit payments (net of servicing fees) to participating lenders and disburse required escrow funds to relevant parties.

At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, Salisbury serviced commercial loans for other banks under loan participation agreements totaling $77.3 million and $77.5 million, respectively.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

Salisbury's loans consist primarily of residential and commercial real estate loans located principally in Litchfield County, Connecticut; Dutchess, Orange and Ulster Counties, New York; and Berkshire County, Massachusetts, which constitute Salisbury's service area. Salisbury offers a broad range of loan and credit facilities to borrowers in its service area, including residential mortgage loans, commercial real estate loans, construction loans, working capital loans, equipment loans, and a variety of consumer loans, including home equity lines of credit, installment loans and collateral loans. All residential and commercial mortgage loans are collateralized by first or second mortgages on real estate. The ability of single family residential and consumer borrowers to honor their repayment commitments is generally dependent on the level of overall economic activity within the market area and real estate values. The ability of commercial borrowers to honor their repayment commitments is dependent on the general economy as well as the health of the real estate economic sector in Salisbury’s market area.

Salisbury’s commercial loan portfolio is comprised of loans to diverse industries, several of which may experience operating challenges due to the COVID-19 virus pandemic (“virus”). Approximately 40% of the Bank’s commercial loan portfolio are to entities who operate rental properties, which include commercial strip malls, smaller rental units as well as multi-unit dwellings. Approximately 12% of the Bank’s commercial loans are to entities in the hospitality industry, which includes hotels, bed & breakfast inns and restaurants. Approximately 9% of the Bank’s commercial loans are to educational institutions and approximately 6% of Salisbury’s commercial loans are to entertainment and recreation related businesses, which include camps and amusement parks. Salisbury’s commercial real estate exposure as a percentage of the Bank’s total risk-based capital, which represents Tier 1 plus Tier 2 capital, was approximately 181% as of March 31, 2022 and 179% at December 31, 2021 compared to the regulatory monitoring guideline of 300%.

Salisbury’s commercial loan exposure is mitigated by a variety of factors including the personal liquidity of the borrower, real estate and/or non-real estate collateral, U.S. Department of Agriculture or Small Business Administration (“SBA”) guarantees, loan payment deferrals and economic stimulus loans from the U.S. government as a result of the virus, and other factors. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Bank may experience higher loan payment delinquencies and higher loan charge-offs, which could warrant increased provisions for loan losses. Management is currently unable to predict the extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic will impact these and other borrowers.

At March 31, 2022 Salisbury had gross PPP loan balances of $13 million, net of deferred fees, on its consolidated balance sheet compared with approximately $25 million at December 31, 2021. The PPP loans are reported on Salisbury’s balance sheet at their outstanding principal balance, net of unamortized deferred loan origination fees and costs on originated loans. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. Deferred loan origination fees and costs on the loans are amortized as an adjustment to yield over the lives of the related loans, which is predominately five years. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, Salisbury recorded net interest income of $46 thousand and net origination fees of $0.4 million on PPP loans compared with interest income and net origination fees of $232 thousand and $1.1 million, respectively, for the three months ended March 31, 2021.

Credit Quality

Salisbury uses credit risk ratings as part of its determination of the allowance for loan losses. Credit risk ratings categorize loans by common financial and structural characteristics that measure the credit strength of a borrower. The rating model has eight risk rating grades, with each grade corresponding to a progressively greater risk of default. Grades 1 through 4 are considered not criticized and are aggregated as pass rated, and 5 through 8 are criticized as defined by the regulatory agencies. Risk ratings are assigned to differentiate risk within the portfolio and are reviewed on an ongoing basis and revised, if needed, to reflect changes in the borrowers' current financial position and outlook, risk profiles and the related collateral and structural positions. Salisbury sold approximately $3.8 million of non-performing and under-performing loans during the first quarter to further manage the Bank’s credit risk proactively.

Loans rated as "special mention" (5) possess credit deficiencies or potential weaknesses deserving management’s close attention that if left uncorrected may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loans at some future date.

Loans rated as "substandard" (6) are loans where the Bank’s position is clearly not protected adequately by borrower current net worth or payment capacity. These loans have well defined weaknesses based on objective evidence and include loans where future losses to the Bank may result if deficiencies are not corrected, and loans where the primary source of repayment such as income is diminished and the Bank must rely on sale of collateral or other secondary sources of collection.

Loans rated "doubtful" (7) have the same weaknesses as substandard loans with the added characteristic that the weakness makes collection or liquidation in full, given current facts, conditions, and values, to be highly improbable. The possibility of loss is high, but due to certain important and reasonably specific pending factors, which may work to strengthen the loan, its reclassification as an estimated loss is deferred until its exact status can be determined.

Loans classified as "loss" (8) are considered uncollectible and of such little value that continuance as Bank assets is unwarranted. This classification does not mean that the loan has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but rather, it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off this loan even though partial recovery may be made in the future.

Management actively reviews and tests its credit risk ratings against actual experience and engages an independent third-party to annually validate its assignment of credit risk ratings. In addition, the Bank’s loan portfolio is examined periodically by its regulatory agencies, the FDIC and the CTDOB.

The composition of loans receivable by risk rating grade is as follows:

(in thousands)	Pass		Special mention		Substandard		Doubtful		Loss		Total
March 31, 2022
Residential 1-4 family	$	376,063	$	3,132	$	2,012	$	—	$	—	$	381,207
Residential 5+ multifamily		53,214		77		85		—		—		53,376
Construction of residential 1-4 family		20,818		—		—		—		—		20,818
Home equity lines of credit		23,055		221		—		—		—		23,276
Residential real estate		473,150		3,430		2,097		—		—		478,677
Commercial		274,294		15,949		20,572		—		—		310,815
Construction of commercial		65,273		—		—		—		—		65,273
Commercial real estate		339,567		15,949		20,572		—		—		376,088
Farm land		1,152		1,206		420		—		—		2,778
Vacant land		14,673		37		—		—		—		14,710
Real estate secured		828,542		20,622		23,089		—		—		872,253
Commercial and industrial		174,968		584		1,946		—		—		177,498
Municipal		14,263		—		—		—		—		14,263
Consumer		14,354		—		2		—		—		14,356
Loans receivable, gross	$	1,032,127	$	21,206	$	25,037	$	—	$	—	$	1,078,370

(in thousands)	Pass		Special mention		Substandard		Doubtful		Loss		Total
December 31, 2021
Residential 1-4 family	$	367,225	$	3,543	$	2,363	$	—	$	—	$	373,131
Residential 5+ multifamily		50,588		79		1,658		—		—		52,325
Construction of residential 1-4 family		19,738		—		—		—		—		19,738
Home equity lines of credit		23,037		212		21		—		—		23,270
Residential real estate		460,588		3,834		4,042		—		—		468,464
Commercial		271,821		16,034		23,068		—		—		310,923
Construction of commercial		58,838		—		—		—		—		58,838
Commercial real estate		330,659		16,034		23,068		—		—		369,761
Farm land		1,162		1,214		431		—		—		2,807
Vacant land		14,143		39		—		—		—		14,182
Real estate secured		806,552		21,121		27,541		—		—		855,214
Commercial and industrial		191,857		688		2,587		—		—		195,132
Municipal		16,534		—		—		—		—		16,534
Consumer		12,547		—		—		—		—		12,547
Loans receivable, gross	$	1,027,490	$	21,809	$	30,128	$	—	$	—	$	1,079,427

The composition of loans receivable by delinquency status is as follows:


			Past due

									180		30		Accruing
(in thousands)									days		days		90 days
			30-59		60-89		90-179		and		and		and		Non-
	Current		days		days		days		over		over		over		accrual
March 31, 2022
Residential 1-4 family	$	379,534	$	1,599	$	59	$	—	$	15	$	1,673	$	—	$	417
Residential 5+ multifamily		53,376		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Construction of residential 1-4 family		20,818		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Home equity lines of credit		23,210		66		—		—		—		66		—		—
Residential real estate		476,938		1,665		59		—		15		1,739		—		417
Commercial		310,356		—		205		—		254		459		—		1,887
Construction of commercial		65,273		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Commercial real estate		375,629		—		205		—		254		459		—		1,887
Farm land		2,778		—		—		—		—		—		—		420
Vacant land		14,710		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Real estate secured		870,055		1,665		264		—		269		2,198		—		2,724
Commercial and industrial		177,050		—		437		—		11		448		11		28
Municipal		14,263		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Consumer		14,312		22		20		2		—		44		2		—
Loans receivable, gross	$	1,075,680	$	1,687	$	721	$	2	$	280	$	2,690	$	13	$	2,752


			Past due

									180		30		Accruing
(in thousands)									days		days		90 days
			30-59		60-89		90-179		and		and		and		Non-
	Current		days		days		days		over		over		over		accrual
December 31, 2021
Residential 1-4 family	$	372,620	$	223	$	135	$	63	$	90	$	511	$	—	$	750
Residential 5+ multifamily		51,464		—		—		—		861		861		—		861
Construction of residential 1-4 family		19,668		—		70		—		—		70		—		—
Home equity lines of credit		23,000		165		98		—		7		270		—		21
Residential real estate		466,752		388		303		63		958		1,712		—		1,632
Commercial		310,331		87		251		—		254		592		—		1,924
Construction of commercial		58,838		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Commercial real estate		369,169		87		251		—		254		592		—		1,924
Farm land		2,807		—		—		—		—		—		—		432
Vacant land		14,182		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Real estate secured		852,910		475		554		63		1,212		2,304		—		3,988
Commercial and industrial		194,838		250		32		1		11		294		11		200
Municipal		16,534		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Consumer		12,503		40		4		—		—		44		—		—
Loans receivable, gross	$	1,076,785	$	765	$	590	$	64	$	1,223	$	2,642	$	11	$	4,188

Troubled Debt Restructurings (TDRs)

There were no troubled debt restructurings in the first quarter of 2022 or in the three months ended March 31, 2021. Salisbury currently does not have any commitments to lend additional funds to TDR loans.

Allowance for Loan Losses

Changes in the allowance for loan losses are as follows:


	Three months ended March 31, 2022												Three months ended March 31, 2021
(in thousands)		Beginning balance		Provision			Charge- offs			Reco- veries		Ending balance		Beginning balance		Provision			Charge- offs			Reco- veries		Ending balance
Residential 1-4 family	$	2,846	$	236		$	(19	)	$	—	$	3,063	$	2,646	$	208		$	(9	)	$	1	$	2,430
Residential 5+ multifamily		817		234			(231	)		—		820		686		(64	)		—			—		622
Construction of residential 1-4 family		186		9			—			—		195		65		12			—			—		77
Home equity lines of credit		198		2			(2	)		—		198		252		(57	)		—			—		195
Residential real estate		4,047		481			(252	)		—		4,276		3,649		(317	)		(9	)		1		3,324
Commercial		5,416		(117	)		(103	)		—		5,196		6,546		530			(6	)		10		7,080
Construction of commercial		1,025		114			—			—		1,139		596		(12	)		—			—		584
Commercial real estate		6,441		(3	)		(103	)		—		6,335		7,142		518			(6	)		10		7,664
Farm land		21		(2	)		—			—		19		59		(9	)		—			—		50
Vacant land		95		15			—			—		110		180		(71	)		—			—		109
Real estate secured		10,604		491			(355	)		—		10,740		11,030		121			(15	)		11		11,147
Commercial and industrial		1,364		(143	)		(46	)		1		1,176		1,397		(28	)		—			—		1,369
Municipal		31		(4	)		—			—		27		43		—			—			—		43
Consumer		82		33			(15	)		5		105		77		(3	)		(24	)		2		52
Unallocated		881		(14	)		—			—		867		1,207		68			—			—		1,275
Totals	$	12,962	$	363		$	(416	)	$	6	$	12,915	$	13,754	$	158		$	(39	)	$	13	$	13,886

Charge-offs for first quarter 2022 included a write-down of $374 thousand to reduce the carrying value on $3.8 million of non-performing and under-performing loans, which Salisbury sold during the quarter, to the initial bid prices. The proceeds from the sale of these loans subsequently increased by approximately $239 thousand due to higher final bids. This increase was recorded in mortgage banking activities, net in Salisbury’s consolidated statement of income.

The composition of loans receivable and the allowance for loan losses is as follows:


(in thousands)	Collectively evaluated				Individually evaluated				Total portfolio
		Loans		Allowance		Loans		Allowance		Loans		Allowance
March 31, 2022
Residential 1-4 family	$	379,269	$	3,063	$	1,938	$	—	$	381,207	$	3,063
Residential 5+ multifamily		53,291		820		85		—		53,376		820
Construction of residential 1-4 family		20,818		195		—		—		20,818		195
Home equity lines of credit		23,276		198		—		—		23,276		198
Residential real estate		476,654		4,276		2,023		—		478,677		4,276
Commercial		307,548		5,173		3,267		23		310,815		5,196
Construction of commercial		65,273		1,139		—		—		65,273		1,139
Commercial real estate		372,821		6,312		3,267		23		376,088		6,335
Farm land		2,358		19		420		—		2,778		19
Vacant land		14,710		110		—		—		14,710		110
Real estate secured		866,543		10,717		5,710		23		872,253		10,740
Commercial and industrial		177,394		1,173		104		3		177,498		1,176
Municipal		14,263		27		—		—		14,263		27
Consumer		14,356		105		—		—		14,356		105
Unallocated allowance		—		867		—		—		—		867
Totals	$	1,072,556	$	12,889	$	5,814	$	26	$	1,078,370	$	12,915


(in thousands)	Collectively evaluated				Individually evaluated				Total portfolio
		Loans		Allowance		Loans		Allowance		Loans		Allowance
December 31, 2021
Residential 1-4 family	$	370,558	$	2,845	$	2,573	$	1	$	373,131	$	2,846
Residential 5+ multifamily		51,376		817		949		—		52,325		817
Construction of residential 1-4 family		19,738		186		—		—		19,738		186
Home equity lines of credit		23,249		198		21		—		23,270		198
Residential real estate		464,921		4,046		3,543		1		468,464		4,047
Commercial		307,377		5,388		3,546		28		310,923		5,416
Construction of commercial		58,838		1,025		—		—		58,838		1,025
Commercial real estate		366,215		6,413		3,546		28		369,761		6,441
Farm land		2,375		21		432		—		2,807		21
Vacant land		14,182		95		—		—		14,182		95
Real estate secured		847,694		10,575		7,520		29		855,214		10,604
Commercial and industrial		194,856		1,297		276		67		195,132		1,364
Municipal		16,534		31		—		—		16,534		31
Consumer		12,547		82		—		—		12,547		82
Unallocated allowance		—		881		—		—		—		881
Totals	$	1,071,630	$	12,866	$	7,797	$	96	$	1,079,427	$	12,962

The credit quality segments of loans receivable and the allowance for loan losses are as follows:


March 31, 2022 (in thousands)	Collectively evaluated				Individually evaluated				Total portfolio
		Loans		Allowance		Loans		Allowance		Loans	Allowance
Performing loans	$	1,051,041	$	10,740	$	—	$	—	$	1,051,041	$	10,740
Potential problem loans ¹		21,515		1,282		—		—		21,515		1,282
Impaired loans		—		—		5,814		26		5,814		26
Unallocated allowance		—		867		—		—		—		867
Totals	$	1,072,556	$	12,889	$	5,814	$	26	$	1,078,370	$	12,915


December 31, 2021 (in thousands)	Collectively evaluated				Individually evaluated				Total portfolio
		Loans		Allowance		Loans		Allowance		Loans	Allowance
Performing loans	$	1,046,614	$	10,456	$	—	$	—	$	1,046,614	$	10,456
Potential problem loans ¹		25,016		1,529		—		—		25,016		1,529
Impaired loans		—		—		7,797		96		7,797		96
Unallocated allowance		—		881		—		—		—		881
Totals	$	1,071,630	$	12,866	$	7,797	$	96	$	1,079,427	$	12,962

¹Potential problem loans consist of performing loans that have been assigned a substandard credit risk rating and are not classified as impaired.

A specific valuation allowance is established for the impairment amount of each impaired loan, calculated using the present value of expected cash flows or the fair value of collateral, in accordance with the most likely means of recovery. Certain data with respect to loans individually evaluated for impairment is as follows as of and for the three months ended:


	Impaired loans with specific allowance										Impaired loans with no specific allowance
(in thousands)	Loan balance							Specific		Income	Loan balance							Income
		Book		Note		Average		allowance		recognized		Book		Note		Average		recognized
March 31, 2022
Residential	$	—	$	—	$	21	$	—	$	—	$	2,023	$	2,144	$	2,944	$	14
Home equity lines of credit		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		15		—
Residential real estate		—		—		21		—		—		2,023		2,144		2,959		14
Commercial		598		598		602		23		7		2,669		3,214		2,856		11
Construction of commercial		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Farm land		—		—		—		—		—		420		447		426		—
Vacant land		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Real estate secured		598		598		623		23		7		5,112		5,805		6,241		25
Commercial and industrial		76		76		146		3		1		28		25		79		—
Consumer		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Totals	$	674	$	674	$	769	$	26	$	8	$	5,140	$	5,830	$	6,320	$	25

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, Salisbury recognized income of $32 thousand on impaired loans with a specific allowance and $57 thousand on impaired loans without a specific allowance.

Certain data with respect to loans individually evaluated for impairment is as follows as of and for the year ended December 31, 2021:


	Impaired loans with specific allowance										Impaired loans with no specific allowance
(in thousands)	Loan balance							Specific		Income	Loan balance							Income
		Book		Note		Average		allowance		recognized		Book		Note		Average		recognized
December 31, 2021
Residential	$	43	$	44	$	872	$	1	$	3	$	3,480	$	3,817	$	3,689	$	75
Home equity lines of credit		—		—		17		—		—		21		23		131		—
Residential real estate		43		44		889		1		3		3,501		3,840		3,820		75
Commercial		608		608		1,678		28		32		2,938		3,493		2,974		62
Construction of commercial		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Farm land		—		—		—		—		—		431		447		440		—
Vacant land		—		—		56		—		—		—		—		45		—
Real estate secured		651		652		2,623		29		35		6,870		7,780		7,279		137
Commercial and industrial		216		224		309		67		3		60		72		90		—
Consumer		—		—		6		—		—		—		—		13		—
Totals	$	867	$	876	$	2,938	$	96	$	38	$	6,930	$	7,852	$	7,382	$	137

NOTE 4 – LEASES

The Bank leases facilities and equipment with various expiration dates. The facilities leases have varying renewal options, generally require fixed annual rent, and provide that real estate taxes, insurance, and maintenance expenses are to be paid by Salisbury. The following table provides the assets and liabilities as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, as well as the costs of operating and financial leases, which are included in the Bank’s consolidated income statement for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021.

(in thousands, except lease term and discount rate)	Classification		March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Assets
Operating	Other assets	$	966	$	1,021
Finance	Bank premises and equipment ¹		4,045		3,791
Total Leased Assets		$	5,011	$	4,812
Liabilities
Operating	Other liabilities	$	966	$	1,021
Finance	Finance lease		4,363		4,107
Total lease liabilities		$	5,329	$	5,128
¹ Net of accumulated depreciation of $532 thousand and $496 thousand, respectively.

Lease cost	Classification		Three Months Ended March 31, 2022		Three Months Ended March 31, 2021
Operating leases	Premises and equipment	$	74	$	80
Finance leases:
Amortization of leased assets	Premises and equipment		35		25
Interest on finance leases	Interest expense		41		32
Total lease cost		$	150	$	137

Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term	March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Operating leases	7.2 years		6.9 years
Financing leases	24.9 years		23.5 years
Weighted Average Discount Rate ¹
Operating leases	3.71	%	3.61	%
Financing leases	3.89	%	4.97	%
¹ Salisbury uses the applicable FHLBB Advance rate as the discount rate, as its leases do not provide an implicit rate.

The following is a schedule by years of the present value of the net minimum lease payments as of March 31, 2022.

Future minimum lease payments (in thousands)		Operating Leases			Finance Leases
2022	$	162		$	223
2023		167			304
2024		129			314
2025		137			323
2026		137			334
Thereafter		380			4,968
Total future minimum lease payments		1,112			6,466
Less amount representing interest		(146	)		(2,103	)
Total present value of net future minimum lease payments	$	966		$	4,363

NOTE 5 - MORTGAGE SERVICING RIGHTS

(in thousands)		March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Residential mortgage loans serviced for others	$	142,790	$	140,623
Fair value of mortgage servicing rights		1,267		1,043

Changes in mortgage servicing rights are as follows:

Three months ended March 31, (in thousands)		2022			2021
Mortgage Servicing Rights
Balance, beginning of period	$	700		$	621
Originated		55			193
Amortization ⁽¹⁾		(39	)		(75	)
Balance, end of period	$	716		$	739
Valuation Allowance
Balance, beginning of period		—			(9	)
Decrease in impairment reserve ⁽¹⁾		—			9
Balance, end of period		—			—
Mortgage servicing rights, net	$	716		$	739

⁽¹⁾ Amortization expense and changes in the impairment reserve are recorded in mortgage servicing, net.

NOTE 6 - PLEDGED ASSETS

The following securities and loans were pledged to secure public and trust deposits, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, FHLBB advances and credit facilities available.

(in thousands)		March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Securities available-for-sale (at fair value)	$	76,334	$	75,737
Loans receivable (at book value)		368,531		378,845
Total pledged assets	$	444,865	$	454,582

At March 31, 2022, securities were pledged as follows: $68.16 million to secure public deposits, $8.16 million to secure repurchase agreements and $0.02 million to secure FHLBB advances. In addition to securities, loans receivable were pledged to secure FHLBB advances and credit facilities.

NOTE 7 – DERIVATIVES AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES

Risk Management Objective of Using Derivatives

Salisbury is exposed to certain risk arising from both its business operations and economic conditions. The Bank principally manages its exposures to a wide variety of business and operational risks through management of its core business activities. The Bank manages economic risks, including interest rate, liquidity, and credit risk primarily by managing the amount, sources, and duration of its assets and liabilities and the use of derivative financial instruments. Specifically, the Bank enters into derivative financial instruments to manage exposures that arise from business activities that result in the receipt or payment of future known and uncertain cash amounts, the value of which are determined by interest rates. The Bank uses derivative financial instruments to manage differences in the amount, timing, and duration of the Bank’s known or expected cash receipts and its known or expected cash payments principally related to its portfolio of loans to first-time home buyers.

Fair Value Hedges of Interest Rate Risk

The Company is exposed to changes in the fair value of certain pools of its pre-payable fixed-rate assets due to changes in benchmark interest rates. Salisbury uses interest rate swaps to manage its exposure to changes in fair value on these instruments attributable to changes in the designated benchmark interest rate, Federal Funds. Interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges involve the payment of fixed-rate amounts to a counterparty in exchange for Salisbury receiving variable-rate payments over the life of the agreements without the exchange of the underlying notional amount.

For derivatives designated and that qualify as fair value hedges, the gain or loss on the derivative as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in interest income.

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the following amounts were recorded on the balance sheet related to cumulative basis adjustment for fair value hedges:


Line Item in the Statement of Financial Position in Which the Hedged Item is Included	Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities)				Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities)
(in thousands)	March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021		March 31, 2022			December 31, 2021
Loans receivable⁽¹⁾	$	9,953	$	9,982	$	(47	)	$	(18	)
Total	$	9,953	$	9,982	$	(47	)	$	(18	)

⁽¹⁾These amounts include the amortized cost basis of closed portfolios used in designated hedging relationships in which the hedged item is the last layer expected to be remaining at the end of the hedging relationship. At March 31, 2022, the amortized cost basis of the closed portfolios used in these hedging relationships was $36.6 million; the cumulative basis adjustment associated with these hedging relationships was $47 thousand; and the amount of the designated hedged item was $10.0 million.

The table below presents the fair value of Salisbury’s derivative financial instrument and its classification on the Balance Sheet as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.


	As of March 31, 2022					As of December 31, 2021
(in thousands)	Notional Amount		Balance Sheet Location	Fair Value		Balance Sheet Location	Fair Value
Derivatives designated as hedge instruments
Interest Rate Products	$	10,000	Other assets	$	47	Other Assets	$	18
Total Derivatives designated as hedge instruments				$	47		$	18

The table below presents the effect of the Company’s derivative financial instruments on the Income Statement for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021.


	Three months ended					Three months ended
	March 31, 2022					March 31, 2021
(in thousands)	Interest Income			Interest Expense		Interest Income			Interest Expense
Total amounts of interest income and expense line items presented in the income statement in which the effects of fair value or cash flow hedges are recorded	$	2		$	—	$	1		$	—

Gain or (loss) on fair value hedging relationships in Subtopic 815-20
Interest contracts
Hedged items		(28	)		—		(2	)		—
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments	$	30		$	—	$	3		$	—

Credit-Risk Related Contingent Features

Salisbury has an agreement with its derivative counterparty that contains a provision where if the Bank defaults on any of its indebtedness, including default where repayment of the indebtedness has not been accelerated by the lender, then the Bank could also be declared in default on its derivative obligations.

The agreement also contains a provision where if the Bank fails to maintain its status as a well / adequate capitalized institution, then Salisbury could be required to post cash or certain marketable securities issued by the U.S. Treasury or U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises as collateral. The minimum amount that Salisbury would have to post as collateral is $250 thousand.

As of March 31, 2022, the fair value of derivative was $48 thousand in a net asset position, which includes accrued interest but excludes any adjustment for nonperformance risk, related to these agreements. As of March 31, 2022, Salisbury has not posted any collateral related to these agreements.

NOTE 8 – EARNINGS PER SHARE

Salisbury defines unvested share-based payment awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends as participating securities that are included in computing earnings per share (EPS) using the two-class method.

The two-class method is an earnings allocation formula that determines earnings per share for each share of common stock and participating securities according to dividends declared and participation rights in undistributed earnings. Under this method, all earnings (distributed and undistributed) are allocated to common shares and participating securities based on their respective rights to receive dividends. Basic EPS excludes dilution and is computed by dividing income allocated to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock or resulted in the issuance of common stock that then shared in the earnings of the entity.

The following table sets forth the computation of earnings per share (basic and diluted) for the periods indicated:

Three months ended March 31, (in thousands, except per share data)		2022			2021
Net income	$	3,568		$	4,526
Less: Undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities		(60	)		(64	)
Net income allocated to common stock	$	3,508		$	4,462
Weighted-average common shares issued		2,867			2,845
Less: Unvested restricted stock awards		(49	)		(40	)
Weighted average common shares outstanding used to calculate basic earnings per common share		2,818			2,805
Add: Dilutive effect of stock options and restricted stock units		29			10
Weighted-average common shares outstanding used to calculate diluted earnings per common share		2,847			2,815
Earnings per common share (basic)	$	1.24		$	1.59
Earnings per common share (diluted)	$	1.23		$	1.59

NOTE 9 – SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Capital Requirements

The Company and the Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional and discretionary actions by the regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Bank's financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Bank must meet specific guidelines that involve quantitative measures of its assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Bank's capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings, and other factors.

The Bank is subject to capital regulations adopted by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (FRB) and the FDIC, which implemented the Basel III regulatory capital reforms and the changes required by the Dodd-Frank Act. The required minimum regulatory capital ratios to which the Bank is subject, and the minimum ratios required for the Bank to be categorized as “well capitalized” under the prompt corrective action framework are noted in the table below. In addition, the regulations established a capital conservation buffer of 2.5% effective January 1, 2019. Failure to maintain the capital conservation buffer will limit the ability of the Company and the Bank to pay discretionary bonuses and dividends. At March 31, 2022, the Bank exceeded the minimum requirement for the capital conservation buffer. As of March 31, 2022, the most recent notification from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation categorized the Bank as well capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. There are no conditions or events since that notification that management believes have changed that categorization.

In March 2022, Salisbury announced that its Board of Directors renewed a share repurchase program, which provides for the repurchase of Salisbury’s common stock in amounts up to an aggregate of five percent (5%) of the outstanding shares of Salisbury’s common stock from time to time over the next twelve months. Salisbury has not yet repurchased any shares pursuant to such program.

The Bank’s risk-weighted assets at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were $1,113.4 million and $1,085.4 million, respectively. Actual regulatory capital position and minimum capital requirements as defined "To Be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions" and "For Capital Adequacy Purposes" for the Bank are as follows:


	Actual					Minimum Capital Required For Capital Adequacy					Minimum Capital Required For Capital Adequacy Plus Required Capital Conservation Buffer					Minimum To Be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions
(dollars in thousands)	Amount		Ratio			Amount		Ratio			Amount		Ratio			Amount		Ratio
March 31, 2022
Total Capital (to risk-weighted assets)	$	155,665		13.98	%	$	89,075		8.0	%	$	116,911		10.5	%	$	111,344		10.0	%

Tier 1 Capital (to risk-weighted assets)		142,567		12.80			66,806		6.0			94,642		8.5			89,075		8.0

Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (to risk-weighted assets)		142,567		12.80			50,105		4.5			77,941		7.0			72,374		6.5

Tier 1 Capital (to average assets)	$	142,567		9.66		$	59,010		4.0		$	59,010		4.0		$	73,763		5.0
December 31, 2021
Total Capital (to risk-weighted assets)	$	152,789		14.08	%	$	86,832		8.0	%	$	113,968		10.5	%	$	108,541		10.0	%

Tier 1 Capital (to risk-weighted assets)		139,681		12.87			65,124		6.0			92,259		8.5			86,832		8.0

Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (to risk-weighted assets)		139,681		12.87			48,843		4.5			75,978		7.0			70,551		6.5

Tier 1 Capital (to average assets)	$	139,681		9.42		$	59,285		4.0		$	59,285		4.0		$	74,106		5.0

Restrictions on Cash Dividends to Common Shareholders

Salisbury's ability to pay cash dividends is substantially dependent on the Bank's ability to pay cash dividends to Salisbury. There are certain restrictions on the payment of cash dividends and other payments by the Bank to Salisbury. Under Connecticut law, the Bank cannot declare a cash dividend except from net profits, defined as the remainder of all earnings from current operations. The total of all cash dividends declared by the Bank in any calendar year shall not, unless specifically approved by the Banking Commissioner, exceed the total of its net profits of that year combined with its retained net profits of the preceding two years.

FRB Supervisory Letter SR 09-4, February 24, 2009, revised March 30, 2009, notes that, as a general matter, the Board of Directors of a Bank Holding Company (“BHC”) should inform the Federal Reserve and should eliminate, defer, or significantly reduce dividends if (1) net income available to shareholders for the past four quarters, net of dividends previously paid during that period, is not sufficient to fully fund the dividends; (2) the prospective rate of earnings retention is not consistent with capital needs and overall current and prospective financial condition; or (3) the BHC will not meet, or is in danger of not meeting, its minimum regulatory capital adequacy ratios. Moreover, a BHC should inform the Federal Reserve reasonably in advance of declaring or paying a dividend that exceeds earnings for the period (e.g., quarter) for which the dividend is being paid or that could result in a material adverse change to the BHC capital structure.

NOTE 10 – BENEFITS

Salisbury offers a 401(k) Plan to eligible employees. Under the 401(k) Plan, eligible participants may contribute a percentage of their pay subject to IRS limitations. Salisbury may make discretionary contributions to the Plan. The Plan includes a safe harbor contribution of 3% for all qualifying employees. The Bank’s safe harbor contribution percentage is reviewed annually and, under provisions of the 401(k) Plan, is subject to change in the future. An additional discretionary match may also be made for all employees that meet the 401(k) Plan’s qualifying requirements for such a match. This discretionary matching percentage, if any, is also subject to review under the provisions of the 401(k) Plan. Both the safe harbor and additional discretionary match, if any, vest immediately. Salisbury’s 401(k) Plan expense was $294 thousand and $286 thousand, respectively, for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2022 and 2021.

ESOP

Salisbury offers an ESOP to eligible employees. Under the Plan, Salisbury may make discretionary contributions to the Plan. Discretionary contributions vest in full upon six years and reflect the following schedule of qualified service: 20% after the second year, 20% per year thereafter, vesting at 100% after six full years of service. Salisbury’s ESOP expense was $35 thousand and $55 thousand, respectively, for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2022 and 2021.

Other Retirement Plans

Salisbury adopted ASC 715-60, “Compensation - Retirement Benefits - Defined Benefit Plans - Other Postretirement" and recognized a liability for Salisbury’s future postretirement benefit obligations under endorsement split-dollar life insurance arrangements. The total liability for the arrangements included in other liabilities was $771 thousand and $779 thousand at March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively. The Bank realized a credit of $8 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and expenses under this arrangement for the three months ended March 31, 2021 of $86 thousand.

A Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation Plan (the "Plan") was adopted effective January 1, 2013. This Plan was adopted by the Bank for the benefit of certain key employees ("Executive" or "Executives") who have been selected and approved by the Bank to participate in this Plan and who have evidenced their participation by execution of a Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation Plan Participation Agreement ("Participation Agreement") in a form provided by the Bank. This Plan is intended to comply with Internal Revenue Code ("Code") Section 409A and any regulatory or other guidance issued under such Section. In 2021 and 2020, the Bank awarded seven (7) Executives with discretionary contributions to the plan. Expenses related to this plan for the first three months ended March 31 amounted to $47 thousand in 2022 and $29 thousand in 2021.

On December 27, 2021, the Board of Directors of Salisbury Bank and Trust Company executed the Salisbury Bank and Trust Company Amended and Restated Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation Plan (the “Plan”), effective as of January 1, 2022. The Plan permits the Board to select certain key employees of the Bank to participate in the Plan, provided that such employees also evidence their participation by execution of a Participation Agreement. Before amendment and restatement, the Plan provided solely for discretionary bank contributions to selected participant’s accounts. The participation agreement sets forth the vesting terms of the discretionary contributions and the “benefit age” at which a participant could retire with a fully vested benefit. The participation agreement also sets forth how a participant’s benefit would be distributed (i.e., in a lump sum or in annual installments over a period of up to 10 years, as selected by the participant). Until distribution, a participant’s account would earn interest as of the last day of the plan year at the highest certificate of deposit rate for that year, compounded annually. The participant’s benefits under the Plan are subject to the vesting schedule set forth in the participant’s participation agreement. Notwithstanding the vesting schedule, the participant’s account balance will become automatically 100% vested upon involuntary termination without cause, death, disability or a change in control.

The amended and restated Plan also allows participant deferrals and provides greater flexibility in participant elections and investment options. In addition to employer discretionary contributions, participants will be entitled to defer up to 50% of their base salary and up to 100% of their discretionary bonuses and cash incentive compensation, however, such base salary deferrals and bonus and cash incentive deferrals will not commence before January 1, 2023. The Plan will permit the Compensation Committee to add non-employee directors as participants. If implemented, non-employee directors will be entitled to make elective deferrals of up to 50% of their annual retainer and committee fees. This provision may not be implemented for plan year 2022.

For plan years commencing after December 31, 2021, participants are required to enter into a “Participation Agreement” on initial participation that will set forth, among other things, the vesting schedule for any discretionary contributions received and the participant’s benefit age (i.e. the eligible “retirement age”). A participant will also be required to enter into an “Annual Election Form” which will set forth (i) the participant’s distribution elections under various circumstances and (ii) commencing in 2023, the amount of a participant’s elective deferrals of base salary and/or discretionary bonus or incentive compensation. Under the Amended and Restated Plan, each discretionary contribution would vest based on a rolling five-year vesting schedule, so that in the sixth year of participation the first year’s contribution would be 100% vested and the fifth-year contribution would be 20% vested. Vesting of discretionary contributions generally accelerates when a participant reaches benefit age, however, the Bank can delegate one or more discretionary contributions for a particular person as contributions for which vesting would not automatically accelerate.

The amended and restated Plan provides additional distribution options, including distributions in the event of an unforeseeable emergency and on the occurrence of a specified date before separation from service, and allows a participant to elect for each year’s contributions the manner in which such distributions will be paid. Installment distributions can be made in monthly, quarterly or annual installments. Payment of benefits under the Plan, other than benefits payable as a result of base salary deferrals, are conditioned on the participant’s covenant to comply with non-compete, non-solicitation and non-disclosure provisions for a period of one year following the participant’s separation from service. The Bank will establish a grantor trust to hold the assets of the Plan. Until distributed, the assets of the Plan are not legally owned by the participants. Salisbury anticipates that contributions will be made under the amended and restated Plan beginning in second quarter 2022.

Management Agreements: Salisbury or the Bank has entered into various management agreements with its named executive officers (“NEOs”), including a severance agreement with Mr. Cantele, President and Chief Executive Officer, a change in control agreement with Mr. Albero, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, and a severance agreement with Mr. Davies, President of the New York Region and Chief Lending Officer. In addition to these agreements, Salisbury has change in control agreements or a severance agreement, with change in control provisions, with eleven other executives with payouts ranging from 0.5 to 1.0 times base salary, annual cash bonus and other benefits. Such agreements, and their subsequent amendments, are designed to allow Salisbury to retain the services of the designated executives while reducing, to the extent possible, unnecessary disruptions to Salisbury’s operations.

NOTE 11 – LONG TERM INCENTIVE PLANS

Restricted stock

On February 28, 2022, Salisbury granted a total of 14,350 shares of restricted stock to certain employees pursuant to its 2017 Long Term Incentive Plan. The fair value of the stock granted was approximately $813 thousand. Expense in first quarter 2022 and 2021 related to employee and directors’ stock-based compensation totaled $188 thousand and $132 thousand, respectively. Unrecognized compensation cost relating to the awards as of March 31, 2022 and 2021 totaled $1,550 thousand and $646 thousand, respectively. There were no forfeitures in the first quarter of 2022 or 2021.

Performance-based restricted stock units

On March 29, 2019, the Compensation Committee granted performance-based restricted stock units (RSU) pursuant to the 2017 Long-Term Incentive Plan to further align compensation with the Bank’s performance. This RSU plan replaced the Bank’s Phantom Stock Appreciation Units plan (Phantom). The performance goal for awards granted under the RSU plan in 2019 was based on the increase in the Bank’s tangible book value by $3.50 per share over the performance period for threshold performance. On March 29, 2022, these awards vested at 150% of target for achieving in excess of target payout performance ($5.00 increase in tangible book value per share).

On July 29, 2020, the Compensation Committee granted an additional 7,250 units under the RSU plan. The performance goal for this tranche is based on the relative increase in the Bank’s tangible book value compared with a pre-determined group of peer banks over the performance period for threshold performance. Vesting will range from 50% of target for achieving threshold performance, to 100% of target for achieving tangible book value growth of at least 50% but less than 55% of the peer group, to 150% of target for achieving in excess of target payout performance and, if the performance goal is achieved.

On June 23, 2021, the Compensation Committee granted an additional 7,400 units under the RSU plan. The performance goal for this tranche is based on the increase in the Bank’s tangible book value by $7.00 per share over the performance period for threshold performance. Vesting will range from 75% of target for achieving threshold performance, to 100% of target for achieving target payout performance ($9.00 increase in tangible book value per share) to 150% of target for achieving in excess of target payout performance and, if the performance goals are achieved, vesting will occur no later than March 15, 2024.

On February 28, 2022, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors approved grants of performance-based restricted stock units to its NEOs and other key employees under the Company’s 2017 Long Term Incentive Plan. The Compensation Committee granted a total of 6,950 RSUs, including 3,500 RSUs to NEOs. Richard J. Cantele, Jr., President and Chief Executive Officer received 1,500 target RSUs; John M. Davies, President of NY Region and Chief Lending Officer received 1,000 target RSUs; and Peter Albero, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer received 1,000 target RSUs. The maximum number of shares deliverable upon vesting of RSUs assuming 150% of the TBV growth target is met or exceeded, will be 10,425.

The fair value of the awards granted under the RSU plan at the grant date was $394 thousand and $354 thousand, respectively, for those grants awarded in 2022 and 2021. Compensation expense of $97 thousand and $71 thousand was recorded with respect to all RSUs granted to date for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. No performance-based restricted stock units were awarded prior to 2019. The shares noted above are contingently issuable only upon attainment of the minimum performance goal.

Short Term Incentive Plan (STIP)

Salisbury offers a short-term discretionary compensation plan to eligible employees on an annual basis. Under this incentive plan, Salisbury may reward employees with cash compensation if certain pre-determined Bank and individual performance goals have been achieved. The STIP expense, which is included in compensation expenses, totaled $267 thousand and $238 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Options

Salisbury issued stock options in conjunction with its acquisition of Riverside Bank in 2014. In the first quarter 2022, no stock options were exercised. In 2021, 1,755 stock options were exercised at $17.04 per share by one former Riverside Bank executive.

NOTE 12 – FAIR VALUE OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES

Salisbury uses fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. Securities available-for-sale and the CRA mutual fund are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Additionally, from time to time, other assets are recorded at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, such as loans held for sale, collateral dependent impaired loans, property acquired through foreclosure or repossession and mortgage servicing rights. These nonrecurring fair value adjustments typically involve the application of lower-of-cost-or-market accounting or write-downs of individual assets.

Salisbury adopted ASC 820-10, “Fair Value Measurement - Overall,” which provides a framework for measuring fair value under generally accepted accounting principles. This guidance permitted Salisbury the irrevocable option to elect fair value for the initial and subsequent measurement for certain financial assets and liabilities on a contract-by-contract basis. Salisbury did not elect fair value treatment for any financial assets or liabilities upon adoption.

In accordance with ASC 820-10, Salisbury groups its financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value in three levels based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value.

GAAP specifies a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on whether the types of valuation information (“inputs”) are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect Salisbury’s market assumptions. These two types of inputs have created the following fair value hierarchy:

•

Level 1. Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets. Valuations for assets and liabilities traded in active exchange markets, such as the New York Stock Exchange Valuations are obtained from readily available pricing sources for market transactions involving identical assets or liabilities.

•

Level 2. Significant other observable inputs. Valuations for assets and liabilities traded in less active dealer or broker markets. Valuations are obtained from third party pricing services for identical or comparable assets or liabilities.

•

Level 3. Significant unobservable inputs. Valuations for assets and liabilities that are derived from other methodologies, including option pricing models, discounted cash flow models and similar techniques, are not based on market exchange, dealer, or broker traded transactions. Level 3 valuations incorporate certain assumptions and projections in determining the fair value assigned to such assets and liabilities.

The following is a description of valuation methodologies for assets recorded at fair value, including the general classification of such assets and liabilities pursuant to the valuation hierarchy.

•

Securities available-for-sale and the CRA mutual fund. Securities available-for-sale and the CRA mutual fund are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Level 1 securities include exchange-traded equity securities. Level 2 securities include debt securities with quoted prices, which are traded less frequently than exchange-traded instruments, whose value is determined using matrix pricing with inputs that are observable in the market or can be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data. This category generally includes obligations of the U.S. Treasury and U.S. government-sponsored enterprises, mortgage-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations, municipal bonds, SBA bonds, corporate bonds and certain preferred equities. Level 3 is for positions that are not traded in active markets or are subject to transfer restrictions, valuations are adjusted to reflect illiquidity and/or non-transferability, and such adjustments are generally based on available market evidence. In the absence of such evidence, management’s best estimate is used. Subsequent to inception, management only changes level 3 inputs and assumptions when corroborated by evidence such as transactions in similar instruments, completed or pending third-party transactions in the underlying investment or comparable entities, subsequent rounds of financing, recapitalization and other transactions across the capital structure, offerings in the equity or debt markets, and changes in financial ratios or cash flows.

•

Derivative financial instruments. The fair value of the interest rate swap is determined using the market standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash receipts (or payments) and the discounted expected variable cash payments (or receipts). The variable cash payments (or receipts) are based on an expectation of future interest rates (forward curves) derived from observable market interest rate curves.

•

Collateral dependent loans that are deemed to be impaired are valued based upon the fair value of the underlying collateral less costs to sell. Such collateral primarily consists of real estate and, to a lesser extent, other business assets. Management may adjust appraised values to reflect estimated market value declines or apply other discounts to appraised values resulting from its knowledge of the property. Internal valuations are utilized to determine the fair value of other business assets. Collateral dependent impaired loans are categorized as Level 3.

•

Other real estate owned acquired through foreclosure or repossession is adjusted to fair value less costs to sell upon transfer out of loans. Subsequently, it is carried at the lower of carrying value or fair value less costs to sell. Fair value is generally based upon independent market prices or appraised values of the collateral. Management adjusts appraised values to reflect estimated market value declines or apply other discounts to appraised values for unobservable factors resulting from its knowledge of the property, and such property is categorized as Level 3.

•

Assets held for sale. The fair value of assets held for sale is based on independent market prices, appraised values or the contractual selling price.

Assets measured at fair value are as follows:


	Fair Value Measurements Using						Assets at
(in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		fair
							value
March 31, 2022
Assets at fair value on a recurring basis
U.S. Treasury	$	—	$	19,103	$	—	$	19,103
U.S. Government Agency notes		—		31,933		—		31,933
Municipal bonds		—		48,299		—		48,299
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. Government agencies and U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises		—		76,796		—		76,796
Collateralized mortgage obligations:
U.S. Government agencies		—		25,920		—		25,920
Corporate bonds		—		13,601		—		13,601
Securities available-for-sale	$	—	$	215,652	$	—	$	215,652
CRA mutual funds		862		—		—		862
Derivative financial instruments		—		47		—		47


December 31, 2021
Assets at fair value on a recurring basis
U.S. Treasury	$	—	$	15,131	$	—		$ 15,131
U.S. Government Agency notes		—		31,604		—		31,604
Municipal bonds		—		47,822		—		47,822
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. Government agencies and U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises		—		74,541		—		74,541
Collateralized mortgage obligations:
U.S. Government agencies		—		20,898		—		20,898
Corporate bonds		—		12,400		—		12,400
Securities available-for-sale	$	—	$	202,396	$	—	$	202,396
CRA mutual fund		901		—		—		901
Derivative financial instruments		—		18		—		18
Assets at fair value on a non-recurring basis
Assets held for sale ¹	$	700	$	—	$	—	$	700

¹ Prior to December 31, 2021, the Bank entered into an agreement with a third party to sell the building that housed its Poughkeepsie, New York retail branch and relocate the branch to leased space nearby. This sale was completed in January 2022. At March 31, 2022, Salisbury did not have any assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis.

Carrying values and estimated fair values of financial instruments are as follows:


(in thousands)	Carrying		Estimated		Fair value measurements using
	value		fair value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
March 31, 2022
Financial Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	98,861	$	98,861	$	98,861	$	—	$	—
Interest bearing time deposits with financial institutions		750		750		750
Securities available-for-sale, net		215,652		215,652		—		215,652		—
CRA mutual fund		862		862		862		—		—
Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston stock		1,077		1,077		—		1,077		—
Loans held-for-sale		1,070		1,077		—		—		1,077
Loans receivable, net		1,066,216		1,055,745		—		—		1,055,745
Accrued interest receivable		5,895		5,895		—		5,895		—
Cash surrender value of life insurance policies		27,900		27,900		—		27,900		—
Derivative financial instruments		47		47		—		47		—
Financial Liabilities
Demand (non-interest-bearing)	$	370,082	$	370,082	$	—	$	370,082	$	—
Demand (interest-bearing)		233,893		233,893		—		233,893		—
Money market		317,462		317,462		—		317,462		—
Savings and other		240,824		240,824		—		240,824		—
Certificates of deposit		128,213		128,663		—		128,663		—
Deposits		1,290,474		1,290,924		—		1,290,924		—
Repurchase agreements		8,161		8,161		—		8,161		—
FHLBB advances		419		419		—		419		—
Subordinated debt		24,488		24,409		—		24,409		—
Note payable		159		162		—		162		—
Finance lease obligation		4,363		4,312		—		—		4,312
Accrued interest payable		37		37		—		37		—


December 31, 2021
Financial Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	175,335	$	175,335	$	175,335	$	—	$	—
Interest bearing time deposits with financial institutions		750		750		750		—		—
Securities available-for-sale		202,396		202,396		—		202,396		—
CRA mutual fund		901		901		901		—		—
Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston stock		1,397		1,397		—		1,397		—
Loans held-for-sale		2,684		2,721		—		—		2,721
Loans receivable, net		1,066,750		1,066,733		—		—		1,066,733
Accrued interest receivable		6,260		6,260		—		6,260		—
Cash surrender value of life insurance policies		27,738		27,738		—		27,738		—
Derivative financial instruments		18		18		—		18		—
Financial Liabilities
Demand (non-interest-bearing)	$	416,073	$	416,073	$	—	$	416,073	$	—
Demand (interest-bearing)		233,600		233,600		—		233,600		—
Money market		330,436		330,436		—		330,436		—
Savings and other		237,075		237,075		—		237,075		—
Certificates of deposit		119,009		119,716		—		119,716		—
Deposits		1,336,193		1,336,900		—		1,336,900		—
Repurchase agreements		11,430		11,430		—		11,430		—
FHLBB advances		7,656		7,714		—		7,714		—
Subordinated debt		24,474		24,409		—		24,409		—
Note payable		170		171		—		171		—
Finance lease liability		4,107		4,223		—		—		4,223
Accrued interest payable		49		49		—		49		—

NOTE 13 – SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

On April 20, 2022 the Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.32 per common share payable on May 27, 2022 to shareholders of record as of May 13, 2022.

Item 2.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of Salisbury Bancorp, Inc. (“Salisbury” or the “Company”) and its subsidiary should be read in conjunction with Salisbury's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021. Readers should also review other disclosures Salisbury files from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).

BUSINESS

Salisbury Bancorp, Inc., a Connecticut corporation, formed in 1998, is the bank holding company for Salisbury Bank and Trust Company (the "Bank"), a Connecticut-chartered and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the "FDIC") insured commercial bank headquartered in Lakeville, Connecticut. Salisbury’s common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “SAL.” Salisbury's principal business consists of its operation and control of the business of the Bank.

The Bank, formed in 1848, currently provides commercial banking, consumer financing, retail banking and trust and wealth advisory services through a network of fourteen banking offices and ten ATMs located in: Litchfield County, Connecticut; Dutchess, Orange and Ulster Counties, New York; and Berkshire County, Massachusetts and through its internet website (salisburybank.com).

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Salisbury’s consolidated financial statements follow GAAP as applied to the banking industry in which it operates. Application of these principles requires management to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements. These estimates, assumptions and judgments are based on information available as of the date of the financial statements; accordingly, as this information changes, the financial statements could reflect different estimates, assumptions and judgments and as such have a greater possibility of producing results that could be materially different than originally reported. Estimates, assumptions and judgments are necessary when assets and liabilities are required to be recorded at fair value, when a decline in the value of an asset not carried at fair value warrants an impairment write-down or valuation reserve to be established, or when an asset or liability needs to be recorded contingent upon a future event.

Salisbury’s significant accounting policies are presented in Note 1 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, which, along with this Management’s Discussion and Analysis, provide information on how significant assets are valued in the financial statements and how those values are determined. Management believes that the following accounting estimates are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating Salisbury’s reported financial results, and they require management’s most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, resulting from the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain.

Allowance for Loan Losses

The allowance for loan losses represents management’s estimate of credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio. Determining the amount of the allowance for loan losses is considered a critical accounting estimate because it requires significant judgment and the use of estimates related to the amount and timing of expected future cash flows on impaired loans, estimated losses on pools of homogeneous loans based on historical loss experience, and consideration of current economic trends and conditions, all of which may be susceptible to significant change. The loan portfolio also represents the largest asset type on the balance sheet. A discussion of the factors driving changes in the amount of the allowance for loan losses is included in the “Provision and Allowance for Loan Losses” section of Management’s Discussion and Analysis.

FINANCIAL CONDITION

Securities and Short Term Funds

During the first quarter of 2022, available-for-sale (AFS) securities increased $13.3 million, or 6.5%, to $215.7 million as Salisbury continued to invest excess cash balances in U.S. Treasuries, U.S. Agency bonds, municipal securities and U.S. bank-issued subordinated debt offerings. The market value of Salisbury’s AFS portfolio was approximately 14.7% of total assets at March 31, 2022 compared with 13.2% at December 31, 2021. Cash and cash equivalents (non-time interest-bearing deposits with other banks, money market funds and federal funds sold) decreased $76.5 million, or 43.6% to $98.9 million.

The sharp increase in market interest rates in first quarter 2022 resulted in inception-to-date after-tax unrealized losses in Salisbury’s AFS portfolio of $8.4 million at March 31, 2022 compared with an after-tax unrealized gain of $0.9 million at December 31, 2021. These unrealized losses and gains are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income, net on Salisbury’s consolidated balance sheet. Salisbury evaluates securities for OTTI when the fair value of a security is less than its amortized cost basis at the balance sheet date. As part of this process, Salisbury considers its intent to sell each debt security and whether it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before its anticipated recovery. If either of these conditions is met, Salisbury recognizes an OTTI charge to earnings equal to the entire difference between the security’s amortized cost basis and its fair value at the balance sheet date. For securities that meet neither of these conditions, an analysis is performed to determine if any of these securities are at risk for OTTI. Salisbury evaluates securities for strategic fit and may reduce its position in securities, although it is not more likely than not that Salisbury will be required to sell securities before recovery of their cost basis, which may be maturity. Management does not consider any of its securities to be OTTI at March 31, 2022.

Loans

Net loans receivable of $1.1 billion at March 31, 2022 were essentially unchanged from December 31, 2021. At March 31, 2022 Salisbury had PPP loans of approximately $13.7 million on its balance sheet compared with approximately $25.6 million at December 31, 2021. Excluding PPP loans, net loans receivable of $1.1 billion increased $11.4 million, or 10.9% from year end 2021. The increase primarily reflected growth in residential mortgage, commercial construction and consumer loan balances, partially offset by lower commercial and industrial and municipal loan balances. Salisbury continued to experience strong demand for residential mortgage loans in first quarter 2022. Residential mortgage loan originations were $31.9 million during first quarter 2022 compared with $41.4 million in fourth quarter 2021. Salisbury sold $5.5 million of residential loans to FHLB Boston in first quarter 2022 compared with $4.2 million in fourth quarter 2021, as part of the Bank’s strategy to manage interest rate risk. The ratio of gross loans to deposits for first quarter 2022 was 83.6% compared with 80.8% for fourth quarter 2021.

Asset Quality

During the first three months of 2022, asset quality improved, and non-performing assets declined $1.4 million from $4.2 million, or 0.39% of gross loans receivable to $2.8 million, or 0.26% of gross loans receivable and total impaired and potential problem loans declined $5.5 million from $32.8 million, or 3.04% of gross loans receivable to $27.3 million, or 2.5% of gross loans receivable at March 31, 2022.

Salisbury has cooperative relationships with the vast majority of its non-performing loan customers. Substantially all non-performing loans are collateralized with real estate and the repayment of such loans is largely dependent on the return of such loans to performing status or the liquidation of the underlying real estate collateral. Salisbury pursues the resolution of all non-performing loans through collections, restructures, voluntary liquidation of collateral by the borrower and, where necessary, legal action. When attempts to work with a customer to return a loan to performing status, including restructuring the loan, are unsuccessful, Salisbury will initiate appropriate legal action seeking to acquire property by deed in lieu of foreclosure or through foreclosure, or to liquidate business assets.

On March 22, 2020, the federal banking agencies issued an “Interagency Statement on Loan Modifications and Reporting for Financial Institutions Working with Customers Affected by the Coronavirus”, this guidance encourages financial institutions to work prudently with borrowers that may be unable to meet their contractual obligations because of the effects of the virus. The guidance goes on to explain that the federal banking agencies conclude that short-term modifications (e.g. six months) made on a good faith basis to borrowers who were current as of the implementation date of the relief program are not Troubled Debt Restructurings (“TDRs”). Section 4013 of the CARES Act addresses modifications resulting from the pandemic and specified that virus related modifications on loans that were current as of December 31, 2019 are not TDRs. The Bank has applied Section 4013 guidance and implemented a loan payment deferral program which allows residential, commercial and consumer borrowers, who have been adversely affected by the virus and whose loans were not more than 30 days past due at December 31, 2019, to defer loan payments for up to three months. At March 31, 2022, Salisbury did not have any outstanding loan payment deferrals.

The CARES Act provides emergency economic relief to individuals and businesses impacted by the virus. The CARES Act authorized the SBA to temporarily guarantee loans under a new 7(a) loan program called the Paycheck Protection Program. As a qualified SBA lender, the Bank was automatically qualified to originate loans under the PPP. In 2020, Salisbury processed 932 PPP loans for a principal balance of approximately $100 million primarily for existing customers. The expected forgiveness amount is the amount of loan principal the lender reasonably expects the borrower to spend on payroll costs, mortgage interest, rent and utilities during the covered period after the loans are funded. On June 5, 2020, the Paycheck Protection Program Flexibility Act (“PPPFA”) was signed into law. The PPPFA increased the covered period from eight weeks to twenty-four weeks, reduced the portion of the loan that must be spent on payroll costs from 75% to 60% and extended the term of loans that are not forgiven from two years to five years. For PPP loans originated prior to June 5, 2020, borrowers and lenders may mutually agree to increase the loan term to five years. The vast majority of PPP loans processed by Salisbury have a two-year term. Management funded these short-term loans through a combination of deposits, short-term Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) advances, and brokered deposits. Salisbury did not participate in the Federal Reserve’s Paycheck Protection Program Liquidity Facility (“PPPLF”).

On December 27, 2020 the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 was signed into law. Certain provisions of the CARES Act were modified and extended by the Act. One of the features of the Act was the provision of $284 billion in additional funding for the PPP program, including a second draw Paycheck Protection Program for qualifying businesses for which there was a quarterly revenue reduction of at least 25% compared to the same quarter in 2019. Salisbury processed another 435 customer PPP applications for loans of approximately $47 million in 2021. As of March 31, 2022, Salisbury had approximately $14 million of PPP loans on its balance sheet compared with approximately $26 million at December 31, 2021.

Past Due Loans

Loans past due 30 days or more increased slightly during first quarter 2022 to $2.7 million, or 0.25% of gross loans receivable at March 31, 2022 compared with $2.6 million, or 0.24% of gross loans receivable at December 31, 2021.

The components of loans past due 30 days or greater are as follows:

(in thousands)		March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Past due 30-59 days	$	1,687	$	751
Past due 60-89 days		662		590
Past due 90-179 days		2		1
Past due 180 days and over		11		10
Accruing loans		2,362		1,352
Past due 30-59 days		—		14
Past due 60-89 days		59		—
Past due 90-179 days		—		63
Past due 180 days and over		269		1,213
Non-accrual loans		328		1,290
Total loans past due 30 days or greater	$	2,690	$	2,642

Credit Risk Ratings

Salisbury assigns credit risk ratings to loans receivable in order to manage credit risk and to determine the allowance for loan losses. Credit risk ratings categorize loans by common financial and structural characteristics that measure the credit strength of a borrower. Salisbury’s rating model has eight risk rating grades, with each grade corresponding to a progressively greater risk of default. Grades 1 through 4 are pass ratings and 5 through 8 are ratings (special mention, substandard, doubtful, and loss) defined by the bank’s regulatory agencies, the FDIC and CTDOB. Risk ratings are assigned to differentiate risk within the portfolio and are reviewed on an ongoing basis and revised, if needed, to reflect changes in the borrowers' current financial position and outlook, risk profiles and the related collateral and structural positions.

Loans risk rated as "special mention" (5) possess credit deficiencies or potential weaknesses deserving management’s close attention that if left uncorrected may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loans at some future date.

Loans risk rated as "substandard" (6) are loans where the Bank’s position is clearly not protected adequately by borrower current net worth or payment capacity. These loans have well defined weaknesses based on objective evidence and include loans where future losses to the Bank may result if deficiencies are not corrected, and loans where the primary source of repayment such as income is diminished and the Bank must rely on sale of collateral or other secondary sources of collection.

Loans risk rated as "doubtful" (7) have the same weaknesses as substandard loans with the added characteristic that the weakness makes collection or liquidation in full, given current facts, conditions, and values, to be highly improbable. The possibility of loss is high, but due to certain important and reasonably specific pending factors, which may work to strengthen the loan, its reclassification as an estimated loss is deferred until its exact status can be determined.

Loans risk rated as "loss" (8) are considered uncollectible and of such little value that continuance as Bank assets is unwarranted. This classification does not mean that the loan has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but rather, it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off this loan even though partial recovery may be made in the future.

Management actively reviews and tests its credit risk ratings against actual experience and engages an independent third-party to annually validate its assignment of credit risk ratings. In addition, the Bank’s loan portfolio and risk ratings are examined annually on a rotating basis by its two primary regulatory agencies, the FDIC and CTDOB.

Credit Quality Segments

Salisbury categorizes loans receivable into the following credit quality segments:

Impaired loans consist of all non-accrual loans and troubled debt restructured loans, and represent loans for which it is probable that Salisbury will not be able to collect all principal and interest amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreements.

Non-accrual loans, a sub-set of impaired loans, are loans for which the accrual of interest has been discontinued because, in the opinion of management, full collection of principal or interest is unlikely.

Non-performing loans consist of non-accrual loans, and accruing loans past due 90 days and over that are well collateralized, in the process of collection and where full collection of principal and interest is reasonably assured. Non-performing assets consist of non-performing loans plus real estate acquired in settlement of loans.

Troubled debt restructured loans are loans for which concessions such as reduction of interest rates, other than normal market rate adjustments, or deferral of principal or interest payments, extension of maturity dates, or reduction of principal balance or accrued interest, have been granted due to a borrower’s financial condition. Loan restructuring is employed when management believes the granting of a concession will increase the probability of the full or partial collection of principal and interest.

Potential problem loans consist of performing loans that have been assigned a substandard credit risk rating and are not classified as impaired.

Impaired Loans

Impaired loans include all modified loans classified as troubled debt restructurings (TDRs) and loans on non-accrual status. The components of impaired loans are as follows:

(in thousands)		March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Non-accrual loans, excluding troubled debt restructured loans	$	2,453	$	2,838
Non-accrual troubled debt restructured loans		299		1,350
Accruing troubled debt restructured loans		3,062		3,609
Total impaired loans	$	5,814	$	7,797
Commitments to lend additional amounts to impaired borrowers	$	—	$	—

Non-Performing Assets

Non-performing assets decreased $1.4 million to $2.8 million, or 0.19% of assets at March 31, 2022, from $4.2 million, or 0.27% of assets at December 31, 2021, and decreased $2.9 million from $5.7 million, or 0.41% of assets at March 31, 2021.

The components of non-performing assets are as follows:

(in thousands)		March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Residential 1-4 family	$	417	$	750
Residential 5+ multifamily		—		861
Home equity lines of credit		—		21
Commercial		1,887		1,924
Farm land		420		432
Vacant land		—		—
Real estate secured		2,724		3,988
Commercial and industrial		28		200
Consumer		—		—
Non-accrual loans		2,752		4,188
Accruing loans past due 90 days and over		13		11
Non-performing loans		2,765		4,199
Foreclosed assets		—		—
Non-performing assets	$	2,765	$	4,199

The past due status of non-performing loans is as follows:

(in thousands)		March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Current	$	2,424	$	2,898
Past due 30-59 days		—		14
Past due 60-89 days		59		—
Past due 90-179 days		2		64
Past due 180 days and over		280		1,223
Total non-performing loans	$	2,765	$	4,199

At March 31, 2022, 87.67% of non-performing loans were current with respect to loan payments, compared with 69.02% at December 31, 2021.

Troubled Debt Restructured Loans

Troubled debt restructured loans decreased $1.6 million during first quarter 2022 to $3.4 million, or 0.31% of gross loans receivable at March 31, 2022, compared to $5.0 million, or 0.46% of gross loans receivable at December 31, 2021. The reduction in balances primarily reflected the sale of approximately $1.1 million of TDR loans during first quarter 2022.

The components of troubled debt restructured loans are as follows:

(in thousands)		March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Residential 1-4 family	$	1,521	$	1,824
Residential 5+ multifamily		85		87
Commercial		1,380		1,622
Real estate secured		2,986		3,533
Commercial and industrial		76		76
Accruing troubled debt restructured loans		3,062		3,609
Residential 1-4 family		71		256
Residential 5+ multifamily		—		861
Commercial		228		233
Real estate secured		299		1,350
Non-accrual troubled debt restructured loans		299		1,350
Troubled debt restructured loans	$	3,361	$	4,959

The past due status of troubled debt restructured loans is as follows:

(in thousands)		March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Current	$	3,025	$	3,540
Past due 30-59 days		37		37
Past due 60-89 days		—		32
Accruing troubled debt restructured loans		3,062		3,609
Current		299		414
Past due 180 days and over		—		936
Non-accrual troubled debt restructured loans		299		1,350
Total troubled debt restructured loans	$	3,361	$	4,959

At March 31, 2022, 98.90% of troubled debt restructured loans were current with respect to loan payments, as compared with 79.73% at December 31, 2021.

Potential Problem Loans

Potential problem loans consist of performing loans that have been assigned a substandard credit risk rating and are not classified as impaired. Potential problem loans decreased $3.5 million during the first quarter of 2022 to $21.5 million, or 1.99% of gross loans receivable at March 31, 2022, compared with $25.0 million, or 2.32% of gross loans receivable at December 31, 2021. The decrease in potential problem loans from year end 2021 primarily reflected the sale of approximately $1.5 million of potential problem loans, internal risk rating upgrades on approximately $1.5 million of loans and loan payments.

The components of potential problem loans are as follows:

(in thousands)		March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Residential 1-4 family	$	986	$	999
Residential 5+ multifamily		—		709
Home equity lines of credit		—		—
Residential real estate		986		1,708
Commercial		18,686		20,998
Construction of commercial		—		—
Commercial real estate		18,686		20,998
Farm land		—		—
Real estate secured		19,672		22,706
Commercial and industrial		1,841		2,310
Consumer		2		—
Total potential problem loans	$	21,515	$	25,016

The past due status of potential problem loans is as follows:

(in thousands)		March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Current	$	21,484	$	24,977
Past due 30-59 days		22		23
Past due 60-89 days		7		16
Past due 90-179 days		2		—
Total potential problem loans	$	21,515	$	25,016

At March 31, 2022, 99.86% of potential problem loans were current with respect to loan payments, as compared with 99.84% at December 31, 2021. Management cannot predict the extent to which economic or other factors may impact such borrowers’ future payment capacity, and there can be no assurance that such loans will not be placed on nonaccrual status, restructured, or require increased provisions for loan losses.

Deposits and Borrowings

Deposits decreased $45.7 million, or 3.4%, during first quarter 2022, to $1.29 billion at March 31, 2022, compared with $1.34 billion at December 31, 2021. Retail repurchase agreements decreased $3.2 million, or 28.1%, during first quarter 2022 to $8.2 million at March 31, 2022, compared with $11.4 million at December 31, 2021.

The distribution of average total deposits by account type was as follows:

	March 31, 2022								December 31, 2021
(in thousands)	Average Balance		Percent			Weighted Interest Rate			Average Balance		Percent			Weighted Interest Rate
Demand deposits	$	386,894		29.65	%		0.00	%	$	366,953		29.28	%		0.00	%
Interest-bearing checking accounts		232,464		17.82			0.17			224,763		17.93			0.19
Regular savings accounts		233,092		17.87			0.11			215,300		17.18			0.11
Money market savings		321,198		24.62			0.16			315,469		25.17			0.17
Certificates of deposit (CD’s)		131,059		10.05			0.59			130,879		10.44			0.72
Total deposits	$	1,304,707		100.00	%		0.15%		$	1,253,364		100.00	%		0.17	%

The classification of certificates of deposit by interest rates is as follows:

Interest rates		March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Less than 1.00%	$	108,584	$	97,099
1.00% to 1.99%		13,594		14,919
2.00% to 2.99%		6,035		6,493
3.00% to 3.99%		—		498
Total	$	128,213	$	119,009

The distribution of certificates of deposit by interest rate and maturity is as follows:

	At March 31, 2022
Interest rates	Less Than or Equal to One Year		More Than One to Two Years		More Than Two to Three Years		More Than Three Years		Total		Percent of Total
Less than 1.00%	$	86,693	$	11,745	$	3,714	$	6,432	$	108,584		84.69	%
1.00% to 1.99%		6,900		2,268		4,426		—		13,594		10.60	%
2.00% to 2.99%		304		4,490		1,241		—		6,035		4.71	%
Total	$	93,897	$	18,503	$	9,381	$	6,432	$	128,213		100.00	%

Scheduled maturities of time certificates of deposit in denominations of $100,000 or more are as follows:

March 31, 2022 (in thousands)		Within 3 months				3-6 months				6-12 months				Over 1 year				Total
Certificates of deposit $100,000 and over		$	31,534			$	10,348			$	22,328			$	17,744			$	81,954

FHLBB advances decreased $7.2 million during the first quarter of 2022 to $0.4 million at March 31, 2022, compared with $7.7 million at December 31, 2021. The decrease reflected the pay-off of a $6.0 million advance due in December 2022 as well as payments on an amortized advance. Salisbury has an Irrevocable Letter of Credit Reimbursement Agreement with the FHLBB, whereby upon the Bank’s request an irrevocable letter of credit is issued to secure municipal and certain other transactional deposit accounts. These letters of credit are secured primarily by residential mortgage loans. The amount of funds available from the FHLBB to the Bank is reduced by any letters of credit outstanding. At March 31, 2022, $20.0 million of letters of credit were outstanding compared with $20.0 million at December 31, 2021.

There were no short-term FHLBB advances during the three month period ended March 31, 2022 and 2021.

Liquidity

Salisbury manages its liquidity position to ensure that there is sufficient funding availability at all times to meet both anticipated and unanticipated deposit withdrawals, loan originations and advances, securities purchases and other operating cash outflows. Salisbury's primary sources of liquidity are principal payments and maturities of securities and loans, short-term borrowings through repurchase agreements and FHLBB advances, net deposit growth and funds provided by operations. Liquidity can also be provided through sales of loans and available-for-sale securities. At March 31, 2022, Salisbury’s excess borrowing capacity at FHLBB was approximately $251.0 million. Salisbury maintains access to multiple sources of liquidity, including wholesale funding. An increase in funding costs could have an adverse impact on Salisbury’s net interest margin. If an extended economic shutdown causes depositors to withdraw their funds, Salisbury could become more dependent on more expensive sources of funding.

Salisbury manages its liquidity in accordance with a liquidity funding policy, and also maintains a contingency funding plan that provides for the prompt and comprehensive response to unexpected demands for liquidity. Management believes Salisbury’s funding sources will meet anticipated funding needs.

Operating activities for the three-month period ended March 31, 2022 provided net cash of $5.5 million. Investing activities utilized net cash of $24.5 million due to the purchase of securities available-for-sale of $145.3 million, and $0.3 million for the purchase of fixed assets, partly offset by $102.4 million from the maturities/principal paydowns of available-for-sale (AFS) securities net loan originations of $0.6 million and $17.7 from proceeds from sale of securities. Financing activities utilized net cash of $57.4 million primarily due to the decrease of savings deposits of $54.9 million, principal payments of $1.3 million on FHLB advances, the maturity of a $6.0 million FHLB advance and a decrease of $3.3 million in securities sold under agreements to repurchase, partly offset by a net increase of $9.2 million in time deposit balances.

At March 31, 2022, Salisbury had outstanding commitments to fund new loan originations of $87.8 million and unused lines of credit of $214.7 million. Salisbury believes that these commitments can be met in the normal course of business. Salisbury believes that its liquidity sources will continue to provide funding sufficient to support operating activities, loan originations and commitments, and deposit withdrawals.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

For the three month periods ended March 31, 2022 and 2021

OVERVIEW

Net income allocated to common shareholders was $3.5 million, or $1.24 basic earnings per common share, for the first quarter ended March 31, 2022 (first quarter 2022), compared with $4.1 million, or $1.45 basic earnings per common share, for the fourth quarter ended December 31, 2021 (fourth quarter 2021), and $4.5 million, or $1.59 basic earnings per common share, for the first quarter ended March 31, 2021 (first quarter 2021). The decrease from fourth quarter 2021 primarily reflected non-recurring fraud-related losses of $251 thousand as well as a provision expense for loan losses of $363 thousand in first quarter 2022 compared with a net release of credit reserves of $202 thousand in fourth quarter 2021. The decrease from first quarter 2021 primarily reflected the non-recurring fraud-related losses and higher compensation expense in first quarter 2022, which partially reflected higher salary expense and the deferral of more compensation expense in the prior year first quarter due to the processing of PPP loans.

Net Interest Income

Tax equivalent net interest income for first quarter 2022 decreased $36 thousand or 0.34%, versus first quarter 2021. Average total earning assets for the first quarter 2022 increased $154.6 million versus first quarter 2021. Average total interest bearing deposits for the first quarter 2022 increased $83.5 million versus first quarter 2021. The tax equivalent net interest margin for the first quarter 2022 was 2.95% compared with 3.34% for the first quarter 2021. Excluding PPP loans, the tax equivalent net interest margin for the first quarter 2022 was 2.86% compared with 3.16% for the first quarter 2021.

The following table sets forth the components of Salisbury's fully tax-equivalent (“FTE”) net interest income and yields on average interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities.

Three months ended March 31,	Average Balance				Income / Expense				Average Yield / Rate
(dollars in thousands)		2022		2021		2022		2021		2022		2021
Loans (a)(d)	$	1,079,610	$	1,051,658	$	10,277	$	10,592		3.79	%	4.02	%
Securities (c)(d)		208,140		103,062		962		640		1.85		2.48
FHLBB stock		1,434		1,948		7		9		2.05		1.85
Short term funds (b)		123,454		101,401		50		25		0.16		0.10
Total interest-earning assets		1,412,638		1,258,069		11,296		11,266		3.19		3.57
Other assets		74,795		71,252
Total assets	$	1,487,433	$	1,329,321
Interest-bearing demand deposits	$	232,464	$	218,425		99		106		0.17		0.20
Money market accounts		321,198		288,767		126		129		0.16		0.18
Savings and other		233,092		197,526		64		56		0.11		0.11
Certificates of deposit		131,059		129,603		189		264		0.59		0.83
Total interest-bearing deposits		917,813		834,321		478		555		0.21		0.27
Repurchase agreements		7,146		8,453		3		3		0.14		0.15
Finance lease		5,097		2,824		41		32		3.23		4.60
Note payable		163		200		2		3		6.12		6.18
Subordinated debt (net of issuance costs)		24,480		10,156		233		119		3.81		4.68
FHLBB advances		2,974		11,825		55		34		7.46		1.14
Total interest-bearing liabilities		957,673		867,779		812		746		0.34		0.35
Demand deposits		386,884		328,372
Other liabilities		7,036		6,839
Shareholders’ equity		135,840		126,331
Total liabilities & shareholders’ equity	$	1,487,433	$	1,329,321
Net interest income (d)					$	10,484	$	10,520
Spread on interest-bearing funds										2.84		3.22
Net interest margin (e)										2.95		3.34

(a)

Includes non-accrual loans.

(b)

Includes interest-bearing deposits in other banks and federal funds sold.

(c)

Average balances of securities are based on cost.

(d)

Includes tax exempt income benefit of $178,000 and $170,000, respectively, for 2022 and 2021 on tax-exempt securities and loans whose income and yields are calculated on a tax-equivalent basis.

(e)

Net interest income divided by average interest-earning assets.

The following table sets forth the changes in FTE interest due to volume and rate.

Three months ended March 31, (in thousands)	2022 versus 2021
Change in interest due to		Volume			Rate			Net
Loans	$	304		$	(619	)	$	(315	)
Securities		568			(246	)		322
FHLBB stock		(3	)		1			(2	)
Short term funds		8			17			25
Interest-earning assets		877			(847	)		30
Deposits		58			(135	)		(77	)
Repurchase agreements		—			—			—
Finance lease		23			(14	)		9
Note payable		(1	)		—			(1	)
Subordinated debt		152			(38	)		114
FHLBB advances		(96	)		117			21
Interest-bearing liabilities		136			(70	)		66
Net change in net interest income	$	741		$	(777	)	$	(36	)

Interest Income

Tax equivalent interest income increased $30 thousand, or 0.3%, to $11.3 million for first quarter 2022 as compared with first quarter 2021. Loan income as compared to first quarter 2021 decreased $315 thousand, or 3.0%, primarily due to a 23 basis point decrease in the average loan yield, partly offset by a $27.9 million, or 2.7%, increase in average loans. Tax equivalent securities income increased $322 thousand, or 50.3%, for first quarter 2022 as compared with first quarter 2021, primarily due to a $105.0 million, or 100.1%, increase in average balances, partly offset by a 63 basis point decrease in average yield. Income on short-term funds as compared to first quarter 2021 increased $25 thousand, or 100.0%, primarily due to a $22.1 million, or 21.7% increase in average balances and a 6 basis point increase in the average short-term funds yields.

Interest Expense

Interest expense increased $66 thousand, or 8.8%, to $812 thousand for first quarter 2022 as compared with first quarter 2021. Interest on deposit accounts decreased $77 thousand, or 13.9%, as a result of a 6 basis point decrease in average deposit rates, partly offset by a $83.5 million, or 10.0%, increase in the average balances as compared with first quarter 2021. Interest expense on FHLBB borrowings increased $21 thousand, or 61.8%, due to a 632 basis point increase in the average borrowings rate, partly offset by an average balance decrease of $8.9 million, or 74.8%, as compared with first quarter 2021. Interest expense on FHLBB borrowings for first quarter 2022 included a non-recurring expense of approximately $30 thousand to pay off a $6 million advance due in December 2022. Interest expense on subordinated debt increased $114 thousand as compared to first quarter 2021 primarily due to an average balance increase of $14.3 million, or 141.0%, partly offset by an 87 basis point decrease in average yield.

Provision and Allowance for Loan Losses

During first quarter 2022, the allowance for loan losses increased by the provision for loan loss expense of $363 thousand compared with a net reserve release of $202 thousand for fourth quarter 2021 and a provision expense of $158 thousand for first quarter 2021. Net loan charge-offs (recoveries) were $410 thousand for the first quarter 2022, $3 thousand for fourth quarter 2021 and $25 thousand for the first quarter 2021. Charge-offs for first quarter 2022 included a write-down of $374 thousand to reduce the carrying value on $3.8 million of non-performing and under-performing residential and commercial loans, which Salisbury sold during the quarter, to the initial bid prices. The proceeds from the sale of these loans subsequently increased by approximately $239 thousand due to higher final bids. This increase was recorded as a pre-tax gain on sale in Salisbury’s consolidated statement of income.

As a result of these factors, reserve coverage, as measured by the ratio of the allowance for loan losses to gross loans, excluding PPP loans, was 1.21% for the first quarter 2022, versus 1.23% for the fourth quarter 2021 and 1.45% for the first quarter 2021. Similarly, reserve coverage, as measured by the ratio of the allowance for loan losses to non-performing loans was 467% for first quarter of 2022, versus 309% for fourth quarter of 2021 and 243% for first quarter of 2021.

The following table details the principal categories of credit quality ratios:

Three months ended March 31,	2022		2021
Net charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans receivable, gross	0.04	%	0.00	%
Non-performing loans to loans receivable, gross	0.26		0.54
Accruing loans past due 30-89 days to loans receivable, gross	0.25		0.23
Allowance for loan losses to loans receivable, gross	1.20		1.32
Allowance for loan losses to non-performing loans	467.27		243.37
Non-performing assets to total assets	0.19		0.41

Non-performing loans (non-accrual loans plus accruing loans past-due 90 days or more) were $2.8 million, or 0.26% of gross loans receivable at March 31, 2022 as compared to $4.2 million, or 0.39% at December 31, 2021 and $5.7 million, or 0.54%, at March 31, 2021. Accruing loans past due 30-89 days were $2.3 million, or 0.25% of gross loans receivable compared with $1.3 million, or 0.12% of gross loans receivable at December 31, 2021 and $2.4 million, or 0.23% of gross loans receivable, at March 31, 2021. See “Financial Condition – Asset Quality” above for further discussion and analysis.

The allowance for loan losses represents management’s estimate of the probable credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio as of the reporting date. The allowance is increased by provisions charged to earnings and by recoveries of amounts previously charged off, and is reduced by loan charge-offs. Loan charge-offs are recognized when management determines a loan, or portion of a loan, to be uncollectible. The allowance for loan losses is computed by segregating the portfolio into three components: (1) loans collectively evaluated for impairment: general loss allocation factors for non-impaired loans are segmented into pools of loans based on similar risk characteristics such as loan product, collateral type and loan-to-value, loan risk rating, historical loss experience, delinquency factors and other similar economic indicators, (2) loans individually evaluated for impairment: individual loss allocations for loans deemed to be impaired based on discounted cash flows or collateral value, and (3) unallocated: general loss allocations for other environmental factors.

Impaired loans and certain potential problem loans, when warranted, are individually evaluated for impairment. Impairment is measured for each individual loan, or for a borrower’s aggregate loan exposure, using either the fair value of the collateral, less estimated costs to sell if the loan is collateral dependent, or the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate. A specific allowance is generally established when the collateral value or discounted cash flows of the loan is lower than the carrying value of that loan.

The component of the allowance for loan losses for loans collectively evaluated for impairment is estimated by stratifying loans into segments and credit risk ratings and then applying management's general loss allocation factors. The general loss allocation factors are based on expected loss experience adjusted for historical loss experience and other qualitative factors, including levels or trends in delinquencies; trends in volume and terms of loans; effects of changes in risk selection and underwriting standards and other changes in lending policies, procedures and practices; experience/ability/depth of lending management and staff; and national and local economic trends and conditions. The qualitative factors are determined based on the various risk characteristics of each loan segment and are risk-weighted such that higher risk loans generally have a higher reserve percentage.

The unallocated component of the allowance is maintained to cover uncertainties that could affect management’s estimate of probable losses. It reflects the margin of imprecision inherent in the underlying assumptions used in the methodologies for estimating allocated and general reserves in the portfolio. Additionally, reserves are established for off balance sheet exposures.

Determining the adequacy of the allowance and reserves at any given period is difficult, particularly during deteriorating or uncertain economic periods, and management must make estimates using assumptions and information that are often subjective and changing rapidly. The review of credit exposure related to loans is a continuing event in light of a changing economy and the dynamics of the banking and regulatory environment. Should the economic climate deteriorate, borrowers could experience difficulty and the level of non-performing loans, charge-offs and delinquencies could rise, requiring increased provisions and reserves. In management's judgment, Salisbury remains adequately reserved both against total loans and non-performing loans at March 31, 2022.

Management’s loan risk rating assignments, loss percentages and specific reserves are subjected annually to an independent credit review by an external firm. In addition, the Bank is examined annually on a rotational basis by one of its two primary regulatory agencies, the FDIC and CTDOB. As an integral part of their examination process, the FDIC and CTDOB review the adequacy and methodology of the Bank's credit risk ratings and allowance for loan losses.

Non-Interest Income

The following table details the principal categories of non-interest income.

Three months ended March 31, (dollars in thousands)		2022			2021			2022 vs. 2021
Trust and wealth advisory	$	1,241		$	1,146		$	95		8.3	%
Service charges and fees		1,138			950			188		19.8
Mortgage banking activities, net		355			608			(253	)	(41.6	)
Losses on CRA mutual fund		(42	)		(16	)		(26	)	162.5
Gains on available-for-sale securities, net		210			—			210		n/a
BOLI income and gains		162			125			37		29.6
Other		30			28			2		7.1
Total non-interest income	$	3,094		$	2,841		$	253		8.9	%

Non-interest income increased $253 thousand, or 8.9% in the first quarter of 2022 versus the first quarter of 2021. Trust and wealth advisory revenues increased $95 thousand versus first quarter 2021 primarily due to higher asset-based fees. Assets under administration were $1.0 billion at March 31, 2022 compared with $1.1 billion at December 31, 2021 and $902.1 million at March 31, 2021. Discretionary assets under administration of $625.3 million in first quarter 2022 decreased from $657.8 million in fourth quarter 2021 and increased from $578.2 million in first quarter 2021 primarily due to changes in market valuations. Non-discretionary assets under administration of $423.9 million in first quarter 2022 declined from $425.4 million in fourth quarter 2021 and increased from $323.9 million in first quarter 2021. The increase in non-discretionary assets from first quarter 2021 primarily reflected the addition of partnership assets under administration for the same client relationship. The trust and wealth business records only a nominal annual fee on this relationship.

Service charges and fees increased $188 thousand versus first quarter 2021 primarily reflected higher deposit fees. First quarter 2022 income from mortgage sales and servicing decreased $253 thousand due to a lower volume of sales of residential mortgage loans to the FHLB Boston. Mortgage sales in first quarter 2022 were $5.5 million compared with $21.3 million for first quarter 2021. Mortgage banking activities, net for first quarter 2022 also included a pre-tax gain of $239 thousand on the sale of $3.4 million of non-performing and under-performing commercial and residential loans.

The first quarter 2022 included net losses of $42 thousand on investments in CRA Funds compared with net losses of $16 thousand in first quarter 2021. Non-interest income for first quarter 2022 included a pre-tax gain on the sale of available-for-sale (“AFS”) securities of $210 thousand. Salisbury did not recognize any gains or losses on the sale of AFS securities in the comparative periods.

BOLI income of $162 thousand increased $37 thousand compared to $125 thousand in first quarter 2021. Other income primarily includes rental property income.

Non-Interest Expense

The following table details the principal categories of non-interest expense.

Three months ended March 31, (dollars in thousands)		2022		2021		2022 vs. 2021
Salaries	$	3,479	$	2,901	$	578		19.9	%
Employee benefits		1,277		1,312		(35	)	(2.7	)
Premises and equipment		1,104		954		150		15.7
Loss on sale of assets		9		—		9		n/a
Information processing and services		685		565		120		21.2
Professional fees		787		711		76		10.7
Collections, OREO, and loan related		117		84		33		39.3
FDIC insurance		171		145		26		17.9
Marketing and community support		184		82		102		124.4
Amortization of core deposit intangibles		54		71		(17	)	(23.9	)
Other		786		434		352		81.1
Non-interest expense	$	8,653	$	7,259	$	1,394		19.2	%

Non-interest expense for first quarter 2022 increased $1.4 million versus first quarter 2021. Salaries expense increased $578 thousand versus first quarter 2021. The increase primarily reflected higher salary, production and incentive accruals and significantly lower deferred loan origination expenses due to the processing of PPP loans in first quarter 2021. Employee benefits expense decreased $35 thousand versus first quarter 2021 primarily due to lower medical insurance costs and deferred compensation expense. Premises and equipment expense increased $150 thousand versus first quarter 2021 due to higher utility costs and higher software expense. Information processing expense increased $120 thousand versus first quarter 2021 primarily due to higher core processing costs and ATM and debit card processing fees. Professional fees increased $76 thousand versus first quarter 2021 primarily as a result of increased consulting and investment management fees. Loan and OREO related expenses increased $33 thousand versus first quarter 2021, mainly due to higher appraisal expenses and mortgage recording taxes. Marketing and community support expense increased $102 thousand versus first quarter 2021 primarily due to timing of current marketing campaigns and contributions. The increase in other expenses of $352 thousand included two isolated instances of debit card or check cashing fraud-related losses aggregating $251 thousand in first quarter 2022.

Income Taxes

The effective income tax rates for first quarter 2022 and first quarter 2021 were 18.60% and 21.61%, respectively. The lower tax rate in the first quarter 2022 primarily reflected a higher mix of tax-exempt income from municipal bonds, tax advantaged loans and bank-owned life insurance on a comparatively lower level of pre-tax income.

Salisbury did not incur Connecticut income tax in 2022 (to date) or 2021, other than minimum state income tax, as a result of a Connecticut law that permits banks to shelter certain mortgage income from the Connecticut corporation business tax through the use of a special purpose entity called a Passive Investment Company or PIC. In 2004, Salisbury availed itself of this benefit by forming a PIC, SBT Mortgage Service Corporation. Salisbury's income tax provision reflects the full impact of the Connecticut legislation. Salisbury does not expect to pay Connecticut state income tax, other than minimum Connecticut state income tax, in the foreseeable future unless there is a change in Connecticut tax law.

CAPITAL RESOURCES

Shareholders’ Equity

Shareholders’ equity decreased $6.5 million in first quarter to $130.1 million at March 31, 2022 as unrealized losses in the available-for-sale securities (“AFS”) portfolio of $9.3 million and common stock dividends paid of $0.9 million were partially offset by net income of $3.6 million and other activity of $0.1 million. The unrealized losses in the AFS portfolio, which reflected the sharp increase in market interest rates during first quarter 2022, reduced both book value and tangible book value at March 31, 2022. Book value per common share of $45.12 at March 31, 2022 decreased $2.61 from fourth quarter 2021 and increased $0.40 from first quarter 2021. Tangible book value per common share of $40.20 at March 31, 2022 decreased $2.56 from fourth quarter 2021 and increased $0.55 from first quarter 2021.

Capital Requirements

Under current regulatory definitions, the Bank meets all capital adequacy requirements to which it is subject and the Bank is considered to be well-capitalized. The unrealized losses in the AFS portfolio noted above do not affect the Bank’s regulatory capital ratios. As a well-capitalized financial institution, the Bank pays lower federal deposit insurance premiums than those banks that are not “well-capitalized.” Requirements for classification as a well-capitalized institution and for minimum capital adequacy along with the Bank's regulatory capital ratios are as follows:

	March 31, 2022			December 31, 2021
Total Capital (to risk-weighted assets)		13.98	%		14.08	%
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital		12.80			12.87
Tier 1 Capital (to risk-weighted assets)		12.80			12.87
Tier 1 Capital (to average assets)		9.65			9.42

A well-capitalized institution, which is the highest capital category for an institution as defined by the Prompt Corrective Action regulations issued by the FDIC and the FRB, is one which maintains a Total Risk-Based ratio of 10% or above, a Tier 1 Risk-Based ratio of 8% or above, a Common Equity Tier 1 ratio of 6.5% or above, and a Leverage ratio of 5% or above, and is not subject to any written order, written agreement, capital directive, or prompt corrective action directive to meet and maintain a specific capital level. Maintaining strong capital is essential to Salisbury and the Bank’s safety and soundness. However, the effective management of capital resources requires generating attractive returns on equity to build value for shareholders while maintaining appropriate levels of capital to fund growth, meet regulatory requirements and be consistent with prudent industry practices.

The FRB’s final rules implementing the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision’s capital guidelines for bank holding companies and their bank subsidiaries include a common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets minimum ratio of 4.5%, a minimum ratio of Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets of 6.0%, require a minimum ratio of Total capital to risk-weighted assets of 8.0%, and require a minimum Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4.0%. A capital conservation buffer, comprised of common equity Tier 1 capital, is also established above the regulatory minimum capital requirements. This capital conservation buffer began phasing in January 1, 2016 at 0.625% of risk-weighted assets and increased each subsequent year by an additional 0.625% until it reached its final level of 2.50% on January 1, 2019. Strict eligibility criteria for regulatory capital instruments were also implemented under the final rules.

As of March 31, 2022, the Company and the Bank met each of their capital requirements and the most recent notification from the FDIC categorized the Bank as “well-capitalized.” There are no conditions or events since that notification that management believes have changed the Bank’s category.

On September 17, 2019, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, the FRB and the FDIC published its final rule establishing a “Community Bank Leverage Ratio” (“CBLR”) that simplifies capital requirements for certain community banking organizations with less than $10 billion in total consolidated assets (such as the Bank). Under the final rule, depository institutions and their holding companies that meet certain criteria (generally, those with limited amounts of off-balance sheet exposures, trading assets and liabilities, mortgage servicing assets, and temporary difference deferred tax assets) (“qualifying community banking organizations”) may elect to report the components of its Tier 1 leverage ratio as a measure of capital adequacy. A qualifying community banking organization with a CBLR of greater than 9% that “elects to use the CBLR framework” will not be subject to other risk-based and leverage capital requirements and will be considered to have met the well-capitalized ratio requirements for purposes of the agencies’ Prompt Corrective Action (“PCA”) framework. Under the final rule, if a bank that has opted to use the CBLR framework subsequently fails to satisfy one or more of the qualifying criteria, but continues to report a leverage ratio of greater than 8 %, the bank may continue to use the framework and will be deemed “well capitalized” for a grace period of up to two quarters. A qualifying community banking organization will be required to comply with the generally applicable capital rule and file the relevant regulatory reports if the banking organization: (1) is unable to restore compliance with all qualifying criteria during the two-quarter grace period (including achieving compliance with the greater than 9% leverage ratio requirement); (2) reports a leverage ratio of 8% or less; or (3) ceases to satisfy the qualifying criteria due to consummation of a merger transaction. The final rule became effective on January 1, 2020. The Bank would qualify for the CBLR methodology and would also be considered to be well capitalized if it elected to utilize such methodology. The Bank is currently evaluating the benefits of transitioning to this simplified methodology for assessing capital adequacy.

Share Repurchases

On March 23, 2022 Salisbury announced that its Board of Directors has renewed its share repurchase program that was established in March 2021. The share repurchase program provides for the potential repurchase of Salisbury’s common stock in amounts up to an aggregate of five percent (5%) of the outstanding shares of Salisbury’s common stock from time to time over a period of the next twelve (12) months through privately negotiated transactions and/or market purchases at appropriate prices, subject to price and market conditions on terms determined to be in the best interests of Salisbury. However, there is no assurance that Salisbury will complete repurchases of 5% of its outstanding shares over the next twelve (12) months. Salisbury did not repurchase any shares during first quarter 2022.

Stock Split

In March 2022, the Board of Directors of Salisbury approved and recommended to shareholders an amendment to Salisbury’s Certificate of Incorporation to increase Salisbury’s authorized shares of Common Stock from 5,000,000 to 10,000,000 shares, subject to shareholder approval (the “Certificate of Amendment Proposal”) at Salisbury’s annual shareholder meeting on May 18, 2022. Additionally, the Board indicated its intent to implement, subject to shareholder approval of the Certificate of Amendment Proposal, a two for one forward split of the shares of the Company’s Common Stock as a means of enhancing the liquidity and marketability of the Company’s securities in the best interests of shareholders. Even if the Certificate of Amendment Proposal is approved by Salisbury’s shareholders, the Board of Directors may delay or abandon the forward stock split at any time prior to the effective time of the forward stock split if the Board of Directors determines that the forward stock split is no longer in the best interests of Salisbury or its shareholders. The stock split will be effected at a date to be determined by the Board, but not before or until receipt of shareholder approval and the effective date of the Certificate of Amendment as filed with the Connecticut Secretary of State.

Dividends

During the three-month period ended March 31, 2022, Salisbury paid $915 thousand in dividends on common stock. On April 20, 2022, the Board of Directors of Salisbury declared a dividend of $0.32 per common share payable on May 27, 2022 to shareholders of record on May 13, 2022.

Salisbury's ability to pay cash dividends is dependent on the Bank's ability to pay cash dividends to Salisbury. There are certain restrictions on the payment of cash dividends and other payments by the Bank to Salisbury. Under Connecticut law, the Bank cannot declare a cash dividend except from net profits, defined as the remainder of all earnings from current operations. The total of all cash dividends declared by the Bank in any calendar year shall not, unless specifically approved by the Banking Commissioner, exceed the total of its net profits of that year combined with its retained net profits of the preceding two years.

FRB Supervisory Letter SR 09-4, February 24, 2009, revised December 31, 2015, states that, as a general matter, the Board of Directors of a Bank Holding Company (“BHC”) should inform the Federal Reserve and should eliminate, defer, or significantly reduce dividends if (1) net income available to shareholders for the past four quarters, net of dividends previously paid during that period, is not sufficient to fully fund the dividends; (2) the prospective rate of earnings retention is not consistent with capital needs and overall current and prospective financial condition; or (3) the BHC will not meet, or is in danger of not meeting, its minimum regulatory capital adequacy ratios. Moreover, a BHC should inform the Federal Reserve reasonably in advance of declaring or paying a dividend that exceeds earnings for the period (e.g., quarter) for which the dividend is being paid or that could result in a material adverse change to the BHC capital position.

Salisbury believes that the payment of common stock cash dividends is appropriate, provided that such payment considers Salisbury's capital needs, asset quality, and overall financial condition and does not adversely affect the financial stability of Salisbury or the Bank. The continued payment of common stock cash dividends by Salisbury will be dependent on Salisbury's future core earnings, financial condition and capital needs, regulatory restrictions, and other factors deemed relevant by the Board of Directors of Salisbury.

IMPACT OF INFLATION AND CHANGING PRICES

Salisbury’s consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto presented elsewhere in this Form 10-Q are prepared in conformity with GAAP, which require the measurement of financial condition and operating results in terms of historical dollars without considering changes in the relative purchasing power of money, over time, due to inflation. Unlike some other types of companies, the financial nature of Salisbury’s consolidated financial statements is more clearly affected by changes in interest rates than by inflation. Interest rates do not necessarily fluctuate in the same direction or in the same magnitude as the prices of goods and services. However, inflation does affect Salisbury to some extent because, as prices increase, the money supply grows and interest rates are affected by inflationary expectations. Additionally, the effects of inflation on commercial and consumer customers can have implications with respect to their borrowing needs and saving and deposit practices. Potentially, if sustained, inflation could precipitate recessionary trends that could affect commercial development and residential construction. Inflation could also increase the cost of labor and products and services used by the Bank and thereby hinder efficiencies in the Bank’s ability to deliver products and services. There is no precise method, however, to measure the effects of inflation on Salisbury’s consolidated financial statements. Accordingly, any examination or analysis of the financial statements should take into consideration the possible effects of inflation. Although not a material factor in recent years, inflation could impact earnings in future periods.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Form 10-Q and future filings made by Salisbury with the Securities and Exchange Commission, as well as other filings, reports and press releases made or issued by Salisbury and the Bank, and oral statements made by executive officers of Salisbury and the Bank, may include forward-looking statements relating to such matters as:

(a)

assumptions concerning future economic and business conditions and their effect on the economy in general and on the markets in which Salisbury and the Bank do business; and

(b)

expectations for revenues and earnings for Salisbury and the Bank.

Such forward-looking statements are based on assumptions rather than historical or current facts and, therefore, are inherently uncertain and subject to risk. For those statements, Salisbury claims the protection of the safe harbor for forward-looking statements contained in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.

Salisbury notes that a variety of factors could cause the actual results or experience to differ materially from the anticipated results or other expectations described or implied by such forward-looking statements. The risks and uncertainties that may affect the operation, performance, development and results of Salisbury’s and the Bank’s business include the following:

(a)

the risk of adverse changes in business conditions in the banking industry generally and in the specific markets in which the Bank operates;

(b)

changes in the legislative and regulatory environment that negatively impacts Salisbury and the Bank through increased operating expenses;

(c)

increased competition from other financial and non-financial institutions;

(d)

the impact of technological advances and cybersecurity matters;

(e)

interest rate fluctuations;

(f)

the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on Salisbury, the communities served by the Bank, the State of Connecticut and the United States, related to the economy and overall financial stability;

(g)

government and regulatory responses to the COVID-19 pandemic;

(h)

the risk of adverse changes in business conditions due to geo-political tensions and;

(f)

other risks identified from time to time in Salisbury’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Such developments could have an adverse impact on Salisbury’s and the Bank’s financial position and results of operations.

Item 3.

QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Salisbury manages its exposure to interest rate risk through its Asset/Liability Management Committee (“ALCO”) using risk limits and policy guidelines to manage assets and funding liabilities to produce financial results that are consistent with Salisbury’s liquidity, capital adequacy, growth, risk and profitability targets. Interest rate risk is the risk of a negative impact to future earnings due to changes in interest rates.

The ALCO manages interest rate risk using income simulation to measure interest rate risk inherent in Salisbury’s financial instruments at a given point in time by showing the effect of interest rate shifts on net interest income over a 24-month horizon. In management’s March 31, 2022 analysis, the simulations incorporate static growth assumptions over the simulation horizons for regulatory compliance and interest rate risk measurement purposes. In the dynamic growth scenarios, allowances are made for loan, deposit and security product mix shifts in selected interest rate scenarios, such as movements between lower rate savings and money market deposit accounts and higher rate time deposits, and changes in the reinvestment of loan and securities cash flows. Additionally, the simulations take into account the specific re-pricing, maturity and prepayment characteristics of differing financial instruments that may vary under different interest rate scenarios.

The ALCO reviews the simulation results to determine whether Salisbury’s exposure to change in net interest income remains within established tolerance levels over the simulation horizons and to develop appropriate strategies to manage this exposure. Salisbury’s tolerance levels for changes in net interest income in its income simulations varies depending on the magnitude of interest rate changes and level of risk-based capital. All changes are measured in comparison to the projected net interest income that would result from an “unchanged” rate scenario where interest rates remain stable over the forecast horizon. The ALCO also evaluates the directional trends of net interest income, net interest margin and other financial measures over the forecast horizon for consistency with its liquidity, capital adequacy, growth, risk and profitability targets.

ALCO uses four interest rate scenarios to evaluate interest risk exposure and may vary these interest rate scenarios to show the effect of steepening or flattening changes in yield curves as well as parallel changes in interest rates. At March 31, 2022, ALCO used the following interest rate scenarios: (1) unchanged interest rates; (2) immediately rising interest rates – immediate parallel upward shift in market interest rates of 300 basis points across the yield curve; (3) immediately falling interest rates – immediate parallel downward shift in market interest rates of 100 basis points across the yield curve; and (4) gradual and non-parallel changes in interest rates – the yield curve is assumed to rise throughout 2022 and 2023 with the treasury yield curve increasing until the March 31, 2024 and ultimately ending higher across all points of the curve than they are at March 31, 2022. The two year, five year and 10 year treasury as of March 31, 2024 are ultimately 0.88%, 1.00% and 1.25% higher than actual rates as of March 31, 2022 with the Fed Funds rate increasing 1.50% assumed in 2022 and an additional 1.00% increase in Fed Funds rate in 2023 through March 31, 2024. Simulations do not reflect adjustments in strategy that the ALCO could implement in response to rate shifts.

As of March 31, 2022, net interest income simulations indicated that Salisbury’s exposure to changing interest rates over the simulation horizons remained within its tolerance levels.

The following table sets forth the estimated change in net interest income from an unchanged interest rate scenario over the periods indicated for changes in market interest rates using Salisbury’s financial instruments as of March 31, 2022.

As of March 31, 2022	Months 1-12			Months 13-24
Immediately rising interest rates + 300bp (static growth assumptions)		(2.6	)%		6.8	%
Immediately falling interest rates - 100bp (static growth assumptions)		(4.7	)		(9.4	)
Immediately rising interest rates + 400bp (static growth assumptions)		(4.1	)		8.1

The negative exposure of net interest income to immediately and gradually rising rates as compared to the unchanged rate scenario results from a faster projected rise in the cost of funds versus income from earning assets, as relatively rate-sensitive money market and time deposits re-price faster than longer duration earning assets. The positive exposure of net interest income to immediately and gradually rising rates as compared to the unchanged rate scenario results from a faster projected rise in income from earning assets versus the projected increase in the Bank’s cost of funds. The negative exposure of net interest income to immediately falling rates as compared to an unchanged rate scenario results from a greater decline in earning asset yields compared to rates paid on funding liabilities, as a result of faster prepayments on existing assets and lower reinvestment rates on future loans originated and securities purchased.

While the ALCO reviews simulation assumptions and back-tests simulation results to ensure that they are reasonable and current, income simulation may not always prove to be an accurate indicator of interest rate risk or future net interest margin. Over time, the re-pricing, maturity and prepayment characteristics of financial instruments and the composition of Salisbury’s balance sheet may change to a different degree than estimated. Simulation modeling assumes Salisbury’s expectation for future balance sheet growth, which is a function of the business environment and customer behavior. Another significant simulation assumption is the sensitivity of core savings deposits to fluctuations in interest rates. Income simulation results assume that changes in both core savings deposit rates and balances are related to changes in short-term interest rates. The assumed relationship between short-term interest rate changes and core deposit rate and balance changes used in income simulation may differ from the ALCO’s estimates. Lastly, mortgage-backed securities and mortgage loans involve a level of risk that unforeseen changes in prepayment speeds may cause related cash flows to vary significantly in differing rate environments. Such changes could affect the level of reinvestment risk associated with cash flow from these instruments, as well as their market value. Changes in prepayment speeds could also increase or decrease the amortization of premium or accretion of discounts related to such instruments, thereby affecting interest income.

Salisbury also monitors the potential change in market value of its available-for-sale debt securities in changing interest rate environments. The purpose is to determine market value exposure that may not be captured by income simulation, but which might result in changes to Salisbury’s capital and liquidity position. Results are calculated using industry-standard analytical techniques and securities data. Equity securities are excluded from this analysis because the market value of such securities cannot be directly correlated with changes in interest rates.

The following table summarizes the potential change in market value of available-for-sale debt securities resulting from immediate parallel rate shifts:

As of March 31, 2022 (in thousands)		Rates up 100bp			Rates up 200bp
U.S. Treasury	$	(878	)	$	(1,707	)
U.S. Government agency notes		(1,474	)		(2,350	)
Municipal bonds		(3,201	)		(6,398	)
Mortgage backed securities
U.S. Government agencies and U.S. Government- sponsored enterprises		(3,490	)		(6,987	)
Collateralized mortgage obligations
U.S. Government agencies		(1,333	)		(2,776	)
Corporate bonds		(459	)		(875	)
Total available-for-sale debt securities	$	(10,835	)	$	(21,093	)

Item 4.

CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Salisbury’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of Salisbury’s disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2022. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures are effective as of March 31, 2022.

Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that the information required to be disclosed in reports filed or submitted under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by Salisbury in its reports filed under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including the principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Controls

In addition, based on an evaluation of its internal controls over financial reporting, no change in Salisbury’s internal control over financial reporting occurred during the quarter ended March 31, 2022 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, Salisbury’s internal control over financial reporting.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.

LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

The Bank is involved in various claims and legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business, which management currently believes are not material, individually or in the aggregate, to the business, financial condition or operating results of Salisbury or any of its subsidiaries. There are no material pending legal proceedings, other than ordinary routine litigation incidental to the registrant’s business, to which Salisbury is a party or of which any of its property is subject.

Item 1A.

RISK FACTORS

There were no material changes to the risk factors previously disclosed in Salisbury’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Item 2.

UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

None

Item 3.

DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None

Item 4.

MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not Applicable

Item 5.

OTHER INFORMATION

None

Item 6.

EXHIBITS

Exhibit No.	Description

3.1	Certificate of Incorporation of Salisbury Bancorp, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Registrant’s 1998 Registration Statement on Form S-4 filed April 23, 1998, File No.: 33-50857).

3.1.1	Amendment to Article Third of Certificate of Incorporation of Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Registrant’s Form 8-K filed March 11, 2009).

3.1.2	Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation of Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Registrant’s Form 8-K filed March 19, 2009).

3.1.3	Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation for the Series B Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on August 25, 2011).

3.1.4	Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation of Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Registrant’s Form 8-K filed October 30, 2014).

3.2	Amended and Restated Bylaws (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Form 8-K filed November 25, 2014).

4.1	Form of Subordinated Note, dated as of March 31, 2021, issued by Salisbury Bancorp, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Registrant’s Form 8-K filed March 31, 2021).

10.1	Amended and Restated Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation Plan effective January 1, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Form 8-K filed December 29, 2021).

31.1	Chief Executive Officer Certification Pursuant to 17 CFR 240.13a-14, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2	Chief Financial Officer Certification Pursuant to 17 CF 240.13a-14, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.1	Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

		SALISBURY BANCORP, INC.

May 6, 2022	By:	/s/ Richard J. Cantele, Jr.
		Richard J. Cantele, Jr.,
		President and Chief Executive Officer

May 6, 2022	By:	/s/ Peter Albero
		Peter Albero,
		Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer