Sterling Bancorp, Inc. - Quarter Report: 2019 September (Form 10-Q)

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

x QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2019

o TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number 001-38290

Sterling Bancorp, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Michigan		38-3163775
(State or other jurisdiction of		(I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization)		Identification Number)

One Towne Square, Suite 1900

Southfield, Michigan 48076

(248) 355-2400

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

Not Applicable

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, no par	SBT	The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC
value per share		(NASDAQ Capital Market)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer o		Accelerated filer x		Non-accelerated filer o		Smaller reporting company x
						Emerging growth company x

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No x

As of November 4, 2019, there were 50,203,081 shares of the Registrant’s Common Stock outstanding.

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STERLING BANCORP, INC.

FORM 10-Q

INDEX

PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Financial Statements (Unaudited)
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018	2
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018	6
	Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	7
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	30
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	42
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	44

PART II — OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	44
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	44
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	44
Item 6.	Exhibits	46
Exhibit Index		46
SIGNATURES		47

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Sterling Bancorp, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)

(dollars in thousands)

PART 1. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

	September 30,		December 31,
	2019		2018
Assets
Cash and due from banks	$	146,246	$	52,526
Interest-bearing time deposits with other banks	1,100		1,100
Investment securities	153,306		148,896
Mortgage loans held for sale	837		1,248
Loans, net of allowance for loan losses of $21,204 and $21,850	2,904,232		2,895,953
Accrued interest receivable	13,861		13,529
Mortgage servicing rights, net	9,910		10,633
Leasehold improvements and equipment, net	9,386		9,489
Operating lease right-of-use assets	19,662		—
Federal Home Loan Bank stock, at cost	22,950		22,950
Cash surrender value of bank-owned life insurance	31,761		31,302
Deferred tax asset, net	6,681		6,122
Other assets	2,298		3,026
Total assets	$	3,322,230	$	3,196,774

Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
Liabilities:
Noninterest-bearing deposits	$	77,335	$	76,815
Interest-bearing deposits	2,494,510		2,375,870
Total deposits	2,571,845		2,452,685
Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings	229,000		293,000
Subordinated notes, net	65,140		65,029
Operating lease liabilities	20,804		—
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	84,064		51,003
Total liabilities	2,970,853		2,861,717

Shareholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, authorized 10,000,000 shares; no shares issued and outstanding	—		—
Common stock, no par value, authorized 500,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding 50,424,940 and 53,012,283 shares at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively	85,515		111,238
Additional paid-in capital	13,138		12,713
Retained earnings	252,571		211,115
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	153		(9		)
Total shareholders’ equity	351,377		335,057
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	3,322,230	$	3,196,774

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Sterling Bancorp, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited)

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Interest income
Interest and fees on loans	$	42,351	$	40,772	$	127,374	$	115,752
Interest and dividends on investment securities and restricted stock	1,252		958		3,751		2,619
Other interest	608		166		1,060		399
Total interest income	44,211		41,896		132,185		118,770

Interest expense
Interest on deposits	12,249		8,628		34,429		22,396
Interest on Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings	777		1,297		3,207		3,464
Interest on subordinated notes	1,175		1,173		3,524		3,516
Total interest expense	14,201		11,098		41,160		29,376

Net interest income	30,010		30,798		91,025		89,394
Provision (recovery) for loan losses	251		423		(583)		2,184
Net interest income after provision (recovery) for loan losses	29,759		30,375		91,608		87,210

Non-interest income
Service charges and fees	111		100		327		266
Investment management and advisory fees	477		445		1,242		1,568
Loss on sale of investment securities	—		—		—		(3		)
Gain on sale of mortgage loans held for sale	194		129		374		222
Gain on sale of portfolio loans	1,683		2,876		5,985		11,885
Unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities	30		(31)		136		(125		)
Net servicing income (loss)	240		291		(437)		1,001
Income on cash surrender value of bank-owned life insurance	324		299		949		889
Other	106		124		485		320
Total non-interest income	3,165		4,233		9,061		16,023

Non-interest expense
Salaries and employee benefits	7,545		6,973		22,193		20,851
Occupancy and equipment	2,126		1,760		6,533		4,916
Professional fees	1,389		898		3,455		2,344
Advertising and marketing	269		470		1,114		1,170
FDIC assessments	(5)		186		440		1,203
Data processing	271		311		882		894
Other	1,831		1,933		5,656		5,277
Total non-interest expense	13,426		12,531		40,273		36,655

Income before income taxes	19,498		22,077		60,396		66,578
Income tax expense	5,614		6,336		17,395		19,106
Net income	$	13,884	$	15,741	$	43,001	$	47,472

Income per share:
Basic	$	0.28	$	0.30	$	0.84	$	0.90
Diluted	$	0.28	$	0.30	$	0.83	$	0.90

Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Basic	50,428,108		52,963,308		51,490,046		52,963,308
Diluted	50,441,572		52,966,593		51,500,657		52,965,089

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Sterling Bancorp, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)

(dollars in thousands)

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018

Net income	$	13,884	$	15,741	$	43,001	$	47,472
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Unrealized gains (loss) on investment securities, arising during the period, net of tax effect of $(14), $5, $63, and $19, respectively	(35)		19		162		72
Reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income of $-, $-, $-, and $3, respectively, in loss on sale of investment securities, net of tax effect of $-, $-, $-, and $(1), respectively	—		—		—		2
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	(35)		19		162		74
Comprehensive income	$	13,849	$	15,760	$	43,163	$	47,546

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Sterling Bancorp, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity (Unaudited)

(dollars in thousands, except share amounts)

								Accumulated
				Additional				Other		Total
	Common Stock			Paid-in		Retained		Comprehensive		Shareholders’
	Shares	Amount		Capital		Earnings		Income (Loss)		Equity
Balance at January 1, 2018	52,963,308	$	111,238	$	12,416	$	149,816	$	(172)	$	273,298
Cumulative effect adjustment, reclassification of unrealized losses on equity securities	—	—		—		(50)		50		—
Net income	—	—		—		15,749		—		15,749
Stock-based compensation	39,655	—		9		—		—		9
Other comprehensive loss	—	—		—		—		(13)		(13		)
Dividends distributed ($0.01 per share)	—	—		—		(531)		—		(531		)
Balance at March 31, 2018	53,002,963	111,238		12,425		164,984		(135)		288,512
Net income	—	—		—		15,982		—		15,982
Stock-based compensation	—	—		76		—		—		76
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—		—		68		68
Dividends distributed ($0.01 per share)	—	—		—		(528)		—		(528		)
Balance at June 30, 2018	53,002,963	111,238		12,501		180,438		(67)		304,110
Net income	—	—		—		15,741		—		15,741
Stock-based compensation	9,320	—		103		—		—		103
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—		—		19		19
Dividends distributed ($0.01 per share)	—	—		—		(530)		—		(530		)
Balance at September 30, 2018	53,012,283	$	111,238	$	12,604	$	195,649	$	(48)	$	319,443

Balance at January 1, 2019	53,012,283	$	111,238	$	12,713	$	211,115	$	(9)	$	335,057
Net income	—	—		—		15,683		—		15,683
Repurchases of shares of common stock (Note 10)	(1,212,574)	(11,544)		—		—		—		(11,544		)
Stock-based compensation	71,144	—		126		—		—		126
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—		—		106		106
Dividends distributed ($0.01 per share)	—	—		—		(526)		—		(526		)
Balance at March 31, 2019	51,870,853	99,694		12,839		226,272		97		338,902
Net income	—	—		—		13,434		—		13,434
Repurchases of shares of common stock (Note 10)	(1,034,792)	(10,011)		—		—		—		(10,011		)
Stock-based compensation	10,460	—		153		—		—		153
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—		—		91		91
Dividends distributed ($0.01 per share)	—	—		—		(516)		—		(516		)
Balance at June 30, 2019	50,846,521	89,683		12,992		239,190		188		342,053
Net income	—	—		—		13,884		—		13,884
Repurchases of shares of common stock (Note 10)	(421,581)	(4,168)		—		—		—		(4,168		)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		146		—		—		146
Other comprehensive loss	—	—		—		—		(35)		(35		)
Dividends distributed ($0.01 per share)	—	—		—		(503)		—		(503		)
Balance at September 30, 2019	50,424,940	$	85,515	$	13,138	$	252,571	$	153	$	351,377

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Sterling Bancorp, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

(dollars in thousands)

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019		2018
Cash Flows From Operating Activities
Net income	$	43,001	$	47,472
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Provision (recovery) for loan losses	(583)		2,184
Deferred income taxes	(622)		(174)
Loss on sale of investment securities	—		3
Unrealized (gains) losses on equity securities	(136)		125
Accretion on investment securities, net	(1,273)		(514)
Depreciation and amortization of leasehold improvements and equipment	1,210		959
Amortization of intangible asset	338		338
Originations, net of principal payments, mortgage loans held for sale	(42,026)		(29,565)
Proceeds from sale of mortgage loans held for sale	42,375		27,623
Gain on sale of mortgage loans held for sale	(374)		(222)
Gain on sale of portfolio loans	(5,985)		(11,885)
Increase in cash surrender value of bank-owned life insurance, net of premiums	(459)		(466)
Valuation allowance adjustments and amoritzation of mortgage servicing rights	3,488		1,375
Stock-based compensation	425		188
Other	124		104
Change in operating assets and liabilities:
Accrued interest receivable	(332)		(1,594)
Other assets	4,170		(851)
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	30,443		24,795
Net cash provided by operating activities	73,784		59,895

Cash Flows From Investing Activities
Investment securities:
Maturities and principal receipts	114,433		57,891
Sales	—		2,778
Purchases	(117,209)		(76,091)
Loans originated, net of repayments	(177,470)		(547,298)
Proceeds from the sale of portfolio loans	173,397		352,141
Purchase of leasehold improvements and equipment	(1,107)		(2,956)
Net cash used in investing activities	(7,956)		(213,535)

Cash Flows From Financing Activities
Net increase in deposits	119,160		166,961
Proceeds from advances from Federal Home Loan Bank	2,461,000		4,275,000
Repayments of advances from Federal Home Loan Bank	(2,525,000)		(4,278,000)
Repurchases of shares of common stock	(25,723)		—
Dividends paid to shareholders	(1,545)		(1,589)
Net cash provided by financing activities	27,892		162,372
Net change in cash and due from banks	93,720		8,732
Cash and due from banks at beginning of period	52,526		40,147
Cash and due from banks at end of period	$	146,246	$	48,879

Supplemental cash flows information
Cash paid:
Interest	$	29,667	$	23,568
Income taxes	15,946		18,500
Noncash investing and financing activities:
Transfers of residential real estate loans to mortgage loans held for sale	169,844		382,531
Transfers of residential real estate loans from mortgage loans held for sale	103		39,210
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilitites	740		—

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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STERLING BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

Note 1—Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation

Nature of Operations

Sterling Bancorp, Inc. (the “Company”) is a unitary thrift holding company that was incorporated in 1989 and the parent company to its wholly owned subsidiary, Sterling Bank and Trust, F.S.B. (the “Bank”). The Company’s business is conducted through the Bank which was formed in 1984. The Bank originates construction, residential and commercial real estate loans, commercial lines of credit, and other consumer loans and provides deposit products, consisting primarily of checking, savings and term certificate accounts. The Bank operates through a network of 30 branches of which 26 branches are located in San Francisco and Los Angeles, California with the remaining branches located in New York, New York, Southfield, Michigan and the greater Seattle market.

The Company is headquartered in Southfield, Michigan and its operations are in the financial services industry. Management evaluates the performance of its business based on one reportable segment, community banking.

The Company is subject to regulation, examination and supervision by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve (“Federal Reserve”). The Bank is a federally chartered stock savings bank which is subject to regulation, supervision and examination by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”) of the U.S. Department of Treasury and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) and is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) system.

Basis of Presentation

The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2019, and the condensed consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 are unaudited. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the annual consolidated financial statements and reflect all adjustments, in the opinion of management, of a normal recurring nature that are necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented. The financial data and other financial information disclosed in these notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements related to these periods are also unaudited. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ended December 31, 2019 or for any future annual or interim period. The consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2018 included herein was derived from the audited consolidated financial statements as of that date. The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.

Note 2—New Accounting Standards

Adoption of New Accounting Standard

The Company has adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) and all subsequent amendments as of January 1, 2019. Topic 842 requires a lessee to recognize the following for all leases, except short-term leases, at the commencement date: (1) a lease liability, which is a lessee’s obligation to make lease payments arising from a lease, measured on a discounted basis; and (2) a right-of-use asset, which is an asset that represents the lessee’s right to use, or control the use of, a specified asset for the lease term. Topic 842 also requires expanded disclosures.

Topic 842 permits entities to use a modified retrospective transition approach to apply the guidance as of the beginning of the earliest period presented in the financial statements in the period adopted or the optional transition method which allows entities to apply the new guidance at the adoption date and record a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption, and not to restate the comparative periods presented.

The Company adopted Topic 842 as of January 1, 2019 using the optional transition method. Therefore, the comparative financial information has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods. The adoption of the standard resulted in the recognition of operating lease right-of-use assets of $21,812 and operating lease liabilities of $22,682 on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of January 1, 2019. The operating lease right-of-use assets includes the impact of unamortized lease incentives and deferred rent. The Company elected to apply the package of practical expedients upon transition, which includes no reassessment of whether existing contracts are or contain leases and allowed for the lease classification for existing leases to be retained. The Company did not elect the practical expedient to use hindsight in determining the lease term. After transition, in certain instances, the cost of renewal options will be recognized earlier in the term of the lease than under the

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STERLING BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

previous lease accounting rules. The Company elected the practical expedient to not separate non-lease components from the lease components contained in the operating lease agreements but instead to combine them and account for them as a single lease component and will continue to do so for its real estate operating leases. The new standard did not have a significant impact on the condensed consolidated statements of income or statements of cash flows in 2019.

The Company’s operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheet at September 30, 2019. The lessors’ rate implicit in the operating leases were not available to the Company and were not determinable from the terms of the leases. Therefore, the Company’s incremental borrowing rate was used in determining the present value of the future lease payments when measuring the operating lease liabilities. The incremental borrowing rates were not observable and therefore, the rates were estimated primarily using observable borrowing rates on the Company’s FHLB advances. The FHLB borrowing rates are generally for over collateralized advances for varying lengths of maturity. Therefore, the risk-free U.S. Government bond rate and high-credit quality unsecured corporate bond rates were also considered in estimating the incremental borrowing rates. The Company’s incremental borrowing rates were developed considering its monthly payment amounts and the initial terms of its leases. These incremental borrowing rates were applied to future lease payments in determining the present value of the operating lease liability for each lease.

As stated, the comparative prior period information for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 has not been adjusted and continues to be reported under the Company’s historical lease recognition policies under Topic 840, Leases.

The disclosure requirements of Topic 842 are included within Note 16, Operating Leases.

Recently Issued Accounting Guidance Not Yet Adopted

In August 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, which modifies the disclosure requirements for fair value measurements as follows: (1) removes the requirement to disclose the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, and the reporting entity’s policy for timing of transfers between levels; (2) removes the requirement to disclose the valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements; (3) clarifies that the measurement uncertainty disclosure for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements is to communicate information about the uncertainty in measurement as of the reporting date; (4) requires disclosure of the changes in unrealized gains and losses for the period included in other comprehensive income (loss) for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements held at the end of the reporting period; and (5) requires disclosure of the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. ASU No. 2018-13 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2019. An entity is permitted to early adopt the provisions that remove or modify disclosures upon issuance of this ASU and delay adoption of the additional disclosures until the effective date. The adoption of the new guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s current fair value measurement disclosures.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which is intended to improve financial reporting by requiring recording of credit losses on loans and other financial instruments on a more timely basis. The guidance will replace the current incurred loss accounting model with an expected loss approach and requires the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. In addition, this guidance modifies the other-than-temporary impairment model for available for sale debt securities to require an allowance for credit impairment instead of a direct write-down, which allows for a reversal of credit losses in future periods. The guidance requires enhanced disclosures to help investors and other financial statement users better understand significant estimates and judgments used in estimating credit losses, as well as the credit quality and underwriting standards of an organization’s portfolio. In April 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-04, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and Topic 825, Financial Instruments, which clarifies and improves areas of guidance related to Topic 326. In May 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-05, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Targeted Transition Relief. The amendments provide entities with an option to irrevocably elect the fair value option for certain financial assets previously measured at amortized cost basis, upon adoption of Topic 326. ASU No. 2016-13 is effective for annual periods and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2019. At this time, the Company has formed a cross-functional implementation team consisting of individuals from credit, finance and information systems. The implementation team has been working with a software vendor to assist in implementing required changes to credit loss estimation models and processes. The historical data set for model development has been finalized, and the credit loss estimation models are in the process of being developed and tested. The Company expects to recognize a cumulative effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which ASU No.

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STERLING BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

2016-13 is effective. The Company has not yet determined the magnitude of any such one-time adjustment or the overall impact of ASU No. 2016-13 on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

In October 2019, the FASB voted to issue an additional ASU to defer the effective dates of Topic 326 to January 1, 2023 for certain entities including smaller reporting companies (as defined by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission). The Company, as a smaller reporting company as of the relevant measuring period, would qualify for this extension. Management plans to delay the implementation of CECL beyond 2020 and adjust the timetable of different CECL implementation tasks. Management believes that the Company will benefit from additional time to run parallel testing and refine credit loss estimation models.

Note 3—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared using accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP’). The condensed consolidated financial statements include the results of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in the consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making estimates, actual results reported in the future periods may be based upon amounts that could differ from those estimates.

Concentration of Credit Risk

The loan portfolio consists primarily of residential real estate loans which are collateralized by real estate. At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, residential real estate loans accounted for 86% and 84%, respectively, of the loan portfolio. In addition, most of these residential loans and other commercial loans have been made to individuals and businesses in the state of California which are dependent on the area economy for their livelihoods and servicing of their loan obligation. Approximately 90% and 94% of the loan portfolio was originated in California at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

Reclassifications to Prior Periods’ Financial Statements

Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform with the current period presentation. Net servicing income (loss) has been reclassified from other non-interest income and reported separately on the condensed consolidated statements of income.

Note 4—Investment Securities

Debt Securities

The following tables summarize the amortized cost and fair value of debt securities available for sale at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 and the corresponding amounts of gross unrealized gains and losses:

	September 30, 2019
	Amortized		Gross Unrealized					Fair
	Cost		Gain		Loss			Value
Available for sale:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	147,363	$	189	$	(4	)	$	147,548
Collateralized mortgage obligations	1,236		45		—			1,281
Collateralized debt obligations	217		—		(17		)	200
Total	$	148,816	$	234	$	(21	)	$	149,029

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STERLING BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

	December 31, 2018
	Amortized		Gross Unrealized					Fair
	Cost		Gain		Loss			Value
Available for sale:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	142,905	$	9	$	(56	)	$	142,858
Collateralized mortgage obligations	1,554		46		—			1,600
Collateralized debt obligations	308		—		(11		)	297
Total	$	144,767	$	55	$	(67	)	$	144,755

No securities of any single issuer, other than debt securities issued by the U.S. government were in excess of 10% of total shareholders’ equity as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

There were no sales of debt securities available for sale during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019. The proceeds from sales of debt securities available for sale were zero and $2,778 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018. Gross realized losses on these sales were zero and $3 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018.

The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities available for sale issued by U.S. Treasury at September 30, 2019 are shown below by contractual maturity. Collateralized mortgage obligations and collateralized debt obligations are disclosed separately in the table below as the expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities if borrowers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
U.S. Treasury securities
Due less than one year	$	127,566	$	127,744
Due greater than one year		19,797		19,804
Collateralized mortgage obligations	1,236		1,281
Collateralized debt obligations	217		200
Total	$	148,816	$	149,029

The table summarizes debt securities available for sale, at fair value, with unrealized losses at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 aggregated by major security type and length of time the individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, as follows:

	September 30, 2019
	Less than 12 Months					12 Months or More					Total
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
U.S. Treasury securities	$	19,912	$	(4	)	$	—	$	—		$	19,912	$	(4	)
Collateralized debt obligations	—		—			200		(17		)	200		(17		)
Total	$	19,912	$	(4	)	$	200	$	(17	)	$	20,112	$	(21	)

	December 31, 2018
	Less than 12 Months					12 Months or More					Total
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
U.S. Treasury securities	$	113,219	$	(56	)	$	—	$	—		$	113,219	$	(56	)
Collateralized debt obligations	—		—			297		(11		)	297		(11		)
Total	$	113,219	$	(56	)	$	297	$	(11	)	$	113,516	$	(67	)

As of September 30, 2019, the Company’s debt securities portfolio consisted of 8 debt securities, with 2 debt securities in an unrealized loss position. For debt securities in an unrealized loss position, management has both the intent and ability to hold these investments until the recovery of the decline; thus, the impairment was determined to be temporary.

A collateralized debt obligation with a carrying value of $200 and $297 at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, was rated high quality at inception, but it was subsequently rated by Moody’s as Ba1, which is defined as “speculative”. The issuers of the underlying collateral for the security are primarily banks. Management uses in-house and third party other-than-

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STERLING BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

temporary impairment evaluation models to compare the present value of expected cash flows to the previous estimate to ensure there are no adverse changes in cash flows during the period. The other-than-temporary impairment model considers the structure and term of the collateralized debt obligations and the financial condition of the underlying issuers. Assumptions used in the model include expected future default rates and prepayments. The collateralized debt obligation remained classified as available for sale and represented $17 and $11 of the unrealized losses reported at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

Equity Securities

Equity securities consist of an investment in a qualified community reinvestment act investment fund, which is a publicly-traded mutual fund, and an investment in Pacific Coast Banker’s Bank, a thinly traded, restricted stock. At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, equity securities totaled $4,277 and $4,141, respectively.

At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, equity securities with readily determinable fair values were $4,031 and $3,895, respectively. The following is a summary of unrealized and realized gains and losses recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of income during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018:

	Three Month Ended September 30,					Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019		2018			2019		2018
Net gains (losses) recorded during the period on equity securities	$	30	$	(31	)	$	136	$	(125	)
Less: net gains (losses) recorded during the period on equity securities sold during the period	—		—			—		—
Unrealized gains (losses) recorded during the period on equity securities held at the reporting date	$	30	$	(31	)	$	136	$	(125	)

The Company has elected to account for its investment in a thinly traded, restricted stock using the measurement alternative for equity securities without readily determinable fair values. The investment was reported at $246 for both September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

Note 5—Loans

Major categories of loans were as follows:

	September 30,			December 31,
	2019			2018
Residential real estate	$	2,505,274		$		2,452,441
Commercial real estate	224,570			250,955
Construction	171,051			176,605
Commercial lines of credit	24,512			37,776
Other consumer	29			26
Total loans	2,925,436			2,917,803
Less: allowance for loan losses	(21,204		)	(21,850			)
Loans, net	$	2,904,232		$	2,895,953

Loans with carrying values of $936,864 and $898,731 were pledged as collateral on FHLB borrowings at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

The table presents the activity in the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segment for the three and nine months ending September 30, 2019 and 2018:

Three Months Ended September 30, 2019	Residential Real Estate			Commercial Real Estate		Construction		Commercial Lines of Credit			Other Consumer		Unallocated			Total
Allowance for loan losses:
Beginning balance	$	12,758		$	3,214	$	3,067	$	780		$	1	$	1,098		$	20,918
Provision (recovery) for loan losses	(321		)	696		155		(193		)	—		(86		)	251
Charge offs	—			—		—		—			—		—			—
Recoveries	3			30		2		—			—		—			35
Total ending balance	$	12,440		$	3,940	$	3,224	$	587		$	1	$	1,012		$	21,204

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STERLING BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019	Residential Real Estate			Commercial Real Estate		Construction			Commercial Lines of Credit			Other Consumer		Unallocated			Total
Allowance for loan losses:
Beginning balance	$	13,826		$	2,573	$	3,273		$	1,058		$	1	$	1,119		$	21,850
Provision (recovery) for loan losses	(1,402		)	1,275		(54		)	(295		)	—		(107		)	(583		)
Charge offs	—			—		—			(176		)	—		—			(176		)
Recoveries	16			92		5			—			—		—			113
Total ending balance	$	12,440		$	3,940	$	3,224		$	587		$	1	$	1,012		$	21,204

Three Months Ended September 30, 2018	Residential Real Estate		Commercial Real Estate		Construction		Commercial Lines of Credit		Other Consumer		Unallocated		Total
Allowance for loan losses:
Beginning balance	$	12,675	$	2,595	$	3,211	$	787	$	1	$	1,031	$	20,300
Provision (recovery) for loan losses	28		—		110		181		—		104		423
Charge offs	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Recoveries	6		31		5		—		—		—		42
Total ending balance	$	12,709	$	2,626	$	3,326	$	968	$	1	$	1,135	$	20,765

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018	Residential Real Estate			Commercial Real Estate		Construction		Commercial Lines of Credit		Other Consumer		Unallocated			Total
Allowance for loan losses:
Beginning balance	$	12,279		$	2,040	$	2,218	$	469	$	1	$	1,450		$	18,457
Provision (recovery) for loan losses	421			484		1,095		499		—		(315		)	2,184
Charge offs	(4		)	—		—		—		—		—			(4		)
Recoveries	13			102		13		—		—		—			128
Total ending balance	$	12,709		$	2,626	$	3,326	$	968	$	1	$	1,135		$	20,765

The following tables present the balance in the allowance for loan losses and the recorded investment by portfolio segment and based on impairment method as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018:

September 30, 2019	Residential Real Estate		Commercial Real Estate		Construction		Commercial Lines of Credit		Other Consumer		Unallocated		Total
Allowance for loan losses:
Ending allowance balance attributable to loans:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	43	$	—	$	—	$	5	$	—	$	—	$	48
Collectively evaluated for impairment	12,397		3,940		3,224		582		1		1,012		21,156
Total ending allowance balance	$	12,440	$	3,940	$	3,224	$	587	$	1	$	1,012	$	21,204
Loans:
Loans individually evaluated for impairment	$	219	$	1,118	$	4,503	$	134	$	—	$	—	$	5,974
Loans collectively evaluated for impairment	2,505,055		223,452		166,548		24,378		29		—		2,919,462
Total ending loans balance	$	2,505,274	$	224,570	$	171,051	$	24,512	$	29	$	—	$	2,925,436

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STERLING BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

December 31, 2018	Residential Real Estate		Commercial Real Estate		Construction		Commercial Lines of Credit		Other Consumer		Unallocated		Total
Allowance for loan losses:
Ending allowance balance attributable to loans:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	46	$	30	$	78	$	195	$	—	$	—	$	349
Collectively evaluated for impairment	13,780		2,543		3,195		863		1		1,119		21,501
Total ending allowance balance	$	13,826	$	2,573	$	3,273	$	1,058	$	1	$	1,119	$	21,850
Loans:
Loans individually evaluated for impairment	$	228	$	3,779	$	7,412	$	416	$	—	$	—	$	11,835
Loans collectively evaluated for impairment	2,452,213		247,176		169,193		37,360		26		—		2,905,968
Total ending loans balance	$	2,452,441	$	250,955	$	176,605	$	37,776	$	26	$	—	$	2,917,803

The following tables present information related to impaired loans by class of loans as of and for the periods indicated:

	At September 30, 2019						At December 31, 2018
	Unpaid Principal Balance		Recorded Investment		Allowance for Loan Losses		Unpaid Principal Balance		Recorded Investment		Allowance for Loan Losses
With no related allowance for loan losses recorded:
Residential real estate, first mortgage	$	127	$	101	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Commercial real estate:
Retail	1,323		1,118		—		1,370		1,174		—
Multifamily	—		—		—		1,088		1,083		—
Construction	4,504		4,503		—		4,751		4,751		—
Commercial lines of credit, C&I lending	—		—		—		—		—		—
Subtotal	5,954		5,722		—		7,209		7,008		—
With an allowance for loan losses recorded:
Residential real estate, first mortgage	117		118		43		254		228		46
Commercial real estate, offices	—		—		—		1,530		1,522		30
Construction	—		—		—		2,661		2,661		78
Commercial lines of credit:
Private banking	134		134		5		316		316		95
C&I lending	—		—		—		100		100		100
Subtotal	251		252		48		4,861		4,827		349
Total	$	6,205	$	5,974	$	48	$	12,070	$	11,835	$	349

In the above table, the unpaid principal balance is not reduced for partial charge offs. Also, the recorded investment excludes accrued interest receivable on loans which was not significant.

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STERLING BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

	Three Months Ended
	September 30, 2019								September 30, 2018
	Average Recorded Investment			Interest Income Recognized			Cash Basis Interest Recognized		Average Recorded Investment			Interest Income Recognized			Cash Basis Interest Recognized
With no related allowance for loan losses recorded:
Residential real estate, first mortgage	$	102		$		—	$	—	$		—	$		—	$		—
Commercial real estate:
Retail	1,127			16			10		1,202			16			11
Multifamily	—			—			—		1,091			12			8
Construction	6,492			58			52		4,732			97			48
Commercial lines of credit, C&I lending	67			1			1		—			—			—
Subtotal	7,788			75			63		7,025			125			67
With an allowance for loan losses recorded:
Residential real estate, first mortgage	118			1			1		121			1			1
Commercial real estate, offices	—			—			—		1,532			24			15
Construction	—			—			—		2,661			55			37
Commercial lines of credit:
Private banking	135			1			1		325			3			2
C&I lending	—			—			—		100			1			1
Subtotal	253			2			2		4,739			84			56
Total	$		8,041	$	77		$	65	$	11,764		$	209		$	123

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2019									September 30, 2018
	Average Recorded Investment			Interest Income Recognized			Cash Basis Interest Recognized			Average Recorded Investment			Interest Income Recognized			Cash Basis Interest Recognized
With no related allowance for loan losses recorded:
Residential real estate, first mortgage	$	105		$		—	$		—	$	—		$		—	$	—
Commercial real estate:
Retail	1,146			46			41			1,220			48			43
Multifamily	598			12			12			725			24			20
Offices	504			25			25			—			—			—
Construction	8,274			376			370			2,996			196			147
Commercial lines of credit, C&I Lending	89			5			5			—			—			—
Subtotal	10,716			464			453			4,941			268			210
With an allowance for loan losses recorded:
Residential real estate, first mortgage	119			4			3			121			4			3
Commercial real estate, offices	—			—			—			1,541			67			59
Construction	—			—			—			1,774			107			89
Commercial lines of credit:
Private banking	137			5			5			331			14			13
C&I lending	—			—			—			67			3			3
Subtotal	256			9			8			3,834			195			167
Total	$		10,972	$	473		$	461		$		8,775	$	463		$		377

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STERLING BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

Also presented in the table above is the average recorded investment of the impaired loans and the related amount of interest recognized during the time within the period that the loans were impaired. When the ultimate collectability of the total principal of an impaired loan is in doubt and the loan is on nonaccrual status, all payments are applied to principal under the cost recovery method. When the ultimate collectability of the total principal of an impaired loan is not in doubt and the loan is on nonaccrual status, contractual interest is credited to interest income when received under the cash basis method. The average balances are calculated based on the month-end balances of the loans for the period reported.

The following tables present the recorded investment in nonaccrual and loans past due over 90 days still on accrual by class of loans as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018:

	September 30, 2019				December 31, 2018
	Nonaccrual		Loans Past Due Over 90 Days Still Accruing		Nonaccrual		Loans Past Due Over 90 Days Still Accruing
Residential real estate:
Residential first mortgage	$	6,417	$	55	$	4,360	$	80
Commercial real estate:
Retail	45		—		60		—
Construction	3,457		—		—		—
Total	$	9,919	$	55	$	4,420	$	80

The following tables present the aging of the recorded investment in past due loan by class of loans as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018:

September 30, 2019	30 - 59 Days Past Due			60 - 89 Days Past Due			Greater than 89 Days Past Due		Total Past Due		Loans Not Past Due		Total
Residential real estate:
Residential first mortgage	$		8,930	$		284	$	6,472	$	15,686	$	2,465,981	$	2,481,667
Residential second mortgage	210			309			—		519		23,088		23,607
Commercial real estate:
Retail	—			—			45		45		6,170		6,215
Multifamily	—			—			—		—		59,889		59,889
Offices	—			—			—		—		28,208		28,208
Hotel/Single-room occupancy hotels	—			—			—		—		81,529		81,529
Industrial	—			—			—		—		14,211		14,211
Other	—			—			—		—		34,518		34,518
Construction	—			—			3,457		3,457		167,594		171,051
Commercial lines of credit:
Private banking	—			—			—		—		12,138		12,138
C&I lending	4,996			—			—		4,996		7,378		12,374
Other consumer	—			—			—		—		29		29
Total	$	14,136		$	593		$	9,974	$	24,703	$	2,900,733	$	2,925,436

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STERLING BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

December 31, 2018	30 - 59 Days Past Due			60 - 89 Days Past Due			Greater than 89 Days Past Due			Total Past Due			Loans Not Past Due			Total
Residential real estate:
Residential first mortgage	$		3,110	$		1,257	$		4,440	$		8,807	$		2,421,190	$		2,429,997
Residential second mortgage	377			295			—			672			21,772			22,444
Commercial real estate:
Retail	—			—			60			60			9,957			10,017
Multifamily	—			—			—			—			64,638			64,638
Offices	—			—			—			—			27,670			27,670
Hotel/Single-room occupancy hotels	—			—			—			—			101,414			101,414
Industrial	—			—			—			—			14,756			14,756
Other	—			—			—			—			32,460			32,460
Construction	1,971			—			—			1,971			174,634			176,605
Commercial lines of credit:
Private banking	176			—			—			176			15,762			15,938
C&I lending	—			—			—			—			21,838			21,838
Other consumer	—			—			—			—			26			26
Total	$	5,634		$	1,552		$	4,500		$	11,686		$	2,906,117		$	2,917,803

The Company considers the performance of the loan portfolio and its impact on the allowance for loan losses. For residential real estate and consumer loan classes, the Company also evaluates credit quality based on the aging status of the loan, which is presented above, and by payment activity. The Company reviews the status of nonperforming loans which include loans 90 days past due and still accruing and nonaccrual loans.

Troubled Debt Restructurings

At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the balance of outstanding loans identified as troubled debt restructurings was $2,517 and $5,826, respectively. The allowance for loan losses on these loans was $48 and $261 at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. There were no loans identified as troubled debt restructurings that subsequently defaulted.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the terms of a construction loan was modified by providing for an extension of the maturity dates at the contract’s existing rate of interest, which is lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risk. The total outstanding recorded investments was $1,046 both before and after modification. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company modified the terms of a construction loan and a commercial and industrial loan by providing for an extension of the maturity dates by 7 months at the contract’s existing rate of interest, which is lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risk. The total outstanding recorded investment was $2,761 both before and after modification. The effect of these modifications on the allowance for loan losses was not significant.

The terms of certain other loans have been modified during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 that did not meet the definition of a troubled debt restructuring. These other loans that were modified were not considered significant.

Credit Quality

The Company categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors. The Company analyzes loans individually by classifying the loans as to credit risk. This analysis includes homogeneous loans such as residential real estate and consumer loans and non-homogeneous loans, such as commercial lines of credit, construction and commercial real estate loans. This analysis is performed monthly. The Company uses the following definitions for risk ratings:

Pass: Loans are of satisfactory quality.

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STERLING BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

Special Mention: Loans classified as special mention have a potential weakness that deserves management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or of the Company’s credit position at some future date.

Substandard: Loans classified as substandard are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful: Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, based on currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.

At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the risk rating of loans by class of loans was as follows:

September 30, 2019	Pass		Special Mention		Substandard		Doubtful		Total
Residential real estate:
Residential first mortgage	$	2,475,200	$	—	$	2,191	$	4,276	$	2,481,667
Residential second mortgage	23,607		—		—		—		23,607
Commercial real estate:
Retail	4,259		838		1,118		—		6,215
Multifamily	56,614		1,709		1,566		—		59,889
Offices	25,269		—		2,939		—		28,208
Hotel/Single-room occupancy hotels	69,479		8,532		3,518		—		81,529
Industrial	14,211		—		—		—		14,211
Other	27,021		925		6,572		—		34,518
Construction	156,119		—		14,932		—		171,051
Commercial lines of credit:
Private banking	12,138		—		—		—		12,138
C&I lending	8,702		—		3,672		—		12,374
Other consumer	29		—		—		—		29
Total	$	2,872,648	$	12,004	$	36,508	$	4,276	$	2,925,436

December 31, 2018	Pass		Special Mention		Substandard		Doubtful		Total
Residential real estate:
Residential first mortgage	$	2,425,584	$	—	$	4,193	$	220	$	2,429,997
Residential second mortgage	22,444		—		—		—		22,444
Commercial real estate:
Retail	8,843		—		1,174		—		10,017
Multifamily	63,555		—		1,083		—		64,638
Offices	27,670		—		—		—		27,670
Hotel/Single-room occupancy hotels	101,414		—		—		—		101,414
Industrial	14,756		—		—		—		14,756
Other	31,451		—		1,009		—		32,460
Construction	158,489		8,733		9,383		—		176,605
Commercial lines of credit:
Private banking	15,762		—		176		—		15,938
C&I lending	17,785		—		4,053		—		21,838
Other consumer	26		—		—		—		26
Total	$	2,887,779	$	8,733	$	21,071	$	220	$	2,917,803

The Bank sold pools of residential real estate mortgages for $51,591 and $82,464 during the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $173,397 and $352,141 during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, to third-party investors. The transactions resulted in full derecognition of the mortgages (i.e. transferred assets) from the condensed consolidated balance sheets and recognition of gain on sale of portfolio loans of $1,683 and $2,876 for the three months ended

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STERLING BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $5,985 and $11,885 for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. After the sales, the Bank’s only continuing involvement in the transferred assets is to act as servicer or subservicer of the mortgages.

Note 6—Mortgage Servicing Rights, Net

The Bank records servicing assets from the sale of mortgage loans to the secondary market for which servicing has been retained. Residential real estate mortgage loans serviced for others are not included in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The principal balance of these loans at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 are as follows:

	September 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
Residential real estate mortgage loan portfolios serviced for:
FNMA	$	111,473	$	85,364
FHLB	88,343		92,229
Private investors	703,358		713,095

Custodial escrow balances maintained with these serviced loans were $19,718 and $13,593 at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

Activity for mortgage servicing rights and the related valuation allowance are as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Mortgage servicing rights:
Beginning of period	$	11,073		$	9,313		$	10,733		$	6,706
Additions	903			703			2,765			4,290
Amortization	(666		)	(580		)	(2,188		)	(1,560		)
End of period	11,310			9,436			11,310			9,436

Valuation allowance at beginning of period	1,301			18			100			210
Additions (recoveries)	99			7			1,300			(185		)
Valuation allowance at end of period	1,400			25			1,400			25

Mortgage servicing rights, net	$	9,910		$	9,411		$	9,910		$	9,411

Servicing fee income, net of amortization of servicing rights and changes in the valuation allowance, was $240 and $291 for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $(437) and $1,001 for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

The fair value of mortgage servicing rights was $10,313 and $11,523 at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. The fair value of mortgage servicing rights is highly sensitive to changes in underlying assumptions. Changes in prepayment speed assumptions have the most significant impact on the estimate of the fair value of mortgage servicing rights. The fair value at September 30, 2019 was determined using discount rates ranging from 9.5% to 12.0%, prepayment speeds ranging from 6.9% to 46.9%, depending on the stratification of the specific right, and a weighted average default rate of 0.2%. The fair value at December 31, 2018 was determined using discount rates ranging from 9.5% to 12.0%, prepayment speeds ranging from 6.8% to 33.6%, depending on the stratification of the specific right, and a weighted average default rate of 0.2%.

At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the carrying amount of certain individual groupings exceeded their fair values. See Note 13.

Note 7—Deposits

Time deposits, included in interest-bearing deposits, were $1,216,992 and $894,279 at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. Time deposits includes brokered deposits of $25,000 and $33,750 at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

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STERLING BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

Time deposits that meet or exceed the FDIC insurance limit of $250 were $333,050 and $208,888 at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

Note 8—Federal Home Loan Bank Borrowings

Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 consist of the following:

	September 30, 2019		Interest Rates	December 31, 2018		Interest Rates
Short-term fixed rate advances	$	—	—	$	103,000	2.60%
Long-term fixed rate advances	229,000		1.07%-1.96%	190,000		0.98%-1.18%
Total FHLB advances	$	229,000		$	293,000

FHLB Advances

The long-term fixed rate advances have maturity dates ranging from July 2020 to May 2029. Interest on advances is payable monthly and each advance is payable at its maturity date, and may contain a prepayment penalty if paid before maturity. At September 30, 2019, advances totaling $207,000 were callable by the FHLB as follows: $67,000 in September 2021; $90,000 in October 2021; and $50,000 in May 2024. At September 30, 2019, the Bank had additional borrowing capacity of $376,353 from the FHLB.

FHLB Overdraft Line of Credit

The Bank has established an overdraft line of credit agreement with the FHLB providing maximum borrowings of $50,000. The average amount outstanding during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 was $2,566 and $4,246, respectively. At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, there were no outstanding borrowings under this agreement. Borrowings accrue interest based on a variable rate based on the FHLB’s overnight cost of funds rate, which was 2.33% and 2.87% at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. The agreement has a one-year term and was renewed in October 2019 on substantially the same terms until October 2020.

The FHLB advances and the overdraft line of credit are collateralized by pledged loans totaling $936,864 and $898,731 at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

Other Borrowings

The Company had available credit lines with other banks totaling $70,000 at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018. There were no borrowings under these credit lines during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and the year ended December 31, 2018.

Note 9—Subordinated Notes, Net

The subordinated notes (“Notes”) were as follows:

	September 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
7.0% fixed to floating rate subordinated notes	$	65,000		$	65,000
Unamortized note premium	489			533
Unamortized debt issuance costs	(349		)	(504		)
Total	$	65,140		$	65,029

The Notes bear interest at 7% per annum, payable semi-annually on April 15 and October 15 in arrears, through April 2021 after which the Notes will have a variable interest rate of the three-month LIBOR rate plus a margin of 5.82%. Premiums and debt issuance costs are amortized over the contractual term of the Notes into interest expense using the effective interest method. Interest expense on these Notes was $1,175 and $1,173 for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $3,524 and $3,516 for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The Notes mature in April 2026.

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STERLING BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

On or after April 14, 2021, the Company may redeem the Notes, in whole or in part, at an amount equal to 100% of the outstanding principal amount being redeemed plus accrued interest, in a principal amount with integral multiples of $1. The Notes are not redeemable by the Company prior to April 14, 2021 except in the event that (i) the Notes no longer qualify as Tier 2 Capital, (ii) the interest on the Notes is determined by law to be not deductible for Federal Income Tax reporting or (iii) the Company is considered an investment company pursuant to the Investment Company Act of 1940. The Notes are not subject to redemption by the noteholder.

The Notes are unsecured obligations and are subordinated in right of payment to all existing and future indebtedness, deposits and other liabilities of the Company’s current and future subsidiaries, including the Bank’s deposits as well as the Company’s subsidiaries liabilities to general creditors and liabilities arising during the ordinary course of business. The Notes may be included in Tier 1 capital of the Bank and Tier 2 capital for the Company under current regulatory guidelines and interpretations. As long as the Notes are outstanding, the Company is permitted to pay dividends if prior to such dividends, the Bank is considered well capitalized, as defined in Note 14, Regulatory Capital Requirements.

Note 10—Stock Repurchase Program

In late 2018, the board of directors approved the repurchase of up to $50,000 of the Company’s outstanding shares of common stock. The stock repurchase program permits the Company to purchase shares of its common stock from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. The program does not have an expiration date. The Company received regulatory approval of its stock repurchase program and publicly announced the program in January 2019. Under this program, the Company is not obligated to repurchase shares of its common stock. The repurchased shares will be canceled and returned to authorized but unissued status.

During the three months ended September 30, 2019, the Company repurchased and cancelled 421,581 shares of its common stock for $4,168, including commissions and fees (average repurchase price of $9.89 per share). During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company repurchased and cancelled 2,668,947 shares of its common stock for $25,723, including commissions and fees (average repurchase price of $9.64 per share). Such repurchases of common stock were funded through cash generated from operations. As of September 30, 2019, the Company had $24,277 of common stock purchases remaining that may be made under the program.

Note 11—Stock-based Compensation

The board of directors established a 2017 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”) which was approved by the shareholders. The Plan provides for the grant of up to 4,237,100 shares of common stock for stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units and other stock-based awards for issuance to employees, consultants and board of directors of the Company. The stock-based awards are issued at no less than the market price on the date the awards are granted.

Stock Options

Stock option awards are granted with an exercise price equal to the market price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. The stock option awards generally vest in installments of 50% in each of the third and fourth year after the date of grant and have a maximum term of ten years.

The fair value of each stock option award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model that uses the assumptions noted below. Estimating the grant date fair values for employee stock options requires management to make assumptions regarding expected volatility of the value of those underlying shares, the risk-free rate over the expected life of the stock options and the date on which stock-based payments will be settled. Expected volatilities are based on a weighted average of the Company’s historic volatility and an implied volatility for a group of industry-relevant bank holding companies as of the measurement date. The expected term of options granted is calculated using the simplified method (the midpoint between the end of the vesting period and the end of the maximum term). The risk-free rate for the expected term of the option is based upon U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. Expected dividend yield represents what the Company anticipates will be declared during the expected term of the options.

On March 1, 2019, the board of directors approved the issuance of options to purchase 84,889 shares of common stock with an exercise price of $10.12 to certain key employees which are accounted for as equity awards. These options to purchase shares of common stock had a weighted average grant-date fair value of $3.20 per option. The grant-date fair value of each stock option award is estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model that uses the assumptions set forth in the following table:

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STERLING BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

Exercise price of options	$10.12
Risk-free interest rate	2.66	%
Expected term (in years)	6.75
Expected stock price volatility	26.26	%
Dividend yield	.40	%

A summary of the stock option activity as of and for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 is as follows:

	Number of Shares		Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term	Aggregate Intrinsic Value
					(Years)
Outstanding at January 1, 2019	92,625		$	13.73	9.22	$	—
Granted	84,889		10.12
Exercised	—		—
Forfeited	(3,000	)	13.73
Outstanding at September 30, 2019	174,514		$	11.97	8.94	$	—

The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense associated with stock options of $43 and $27 for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $114 and $56 for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. At September 30, 2019, there was $484 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested stock options granted under the Plan. The cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.93 years. No options are exercisable at September 30, 2019.

Restricted Stock Awards

On March 1, 2019, the board of directors approved the issuance of 71,144 restricted stock awards to certain key employees. The restricted stock awards vest in installments of 50% in each of the third and fourth year after the date of grant. On May 23, 2019, the board of directors approved an additional issuance of 10,460 restricted stock awards to non-employee directors that vest on the first anniversary of the grant date. Upon a change in control, as defined in the Plan, the outstanding restricted stock awards will immediately vest. The value of a restricted stock award is based on the market value of the Company’s common stock at the date of grant reduced by the present value of dividends per share expected to be paid during the period the shares are not vested.

A summary of the restricted stock awards activity as of and for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 is as follows:

	Number of Shares		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value

Nonvested at January 1, 2019	48,975		$	13.55
Granted	81,604		9.91
Vested	(15,875	)	13.50
Forfeited	—		—
Nonvested at September 30, 2019	114,704		$	10.97

The fair value of the award is recorded as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense associated with restricted stock awards of $103 and $76 for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $311 and $132 for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. At September 30, 2019, there was $947 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to the nonvested stock granted under the Plan. The cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.95 years.

Note 12—Income Per Share

Basic income per common share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted income per common share further includes any common shares available to be issued upon the exercise of outstanding stock options and restricted stock awards if such inclusions would be dilutive. The Company determines the potentially dilutive common shares using the treasury stock method. The following table presents the computation of income per share, basic and diluted:

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STERLING BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Numerator:
Net income	$	13,884	$	15,741	$	43,001	$	47,472

Denominator:
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic	50,428,108		52,963,308		51,490,046		52,963,308
Weighted average effect of potentially dilutive common shares:
Stock options	—		—		—		—
Restricted stock	13,464		3,285		10,611		1,781
Weighted average common shares outstanding, diluted	50,441,572		52,966,593		51,500,657		52,965,089

Income per share:
Basic	$	0.28	$	0.30	$	0.84	$	0.90
Diluted	$	0.28	$	0.30	$	0.83	$	0.90

The weighted average effect of certain stock options and nonvested restricted stock were excluded from the computation of weighted average diluted shares outstanding as inclusion of such items would be anti-dilutive, are summarized as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Stock options		174,514		92,625		175,514		92,625
Restricted stock		—		—		38,235		—
Total		174,514		92,625		213,749		92,625

Note 13—Fair Values of Financial Instruments

Financial instruments include assets carried at fair value, as well as certain assets and liabilities carried at cost or amortized cost but disclosed at fair value in these condensed consolidated financial statements. Fair value is defined as the exit price, the price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date under current market conditions. The inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value are prioritized into a three-level hierarchy. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs. The fair value hierarchy is as follows:

Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.

Level 2: Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

The following methods and significant assumptions are used to estimate fair value:

Investment Securities

The fair values for investment securities are determined by quoted market prices, if available (Level 1). For securities where quoted prices are not available, fair values are calculated based on market prices of similar investment securities (Level 2). For investment securities where quoted prices or market prices of similar investment securities are not available, fair values are calculated using discounted cash flows or other market indicators (Level 3). Discounted cash flows are calculated using spread to LIBOR curves that are updated to incorporate loss severities, volatility, credit spread and optionality. During times when trading is more liquid,

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STERLING BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

broker quotes are used (if available) to validate the analysis. Rating agency and industry research reports as well as defaults and deferrals on individual investment securities are reviewed and incorporated into the calculations.

Impaired Loans

The fair value of collateral dependent impaired loans with specific allocations of the allowance for loan losses is generally based on recent real estate appraisals. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach, such as comparable sales or income approach, or a combination of both. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments are usually significant and typically result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value.

Appraisals for collateral-dependent impaired loans are performed by certified general appraisers whose qualifications and licenses have been reviewed and verified by us. Once received, an appraisal compliance review is completed in accordance with regulatory guidelines.

Mortgage Servicing Rights

Fair value of mortgage servicing rights is initially determined at the individual grouping level based on an internal valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated future net servicing income. On a quarterly basis, mortgage servicing rights are evaluated for impairment based upon third party valuations obtained. As disclosed in Note 6, the valuation model utilizes interest rate, prepayment speed, and default rate assumptions that market participants would use in estimating future net servicing income (Level 3).

Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The table below presents the assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis categorized by the level of inputs used in the valuation of each asset at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018:

			Fair Value Measurements at September 30, 2019
	Total		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Financial Assets
Available for sale debt securities:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	147,548	$	147,548	$	—	$	—
Collateralized mortgage obligations	1,281		—		1,281		—
Collateralized debt obligations	200		—		—		200
Equity securities	4,031		4,031		—		—

			Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2018
	Total		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Financial Assets
Available for sale debt securities:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	142,858	$	142,858	$	—	$	—
Collateralized mortgage obligations	1,600		—		1,600		—
Collateralized debt obligations	297		—		—		297
Equity securities	3,895		3,895		—		—

There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 during the nine-month period ending September 30, 2019 or 2018.

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STERLING BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

The table below presents a reconciliation for all assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018:

	Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
	Investment Securities
	September 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
	Collateralized Debt Obligations			Collateralized Debt Obligations
Balance of recurring Level 3 assets at January 1,	$	297		$	571
Total gains or losses (realized/unrealized):
Included in income-realized	—			—
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	(6		)	24
Principal maturities/settlements	(91		)	(298		)
Sales	—			—
Transfers in and/or out of Level 3	—			—
Balance of recurring Level 3 assets at end of period	$	200		$	297

Unrealized losses on Level 3 investments for collateralized debt obligations was $17 at September 30, 2019. In addition to the amounts included in income for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 as presented in the table above, interest income recorded on collateralized debt obligations was $10. Unrealized losses on Level 3 investments for collateralized debt obligations were $11 at December 31, 2018. In addition to the amounts included in income for the year ended December 31, 2018 as presented in the table above, interest income recorded on collateralized debt obligations was $16.

The fair value of the collateralized debt obligations is obtained from third party pricing information. It is determined by calculating discounted cash flows using LIBOR curves plus spreads that adjust for credit risk and illiquidity. The Company also performs an internal analysis that considers the structure and term of the collateralized debt obligations and the financial condition of the underlying issuers to collaborate the information used from the independent third party.

Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis

From time to time, the Bank may be required to measure certain other assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in accordance with U.S. GAAP. These adjustments to fair value usually result from the application of lower of cost or fair value accounting or write-downs of individual assets. For assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis which were still held in the condensed consolidated balance sheet at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the following table provides the level of valuation assumptions used to determine each adjustment and the related carrying value:

	Fair Value Measurements at September 30, 2019
	Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Mortgage servicing rights	$	8,005	$	—	$	—	$	8,005

	Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2018
	Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Impaired loans:
Construction	$	2,583	$	—	$	—	$	2,583
Residential real estate	108		—		—		108
Mortgage servicing rights	1,858		—		—		1,858

As discussed previously, the fair values of collateral dependent impaired loans carried at fair value are determined by third-party appraisals. Management adjusts these appraised values based on the age of the appraisal and the type of the property. The following

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STERLING BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

table presents quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements for the financial instruments measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018:

	Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements at September 30, 2019
	Fair Value		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Inputs
Mortgage servicing rights	$	8,005	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	9.5% - 12.0%
				Prepayment speed	7.6% - 46.9%
				Weighted average default rate	0.2%

	Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2018
	Fair Value		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Inputs
Impaired loans:
Construction	$	2,583	Sales comparison approach	Management discount for property type and recent market volatility	10%
Residential real estate	108		Sales comparison approach	Management discount for property type and recent market volatility	10%
Mortgage servicing rights	1,858		Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	9.5% - 12.0%
				Prepayment speed	7.0% - 33.6%
				Weighted average default rate	0.2%

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The carrying amounts and estimated fair values of financial instruments not carried at fair value at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, are as follows:

	Fair Value Measurements at September 30, 2019
	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial Assets
Cash and due from banks	$	146,246	$	146,246	$	146,246	$	—	$	—
Interest-bearing time deposits with other banks	1,100		1,100		—		1,100		—
Mortgage loans held for sale	837		837		—		837		—
Loans, net	2,904,232		2,971,238		—		—		2,971,238

Financial Liabilities
Time deposits	1,216,992		1,224,307		—		1,224,307		—
Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings	229,000		228,550		—		228,550		—
Subordinated notes, net	65,140		68,088		—		68,088		—

	Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2018
	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial Assets
Cash and due from banks	$	52,526	$	52,526	$	52,526	$	—	$	—
Interest-bearing time deposits with other banks	1,100		1,100		1,100		—		—
Mortgage loans held for sale	1,248		1,261		—		1,261		—
Loans, net	2,893,262		2,987,419		—		—		2,987,419

Financial Liabilities
Time deposits	894,279		890,020		—		890,020		—
Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings	293,000		285,265		—		285,265		—
Subordinated notes, net	65,029		65,650		—		65,650		—

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STERLING BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

Note 14—Regulatory Capital Requirements

The Bank is subject to the capital adequacy requirements of the OCC. The Company, as a thrift holding company, is subject to the capital adequacy requirements of the Federal Reserve. Capital adequacy guidelines and prompt corrective action regulations involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by regulators about components, risk weightings, and other factors, and the regulators could lower classifications in certain cases. Prompt corrective action provisions are not applicable to thrift holding companies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate regulatory action that could have a direct material effect on the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Prompt corrective action regulations provide five classifications, including well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized, and critically undercapitalized, although these terms are not used to represent overall financial condition.

Under the Basel III rules, the Company must hold a capital conservation buffer over the adequately capitalized risk-based capital ratios. The capital conservation buffer was 2.50% starting January 1, 2019. The net unrealized gain or loss on investment securities is not included in regulatory capital. Starting January 1, 2019, banking organizations are required to maintain a minimum total capital ratio of 10.5%, a minimum Tier 1 capital ratio of 8.5% and a minimum common equity Tier 1 capital ratio minimums of 7.0%, respectively. Management believes that at September 30, 2019, the Company and the Bank have met all regulatory capital requirements.

At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Bank exceeded all capital requirements to be categorized as well-capitalized and the Company exceeded the Capital Adequacy requirements as presented below. The Company and the Bank’s actual and minimum required capital amounts and ratios, with such regulatory minimum not including the capital conservation buffer, at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 are as follows:

	Actual				For Capital Adequacy Purposes				To be Well Capitalized
	Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio
September 30, 2019
Total adjusted capital to risk-weighted assets
Consolidated	$	437,455	22.64	%	$	154,555	8.00	%	N/A		N/A
Bank	356,776		18.47		154,531		8.00		$	193,164	10.00	%
Tier 1 (core) capital to risk-weighted assets
Consolidated	351,111		18.17		115,916		6.00		N/A		N/A
Bank	335,572		17.37		115,898		6.00		154,531		8.00
Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1)
Consolidated	351,111		18.17		86,937		4.50		N/A		N/A
Bank	335,572		17.37		86,924		4.50		125,556		6.50
Tier 1 (core) capital to adjusted tangible assets
Consolidated	351,111		10.54		133,246		4.00		N/A		N/A
Bank	335,572		10.07		133,245		4.00		166,556		5.00

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STERLING BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

	Actual				For Capital Adequacy Purposes				To be Well Capitalized
	Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio
December 31, 2018
Total adjusted capital to risk-weighted assets
Consolidated	$	421,495	21.98	%	$	153,426	8.00	%	N/A		N/A
Bank	324,905		16.94		153,403		8.00		$	191,754	10.00	%
Tier 1 (core) capital to risk-weighted assets
Consolidated	334,616		17.45		115,069		6.00		N/A		N/A
Bank	303,055		15.80		115,052		6.00		153,403		8.00
Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1)
Consolidated	334,616		17.45		86,302		4.50		N/A		N/A
Bank	303,055		15.80		86,289		4.50		124,640		6.50
Tier 1 (core) capital to adjusted tangible assets
Consolidated	334,616		10.42		128,431		4.00		N/A		N/A
Bank	303,055		9.44		128,430		4.00		160,538		5.00

Dividend Restrictions

As noted above, banking regulations require the Bank to maintain certain capital levels and may limit the dividends paid by the bank to the holding company or by the holding company to its shareholders. The Company’s principal source of funds for dividend payments is dividends received from the Bank and banking regulations limit the dividends that may be paid. Approval by regulatory authorities is required if the total capital distributions for the applicable calendar year exceed the sum of the Bank’s net income for that year to date plus the Bank’s retained net income for the preceding two years, or the Bank would not be at least adequately capitalized following the distribution.

The Qualified Thrift Lender (“QTL”) test requires that a minimum of 65% of assets be maintained in housing-related finance and other specified areas. If the QTL test is not met, limits are placed on growth, branching, new investments, FHLB Advances and dividends, or the Bank must convert to a commercial bank charter. Management believes that the QTL test has been met. Also, pursuant to the terms of the subordinated note agreements, the Company may pay dividends if it is “well capitalized” as defined by regulatory guidelines.

At September 30, 2019, the Bank has the ability to pay aggregate dividends of approximately $120,616 to the Company without prior regulatory approval.

Note 15—Related Party Transactions

From time to time, the Company makes charitable contributions to a foundation which certain members of the board of directors of the Company and Bank, and whom are also related to the Company’s principal shareholder, serve as trustees of the foundation. The Company paid $225 to the foundation during the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, and $675 during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018.

The Bank provides monthly data processing and programming services to entities controlled by the Company’s principal shareholders. Aggregate fees received amounted to $29 and $33 during the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $81 and $87 during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Related party leases are disclosed in Note 16, Operating Leases.

Note 16—Operating Leases

The Company leases its corporate headquarters and branch offices through noncancelable operating lease contracts. Such noncancelable operating lease contracts convey the right to control such real estate for a period of time in exchange for consideration. The operating leases have remaining terms ranging from 2019 to 2029, and generally have options to extend for one or two five-year periods. Beginning in 2019, the lease term may include options to extend the lease when it is reasonably certain that the option will be

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STERLING BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

exercised based on the facts and circumstances at lease commencement. The lease agreements, most often, provide for rental payments that increase over the lease term based on a fixed percentage or based on a specified consumer price index. Any changes in the consumer price index after the lease commencement date are considered variable lease payments and recorded in the period when incurred. Additionally, the Company, in most cases, is required to pay insurance costs, real estate taxes and other operating expenses such as common area maintenance.

The Company leases certain storage and office space from entities owned by the Company’s principal shareholders. Amounts paid under such leases totaled $13 and $15 during the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $39 and $49 during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The Company also subleases certain office space to entities owned by the Company’s principal shareholders. Amounts received under such subleases totaled $70 and $68 during the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $207 and $203 during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018.

Rent expense totaled $1,080 and $2,949 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. The components of lease expense, which are recorded in noninterest expense — occupancy and equipment, in the condensed consolidated statements of income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 were as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2019		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
Operating lease cost	$	1,122	$	3,382
Variable lease cost	187		738
Total	$	1,309	$	4,120

Maturities of lease liabilities, including reconciliation to the lease liabilities, based on required contractual payments, were as follows:

Year Ended December 31,
2019 (excluding the nine months ended September 30, 2019)	$	1,114
2020	4,166
2021	3,539
2022	2,756
2023	2,507
Thereafter	9,528
Total lease payments	23,610
Less: future interest costs(1)	(2,806		)
Present value of lease liabilities	$	20,804

(1) Computed using the estimated interest rate for each lease

Other information related to the lease liabilities as of and for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was as follows:

Other Information	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$3,193
Weighted average remaining lease term	6.98 years
Weighted average discount rate	3.54%

Note 17—Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Proceedings

The Company and its subsidiaries may be subject to legal actions and claims arising from contracts or other matters from time to time in the ordinary course of business. Management is not aware of any pending or threatened litigation where the ultimate disposition or resolution could have a material adverse effect on its financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

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STERLING BANCORP, INC.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

Financial Instruments with Off-Balance Sheet Risk

The Bank is a party to financial instruments with off-balance risk in the normal course of business to meet the financial needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit which are not reflected in the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Unfunded Commitments to Extend Credit

A commitment to extend credit, such as a loan commitment, credit line and overdraft protection, is a legally binding agreement to lend funds to a customer, usually at a stated interest rate and for a specific purpose. Such commitments have fixed expiration dates and generally require a fee. The extension of a commitment gives rise to credit risk. The actual liquidity requirements or credit risk that the Bank will experience is expected to be lower than the contractual amount of commitments to extend credit because a significant portion of those commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon. Certain commitments are subject to loan agreements containing covenants regarding the financial performance of the customer that must be met before the Bank is required to fund the commitment. The Bank uses the same credit policies in making commitments to extend credit as it does in making loans.

The commitments outstanding to make loans include primarily residential real estate loans that are made for a period of 90 days or less. At September 30, 2019, outstanding commitments to make loans consisted of fixed rate loans of $45,798 with interest rates ranging from 2.75% to 4.625% and maturities ranging from 10 years to 30 years and variable rate loans of $150,053 with varying interest rates (ranging from 3.375% to 7.875% at September 30, 2019) and maturities ranging from 2 to 30 years.

Standby Letters of Credit

Standby letters of credit are issued on behalf of customers in connection with construction contracts between the customers and third parties. Under standby letters of credit, the Bank assures that the third parties will receive specified funds if customers fail to meet their contractual obligations. The credit risk to the Bank arises from its obligation to make payment in the event of a customer’s contractual default. The maximum amount of potential future payments guaranteed by the Bank is limited to the contractual amount of these letters. Collateral may be obtained at exercise of the commitment. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loans to customers.

The following is a summary of the total amount of unfunded commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit outstanding at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018:

	September 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
Commitments to make loans	$	195,851	$	241,809
Unused lines of credit	195,243		160,803
Standby letters of credit	70		70

Note 18—Subsequent Events

Subsequent to September 30, 2019, the Company repurchased and canceled 221,859 shares of common stock for $2,200. including commission and fees.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations (“MD&A”) should be read in conjunction with the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, related notes, and other financial information appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, which was filed on March 18, 2019 with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. These forward-looking statements reflect our current views with respect to, among other things, future events and our financial performance. These statements are often, but not always, made through the use of words or phrases such as “may,” “might,” “should,” “could,” “predict,” “potential,” “believe,” “expect,” “attribute,” “continue,” “will,” “anticipate,” “seek,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “projection,” “goal,” “target,” “outlook,” “aim,” “would,” “annualized” and “outlook,” or the negative version of those words or other comparable words or phrases of a future or forward-looking nature. These forward-looking statements are not historical facts, and are based on current expectations, estimates and projections about our industry, management’s beliefs and certain assumptions made by management, many of which, by their nature, are inherently uncertain and beyond our control. Accordingly, we caution you that any such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks, assumptions, estimates and uncertainties that are difficult to predict. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are reasonable as of the date made, actual results may prove to be materially different from the results expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

The forward-looking statements in this report should be read in conjunction with other cautionary statements that are included in the items set forth under the heading “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. If one or more events related to these or other risks or uncertainties materialize, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual results may differ materially from what we anticipate. Accordingly, you should not place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made, and we do not undertake any obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise except as required by law. New risks and uncertainties arise from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict those events or how they may affect us. In addition, we cannot assess the impact of each factor on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.

Overview

We are a unitary thrift holding company headquartered in Southfield, Michigan with our primary branch operations in San Francisco and Los Angeles, California. Through our wholly owned bank subsidiary, Sterling Bank and Trust, F.S.B., a qualified thrift lender, we offer a broad range of loan products to the residential and commercial markets, as well as retail and business banking services.

We have grown significantly since 2013 while maintaining stable margins and solid asset quality. We have made significant investments over the last several years in staffing and upgrading technology and system security. In the first quarter of 2019, we opened a new branch in Koreatown in the Los Angeles market. As of September 30, 2019, the Company had total consolidated assets of $3.32 billion, total consolidated deposits of $2.57 billion and total consolidated shareholders’ equity of $351.4 million.

For the three months ended September 30, 2019, we originated loans of $282.1 million, down from $419.2 million for the same period of 2018, which included $241.7 million in residential mortgage loans, $32.9 million in construction loans, and $7.5 million in commercial real estate loans. For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we originated loans of $943.5 million, down from $1.26 billion for the same period of 2018, which included $815.4 million in residential mortgage loans, $118.9 million in construction loans, $8.7 million in commercial real estate loans, and $0.5 million in commercial lines of credit. Also, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, we sold pools of residential mortgages loans for $51.6 million and $173.4 million, respectively, to third-party investors. We continue to focus on the residential mortgage market, construction, and commercial real estate lending. In the nine months ended September 30, 2019, our Advantage Loan program generated 83% of our residential loan production. In November 2019, we terminated two of our top loan producers within this program who were collectively responsible for 15% of our residential loan production through September 30, 2019. While we will undertake to retain their clients and replace their historical production with new production from existing or new loan producers, there can be no assurance these efforts will be successful.

Net income for the three months ended September 30, 2019 was $13.9 million, or $0.28 per diluted share as compared to $15.7 million, or $0.30 per diluted share, for the same period in 2018.

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Net income for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was $43.0 million, or $0.83 per diluted share as compared to $47.5 million, or $0.90 per diluted share, for the same period in 2018.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and with general practices within the financial services industry. Application of these principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under current circumstances. These assumptions form the basis for our judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily available from independent, objective sources. We evaluate our estimates on an ongoing basis. Use of alternative assumptions may have resulted in significantly different estimates. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, there were no significant changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates, which are disclosed in our “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 as filed with the SEC.

Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition

The following sets forth a discussion and analysis of our financial condition as of the dates presented below.

Loan Portfolio Composition. The following table sets forth the composition of our loan portfolio by type of loan at the dates indicated.

	At September 30, 2019					At December 31, 2018
	Amount			%		Amount			%
	(Dollars in thousands)
Real estate:
Residential real estate	$	2,505,274		85	%	$	2,452,441		84	%
Commercial real estate	224,570			8	%	250,955			9	%
Construction	171,051			6	%	176,605			6	%
Total real estate	2,900,895			99	%	2,880,001			99	%
Commercial lines of credit	24,512			1	%	37,776			1	%
Other consumer	29			—	%	26			—	%
Total loans	2,925,436			100	%	2,917,803			100	%
Allowance for loan losses	(21,204		)			(21,850		)
Loans, net	$	2,904,232				$	2,895,953

The following table sets forth our fixed and adjustable-rate loans in our loan portfolio at September 30, 2019:

	Fixed		Adjustable		Total
	(In thousands)
Real estate:
Residential real estate	$	25,719	$	2,479,555	$	2,505,274
Commercial real estate	34,886		189,684		224,570
Construction	—		171,051		171,051
Commercial lines of credit	397		24,115		24,512
Other consumer	29		—		29
Total	$	61,031	$	2,864,405	$	2,925,436

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The table set forth below contains the repricing dates of adjustable rate loans included within our loan portfolio as of September 30, 2019:

September 30, 2019	Residential Real Estate		Commercial Real Estate		Construction		Commercial Lines of Credit		Other Consumer		Total
	(In thousands)
Amounts to adjust in:
6 months or less	$	364,850	$	14,080	$	171,051	$	24,115	$	—	$	574,096
More than 6 months through 12 months	392,205		18,574		—		—		—		410,779
More than 12 months through 24 months	451,113		38,814		—		—		—		489,927
More than 24 months through 36 months	635,061		44,408		—		—		—		679,469
More than 36 months through 60 months	553,375		69,454		—		—		—		622,829
More than 60 months	82,951		4,354		—		—		—		87,305
Fixed to maturity	25,719		34,886		—		397		29		61,031
Total	$	2,505,274	$	224,570	$	171,051	$	24,512	$	29	$	2,925,436

At September 30, 2019, $318.3 million, or 11.1%, of our adjustable interest rate loans were at their interest rate floor.

Delinquent Loans. The following tables set forth our loan delinquencies, including nonaccrual loans, by type and amount at the dates indicated.

	September 30, 2019						December 31, 2018
	30 - 59 Days Past Due		60 - 89 Days Past Due		90 Days or More Past Due		30 - 59 Days Past Due		60 - 89 Days Past Due		90 Days or More Past Due
	(In thousands)
Residential real estate	$	9,140	$	593	$	6,472	$	3,487	$	1,552	$	4,440
Commercial real estate	—		—		45		—		—		60
Construction	—		—		3,457		1,971		—		—
Commercial lines of credit	4,996		—		—		176		—		—
Other consumer	—		—		—		—		—		—
Total delinquent loans	$	14,136	$	593	$	9,974	$	5,634	$	1,552	$	4,500

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Nonperforming Assets

Nonperforming assets include loans that are 90 or more days past due or on nonaccrual status, including troubled debt restructurings and other loan collateral acquired through foreclosure and repossession. Loans 90 days or greater past due may remain on an accrual basis if adequately collateralized and in the process of collection. At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we had $55 thousand and $80 thousand of accruing loans past due 90 days. For nonaccrual loans, interest previously accrued but not collected is reversed and charged against income at the time a loan is placed on nonaccrual status. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.

Troubled debt restructurings are modified loans in which a borrower demonstrates financial difficulties and for which a concession has been granted. At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we had troubled debt restructuring loans of $145 thousand and $168 thousand, respectively, on nonaccrual status.

The following table sets forth information regarding our nonperforming assets at the dates indicated.

	At September 30, 2019			At December 31, 2018
	(Dollars in thousands)
Nonaccrual loans (1):
Residential real estate	$	6,417		$	4,360
Commercial real estate	45			60
Construction	3,457			—
Commercial lines of credit	—			—
Other consumer	—			—
Total nonaccrual loans	9,919			4,420
Loans past due 90 days and still accruing	55			80
Troubled debt restructurings (2)	2,371			5,657
Total nonperforming assets	$	12,345		$	10,157
Total loans	$	2,925,436		$	2,917,803
Total assets	$	3,322,230		$	3,196,774
Total nonaccrual loans to total loans	0.34		%	0.15		%
Total nonperforming assets to total assets	0.37		%	0.32		%

(1) Loans are presented before the allowance for loan losses.

(2) Troubled debt restructurings exclude those loans presented above as nonaccrual or past 90 days and still accruing.

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Allowance for Loan Losses

The allowance for loan losses is maintained at levels considered adequate by management to provide for probable loan losses inherent in the loan portfolio as of the condensed consolidated balance sheet reporting dates. The allowance for loan losses is based on management’s assessment of various factors affecting the loan portfolio, including loss experience, portfolio composition, delinquent and nonaccrual loans, national and local business conditions and an overall evaluation of the quality of the underlying collateral.

The following table sets forth activity in the allowance for loan losses for the periods indicated.

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018
	(Dollars in thousands)
Allowance for loan losses at beginning of period	$	20,918		$	20,300		$	21,850		$	18,457
Provision (recovery) for loan losses	251			423			(583		)	2,184
Charge offs:
Residential real estate	—			—			—			(4		)
Commercial real estate	—			—			—			—
Construction	—			—			—			—
Commercial lines of credit	—			—			(176		)	—
Other consumer	—			—			—			—
Total charge offs	—			—			(176		)	(4		)
Recoveries:
Residential real estate	3			6			16			13
Commercial real estate	30			31			92			102
Construction	2			5			5			13
Commercial lines of credit	—			—			—			—
Other consumer	—			—			—			—
Total recoveries	35			42			113			128
Allowance for loan losses at end of period	$	21,204		$	20,765		$	21,204		$	20,765
Nonperforming loans and troubled debt restructurings at end of period	$	12,345		$	6,035		$	12,345		$	6,035
Total loans outstanding at end of period	$	2,925,436		$	2,816,915		$	2,925,436		$	2,816,915
Average loans outstanding during period	$	2,971,369		$	2,923,584		$	2,969,364		$	2,829,749
Allowance for loan losses to nonperforming loans and troubled debt restructurings	172		%	344		%	172		%	344		%
Allowance for loan losses to total loans at end of period	0.72		%	0.74		%	0.72		%	0.74		%
Net charge offs (recoveries) to average loans outstanding during the period	(0.00		)%	(0.00		)%	0.00		%	(0.00		)%

Allocation of Allowance for Loan Losses. The following tables set forth the allowance for loan losses allocated by loan category. The allowance for loan losses allocated to each category is not necessarily indicative of future losses in any particular category and does not restrict the use of the allowance for loan losses to absorb losses in other categories.

	At September 30, 2019				At December 31, 2018
	Allowance for Loan Losses		Percent of Loans in Each Category to Total Loans		Allowance for Loan Losses		Percent of Loans in Each Category to Total Loans
	(Dollars in thousands)
Residential real estate	$	12,440	85	%	$	13,826	84	%
Commercial real estate	3,940		8	%	2,573		9	%
Construction	3,224		6	%	3,273		6	%
Commercial lines of credit	587		1	%	1,058		1	%
Other consumer	1		—	%	1		—	%
Unallocated	1,012		N/A		1,119		N/A
Total	$	21,204	100	%	$	21,850	100	%

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	September 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
	(Dollars in thousands)
Special Mention	$	12,004	$	8,733
Substandard		36,508		21,071
Doubtful		4,276		220
Total	$	52,788	$	30,024

Total special mention, substandard and doubtful loans were $52.8 million, or 1.80% of total loans, at September 30, 2019, compared to $30.0 million, or 1.03% of total loans, at December 31, 2018. The increase was primarily attributable to a $12.0 commercial real estate loan relationship that was being downgraded to special mention. This loan relationship is still current on its payment terms as of the most recent payment date and has performed on a timely basis since origination. In addition, five commercial real estate loans totaling $13.7 million and four construction loans totaling $10.4 million were downgraded to substandard. Two residential real estate loans totaling $4.1 million migrated from substandard to doubtful due to an extended liquidation process. The increase to special mention, substandard and doubtful loans was partially offset by net principal payments, including loans paid in full of $12.9 million.

The allowance for loan losses as a percentage of loans was 0.72% and 0.75% as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. The decrease in the allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total loans at September 30, 2019, as compared to December 31, 2018 was primarily attributable to the release of previously recorded allowance for loan losses as the Company has experienced an elongated period of very low credit losses, partially offset by increased reserve on commercial real estate loans as the balance of special mention and substandard loans in this portfolio has increased.

At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we had impaired loans of $6.0 million and $11.8 million, respectively. The decrease in impaired loans was primarily due to payoffs of previously impaired loans.

Although we believe that we use the best information available to establish the allowance for loan losses, future adjustments to the allowance for loan losses may be necessary and our results of operations could be adversely affected if circumstances differ substantially from the assumptions used in making the determinations. Furthermore, while we believe we have established our allowance for loan losses in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America, there can be no assurance that regulators, in reviewing our loan portfolio, will not require us to increase our allowance for loan losses. In addition, because future events affecting borrowers and collateral cannot be predicted with certainty, there can be no assurance that the existing allowance for loan losses is adequate or that increases will not be necessary should the quality of any loans deteriorate. Any material increase in the allowance for loan losses may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Investment Securities Portfolio

The following table sets forth the amortized cost and estimated fair value of our available for sale debt securities portfolio at the dates indicated.

	At September 30,				At December 31,
	2019				2018
	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value
	(In thousands)
U.S. Treasury securities	$	147,363	$	147,548	$	142,905	$	142,858
Collateralized mortgage obligations	1,236		1,281		1,554		1,600
Collateralized debt obligations	217		200		308		297
Total	$	148,816	$	149,029	$	144,767	$	144,755

At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we had no investments in a single company or entity, other than the U.S. government, with an aggregate book value in excess of 10% of our total shareholders’ equity.

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We review the debt securities portfolio on a quarterly basis to determine the cause, magnitude and duration of declines in the fair value of each security. In estimating other-than-temporary impairment, we consider many factors including: (1) the length of time and extent that fair value has been less than cost, (2) the financial condition and near term prospects of the issuer, (3) whether the market decline was affected by macroeconomic conditions, and (4) whether we have the intent to sell the security or more likely than not will be required to sell the security before its anticipated recovery. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the entire difference between amortized cost and fair value is recognized as impairment through income. For debt securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the amount of impairment is split into two components as follows: (1) other-than-temporary impairment related to credit loss, which must be recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of income and (2) other-than-temporary impairment related to other factors, which is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss). The credit loss is defined as the difference between the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected and the amortized cost basis. The assessment of whether any other than temporary decline exists may involve a high degree of subjectivity and judgment and is based on the information available to management at a point in time. We evaluate debt securities for other-than-temporary impairment at least on a quarterly basis, and more frequently when economic or market conditions warrant such an evaluation.

At September 30, 2019, gross unrealized losses on debt securities totaled $21 thousand. We do not consider the debt securities to be other-than-temporarily impaired at September 30, 2019, since (i) the decline in fair value is attributable to changes in interest rates and illiquidity, not credit quality, (ii) we do not have the intent to sell the debt securities and (iii) it is likely that we will not be required to sell the debt securities before their anticipated recovery.

The Company’s equity securities consist of an investment in a qualified community reinvestment act investment fund, which is a publicly-traded mutual fund and an investment in Pacific Coast Banker’s Bank, a thinly traded, restricted stock. At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, equity securities totaled $4.3 million and $4.1 million, respectively.

Deposits

Total deposits were $2.57 billion at September 30, 2019, compared with $2.45 billion at December 31, 2018. The increase was primarily a result of strong growth in our retail time deposit products, partially offset by a decrease in our money market deposit products and brokered deposits. Retail time deposits increased by $331.5 million to $1.19 billion at September 30, 2019. Our money market deposit decreased by $196.8 million to $1.10 billion at September 30, 2019. We continue to focus on the acquisition and expansion of core deposit relationships, which we define as all deposits except for time deposits greater than $250 thousand and brokered deposits. Core deposits totaled $2.28 billion at September 30, 2019, or 88.7% of total deposits at that date.

Borrowings

At September 30, 2019, we had the ability to borrow a total of $655.4 million from the Federal Home Loan Bank, which includes an available line of credit of $50.0 million. We also had available credit lines with additional banks totaling $70.0 million. At September 30, 2019, outstanding FHLB borrowings totaled $229.0 million, and there were no amounts outstanding on lines of credit held by other banks. In addition, we have $65.0 million in subordinated notes outstanding that are due April 15, 2026 but may be redeemed by us, in whole or in part, on or after April 14, 2021.

In addition to deposits, we use short-term borrowings, such as FHLB advances and a FHLB overdraft credit line, as a source of funds to meet our daily liquidity needs of our customers and fund growth in earning assets. Our short-term FHLB advances consists primarily of advances of funds for one or two week periods.

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Average Balance Sheet and Related Yields and Rates

The following tables present average balance sheet information, interest income, interest expense and the corresponding average yields earned and rates paid for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018. The average balances are daily averages and, for loans, include both performing and nonperforming balances. Interest income on loans includes the effects of discount accretion and net deferred loan origination costs accounted for as yield adjustments.

	As of and for the Three Months Ended										As of and for the Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2019					September 30, 2018					September 30, 2019					September 30, 2018
	Average Balance		Interest		Average Yield/ Rate	Average Balance		Interest		Average Yield/ Rate	Average Balance		Interest		Average Yield/ Rate	Average Balance		Interest		Average Yield/ Rate
	(Dollars in thousands)										(Dollars in thousands)
Interest earning assets
Loans(1)	$	2,971,369	$	42,351	5.70%	$	2,923,584	$	40,772	5.58%	$	2,969,364	$	127,374	5.72%	$	2,829,749	$	115,752	5.45%
Securities includes restricted stock(2)	177,646		1,252		2.82%	165,636		958		2.31%	174,223		3,751		2.87%	155,586		2,619		2.24%
Other interest earning assets	98,281		608		2.47%	27,604		166		2.41%	52,773		1,060		2.68%	25,599		399		2.08%
Total interest earning assets	3,247,296		44,211		5.45%	3,116,824		41,896		5.38%	3,196,360		132,185		5.51%	3,010,934		118,770		5.26%
Noninterest earning assets
Cash and due from banks	9,576					11,580					10,405					11,418
Other assets	71,655					48,533					72,794					48,296
Total average assets	$	3,328,527				$	3,176,937				$	3,279,559				$	3,070,648
Interest-bearing liabilities
Money Market, Savings and NOW	$	1,300,786	$	4,458	1.36%	$	1,539,304	$	5,181	1.34%	$	1,376,403	$	14,797	1.44%	$	1,526,935	$	13,783	1.21%
Time deposits	1,217,234		7,791		2.54%	796,197		3,447		1.72%	1,062,617		19,632		2.47%	739,626		8,613		1.56%
Total interest-bearing deposits	2,518,020		12,249		1.93%	2,335,501		8,628		1.47%	2,439,020		34,429		1.89%	2,266,561		22,396		1.32%
FHLB borrowings	229,897		777		1.32%	324,795		1,297		1.56%	273,874		3,207		1.54%	312,140		3,464		1.46%
Subordinated notes, net	65,116		1,175		7.22%	64,970		1,173		7.22%	65,080		3,524		7.22%	64,935		3,516		7.22%
Total borrowings	295,013		1,952		2.59%	389,765		2,470		2.48%	338,954		6,731		2.62%	377,075		6,980		2.44%
Total interest-bearing liabilities	2,813,033		14,201		2.00%	2,725,266		11,098		1.62%	2,777,974		41,160		1.98%	2,643,636		29,376		1.49%
Noninterest-bearing liabilities
Demand deposits	77,405					75,429					74,096					73,106
Other liabilities	90,279					62,545					82,849					54,536
Total noninterest-bearing liabilities	167,684					137,974					156,945					127,642
Shareholders’ equity	347,810					313,697					344,640					299,370
Total average liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	3,328,527				$	3,176,937				$	3,279,559				$	3,070,648
Net interest income and spread			$	30,010	3.45%			$	30,798	3.76%			$	91,025	3.53%			$	89,394	3.77%
Net interest margin					3.70%					3.95%					3.80%					3.96%

(1) Nonaccrual loans are included in the respective average loan balances. Income, if any, on such loans is recognized on a cash basis.

(2) Interest income does not include taxable equivalent adjustments.

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The following table presents the dollar amount of changes in interest income and interest expense for major components of interest earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities for the periods indicated. The table distinguishes between: (1) changes attributable to volume (changes in volume multiplied by the prior period’s rate), (2) changes attributable to rate (change in rate multiplied by the prior year’s volume) and (3) total increase (decrease) (the sum of the previous columns). Changes attributable to both volume and rate are allocated ratably between the volume and rate categories.

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 vs. 2018									Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 vs. 2018
	Increase (Decrease) due to						Net Increase (Decrease)			Increase (Decrease) due to						Net Increase (Decrease)
	Volume			Rate						Volume			Rate

	(Dollars in thousands)
Change in interest income:
Loans	$	673		$	906		$	1,579		$	5,851		$	5,771		$	11,622
Securities, includes restricted stock	73			221			294			340			792			1,132
Other interest earning assets	437			5			442			520			141			661
Total change in interest income	1,183			1,132			2,315			6,711			6,704			13,415
Change in interest expense:
Money Market, Savings and NOW	(803		)	80			(723		)	(1,359		)	2,373			1,014
Time deposits	2,281			2,063			4,344			4,703			6,316			11,019
Total interest-bearing deposits	1,478			2,143			3,621			3,344			8,689			12,033
FHLB borrowings	(341		)	(179		)	(520		)	(425		)	168			(257		)
Subordinated notes, net	3			(1		)	2			8			—			8
Total change in interest expense	1,140			1,963			3,103			2,927			8,857			11,784
Change in net interest income	$	43		$	(831	)	$	(788	)	$	3,784		$	(2,153	)	$	1,631

Results of Operations for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 and 2018

General

Net income was $13.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019, compared to $15.7 million for the same period in 2018. Net income was $43.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to $47.5 million for the same period in 2018.

Net Interest Income

Net interest income was $30.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of $0.8 million, or 3%, compared to the same period in 2018.

Interest income increased $2.3 million, or 6%, to $44.2 million compared to the three months ended September 30, 2018. The increase in interest income was primarily the result of an increase in interest rates and volume of loans during the three months ended September 30, 2019. Our average yield on interest-earning assets increased 7 basis points to 5.45%. Our average balance on interest-earning assets increased $130.5 million, or 4%.

Interest expense increased $3.1 million, or 28%, to $14.2 million compared to the three months ended September 30, 2018. The increase was primarily the result of an increase in interest rates and volume of time deposits in 2019. Our average rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities increased 38 basis points to 2.00%. Our average balance of interest-bearing liabilities increased $87.8 million, or 3%.

Net interest income was $91.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, an increase of $1.6 million, or 2%, compared to the same period in 2018.

Interest income increased $13.4 million, or 11%, to $132.2 million compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The increase in interest income was primarily the result of an increase in volume and interest rates of loans in 2019. Our average balance on interest-earning assets, primarily related to loans, increased $185.4 million, or 6%. Our average yield on interest-earning assets increased 25 basis points to 5.51%.

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Interest expense increased $11.8 million, or 40%, to $41.2 million compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The increase was primarily the result of an increase in interest rates and volume of time deposits in 2019. Our average rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities increased 49 basis points to 1.98%. Our average balance of interest-bearing liabilities increased $134.3 million, or 5%.

Net Interest Margin and Spreads

Net interest margin was 3.70% for the three months ended September 30, 2019, compared with 3.95% for the same period in 2018. The interest rate spread was 3.45% for the three months ended September 30, 2019, compared with 3.76% for the same period in 2018. The decrease in net interest margin and spread was due to a 38 basis point increase in the cost of our interest-bearing liabilities, primarily related to interest-bearing deposits, partially offset by a 7 basis point increase in the yield of our interest-earning assets, primarily related to loans.

Our average balance of interest-bearing deposits increased $182.5 million, or 8%, to $2.52 billion for the three months ended September 30, 2019. Our average rate paid on interest-bearing deposits increased 46 basis points to 1.93% for the three months ended September 30, 2019 from 1.47% for the same period in 2018. The rate on interest-bearing deposits increased as some customers shifted their deposits from lower-yielding money market, savings and NOW accounts to higher-yielding time deposits as a result of deposit promotion strategies that management implemented during 2018 to extend our deposit maturities when the short term interest rates were rising.

Our average balance of loans increased $47.8 million, or 2%, to $2.97 billion for the three months ended September 30, 2019. Our average yield on loans increased 12 basis points to 5.70% for the three months ended September 30, 2019 from 5.58% for the same period in 2018. The yield on our loan portfolio increased primarily due to certain variable rate loans resetting at higher rates.

Net interest margin was 3.80% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared with 3.96% for the same period in 2018. The interest rate spread was 3.53% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared with 3.77% for the same period in 2018. The decrease in net interest margin and spread was due to a 49 basis point increase in the cost of our interest-bearing liabilities, primarily related to interest-bearing deposits, partially offset by a 25 basis point increase in the yield of our interest-earning assets, primarily related to loans.

Our average balance of interest-bearing deposits increased $172.5 million, or 8%, to $2.44 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. Our average rate paid on interest-bearing deposits increased 57 basis points to 1.89% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 from 1.32% for the same period in 2018. The rate on interest-bearing deposits increased as some customers shifted their deposits from lower-yielding money market, savings and NOW accounts to higher-yielding time deposits as a result of deposit promotion strategies that management implemented during 2018 to extend our deposit maturities when the short term interest rates were rising.

Our average balance of loans increased $139.6 million, or 5%, to $2.97 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. Our average yield on loans increased 27 basis points to 5.72% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 from 5.45% for the same period in 2018. The yield on our loan portfolio increased primarily due to certain variable rate loans resetting at higher rates.

Provision (recovery) for Loan Losses

During the three months ended September 30, 2019, our provision for loan losses was $0.3 million, down from $0.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, our provision for loan losses was $(0.6) million compared to a $2.2 million of provision for loan losses during the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The decrease in the provision for loan losses was primarily attributable to qualitative factor adjustments, which reflects the migration of certain residential real estate loans to a lower risk level as a result of the seasoning of the loan portfolio in our new markets, and slower overall loan growth. The decrease was partially offset by required allowance for loan losses on a $22.8 million increase in special mention and substandard loans since year-end.

The allowance for loan losses was $21.2 million, or 0.72% of total loans at September 30, 2019, compared to $21.9 million, or 0.75% of total loans at December 31, 2018.

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Non-interest Income

Non-interest income information is as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,					Change					Nine Months Ended September 30,						Change
	2019		2018			Amount			Percent		2019			2018			Amount			Percent
	(Dollars in thousands)
Service charges and fees	$	111	$	100		$	11		11	%	$	327		$	266		$	61		23	%
Investment management and advisory fees	477		445			32			7	%	1,242			1,568			(326		)	(21	)%
Loss on sale of investment securities	—		—			—			—		—			(3		)	3			N/M
Gain on sale of mortgage loans held for sale	194		129			65			50	%	374			222			152			68	%
Gain on sale of portfolio loans	1,683		2,876			(1,193		)	(41	)%	5,985			11,885			(5,900		)	(50	)%
Unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities	30		(31		)	61			N/M		136			(125		)	261			N/M
Net servicing income (loss)	240		291			(51		)	(18	)%	(437		)	1,001			(1,438		)	(144	)%
Income on cash surrender value of bank-owned life insurance	324		299			25			8	%	949			889			60			7	%
Other	106		124			(18		)	(15	)%	485			320			165			(52	)%
Total non-interest income	$	3,165	$	4,233		$	(1,068	)	(25	)%	$	9,061		$	16,023		$	(6,962	)	(43	)%

N/M – Not meaningful

Non-interest income of $3.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 decreased from $4.2 million for the same period in 2018. Non-interest income of $9.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 decreased from $16.0 million for the same period in 2018. The decrease for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the same periods in 2018 was primarily the result of a decrease in gain on sale of portfolio loans due to a lower volume of loans sold in the secondary market in 2019. Also attributing to the decrease in the nine-month period was a $1.3 million valuation allowance taken against mortgage servicing rights as a result of the changes in anticipated prepayments with the decline in long-term interest rates.

Non-interest Expense

Non-interest expense information is as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,					Change					Nine Months Ended September 30,				Change
	2019			2018		Amount			Percent		2019		2018		Amount			Percent
	(Dollars in thousands)
Salaries and employee benefits	$	7,545		$	6,973	$	572		8	%	$	22,193	$	20,851	$	1,342		6	%
Occupancy and equipment	2,126			1,760		366			21	%	6,533		4,916		1,617			33	%
Professional fees	1,389			898		491			55	%	3,455		2,344		1,111			47	%
Advertising and marketing	269			470		(201		)	(43	)%	1,114		1,170		(56		)	(5	)%
FDIC assessments	(5		)	186		(191		)	(103	)%	440		1,203		(763		)	(63	)%
Data processing	271			311		(40		)	(13	)%	882		894		(12		)	(1	)%
Other	1,831			1,933		(102		)	(5	)%	5,656		5,277		379			7	%
Total non-interest expense	$	13,426		$	12,531	$	895		7	%	$	40,273	$	36,655	$	3,618		10	%

Non-interest expense of $13.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 increased from $12.5 million for the same period in 2018. Non-interest expense of $40.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 increased from $36.7 million for the same period in 2018. Salaries and employee benefits increased as a result of additional full-time equivalent employees to support our operations and regulatory compliance initiatives. The number of full-time employees increased from 331 at September 30, 2018 to 342 at September 30, 2019. Regulatory compliance initiatives also attributed to increased professional fees in 2019. Occupancy and equipment expenses also increased with the expansion of our branch network in New York and California. Partially offsetting these increases was lower FDIC assessments during the nine-month period along with a small bank assessment credit of $229 thousand received from FDIC during the three months ended September 30, 2019.

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Income Tax Expense. We recorded an income tax expense of $5.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease from $6.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018. Our effective tax rate was 28.8% and 28.6% for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. We recorded income tax expense of $17.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease from $19.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. Our effective tax rate was 28.8% and 28.6% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity is the ability to meet current and future financial obligations when they come due. Our primary sources of funds consist of deposit inflows, loan repayments, FHLB borrowings and proceeds from the sale of portfolio loans. While maturities and scheduled amortization of loans and securities are predictable sources of funds, deposit flows and mortgage prepayments are greatly influenced by general interest rates, economic conditions and competition.

We regularly review the need to adjust our investments in liquid assets based upon our assessment of: (1) expected loan demand, (2) expected deposit flows, (3) yields available on interest earning deposits and securities, and (4) the objectives of our asset/liability management program. Excess liquid assets are invested generally in interest earning deposits and short-term securities.

Our most liquid assets are cash and due from banks, interest-bearing deposits with other banks and U.S. Treasury securities classified as available for sale. The levels of these assets are dependent on our operating, financing, lending and investing activities during any given period. At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, cash and due from banks totaled $146.2 million and $52.5 million, respectively; debt securities classified as available-for-sale, which provide additional sources of liquidity, totaled $149.0 million and $144.8 million, respectively. Interest-bearing time deposits with other banks totaled $1.1 million at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

At September 30, 2019, we had the ability to borrow a total of $655.4 million from the Federal Home Loan Bank including an available line of credit with the Federal Home Loan Bank of $50.0 million. At September 30, 2019, we also had available credit lines with additional banks for $70.0 million. Outstanding borrowings at September 30, 2019 with the Federal Home Loan Bank totaled $229.0 million, and there were no amounts outstanding with the aforementioned additional banks.

In December 2018, the board of directors approved the repurchase of up to $50.0 million of the Company’s outstanding shares of common stock. The stock repurchase program permits the Company to purchase shares of its common stock from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. The program does not have an expiration date. Under this program, the Company is not obligated to repurchase shares of its common stock. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company repurchased and cancelled 2,668,947 shares of its common stock for $25.7 million, including commissions and fees. Such repurchases of shares of common stock were funded through cash generated from operations. As of September 30, 2019, the Company had $24.3 million of common stock purchases remaining that may be made under the program.

We have no material commitments or demands that are likely to affect our liquidity other than as set forth below. In the event loan demand were to increase faster than expected, or any unforeseen demand or commitment were to occur, we could access our borrowing capacity with the Federal Home Loan Bank, our bank lines of credit, or obtain additional funds through brokered certificates of deposit.

At September 30, 2019, we had $391.1 million in loan commitments outstanding, and $70 thousand in standby letters of credit. At December 31, 2018, we had $402.6 million in loan commitments outstanding, and $70 thousand in standby letters of credit.

Time deposits due within one year of September 30, 2019 totaled $893.9 million, or 35% of total deposits. Total time deposits at September 30, 2019 were $1.22 billion, or 47%, of total deposits. Time deposits due within one year of December 31, 2018 totaled $473.9 million, or 19% of total deposits. Total time deposits at December 31, 2018 were $894.3 million, or 36% of total deposits.

Our primary investing activities are the origination of loans and to a lesser extent, the purchase of investment securities. During the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, we originated $282.1 million and $419.2 million of loans, respectively, and purchased $39.7 million and zero of investment securities, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, we originated $943.5 million and $1.26 billion of loans, respectively, and purchased $117.2 million and $76.1 million of investment securities, respectively.

Financing activities consist primarily of activity in deposit accounts. We experienced a net increase in total deposits of $119.2 million from $2.45 billion at December 31, 2018. We generate deposits from local businesses and individuals through customer referrals and other relationships and through our retail presence. We believe we have a very stable core deposit base evidenced by the

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average life of our accounts, which we attribute to a high level of customer service and our consistently competitive rates. We expect the high level of core deposits to be maintained. We utilize borrowings, brokered deposits, and bulk sales of whole loans to supplement funding needs and manage overall growth.

We also manage liquidity by selling pools of our portfolio loans into the secondary market from time to time. We generated $51.6 million and $82.5 million in proceeds from the sale of loans in the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. We generated $173.4 million and $352.1 million in proceeds from the sale of loans in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

The Company and Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the Federal Reserve and the OCC, respectively. We manage our capital to comply with our internal planning targets and regulatory capital standards administered by the Federal Reserve and the OCC. We review capital levels on a monthly basis for purposes of assessing our needs for additional capital and ability to pay cash dividends. At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, each of the Company and Bank exceeded all applicable regulatory capital requirements, and the Bank was considered “well capitalized” under regulatory guidelines. Refer to Note 14 in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information.

The following tables present our capital ratios as of the indicated dates for the Company and Bank, not including the capital conservation buffer.

	Well Capitalized	Adequately Capitalized	Under Capitalized	Company Actual at September 30, 2019	Company Actual at December 31, 2018
Total adjusted capital to risk-weighted assets	N/A	8.00%	6.00%	22.64%	21.98%
Tier 1 (core) capital to risk-weighted assets	N/A	6.00%	4.00%	18.17%	17.45%
Common Equity Tier 1 (CET 1)	N/A	4.50%	3.00%	18.17%	17.45%
Tier 1 (core) capital to adjusted tangible assets	N/A	4.00%	3.00%	10.54%	10.42%

	Well Capitalized	Adequately Capitalized	Under Capitalized	Bank Actual at September 30, 2019	Bank Actual at December 31, 2018
Total adjusted capital to risk-weighted assets	10.00%	8.00%	6.00%	18.47%	16.94%
Tier 1 (core) capital to risk-weighted assets	8.00%	6.00%	4.00%	17.37%	15.80%
Common Equity Tier 1 (CET 1)	6.50%	4.50%	3.00%	17.37%	15.80%
Tier 1 (core) capital to adjusted tangible assets	5.00%	4.00%	3.00%	10.07%	9.44%

Effective January 1, 2019, the Basel Rules require the Company to maintain a 2.5% “capital conservation buffer over the minimum risk-weighted asset ratios. The capital conservation buffer is designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. Banking institutions with a (i) CET1 to risk-weighted assets, (ii) Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets or (iii) total capital to risk-weighted assets above the respective minimum but below the minimum plus the capital conservation buffer will face constraints on dividends, equity repurchases and discretionary bonus payments to executive officers based on the amount of the shortfall. As of September 30, 2019, the Company’s and the Bank’s risk based capital exceeded the required capital conservation buffer.

Recently Issued Accounting Guidance

Refer to Note 2, New Accounting Standards, to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in Item 1. Financial Statements for a discussion of recently issued accounting guidance and related impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

General. The principal objective of our asset and liability management function is to evaluate the interest rate risk within the balance sheet and pursue a controlled assumption of interest rate risk while maximizing net income and preserving adequate levels of liquidity and capital. The Asset Liability Committee of our board of directors has oversight of our asset and liability management function, which is implemented and managed by our Management Asset Liability Committee. Our Management Asset Liability Committee meets regularly to review, among other things, the sensitivity of our assets and liabilities to product offering rate changes, local and national market conditions and market interest rates. That group also reviews our liquidity, capital, deposit mix, loan mix and investment positions.

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We manage our exposure to interest rates primarily by structuring our balance sheet in the ordinary course of business. We do not typically enter into derivative contracts for the purpose of managing interest rate risk, but we may do so in the future. Based upon the nature of our operations, we are not subject to foreign exchange or commodity price risk. We do not own any trading assets.

Net Interest Income Simulation. We use an interest rate risk simulation model to test the interest rate sensitivity of net interest income and the balance sheet. Instantaneous parallel rate shift scenarios are modeled and utilized to evaluate risk and establish exposure limits for acceptable changes in net interest income. These scenarios, known as rate shocks, simulate an instantaneous change in interest rates and use various assumptions, including, but not limited to, prepayments on loans and securities, deposit decay rates, pricing decisions on loans and deposits, and reinvestment and replacement of asset and liability cash flows.

The following table presents the estimated changes in net interest income of the Bank, calculated on a bank-only basis, which would result from changes in market interest rates over a twelve-month period beginning September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018. The table below demonstrates that for the initial twelve-month period after an immediate and parallel rate shock, we are slightly liability sensitive in a rising interest rate environment and slightly asset sensitive in a falling rate environment.

	At September 30,				At December 31,
	2019				2018
Change in Interest Rates (Basis Points)	Estimated 12-Months Net Interest Income		Change		Estimated 12-Months Net Interest Income		Change
	(Dollars in thousands)
400	$	107,063	(13.0	)%	$	94,251	(23.4	)%
300	111,881		(9.1	)%	103,028		(16.3	)%
200	115,946		(5.8	)%	110,806		(10.0	)%
100	119,448		(2.9	)%	117,419		(4.6	)%
0	123,076				123,052
–100	121,038		(1.7	)%	125,930		2.3	%

Economic Value of Equity Simulation. We also analyze our sensitivity to changes in interest rates through an economic value of equity (“EVE”) model. EVE represents the present value of the expected cash flows from our assets less the present value of the expected cash flows arising from our liabilities adjusted for the value of off-balance sheet contracts. EVE attempts to quantify our economic value using a discounted cash flow methodology. We estimate what our EVE would be as of a specific date. We then calculate what EVE would be as of the same date throughout a series of interest rate scenarios representing immediate and permanent parallel shifts in the yield curve. We currently calculate EVE under the assumptions that interest rates increase 100, 200, 300 and 400 basis points from current market rates, and under the assumption that interest rates decrease 100 basis points from current market rates.

The following table presents, as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the impacts of immediate and permanent parallel hypothetical changes in market interest rates on EVE of the Bank, calculated on a bank-only basis.

	At September 30,				At December 31,
	2019				2018
Change in Interest Rates (Basis Points)	Economic Value of Equity		Change		Economic Value of Equity		Change
	(Dollars in thousands)
400	$	395,328	(3.0	)%	$	419,344	(10.7	)%
300	414,880		1.8	%	444,120		(5.4	)%
200	422,681		3.7	%	455,502		(3.0	)%
100	420,090		3.1	%	464,655		(1.0	)%
0	407,631				469,560
–100	350,458		(14.0	)%	443,588		(5.5	)%

Many assumptions are used to calculate the impact of interest rate fluctuations. Actual results may be significantly different than our projections due to several factors, including the timing and frequency of rate changes, market conditions and the shape of the yield curve. The computations of interest rate risk shown above do not include actions that our management may undertake to manage the risks in response to anticipated changes in interest rates, and actual results may also differ due to any actions taken in response to the changing rates.

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ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of September 30, 2019. The Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on this evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2019.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the three months ended September 30, 2019 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

PART II — OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

There are no material pending legal proceedings, including ordinary routine litigation incidental to the business, to which the Company or one of its subsidiaries is a party.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

There are no material changes from the risk factors as disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, except the following risk factor that updates and supplements the risk factors in that report.

Our results of operations are dependent on our top loan producers within our Advantage Loan program. The termination, departure or misconduct of such loan producers may materially and adversely affect our results of operations or our ability to continue our highly profitable Advantage Loan program.

Our business and ability to generate loans depends on the efforts of our top loan producers, particularly within our Advantage Loan program, which constituted 79% of our residential loan portfolio as of September 30, 2019 and has historically generated larger margins than traditional conforming mortgage products. In November 2019, in connection with an internal compliance investigation, we terminated two loan producers within the Advantage Program. If we are unable to maintain the clients of these producers or replace their production through other loan officers, our results of operations would be materially and adversely affected. In addition, if these producers or other loan producers within our Advantage Loan program are found to have engaged in misconduct, we could face regulatory or other pressure to disband the Advantage Loan program, which would materially and adversely affect our profitability and margins.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

The Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-221016) for the initial public offering of our common stock was declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 16, 2017. There has been no material change in the planned use of proceeds from our initial public offering as described in our final prospectus filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2017 pursuant to Rule 424(b)(4).

Stock Repurchase Program

On December 24, 2018, the board of directors approved the repurchase of up to $50.0 million of the Company’s outstanding shares of common stock. The stock repurchase program permits the Company to acquire shares of common stock from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. The Company received regulatory approval of the stock repurchase program and publicly announced the program on January 28, 2019. The program does not have an expiration date. Under the stock repurchase program, the Company is not obligated to repurchase shares of its common stock, and there is no assurance that it will continue to do so. Any shares repurchased under this program will be canceled and returned to authorized but unissued status.

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The following table provides certain information with respect to our purchases of shares of the Company’s common stock, as of the settlement date, during the three months ended September 30, 2019:

	Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased	Average Price Paid per Share (1)		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
July 1 - 31, 2019	280,837	$	10.02	280,837	$	25,630,524
August 1 - 31, 2019	115,396	9.65		115,396	24,516,668
September 1 - 30, 2019	25,348	9.47		25,348	24,276,641
Total	421,581	$	9.89	421,581

(1) Includes commissions and fees

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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

A list of exhibits to this Form 10-Q is set forth in the Exhibit Index below.

Incorporated by Reference

Exhibit
Number

Exhibit Description

Filed
Herewith

Form

Period
Ending

Exhibit /
Appendix
Number

Filing Date

31.1

Section 302 Certification — Chief Executive Officer

31.2

Section 302 Certification — Chief Financial Officer

32.1*

Section 906 Certification — Chief Executive Officer

32.2*

Section 906 Certification — Chief Financial Officer

101.INS

XBRL Instance Document

101.SCH

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

* This certification is deemed not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Date: November 8, 2019		STERLING BANCORP, INC.
		(Registrant)

	By:	/s/ THOMAS LOPP
		Thomas Lopp President Chief Operating Officer Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

Sterling Bancorp, Inc. - Quarter Report: 2019 September (Form 10-Q)

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